Abstract Plasmodium falciparum is known to cause severe malaria, current treatment consists in artemisinin-based combination therapy, but resistance can lead to treatment failure. Knowledge concerning P. falciparum essential proteins can be used for searching new antimalarials, among these a potential candidate is shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme part of the shikimate pathway which is responsible for producing endogenous aromatic amino acids. SDH from P. falciparum (PfSDH) is unexplored by the scientific community, therefore, this study aims to establish the first protocol for active PfSDH expression. Putative PfSDH nucleotide sequence was used to construct an optimized expression vector pET28a+PfSDH inserted in E. coli BL21(DE3). As a result, optimal expression conditions were acquired by varying IPTG and temperature through time. Western Blot analysis was applied to verify appropriate PfSDH expression, solubilization and purification started with lysis followed by two-steps IMAC purification. Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically by NADPH oxidation, optimal PfSDH expression occur at 0.1 mM IPTG for 48 hours growing at 37 °C and shaking at 200 rpm, recombinant PfSDH obtained after purification was soluble, pure and its physiological catalysis was confirmed. Thus, this study describes the first protocol for heterologous expression of PfSDH in soluble and active form. malaria artemisininbased artemisinin based therapy failure P antimalarials SDH, , (SDH) acids (PfSDH community therefore pET28aPfSDH pETaPfSDH pET28a pET E BL21DE3. BL21DE3 BLDE BL21 DE3 . BL DE BL21(DE3) result time twosteps two steps oxidation 01 0 1 0. 4 3 C 20 rpm confirmed Thus form (SDH aPfSDH pETa BL21DE BL2 BL21(DE3 2 BL21(DE

Abstract This research was conducted for the purpose to evaluate the contribution Giant petrels and Brown skuas nestings in the formation of ornithogenic soils by the phosphatization process in Harmony Point, Maritime Antarctic. Ten nests were selected to collect topsoil samples (0-20 cm), from 0 m up to 20 m away, with regular spacing of 2 m. The analysis of the samples included the physical, chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analyzes. Phosphate minerals were identified. The presence of high content of some trace elements, such as Zn, Cu and Sr is associated with the bird’s excrements. Total-P and bioavailable-P recorded higher levels. This result demonstrates the importance of the time factor in the bird’s nesting, as well as in the development of the soil in these soil-forming environment. Phosphatization in these areas is not restricted to the specific location of the nest, since high values of P have been identified at distances between 8 and 12 m, from de nest’s top. This suggests the transport of P rich solutions and phosphatized material along fractures by the freeze-thaw cycles, contributing to increase the geographical expression of this phenomenon in this ice-free area, consequently the development of soils and the establishment of vegetation. Point Antarctic 020 (0-2 cm, cm , cm) away physical chemical analyzes elements Zn birds bird s excrements TotalP Total bioavailableP bioavailable levels nesting soilforming forming environment nest 1 top freezethaw freeze thaw cycles icefree ice free area vegetation 02 (0- (0 (

Abstract Dry residue of cassava was studied on the digestibility, performance, intestinal measurements, with or without inclusion of carbohydrases, of slow-growing broilers. 160 Label Rouge broiler chickens, 21-d-old, were distributed in a randomized, 2x5 factorial arrangement (male and female x 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% residue) (metabolism trial). 1,100 male chicks were distributed in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (with/without carbohydrases x 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0% residue), with five replicates (performance trial). Increasing residue levels led to increases in energetic values. Feed intake from 1–21-d-old and 1–63-d-old decreased linearly. At 42 d-old, feed intake and weight gain levels exhibited a quadratic response, which predicted a highest value at 3.32% and 4.77%, respectively, for diets without carbohydrases. For 21- and 42-d-old chickens, the inclusion of carbohydrases reduced the weight and length of the small intestine. The energetic values of the diets were positively influenced by the residue and had similar digestibility values for both sexes. Inclusion of up to 10% of residue in slow-growing broiler diets does not impaired performance and intestinal morphology. The addition of carbohydrases reduced the viscosity of the digesta but it was not enough to improve the performance of the birds. measurements slowgrowing slow growing broilers 16 chickens 21dold, 21dold dold 21 d old, old 21-d-old randomized 2x 0 10 20 3 40 metabolism trial. trial . trial) 1100 1 100 1,10 with/without withwithout 2.5 25 2 5 5.0 50 7.5 75 7 10.0 residue, , 1–21dold 121dold 1–21 1–63dold 163dold 1–63 63 linearly 4 dold, d-old response 332 32 3.32 477 77 4.77% respectively 42dold intestine sexes morphology birds 110 1,1 2. 5. 7. 10. 121 1–2 63dold 163 1–6 6 33 3.3 47 4.77 11 1, 12 1– 3. 4.7 4.

Abstract A 45-day feeding assay was carried out to evaluate the effects of crescent levels of dephytinized rice bran protein concentrate (DRBPC) on growth performance, nutrient deposition, plasma and liver parameters of jundiá Rhamdia quelen. Five experimental diets were formulated with inclusion of 0 (control), 10, 15, 20, and 30% of DRBPC. In total 500 jundiás (initial body weight 6.28 ± 0.12 g) were allocated in 20 tanks (230 L) to give four groups for each treatment. Fish were fed to apparent satiation for 45 days. Weight gain and specific growth rate were evaluated by cubic regression analysis (P < 0.05) and displayed maximal growth on the inclusion level of 25% of DRBPC. The results indicated that fish fed DRBPC15 and DRBPC30 had lower body protein deposition and hepatosomatic index compared to CONTROL diet, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were assessed in plasma parameters. The alanine aminotransferase activity was higher in fish fed DRBPC30 compared to CONTROL group. The present study has demonstrated that DRBPC displayed significant nutritional quality for the jundiá. Thus, this new ingredient could be included as a protein source in fish for minimizing the use of fish meal. 45day day (DRBPC performance quelen control, control , (control) 10 15 30 50 initial 628 6 28 6.2 012 12 0.1 g 2 230 (23 L treatment 4 days P 0.05 005 05 25 DRBPC1 DRBPC3 diet respectively group Thus meal (control 1 3 5 62 6. 01 0. 23 (2 0.0 00 (

Abstract Explanations for differences in thermal biology within and between species of lizards employ concepts of phylogenetic inertia and plasticity. We compared the thermal biology of three liolaemid species in the Andean highlands in Argentina: two allopatric congeners (Phymaturus williamsi and P. aguanegra) each in syntopy with Liolaemus parvus. We predicted intra and inter-generic differences in ecophysiological traits and periods of activity at both sites, ecotypic differences between the (labile) Liolaemus populations, but predicted no interspecific differences between the (putatively conservative) Phymaturus. We determined the operative temperatures (T e), field body temperatures (T b), preferred temperatures (T pref), effectiveness of thermoregulation (E), and activity periods. As expected, P. williamsi differed from L. parvus in T b, T pref, and activity periods, likely as result of niche segregation. Contrary to predictions, the Phymaturus populations exhibited differentiation in T b and T pref, while L. parvus populations differed in T pref and E. Accordingly, Phymaturus species tend to be effective thermoregulators whereas L. parvus populations behave as good thermoregulators or thermoconformers depending on thermal conditions in fluctuating habitats. Phymaturus may be less evolutionarily conservative than previously suggested. The suite of co-evolving traits affecting thermal ecology may not be collectively conservative nor labile but rather a continuum between both evolutionary paths. plasticity Argentina P aguanegra intergeneric inter generic sites (labile putatively e, e , e) b) pref) E, E (E) expected L segregation predictions Accordingly habitats suggested coevolving co evolving paths (E

Abstract The potential of H. virginiana L. was evaluated against Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) and bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans). Effect on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) was also evaluated with respect to cytotoxicity and production of cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). The most effective concentrations of the extract were determined by microdilution broth. These concentrations were analyzed on biofilms, after 5 min or 24 h exposure. Cytotoxicity was performed by MTT assay and quantification of cytokines and NO by ELISA and Griess reagent, respectively. The extract acted against the planktonic forms and provided significant reductions of all the microbial biofilms; besides, showed no cytotoxic effect, except at 100 mg/mL, after 24 h exposure. There was cytokine production; however, a modulatory effect was observed in groups exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. NO production was similar or higher than the control group. Thus, H. virginiana L. extract showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects; absence of cytotoxicity for RAW 264.7; anti-inflammatory action; and potential to fight infections through the NO production. H L spp C (C albicans dubliniensis glabrata guilliermondii krusei tropicalis Acinetobacter baumannii coli faecalis pneumoniae aureus mutans. mutans . mutans) 264.7 2647 264 7 IL1β ILβ IL 1β β TNFα TNF α TNF-α NO. (NO) broth biofilms 2 exposure reagent respectively besides 10 mgmL mg mL mg/mL however LPS (LPS E group Thus effects antiinflammatory anti inflammatory action 264. 26 (NO 1

Abstract Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be an alternative to conventional exercising. This randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of NMES in type 2 diabetes patients. Twenty-eight individuals with type 2 diabetes were assigned to NMES (n=14) or NMES-placebo (n=14) applied to knee extensor muscles for 60 minutes. Glucose variability, microvascular function and endothelial function were evaluated through continuous glucose monitoring system, near infrared spectroscopy and flow-mediated dilatation, respectively. Glucose levels (mg/dl) decreased 2h (184 ± 11 vs 223 ±15), 3h (179 ± 12 vs 219 ±14) and 4h (177 ± 12 vs 212 ±12) after NMES, in comparison to NMES-placebo. No differences in glucose variability were found: coefficient of variation (%) at 0-6h (11.4±1.3 vs 11.4±1.2), 6-12h (9.8±1.0 vs 11.6±1.6), 12-18h (15.5±2.0 vs 11.4±2.1), 18-24h (12.8±2.3 vs 10.0±1.6); standard deviation (mg/dl) at 0-6h (21.6±2 vs 24.6±3.5), 6-12h (19.5±1.8 vs 20.3±2.8), 12-18h (29.9±3.5 vs 21.3±2.8),18-24h (22.8±4.1 vs 16.6±2.0) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (mg/dl) 54.9±25.0 vs 70.3±35.7. Endothelial and microvascular functions did not change. In conclusion, one acute NMES session was strong enough to trigger glucose reduction in individuals with type 2 DM, but it failed to induce any significant change in glucose variability, endothelial and microvascular functions. (NMES exercising patients Twentyeight Twenty eight n=14 n14 n 14 (n=14 NMESplacebo placebo 6 minutes system flowmediated flow mediated dilatation respectively mg/dl mgdl mg dl (mg/dl h 184 (18 1 22 ±15, 15 ±15 , ±15) 179 (17 21 ±14 177 ±12 NMESplacebo. placebo. found % (% 06h 0 6h 11.4±1.3 11413 4 3 (11.4±1. 11.4±1.2, 11412 11.4±1.2 11.4±1.2) 612h 12h 9.8±1.0 9810 9 8 (9.8±1. 11.6±1.6, 11616 11.6±1.6 11.6±1.6) 1218h 18h 15.5±2.0 15520 5 (15.5±2. 11.4±2.1, 11421 11.4±2.1 11.4±2.1) 1824h 18 24h 12.8±2.3 12823 (12.8±2. 10.0±1.6 10016 10 10.0±1.6) 21.6±2 2162 (21.6± 24.6±3.5, 24635 24.6±3.5 24 24.6±3.5) 19.5±1.8 19518 19 (19.5±1. 20.3±2.8, 20328 20.3±2.8 20 20.3±2.8) 29.9±3.5 29935 29 (29.9±3. 21.3±2.8,1824h 213281824h 21.3±2.8 ,18 22.8±4.1 22841 (22.8±4. 16.6±2.0 16620 16 549250 54 25 54.9±25. 703357 70 35 7 70.3±35.7 conclusion DM n=1 n1 (n=1 (1 ±1 17 ( 11.4±1. 1141 (11.4±1 9.8±1. 981 (9.8±1 1161 11.6±1. 15.5±2. 1552 (15.5±2 1142 11.4±2. 12.8±2. 1282 (12.8±2 10.0±1. 1001 21.6± 216 (21.6 2463 24.6±3. 19.5±1. 1951 (19.5±1 2032 20.3±2. 29.9±3. 2993 (29.9±3 21328 21.3±2. ,1 22.8±4. 2284 (22.8±4 16.6±2. 1662 54925 54.9±25 70335 70.3±35. n= (n= 11.4±1 114 (11.4± 9.8±1 98 (9.8± 116 11.6±1 15.5±2 155 (15.5± 11.4±2 12.8±2 128 (12.8± 10.0±1 100 21.6 (21. 246 24.6±3 19.5±1 195 (19.5± 203 20.3±2 29.9±3 299 (29.9± 2132 21.3±2 22.8±4 228 (22.8± 16.6±2 166 5492 54.9±2 7033 70.3±35 (n 11.4± (11.4 9.8± (9.8 11.6± 15.5± (15.5 12.8± (12.8 10.0± 21. (21 24.6± 19.5± (19.5 20.3± 29.9± (29.9 213 21.3± 22.8± (22.8 16.6± 549 54.9± 703 70.3±3 11.4 (11. 9.8 (9. 11.6 15.5 (15. 12.8 (12. 10.0 (2 24.6 19.5 (19. 20.3 29.9 (29. 21.3 22.8 (22. 16.6 54.9 70.3± 11. (11 9. (9 15. (15 12. (12 10. 24. 19. (19 20. 29. (29 22. (22 16. 54. 70.3 70.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne arenaria on different aspects of the development of sugarcane plants under greenhouse conditions. For this purpose, seedlings of the RB867515 genotype were individually inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second-stage juveniles of their respective nematodes/plant, and non-inoculated plants were used as control. After 330 days of inoculation, the plants were removed from the pots, and the following characteristics were evaluated: fresh mass of the aerial part and root system; leaf area; leaf chlorophyll index; culm diameter; fresh mass of culms; broth volume; contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, apparent sucrose in broth, and reducing sugars in broth; total soluble solids concentration. Subsequently, the final population of nematodes in the root system of inoculated plants was determined to calculate the reproduction factor of nematodes. The results showed that all tested Meloidogyne species negatively affected plant development and the composition of some analyzed fractions, in comparison to the non-inoculated control. However, the presence of the root-knot nematode in sugarcane plants increased the contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and reducing sugars, regardless of the Meloidogyne species. javanica incognita conditions purpose RB RB86751 5000 5 000 5,00 secondstage second stage nematodesplant nematodes/plant noninoculated non control 33 inoculation pots evaluated area index diameter culms volume fiber cellulose hemicellulose lignin concentration Subsequently fractions However rootknot knot RB8675 500 00 5,0 3 RB867 50 0 5, RB86 RB8

Abstract Fish consumption is the main path of human exposure to Hg and may represent a risk to public health, even with low Hg concentrations in fish, if consumption rates are high. This study quantifies, for the first time, the Hg concentrations in nine most commercialized species in the São Luís (MA) fish market, where fish consumption is high, and estimates human exposure. Average Hg concentrations were highest in carnivorous species, yellow hake (Cynoscion acoupa) (0.296 mg kg-1), the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) (0.263 mg kg-1), whereas lowest concentrations were recorded in iliophagous Mullets (Mugil curema) (0.021 mg kg-1) and the Shorthead drum Larimus breviceps (0.025 mg kg-1). Significant correlations were observed between Hg concentrations and fish length in two species: the Coco-Sea catfish (Bagre bagre) and the Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus crysurus), but not in the other species, since they presented relatively uniform size of individuals and/or a small number of samples. Risk coefficients, despite the relatively low Hg concentrations, suggest that consumers should limit their consumption of Yellow hake and Atlantic croaker, as they can present some risk to human health (EDI > RfD and THQ > 1), depending on the frequency of their consumption and the consumer’s body weight. high quantifies time MA (MA market Cynoscion acoupa 0.296 0296 0 296 (0.29 kg1, kg1 kg 1 , Micropogonias undulatus 0.263 0263 263 (0.26 Mugil curema 0.021 0021 021 (0.02 kg-1 0.025 0025 025 kg1. . CocoSea Coco Sea Bagre bagre Chloroscombrus crysurus, crysurus crysurus) andor or samples coefficients EDI 1, 1) consumer s weight 0.29 029 29 (0.2 0.26 026 26 0.02 002 02 (0.0 kg- 0.2 2 (0. 0.0 00 0. (0 (

Abstract Soil organic matter is closely linked to the quality of Agroecosystems and directly influences the agricultural production and the environmental conditions. Understanding of soil organic matter dynamics in agroforestry systems requires studies with a temporal focus, since the changes in its chemical composition tend to follow a gradual behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of changes in stocks and chemical composition of soil organic matter under agroforestry, using systems in different stages of vegetation succession. The soil sampling was carried out from trenches, and litter fractions were also sampled. The samples were collected from different layers of the soil profile under the following conditions: Control; agroforestry with 1 year; agroforestry with 3 years; agroforestry with 7 years and Forest in natural regeneration. The following attributes/parameters were determined/calculated: i) C and N contents and stocks and C/N ratio; ii) C and N proportions in soil granulometric fractions and iii) kinetics of organic matter accumulation in soil with the time of systems evolution. The results showed: i) The C/N ratio tended to increase in depth but did not show a clear variation between the systems evaluated; ii) the adoption of successive agroforestry practices has the potential to increase the C and N stocks in soil; iii) the soil organic matter accumulation occurs gradually during the systems evolution and is mainly related to the particulate fraction (> 0.053 mm). conditions focus behavior succession trenches sampled Control year regeneration attributesparameters attributes parameters determined/calculated determinedcalculated determined calculated i CN ii iii showed evaluated > ( 0053 0 053 0.05 mm. mm . mm) 005 05 0.0 00 0.

Abstract Characterization and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs depends on the classification of lithological patterns from well log data. In thin reservoir units, limited vertical data impedes the efficient classification of lithologies. We present a test case of petrofacies classification using machine learning models in a thin interval of finely laminated limestones using pseudo-well data created over outcrops (radiometric and unconfined compressive strength logs). We tested Gaussian naïve Bayes (GNB) and support vector machine (SVM) techniques to classify eight petrofacies types, divided into two groups. The objective was to observe the capacity of some well-known models to classify petrofacies with a high-frequency vertical variation of diagenetic heterogeneities in an extreme scenario within a thin sedimentary interval. The GNB was less effective (F 1 score of 0.29), and the SVM achieved the best results in classifying the main facies patterns (F 1 = 0.47). However, the GNB performed better when the analysis was focused on distinguishing the two main groups of petrofacies. The results demonstrate that high-frequency facies variations present a challenge to the automatic identification of lithofacies, mainly due to local variations in horizontal heterogeneities (on the mm- to cm-scale) created by depositional and diagenetic processes, which impact the flow in porous media. units lithologies pseudowell pseudo radiometric logs. logs . logs) (GNB (SVM types wellknown known highfrequency high frequency F 0.29, 029 0.29 , 0 29 0.29) 0.47. 047 0.47 47 0.47) However lithofacies mm cmscale cm scale cm-scale processes media 02 0.2 2 04 0.4 4 0.

Abstract The present study investigated mushroom by-products as a substitute for emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. Mushroom by-product emulsions were more viscous and had higher centrifugal (85.88±1.19 %) and kinetic (90.52±0.98 %) stability than control emulsions (Tween 20 was used as emulsifier). Additionally, spray-drying mushroom by-product emulsions yielded a high product yield (62.56±1.11 %). Furthermore, the oxidative stability of powder products containing mushroom by-products was observed to be higher than that of the control samples. For an accelerated oxidation test, the samples were kept at various temperatures (20, 37, and 60 °C). TOTOX values were assessed as indicators of oxidation, with values exceeding 30 indicating oxidation of the samples. Of the samples stored at 60 °C, the non-microencapsulated apricot kernel oil oxidized by the fifth day (41.12±0.13 TOTOX value), whereas the powder samples containing the mushroom by-products remained unoxidized until the end of the tenth day (37.05±0.08 TOTOX value). This study revealed that mushroom by-products could be a viable alternative for synthetic emulsifiers in the microencapsulation of apricot kernel oil. It has been observed that using mushroom by-products instead of synthetic emulsifiers in oil microencapsulation can also delay oxidative degradation in microencapsulated powders. byproducts byproduct 85.88±1.19 8588119 85 88 1 19 (85.88±1.1 % 90.52±0.98 9052098 90 52 0 98 (90.52±0.9 Tween 2 emulsifier. emulsifier . emulsifier) Additionally spraydrying spray drying 62.56±1.11 6256111 62 56 11 (62.56±1.1 %. Furthermore test 20, (20 37 6 °C. C °C °C) 3 nonmicroencapsulated non 41.12±0.13 4112013 41 12 13 (41.12±0.1 value, value , value) 37.05±0.08 3705008 05 08 (37.05±0.0 value. powders 85.88±1.1 858811 8 (85.88±1. 90.52±0.9 905209 9 5 (90.52±0. 62.56±1.1 625611 (62.56±1. (2 41.12±0.1 411201 4 (41.12±0. 37.05±0.0 370500 (37.05±0. 85.88±1. 85881 (85.88±1 90.52±0. 90520 (90.52±0 62.56±1. 62561 (62.56±1 ( 41.12±0. 41120 (41.12±0 37.05±0. 37050 (37.05±0 85.88±1 8588 (85.88± 90.52±0 9052 (90.52± 62.56±1 6256 (62.56± 41.12±0 4112 (41.12± 37.05±0 3705 (37.05± 85.88± 858 (85.88 90.52± 905 (90.52 62.56± 625 (62.56 41.12± 411 (41.12 37.05± 370 (37.05 85.88 (85.8 90.52 (90.5 62.56 (62.5 41.12 (41.1 37.05 (37.0 85.8 (85. 90.5 (90. 62.5 (62. 41.1 (41. 37.0 (37. 85. (85 90. (90 62. (62 41. (41 37. (37 (8 (9 (6 (4 (3

Abstract Comparing one’s appearance to other people’s and believing in an ideal body shape can negatively impact an individual. The probability of developing ED in individuals with high body dissatisfaction is higher than in the general population, leading to long-term emotional and metabolic damage. Populational studies on the prevalence of ED in Brazil are scarce in the literature. The research was carried out through the Google Forms website and evaluated risk of eating disorders through the Eating Attitude Test, degree of body dissatisfaction in the sample through the Body Shape Questionnaire and the Internet Addiction Test was used to evaluate time spent on the internet. The results showed that 84.5% of the sample were female and 62.3% of the individuals had eutrophic by the Body Mass Index. About 40.2% of the population studied had abnormal attitudes towards food, indicating a possible risk of developing ED, and 62.5% of the sample did not show body dissatisfaction. Regarding internet use, 10.8% had problematic internet use. The presence of risky eating attitudes was more prevalent in participants dissatisfied with their bodies. In addition, participants with problematic internet use had a higher risk for EDs. ones one s peoples people individual longterm long term damage literature 845 84 5 84.5 623 62 3 62.3 Index 402 40 2 40.2 food 625 62.5 108 10 8 10.8 bodies addition EDs 84. 6 62. 4 40. 1 10.

Abstract Adelphobates contains three species, and the inaccurate identification of A. quinquevittatus and the scarcity of records of A. castaneoticus complicate inference of their distributions; the latter species occurs in sympatry with A. galactonotus. Our objective was to revise the distributions of Adelphobates by compiling data and modeling habitat suitability, as range limits may be shaped by landscape features and biotic interactions. We initially analyzed the existence of operational taxonomic units within the nominal species and subsequently inferred the observed and potential distributions, taking into account the possible independent lineages for the three species, and we also generated a molecular timetree to understand the chronology of interspecific diversification events. Adelphobates quinquevittatus was found to have a more easterly distribution than previously described, and specimens with phenotypic variation were found to occur in areas inconsistent with the modeling, and A. castaneoticus was concentrated in the Tapajós-Xingu interfluve, surrounded by A. galactonotus. Models indicated that the right bank of the Xingu River is suitable for both species, indeed, both were found there. Despite Adelphobates species having their distributions delimited by major Amazonian rivers, estimated divergence times predate the formation of the modern river network, suggesting that other mechanisms were involved in their diversification. A galactonotus suitability interactions events described TapajósXingu Tapajós interfluve indeed there rivers network

Abstract Over recent years, fish parasites of the genus Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793, have received increased attention due to both their ecological and their economic importance to aquaculture and fishery. As the studies about Cymothoa have increased this improve our understanding on the host specificity and distribution of these parasites. The aim of this paper was to review the current global geographic distribution, distribution patterns and parasite-host interactions patterns of Cymothoa spp. associated with fish from marine and brackish water bodies around the world. A total of 144 samples were analyzed, from which 23 species of Cymothoa were found parasitizing 84 teleost fish species of 35 families and 20 orders. Most of these parasites were found in the mouth of the host fish, including in wild fish. The highest occurrence of parasites was found in host species belonging to the families Carangidae and Lutjanidae. Host specificity was an important factor in the geographic distribution of Cymothoa species as also environmental temperature. Cymothoa indica, Cymothoa exigua and Cymothoa excisa were the species with lowest specificity for host family and widest geographic distribution. years Fabricius 1793 fishery parasitehost parasite spp world 14 analyzed 2 8 3 orders Lutjanidae temperature indica 179 1 17