Abstract Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is infrequent in the pediatric population and its clinical manifestations may vary depending on the anatomical location and the extent of the lesion, etiology or age group(1). The association of this pathology with viruses is uncommon, however, cases in adults with SARS-Cov2 have been reported triggered by procoagulant mechanisms due to endothelial injury and inflammatory response. The following article is the first reported case in Colombia of cerebral venous thrombosis in a previously healthy child, who debuted with gastrointestinal infectious disease and a week later with headache and sixth right cranial nerve palsy . The diagnosis of sagittal venous sinus thrombosis with extension to transverse sinuses was documented in a computed tomography angiography; laboratories for systemic diseases were negative and antibodies for coronavirus were positive.

Resumen La trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales es un evento infrecuente en la población pediátrica y sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden variar dependiendo de la localización y extensión de la lesión, etiología o grupo etario (1); así mismo, la asociación de esta patología con virus es poco común, sin embargo, se han repor tado casos de trombosis de senos venosos en pacientes adultos con SARS-CoV-2 en relación con los mecanismos de lesión endotelial y respuesta inflamatoria que desencadena mecanismos procoagulantes. A continuación se presenta el primer caso reportado en Colombia de un caso de trombosis venosa cerebral en un lactante previamente sano, que debuta con un cuadro infeccioso gastrointestinal que resuelve y una semana después se presenta con cefalea y paralisis del VI par craneal derecho. Se documentó por angioto mografía trombosis del seno venoso sagital con extensión a senos transversos; los laboratorios fueron negativos para otras causas sistémicas y con prueba de anticuerpos para coronavirus positiva.

Abstract Objective: To analyse the clinic characteristics, risk factors and evolution of the first cohort of hospitalised patients with confirmed infection by COVID-19 in 5 Colombian institutions. Materials and methods: Is a retrospective observational study of consecutive hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed from March 01 to May 30, 2020 in Colombia. Results: A total of 44 patients were included. The median age was 62 years. 43.2% had a history of smoking, while 69.8% were overweight or obese. 88.6% had at least one comorbidity and 52.3% had three or more comorbidities. Hypertension and dyslipidaemia were the most frequent comorbidities (40.9% and 34.1%, respectively). The 30-day mortality rate was 47.7% with a median of 11 days. The composite outcome occurred in the 36.4%. The biomarkers associated with mor tality risk included troponin higher than 14 ng/L (RR: 5.25; 95% CI 1.37-20.1, p = 0.004) and D-dimer higher than 1000 ng/ml (RR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.4-6.3, p = 0.008). Conclusions: The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized Colombian was characterised by a more advanced stage of the infection.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las características, clínicas, factores de riesgo, y la evolución de pacientes hospitalizados con infección confirmada por COVID-19 en 5 Institu ciones de Colombia. Material y método: Es un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados con diagnóstico de COVID-19 confirmado entre 01 de Febrero de 2020 y 30 de Mayo de 2020 en Colombia. Resultados: Un total de 44 pacientes fueron incluidos. La mediana de edad fue de 62 años y la mayoría del sexo masculino. El 43.2% tenían historia de tabaquismo, mientras que el 69.8% tenían sobrepeso u obesidad. El 88.6% tenían al menos una comorbilidad y el 52.3% tenían tres o más comorbilidades. La hipertensión arterial fue la comorbilidad más frecuente (40.9%), seguido de la dislipidemia (34.1%). La tasa de letalidad a 30 días fue de 47.7% y ocurrió con una mediana de 11 días. El 36.4% presentó el desenlace compuesto. Los biomarcadores asociados con el riesgo de muerte fue troponina > 14 ng/mL (RR:5.25, IC95% 1.37-20.1, p=0.004) y dímero D mayor a 1000 mg/dL (RR: 3.0, IC95% 1.4-6.3, p=0.008). Conclusiones: El curso clínico de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en colombianos hospitalizados fue un estadio más avanzado de la infección.

Abstract The identification of Coronavirus type 2 in March 2020 in Colombia has generated paradigms and unknows in the national epidemiology regarding the approxi mate arrival of the virus and its mechanisms of local dissemination in the main departments and cities. We present the case of a patient with COVID-19 that had its onset of symptoms two weeks before the declaration of the first case in Colombia, wich moves the circulation of the virus and local transmission in Colombia prior the declaration of the epidemic.

Resumen La identificación del nuevo Coronavirus tipo 2 en marzo de 2020 en Colombia ha generado paradigmas e incógnitas en la epidemiología nacional con respecto a la llegada aproximada del virus y sus mecanismos de diseminación local en los departamentos y ciudades principales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con COVID-19 que tuvo su inicio de síntomas dos semanas antes de la declaración del primer caso en Colombia, lo que sugiere circulación del virus y transmisión local en Colombia previo a la declaración de la epidemia.

Abstract Objective: To determine the risk factors in adults with COVID-19 in the rural Andean population during 2020. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 184 adult patients (≥18 years) with COVID-19’s serological and molecular tests from three Hospitals in the Peruvian mountains (Ancash and Apurímac) included with clinical suspicion between April and June. Descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regression were used to explore the risk factors associated with patients with COVID-19. Results: Of total of patients, 14 (7.6%) had a SARS-CoV-2. In infected patients 12 (85.7%) were men with an average age of 47.3±21 years. Comorbidities were present in about a third of patients, with hypertension and diabetes being the most frequent (both 14.3%), and the most frequent symptoms were fever and hea dache (57.2%). Univariate regression showed higher probabilities of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the rural Andean population associated with advanced age (OR: 1.1 95% CI 0.7 - 1.8; p = 0.019), previous comorbidities (OR: 1.7, 95%CI 0.32 - 9.39; p = 0.006), and previous symptoms (OR: 49.8, 95%CI 5.6 - 436.9; p = 0.0011). Conclusions: Possible risk factors such as advanced age, comorbidities and previous symptoms are related to the development of COVID-19 in the rural Andean population of Peru.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo en adultos con COVID-19 en población rural andina durante 2020. Métodos: En este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo multicéntrico, incluimos a 184 pacientes adultos (≥18 años) con pruebas serológicas y moleculares para CO VID-19 de tres hospitales de la sierra peruana (Ancash y Apurímac) incluidos con sospecha clínica entre abril y junio. Se utilizó análisis descriptivos y regresión logística univariable para explorar los factores de riesgo asociados a los pacientes con COVID-19. Resultados: Del total de pacientes, 14 (7.6%) tuvieron SARS-CoV-2. En los pacientes infectados 12 (85.7%) fueron varones con promedio de edad de 47.3±21 años. Las comorbilidades estuvieron presentes en cerca de la tercera parte de pacientes, siendo la hipertensión y diabetes las más frecuentes (ambas 14.3%), y la sinto matología más frecuentes fueron fiebre y cefalea (57.2%). La regresión univariable mostró mayores probabilidades de infección con SARS-CoV-2 en la población rural andina asociada con la edad avanzada (OR: 1.1 IC95% 0.7-1.8; p=0,019), comorbilidades previas (OR: 1.7, IC95% 0.32-9.39; p=0,006), y sintomatología previa (OR: 49.8, IC95% 5.6-436.9; p=0,0011). Conclusiones: Los posibles factores de riesgo como la edad avanzada, las comorbilidades y sintomatología previas están relacionados con el desarrollo de CO VID-19 en población rural andina de Perú.

Abstract In the present moment of the COVID-19 pandemic, which demands social distancing, the bicycle confirms itself as an advantageous alternative mode. This article reflects on the association between cycling and health through an index proposed to evaluate such association, the Index of Cycling Mobility in relation to the Healthcare Network (in Portuguese, IMCS). The theoretical framework presents the qualities of cycling and the principles that the planning of bike lanes must involve. As a case study, Curitiba’s cycling network and its relation to Primary Care Units are analyzed through the IMCS, in the current and projected situations. The results show that Curitiba neglects cycling mobility and that the local healthcare system is practically inaccessible through the cycling network.

Resumo Nesse momento da pandemia da Covid-19, quando surge a necessidade de distanciamento físico, a bicicleta afirma-se como modo alternativo vantajoso. Este artigo dispõe sobre a associação entre ciclismo e saúde através de um índice proposto para avaliar essa relação, o Índice de Mobilidade Cicloviária em relação à rede de Saúde (IMCS). A fundamentação teórica expõe as qualidades do modo cicloviário e as premissas que devem envolver seu planejamento. Como um estudo de caso, o sistema cicloviário de Curitiba e sua relação com as Unidades Básicas de Saúde são avaliados pelo IMCS, em seu estado atual e conforme o plano existente. Os resultados evidenciam que Curitiba negligencia a ciclomobilidade, com o sistema de saúde local praticamente inacessível pela malha cicloviária.

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-COV-2) is a disease caused by the new coronavirus, whose dissemination across the world has caused the Covid-19 pandemic. This article is based on the spatialization of governmental data about the city of Rio de Janeiro, combined with interviews and other types of information. It starts from a theoretical perspective that considers the action of different agents in the contribution of socio-spatial processes. The writing of the article was grounded in the bulletin “Mapa Social do Corona” (Social Map of the Coronavirus), issued by Observatório de Favelas between June and August 2020 with the collaboration of an interdisciplinary team, in partnership with different institutions and professionals. It shows that socio-spatial inequality has contributed to a higher lethality rate in low--income neighborhoods.

Resumo A Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave é uma doença causada pelo novo coronavírus, cuja disseminação em escala mundial causou a pandemia da Covid-19. Este artigo tem por base a espacialização de dados governamentais relativos à capital fluminense, combinada com entrevistas e outros tipos de informações. Parte de uma perspectiva teórica que considera a ação de diferentes agentes na contribuição dos processos socioespaciais. A elaboração deste artigo teve por base o boletim Mapa Social do Corona , realizado pelo Observatório de Favelas, entre junho e agosto de 2020, que contou com a colaboração de uma equipe interdisciplinar em parceria com diferentes instituições e profissionais. Evidenciou-se como a desigualdade socioespacial contribuiu para uma taxa maior de letalidade nos bairros populares.

Abstract Empty and not so empty cities. People isolate themselves, others continue to explore the city because they need it or because they do not fear / believe in the danger. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed part of the world and this paper investigates new perspectives of the concept of urban co-authorship (Rocha, 2019) in the face of the crisis. These perspectives, guided by changes in citizens' relations with the city, also cross the latency of social and racial inequalities, generating responses from people. Thus, we seek to understand how urban appropriations operated and were organized during social isolation and at the reopening, as well as the perspectives for the post--pandemic period, still in a generic way. This paper is supported by authors such as Lefebvre (2008) and Foucault (1987), among others, by the observation of daily life and by interviews.

Resumo Cidades vazias e nem tão vazias. Pessoas isolam-se, outras continuam explorando a cidade por necessidade ou por não temerem/acreditarem no perigo. A pandemia da Covid-19 mudou parte do mundo, e este artigo busca investigar novas perspectivas do conceito de coautoria urbana (Rocha, 2019) ante a crise. Essas perspectivas, pautadas por modificações nas relações dos cidadãos com a cidade, também transpassam a latência das desigualdades social e racial, gerando respostas das pessoas. Assim, busca-se compreender como as apropriações urbanas funcionaram e se organizaram durante o isolamento social, no momento de reabertura, e quais perspectivas do pós-pandemia, de forma ainda genérica. Este artigo se apoia em autores como Lefebvre (2008) e Foucault (1987), dentre outros, na observação do cotidiano e em entrevistas.

Abstract This article analyzes the crossings generated by Covid-19 in the daily life of the peripheries of the metropolises of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The crisis has highlighted structural problems that conventional planning tends to cover up, exposing the limits that State and capital have in providing solutions for them. The results showed a relationship between Covid-19's socio-spatial dynamics and the city's hierarchized structure. Starting with provocations around the notion of “subversive planning”, the dialectic between the representation of spaces and the spaces of representation (Lefebvre) is incorporated, identifying popular practices and territorial networks that are being mobilized in the peripheries and have mitigated the impacts of the pandemic and enabled to expand the outreach of urban policies and health services.

Resumo O presente artigo analisa os atravessamentos gerados pela Covid-19 no cotidiano das periferias das metrópoles do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. A crise evidenciou problemas estruturais que o planejamento convencional tende a obscurecer, desnudando os limites que o Estado e o capital possuem em oferecer soluções a eles. Os resultados apresentados demonstram uma relação entre a dinâmica socioespacial da Covid-19 e a estrutura hierarquizada da cidade. Partindo de provocações em torno do “planejamento subversivo”, incorpora-se a dialética entre os espaços de representação e as representações do espaço (Lefebvre), identificando práticas populares e redes territoriais acionadas nas periferias, que tanto amenizaram os impactos da pandemia como permitiram ampliar o alcance das políticas urbanas e dos serviços de saúde.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has revealed territorial inequalities that were already present in Brazilian cities. One way in which these inequalities were expressed was the possibility of staying at home as a form of prevention. Analyzing a social isolation index based on cell phone location data, this paper shows that isolation in the city of Porto Alegre did not happen homogeneously in the territory. Factors such as occupation, income and the HDI for each region of the city are related to the different isolation rates that were found and, consequently, help us to understand the different degrees of exposure to the virus.

Resumo A pandemia de Covid-19 explicitou desigualdades territoriais já presentes nas cidades brasileiras. Uma das formas de expressão dessas desigualdades foi a possibilidade de ficar em casa para se prevenir. Analisando um índice de isolamento social calculado a partir de dados de localização de telefones celulares, este artigo mostra que o isolamento no município de Porto Alegre não aconteceu de forma homogênea no território. Fatores como a ocupação, a renda e o IDH de cada região da cidade se relacionam com as diferentes taxas de isolamento encontradas e, consequentemente, ajudam a entender os diferentes graus de exposição ao vírus.

Abstract This article deals with the impacts of Covid-19 on the income of the population living in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of data from a web survey confirms the hypotheses pointed out in the international literature regarding the role of the Covid-19 pandemic in the worsening of pre-existing social inequalities. Also, the article shows that the inequalities occur in the peripheral areas of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolis, where the negative impacts are much greater compared to other areas. Economic security has become more unequal in the Covid-19 pandemic when we compare the inhabitants’ dwelling place, skin color, and gender.

Resumo Este artigo trata dos impactos da Covid-19 na renda da população da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos dados da aplicação de um web-survey confirma as hipóteses apontadas na literatura internacional no que diz respeito ao papel da pandemia de Covid-19 no agravamento de desigualdades sociais preexistentes. Além disso, o artigo informa que as desigualdades ocorrem nas áreas periféricas da metrópole fluminense, nas quais os impactos negativos são comparativamente muito superiores aos de outras áreas. A segurança econômica tornou-se mais desigual adiante da pandemia de Covid-19, quando comparados o lugar de moradia, a cor e o gênero dos habitantes.

Resumen Este trabajo muestra una revisión mundial de los métodos diagnósticos de COVID-19, analizando sus efectividades y sensibilidades. Con un énfasis especial en los biosensores, particularmente, los que se basan en la tecnología de las fibras ópticas, explicando de manera simple su funcionamiento y su capacidad para detectar virus como el SARS-CoV-2. Con estos avances tecnológicos, el diagnóstico clínico será rápido, económico y podrá aplicarse en pacientes que vivan en lugares remotos donde no hay hospitales ni laboratorios clínicos, debido a la pobreza, las dificultades geográficas o violencia que son factores que se encuentran en Colombia.

Abstract This work shows a world overview of COVID-19 diagnostic methods, analyzing their effectiveness and sensitivity. With a special emphasis on biosensors, specifically, those that are based on fiber-optic technology, simply explaining their operation and their ability to detect virus as SARS-CoV-2. With these technological advances, the clinical diagnosis will be made faster, cheaper, and applied to patients in remote places where there are no hospitals or clinical laboratories, either due to poverty, geographic difficulties, or violence, factors found in Colombia.

Abstract Introduction Information regarding the clinical behavior and the anesthetic and perioperative management in pregnant patients with SARS-CoV-2 is starting to appear in the literature in the form of case reports or case series. However, strong evidence and recommendations are still limited. Objective To describe the clinical characteristics, the results of anesthetic and perioperative management, and complications in seroprevalent pregnant women for SARS-CoV-2 infection, delivered by cesarean section. Methodology Observational study in which 107 clinical records of pregnant women who were seroprevalent for SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed and analyzed between April and June, 2020. Demographic, clinical and serological data were collected, as well as data on the anesthetic technique and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results Of the 107 pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 99 (92.52%) were asymptomatic and 8 (7.48%) had mild symptoms. The most frequent reasons for cesarean section were cephalo-pelvic disproportion in 20 (18.68%), previous cesarean section in 20 (18.68%) and non-reassuring fetal status in 14 (13.08%). Anesthesia technique was neuraxial in all cases, with spinal used in 100 (93.5%), combined spinal-epidural in 4 (3.7%) and epidural catheter in 3 (2.8%) patients. No deaths had occurred until the third postoperative day of follow-up. Conclusions The majority of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are asymptomatic. In this work, spinal, combined spinal-epidural and epidural neuroxial anesthesia techniques were shown to be effective and safe for these patients and their newborn babies.

Resumen Introducción La información del comportamiento clínico, manejo anestésico y perioperatorio en gestantes con SARS-CoV-2 empieza a aparecer en la literatura mediante reportes de casos o serie de casos. Aún son limitadas la evidencia contundente y las recomendaciones. Objetivo Describir las características clínicas, resultados del manejo anestésico, perioperatorio y complicaciones en gestantes seroprevalentes para infección por SARS-CoV-2, cuyo parto fue por cesárea. Metodología Estudio observacional en el cual se revisaron y analizaron 107 historias clínicas de gestantes seroprevalentes para infección por SARS-CoV-2, de abril a junio del 2020. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, clínicos, serología, técnica anestésica y complicaciones intra y postoperatorias. Resultados De las 107 gestantes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, 99 (92,52 %) fueron asintomáticas y 8 (7,48 %) presentaron síntomas leves. Los motivos más frecuentes de cesárea fueron: desproporción céfalo-pélvica 20 (18,68 %), cesárea previa 20 (18,68 %) y estado fetal no tranquilizador 14 (13,08 %). La técnica anestésica fue neuro axial en su totalidad, espinal en 100 (93,5 %), combinada espinal-epidural en 4 (3,7 %) y epidural con catéter en 3 (2,8 %) pacientes. No se registraron muertes hasta el tercer día postoperatorio de seguimiento. Conclusiones Las gestantes con infección por SARS-CoV-2 presentan -en su mayoría- infecciones asintomáticas. En este trabajo, la anestesia neuro axial: espinal, combinada espinal-epidural y epidural, se presentan como técnicas efectivas y seguras para estas pacientes y sus recién nacidos.

Abstract This study describes 26 English language teaching faculty members’ and 32 preservice English as a foreign language teachers’ emergency remote teaching experiences and emotions. Verbal data gathered through an online questionnaire with open questions were analyzed using semidirected content analysis. Most faculty and all students reported negative feelings, which were connected with some faculty members’ focus on delivering content without interaction and with insufficient Internet access. Some students’ autonomy allowed them to overcome the first of these challenges. Teachers with online education training reported better experiences. Thus, universities and the State must provide more training and equipment to close the digital gap and ensure effective emergency remote teaching.

Resumen Este estudio describe las experiencias y emociones de 26 profesores y 32 docentes de inglés en formación con la enseñanza remota de emergencia. Los datos verbales, recolectados mediante un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas realizado en línea, se analizaron con un análisis semidirigido del contenido. La mayoría de los profesores y la totalidad de los estudiantes reportaron sentimientos negativos relacionados con la falta de interacción y con la brecha digital. La autonomía de algunos estudiantes les permitió afrontar lo primero. Los profesores capacitados en educación a distancia tuvieron mejores experiencias. Así, las instituciones y el Estado deben proporcionar más capacitación y equipamiento para reducir la brecha digital y hacer efectiva la enseñanza remota de emergencia.