Abstract Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a fish with a high production potential in Brazil. However, one limitation is the excessive amount of ether extract in its carcass, an undesirable characteristic for the consumer. One approach to overcome this limitation is to improve carcass quality through zootechnical additives such as caffeine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet of pacu with caffeine on cut yield, biological indices, and carcass composition. Two hundred pacu with an initial weight of 1,687 g were used. The animals were allocated to 20 aquaculture cages of 1 m³, with 10 animals per cage. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates was used. The treatments evaluated consisted of four inclusion levels of caffeine: T1 = 0.00 g; T2 = 0.16 g; T3 = 0.32 g, and T4 = 0.48 g caffeine.kg-1 of feed. The findings show that caffeine can be recommended as a diet supplement for carcass improvement of pacu, reducing the fat content and increasing the protein content of the carcass. Caffeine up to 0.32 g.kg-1 of feed can be added to the diet of pacu without affecting its performance or cut yield. Piaractus mesopotamicus Brazil However consumer yield indices composition 1687 687 1,68 used 2 m³ m cage T 000 0 00 0.0 016 16 0.1 032 32 0.3 048 48 0.4 caffeine.kg1 caffeinekg1 caffeinekg caffeine.kg kg caffeine.kg- g.kg1 gkg1 gkg g.kg g.kg- 168 68 1,6 0. 01 03 3 04 4 kg1 6 1,

ABSTRACT One of the main stages in bubalinoculture is breeding calves, because this phase is defined by the quality of the animals that will be the future property matrices. The breeding phase extends from birth to weaning, and is delicate and precise; consequently, attending to characteristics of extreme importance in dairy farming activity such as behavioral and health aspects will aid these animals to express all of their genetic potential. Since this life phase of the animal does not generate immediate economic return to the producer, it ends up not receiving the necessary attention, contributing to low zootechnical indices and high production costs. Adopting adequate management practices is essential for the productive development of the animal that will guarantee the future good productivity of the farm. In view of the above, the objective of this study is to present the management of buffalo calves through a literature review, emphasizing that proper feeding, correct management and disease prevention are fundamental to ensuring the well-being and health of calves. These factors, together with a clean and safe environment, can maximize the productive potential of these animals. It is therefore essential that producers are well-informed and prepared to properly care for these animals during this crucial phase of their lives. matrices weaning precise consequently producer attention costs farm above review feeding wellbeing well being factors environment wellinformed informed lives

RESUMO Uma das principais etapas na bubalinocultura leiteira é a criação de bezerras, pois nesta fase é definido pela qualidade quais animais serão as futuras matrizes da propriedade. A fase de cria se estende do nascimento ao desmame, é delicada e precisa, consequentemente, atender as características de extrema importância na atividade leiteira como, aspectos comportamentais e sanitários, favorecendo com que esses animais expressem todo seu potencial genético. Devido ao fato dessa fase de vida do animal não gerar retorno econômico imediato ao produtor, ela acaba não recebendo a atenção necessária, contribuindo para índices zootécnicos baixos e custos de produção elevados. A adoção de práticas adequadas de manejo é essencial para o desenvolvimento produtivo do animal que garantirá no futuro a boa produtividade da fazenda. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se apresentar, por meio de revisão de literatura, o manejo de bezerras bubalinas, ressaltando que a alimentação adequada, o manejo correto e a prevenção de doenças são fundamentais para garantir o bem-estar e a saúde das bezerras. Esses fatores, juntamente com um ambiente limpo e seguro, podem maximizar o potencial produtivo desses animais. Portanto, é essencial que os produtores estejam bem informados e preparados para cuidar adequadamente desses animais durante essa fase crucial de suas vidas. propriedade desmame precisa consequentemente como sanitários genético produtor necessária elevados fazenda exposto objetivouse objetivou apresentar literatura bubalinas adequada bemestar estar fatores seguro Portanto vidas

ABSTRACT L-carnitine perform a major role in transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are oxidized. It has been used in animal diets to decrease fat and increase muscle protein. The aim of this study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance, degree of steatosis in the liver, and genotoxic potential in Astyanax lacustris fed with different levels of L-carnitine (LC). Yellowtail tetra juveniles (n = 140) were distributed in 20 tanks of 70 L, with seven fish in each, in a water recirculation system with controlled temperature (27±0.1⁰C). The treatments with different levels of L-carnitine supplementation were: 0 (control), 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg of LC per kg of food. The diets were provided twice a day for 60 days. The results showed that the different levels of LC did not affect (P>0.05) weight gain, survival, viscerosomatic index, and the liver hepatocytes showed a normal appearance. However, the use of LC supplementation showed genotoxic potential with a significant difference (P<0.05) for cell alterations when compared to the control at concentrations above 500mg kg-1. Lcarnitine L carnitine longchain long chain mitochondria oxidized protein performance LC. . (LC) n 140 2 7 each 27±0.1⁰C. 2701⁰C C 27±0.1⁰C 27 1⁰C (27±0.1⁰C) control, , (control) 250 500 750 100 food 6 days P>0.05 P005 P 05 (P>0.05 gain survival index appearance However P<0.05 (P<0.05 kg1. kg1 1. 1 kg-1 (LC 14 (27±0.1⁰C (control 25 50 75 10 P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 P<0.0 (P<0.0 kg- 5 P>0. P0 (P>0. P<0. (P<0. P>0 (P>0 P<0 (P<0 P> (P> P< (P< (P

RESUMO A L-carnitina exerce um papel importante no transporte de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa até a mitocôndria para serem oxidados e tem sido incorporada em rações para animais com o objetivo de diminuir a deposição de gordura e aumentar a proteína muscular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o grau de esteatose no fígado e o potencial genotóxico em Astyanax lacustris alimentados com diferentes níveis de L-carnitina (LC). Juvenis de lambari-do-rabo-amarelo (n=140) foram distribuídos em 20 caixas de 70L, sete peixes em cada, em um sistema de recirculação de água com temperatura controlada (27±0,1⁰C). Os tratamentos com os níveis de suplementação foram: 0 (controle), 250, 500, 750 e 1000 mg de LC kg-1 de ração. As dietas foram fornecidas duas vezes ao dia, durante 60 dias. Os resultados mostraram que os diferentes níveis de LC não influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso; a sobrevivência, o índice viscerossomático e os hepatócitos do fígado apresentaram-se com aparência normal. No entanto, a suplementação com LC apresentou potencial genotóxico com diferença significativa (P<0,05) para alterações celulares quando comparada ao controle em concentrações superiores a 500mg kg-1. Lcarnitina L carnitina muscular zootécnico LC. . (LC) lambaridoraboamarelo lambari rabo amarelo n=140 n140 n 140 (n=140 2 70L cada 27±0,1⁰C. 2701⁰C C 27±0,1⁰C 27 1⁰C (27±0,1⁰C) controle, , (controle) 250 500 75 100 kg1 kg 1 kg- ração dia 6 dias P>0,05 P005 P 05 (P>0,05 peso sobrevivência apresentaramse apresentaram se normal entanto P<0,05 (P<0,05 kg1. 1. (LC n=14 n14 14 (n=14 (27±0,1⁰C (controle 25 50 7 10 P>0,0 P00 (P>0,0 P<0,0 (P<0,0 n=1 n1 (n=1 5 P>0, P0 (P>0, P<0, (P<0, n= (n= P>0 (P>0 P<0 (P<0 (n P> (P> P< (P< (P

ABSTRACT The bee Epanthidium tigrinum is native to Brazil and shows potential for use in pollinating agricultural crops. However, the little information available concerning its reproductive and feeding habits has prevented any rational breeding or management of these bees. The aim of this study was to investigate their acceptance of trap nests, and their nesting and foraging behaviour, with a view to understanding the potential of the species for rational breeding. Trap nests were offered, and the females were observed for 16 months to monitor the establishment, building and closing of nests, as well as their architecture and the behaviour of the bees when searching for the resources used to build and provision the nests. The results showed that E. tigrinum performs well in trap nests; prefers cavities with a diameter of around 0.45 cm; depends on other plant resources besides pollen and nectar, such as leaves, fibres and resins, to build its nest; and remains active throughout the year. The study concluded that the species has the potential for use in agricultural pollination programs; however the observed nesting requirements must be taken into account, both in conservation efforts and in zootechnical exploitation when breeding the bee for agricultural pollination, as both can influence the number of constructed nests and cells, and consequently, the size of the pollinator population. crops However offered 1 establishment E 045 0 45 0.4 cm nectar leaves resins nest year programs account cells consequently population 04 4 0.

RESUMO A abelha Epanthidium tigrinum é nativa do Brasil e apresenta potencial para uso na polinização de culturas agrícolas. No entanto, a pouca informação disponível sobre seus hábitos reprodutivos e alimentares tem impedido qualquer criação ou manejo racional dessas abelhas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a sua aceitação de ninhos-armadilha, e o seu comportamento de nidificação e forrageamento, com vista a compreender o potencial da espécie para a criação racional. Ninhos-armadilha foram oferecidos, e as fêmeas foram observadas por 16 meses para monitorar o estabelecimento, construção e fechamento dos ninhos, bem como suas arquiteturas e o comportamento das abelhas na busca dos recursos utilizados para a construção e provisão dos seus ninhos. Os resultados mostraram que E. tigrinum tem um bom desempenho em ninhos-armadilha; prefere cavidades com diâmetro em torno de 0,45 cm; depende de outros recursos vegetais além do pólen e do néctar, como folhas, fibras e resinas, para construir seu ninho; e permanece ativa durante todo o ano. O estudo concluiu que a espécie tem potencial para uso em programas de polinização agrícola; no entanto, as exigências de nidificação observadas devem ser levadas em consideração, tanto nos esforços de conservação quanto na exploração zootécnica quando criando a abelha para polinização agrícola, pois ambas as situações podem influenciar o número de ninhos e células construídas e, consequentemente, o tamanho da população de polinizadores. agrícolas entanto ninhosarmadilha, ninhosarmadilha armadilha, armadilha ninhos-armadilha forrageamento Ninhosarmadilha Ninhos oferecidos 1 estabelecimento E 045 0 45 0,4 cm néctar folhas resinas ninho ano agrícola consideração consequentemente polinizadores 04 4 0,

Abstract The aim of this study was to predict production indicators and to determine their potential economic impact on a poultry integration system using artificial neural networks (ANN) models. Forty zootechnical and production parameters from broiler breeder farms, one hatchery, broiler production flocks, and one slaughterhouse were selected as variables. The ANN models were established for four output variables: “saleable hatching”, “weight at the end of week 5,” “partial condemnation,” and “total condemnation” and were analyzed in relation to the coefficient of multiple determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R), mean error (E), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The production scenarios were simulated and the economic impacts were estimated. The ANN models were suitable for simulating production scenarios after validation. For “saleable hatching”, incubator and egg storage period are likely to increase the financial gains. For “weight at the end of the week 5” the lineage (A) is important to increase revenues. However, broiler weight at the end of the first week may not have a significant influence. Flock sex (female) may influence the “partial condemnation” rates, while chick weight at first day may not. For “total condemnation”, flock sex and type of chick may not influence condemnation rates, but mortality rates and broiler weight may have a significant impact. (ANN farms hatchery flocks variables saleable hatching, hatching , hatching” 5, 5 partial condemnation, total R2, R2 R (R2) R, (R) E, E (E) MSE, MSE (MSE) RMSE. RMSE . (RMSE) estimated validation gains A (A revenues However female (female (R2 (R (E (MSE (RMSE

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi predizer os indicadores de produção e determinar o seu potencial impacto econômico em um sistema de integração utilizando as redes neurais artificiais (RNA). Quarenta parâmetros zootécnicos e de produção de granjas de matrizes e de frango de corte, um incubatório e um abatedouro foram selecionados como variáveis. Os modelos de RNA foram estabelecidos para quatro variáveis de saída (“eclosão vendável”, “peso ao final da quinta semana”, “condenações parciais” e “condenações totais”) e foram analisados em relação ao coeficiente de determinação múltipla (R2), coeficiente de correlação (R), erro médio (E), erro quadrático médio (EQM) e raiz do erro quadrático médio (REQM). Os cenários produtivos foram simulados e os impactos foram estimados. Os modelos de RNA gerados foram adequados para simular diferentes cenários produtivos após o treinamento. Para “eclosão vendável”, o modelo de incubadora e o período de incubação aumentaram os ganhos financeiros. Para “peso ao final da quinta semana”, a linhagem também demonstrou influencia no retorno financeiro, o que não aconteceu com o peso ao final da primeira semana. O sexo do lote possui influência nas taxas de “condenação parcial”, ao contrário do peso do frango no primeiro dia. As taxas de mortalidade e o peso do frango apresentaram influência na “condenação total”, mas o sexo do lote e o tipo de pinto não tiverem influência. RNA. . (RNA) corte eclosão vendável, vendável , vendável” semana, semana semana” condenações parciais totais totais” R2, R2 R (R2) R, (R) E, E (E) EQM (EQM REQM. REQM (REQM) estimados treinamento financeiros financeiro condenação parcial, parcial parcial” dia total, total total” (RNA (R2 (R (E (REQM

ABSTRACT. The present study aimed to correlate the influence of water quality, cultivation time, area, and density of ponds on the zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in oligohaline waters. It was demonstrated that, under the conditions of this research, better control of temperature, pH and water alkalinity can be employed. Ammonia levels were within the normal range and correlated positively with the growth rate (ρ = 0.69859) and production (ρ = 0.66362) of the ponds. There was also a positive correlation between cultivation time and pond density with shrimp weight (ρ = 0.75305 and 0.68933) and pond productivity (ρ = 0.74763 and 0.79367, respectively). Negative correlations were observed between: I) pH with shrimp survival (ρ = -0.73238) and pond production (ρ = -0.68696); II) alkalinity and pond production (ρ = -0.66162). The results show that the cultivation of shrimp L. vannamei in oligohaline waters is viable and there is potential for increased productivity associated with better hydrological monitoring and use of higher density and cultivation time by some producers.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados do nível de alimentação e do estado de saúde de vacas leiteiras em uma fazenda comercial leiteira sobre o conteúdo dos principais componentes do leite (gordura, proteína, ureia). O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a produtividade e composição do leite de vacas, analisar o nível de alimentação e o teor de nutrientes básicos na dieta da fazenda. A fazenda produz gado holandês de raça pura com alto potencial genético de produtividade. O rebanho leiteiro foi formado em 2009 com base em 600 cabeças de novilhas Holstein-Friesian importadas da Hungria, bem como 65 cabeças de novilhas holsteinizadas da seleção ucraniana em 2015. Hoje o gado totaliza cerca de 1.500 cabeças de gado, das quais existem cerca de 900 criadores. No território da fazenda existem: 3 estábulos para criação de vacas, uma sala de inseminação, uma sala de ordenha com instalação paralela da empresa Delaval, na qual são ordenhadas 48 vacas para cada ordenha, a ABK, onde fica o escritório do gestor, pecuária técnica, a contabilidade está localizada, e um mini-hotel com refeitório e salões. As bases leiteiras são equipadas com bebedouros automáticos, ventilação, encanamento, iluminação elétrica, mecanismo de remoção de esterco e instalação de ordenha. O objeto da pesquisa foram vacas da raça holandesa no valor de 483 cabeças da Aina Dairy Farm LLP. Os estudos foram realizados de acordo com métodos zootécnicos geralmente aceitos, utilizando equipamentos modernos para a realização de análises e padrões interestaduais e estaduais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que a produtividade do leite das vacas era em média 19,5 kg por dia, o teor de gordura 4,3%, a proteína 3,9%, o número de células somáticas 230,5 mil unidades / ml, ureia 45,3 mg / 100 ml respectivamente. A análise do nível de ureia no leite pode sugerir alto teor de proteína bruta na dieta. A ração para alimentação das vacas leiteiras na fazenda é concentrado-silagem-silagem-silagem e há excesso de matéria seca em 16,2%, proteína bruta em 9,8% e amido em 29,4%, respectivamente.

Abstract This article presents the results of the level of feeding and the health status of dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm on the content of the main components in milk (fat, protein, urea). The aim of the research was to study the milk productivity and composition of milk of cows, to analyze the level of feeding and the content of basic nutrients in the diet of the farm. The farm breeds purebred Holstein cattle with a high genetic potential for productivity. The milking herd was formed in 2009 on the basis of 600 heads of Holstein-Friesian heifers imported from Hungary, as well as 65 heads of Holsteinized heifers of Ukrainian selection from Ukraine in 2015. Today the livestock numbers about 1,500 head of cattle, of which there are about 900 breeders. On the territory of the farm there are: 3 cowsheds for keeping cows, an insemination room, a milking parlor with a parallel installation of the Delaval company, in which 48 cows are milked for one milking, the ABK, where the manager's office, livestock technician, accounting is located, and a mini-hotel with dining room and lounges. Dairy bases are equipped with auto-drinkers, ventilation, plumbing, electric lighting, manure removal mechanisms, and a milking installation. The object of the research was Holstein cows in the amount of 483 heads of Aina Dairy Farm LLP. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted zootechnical methods using modern equipment for conducting analyzes and interstate and state standards. The research results showed that the milk productivity of cows averaged 19.5 kg per day, the fat content 4.3%, the protein 3.9%, the number of somatic cells 230.5 thousand units / ml, urea 45.3 mg / 100 ml respectively. Analyzing the level of urea in milk can suggest a high crude protein content in the diet. The ration of feeding dairy cows on the farm is concentrate-silage-haylage and there is an excess of dry matter by 16.2%, crude protein by 9.8%, starch by 29.4%, respectively.

Abstract Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method based on the different levels of opposition to the flow of an ionic current through the different body tissues. Results are expressed by primary measures of resistance (Rs) and reactance (Xs). From such measures, equations are applied to determine the phase angle (PA) and impedance (Z). Bioimpedance analysis has been indicated as a reliable and precise method to determine the body composition and nutritional status in humans. BIA has recently been adapted to be applied on animal production. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an analysis on the potential use of bioelectrical impedance on zootechnical production. Through BIA, correlations among bioelectrical measures and tissue composition of swine, bovine, ovine, bubaline and fish carcasses can be established. In this regard, a growing number of demands were led by more precise and cost-effective methods to evaluate the body composition in the zootechnical sector, in which the analysis of bioelectrical impedance proved to be a promising and minimally invasive technology to replace traditional methods.

Resumen El análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (AIB) es un método basado en los diferentes niveles de oposición al flujo de una corriente iónica a través de los diversos tejidos corporales. Los resultados se expresan mediante medidas primarias de resistencia (Rs) y reactancia (Xs). A partir de estas medidas, se aplican ecuaciones para determinar el ángulo de fase (AF) y la impedancia (Z). El análisis de bioimpedancia ha sido indicado como un método fiable y preciso para determinar la composición corporal y el estado nutricional en los seres humanos. El AIB se ha adaptado recientemente para ser aplicado en la producción animal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un análisis sobre el uso potencial de la impedancia bioeléctrica en la producción zootécnica. A través del AIB se pueden establecer correlaciones entre las medidas bioeléctricas y la composición de los tejidos de los cadáveres de los cerdos, los bovinos, los ovinos, los bufalinos y los peces. En este sentido, entre el número creciente de demandas destaca la de contar con métodos más precisos y rentables para evaluar la composición corporal en el sector zootécnico, entre los que el análisis de la impedancia bioeléctrica demostró ser una tecnología prometedora y mínimamente invasiva para reemplazar los métodos tradicionales.

RESUMEN El crecimiento en la producción de moluscos se atribuye principalmente al aumento de las especies cultivadas, a la expansión de las regiones geográficas de producción y al mejoramiento de las técnicas productivas. Las líneas cultivadas han sido sometidas a estudios rigurosos sobre sus sistemas biológicos, su potencial y mejora genética. Entre las estrategias utilizadas, el uso de poliploides ha permitido grandes avances zootécnicos, al mismo tiempo que ha representado grandes desafíos técnicos. El presente trabajo describe las principales técnicas de inducción a poliploidías, así como sus limitantes y desafíos. Se describen los métodos físicos y químicos de inducción y sus principales características y resultados obtenidos.

ABSTRACT Global production of bivalve has grown greatly due mainly to the increase in cultivated species, the expansion of geographical production regions and the improvement of production techniques. The lines of cultivated organisms have undergone rigorous studies on their biological systems, their potential and genetic improvement. Among the strategies used, the use of polyploids has allowed great zootechnical advances, while having represented great technical challenges. This work describes the main techniques of induction to polyploidies, as well as their limiters. It describes the physical and chemical methods of induction and their main characteristics and results obtained.

Abstract To evaluate the probiotic effect of PROBIOLACTlL®, SUBTILPROBIO® biopreparations and their mixture, on productive and health indicators in growing pigs, an experiment with a completely randomized design was developed, with four treatments: 1 control) basal diet without additives, 2) basal diet + PROBIOLACTIL®, 3) basal diet + SUBTILPROBIO® and 4) basal diet + mixture of both biopreparations. As a result, it was confirmed that these additives and their mixture improved all indicators. Better effects were manifested in pigs that consumed PROBIOLACTIL®. The evaluated biopreparations produced benefits in animals, since they improved eubiosis of the gastrointestinal tract, which contributed to improve (P <0.05) live weight (27.15 kg/25.59 kg), daily mean gain of animals (408.65g/445.27g), weight gain (19.42kg/16.36 kg) and food conversion (2.44/2.90). Furthermore, the incidence of diarrhea decreased (8.57/67.14%) in treated animals. Results confirm the probiotic potential of these biopreparations, when applied to pigs during growth stage, with better effects on those that consumed PROBIOLACTIL®.

Resumen Para evaluar el efecto probiótico de los biopreparados PROBIOLACTlL®, SUBTILPROBIO® y su mezcla, en indicadores productivos y de salud en cerdos en crecimiento, se desarrolló un experimento con un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro tratamientos: 1) control dieta basal sin aditivos, 2) dieta basal + PROBIOLACTIL®, 3) dieta basal + SUBTILPROBIO® y 4) dieta basal + mezcla de ambos biopreparados. Como resultado, se comprobó que los aditivos y su mezcla mejoraron todos los indicadores. Se manifestaron efectos mayores en los cerdos que consumieron PROBIOLACTIL®. Los biopreparados evaluados produjeron beneficios en los animales, ya que mejoraron la eubiosis del tracto gastrointestinal, lo que contribuyó a mejorar (P < 0.05) el peso vivo (27.15 kg/25.59 kg), la ganancia media diaria de los animales (408.65g/445.27g), el incremento de peso (19.42kg/16.36 kg) y la conversión alimentaria (2.44/2,90). Además, disminuyó la incidencia de diarreas (8.57/67.14 %) en los animales tratados. Los resultados confirman el potencial probiótico que tienen estos biopreparados, cuando se aplican a cerdos durante la etapa de crecimiento, con mejores efectos en los que consumieron PROBIOLACTIL®.

ABSTRACT To compare the zootechnical performance of the Brazilian native shrimp Penaeus schmitti and the exotic shrimp Penaeus vannamei, juveniles were grown under controlled conditions. Both species were simultaneously cultivated (monoculture) in separate 70 L plastic tanks at two different densities: 30 and 50 ind m-2. Also, in the other two treatments, both species were cultivated together (mixed), with and without feeding, at 30 ind m-2. During the experiment, P. vannamei generally showed a greater interest in food and voracity than P. schmitti. At harvest, for both stocking densities of monoculture treatments, the mean growth rate observed for P. vannamei was 1.0 g week-1, while P. schmitti achieved only 0.1 g week-1. The mean final weight was 10.4 ± 2.0 g; 10.7 ± 2.1 g for P. vannamei and 2.8 ± 0.3 g; 3.2 ± 0.3 g for P. schmitti, for respective densities of 50 and 30 ind m-2. In the mixed treatment with feeding, while P. vannamei reached 11.9 ± 1.4 g, P. schmitti reached only 2.6 ± 0.4 g in the same tank. The observed differences were 3.7 and 3.4 higher in favor of P. vannamei in the monoculture treatment, and up 4.5 times higher in the mixed treatment. Under strict fasting conditions, both species practiced predation/cannibalism among themselves. The results reflected the zootechnical advantages of P. vannamei, but also corroborated the negative effect that high densities and lack of natural food can exert over native species. The potential for P. schmitti cultivation and the possible impact of the escape of P. vannamei into the natural environment is discussed.

Resumen 17. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la eliminación de oxitetraciclina (OTC) y fosfomicina (FOS) en calostro y leche de cerda, su impacto sobre algunos aspectos microbiológicos y morfo-fisiológicos intestinales, así como parámetros zootécnicos de la camada. Se analizaron muestras de calostro y leche de cerdas tratadas durante el peri-parto con OTC solución y FOS disódica vía intramuscular. Se evaluó la ingesta de calostro con concentraciones residuales de antibióticos, así como parámetros intestinales y zootécnicos de lechones lactantes. Las concentraciones medias residuales de OTC y FOS en calostro/leche fueron 0,48 y 1,55 qg/ml y la ingestión media de antibiótico/lechón fue de 0,13 y 0,50 mg/kg peso vivo, respectivamente. Si bien la ingestión de calostro con residuos de FOS mostró menor impacto que OTC sobre los aspectos microbiológicos y morfo-fisiológicos, así como sobre la bioquímica enzimática intestinal de lechones lactantes, ambos antibióticos no afectaron los resultados de los parámetros zootécnicos de las camadas. No obstante, las bajas concentraciones de antibióticos ingeridos con el calostro serían un potencial riesgo de desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana, por lo cual la aplicación profiláctica de los mismos durante el periparto debería ser reconsiderada.

Abstract 21. The objective ofthis workwas to study the elimination of oxytetracycline (OTC) and fosfomycin (FOS) in sow colostrum/milk and its impact on some microbiological aspects and on intestinal morpho-physiological and zootechnical parameters of the litter. Colostrum/milk samples from sows treated during the period of delivery with OTC solution and disodium FOS by the intramuscular route were analyzed. Colostrum intake with residual concentrations of antibiotics and intestinal and zootechnical parameters of suckling piglets, were evaluated. The mean residual concentrations of OTC and FOS in colostrum/milk were 0.48 and 1.55 qg/ml and the average antibiotic intake/piglet was 0.13 and 0.50 mg/kg body weight, respectively. While ingestion of colostrum with FOS residues showed less impact than OTC on the microbiological, morpho-physiological and intestinal enzymatic biochemistry of suckling piglets, any of the antibiotics affected the zootechnical parameters of the litters. Nevertheless, the low concentrations of antibiotics ingested with colostrum would be a potential risk of developing bacterial resistance, thus their prophylactic administration during the peri-partum should be reconsidered.

Abstract Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer benefits tohost health. Lactic acid bacteria are the most widely used, especially those of Lactobacillus genus. One of the species of this genus is Lactobacillus salivarius, capable of colonizing the digestive tract of humans and animals. It resists gastric barriers of acid pH and bile, and produces antimicrobial substances, such as organic acids and bacteriocins that inhibit different pathogenic microorganisms. This bacterium attaches to epithelial cells and stimulates the immune system. For these reasons, there is a lot of research aimed to evaluating the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius in monocultures or multi-strains, on microbiological, physiological, productive and health indicators in animals of zootechnical interest. There is evidence of the results of the selection process of strains from the digestive tract of animals, in which they are candidates for their in vitro and in vivo probiotic activity. This review has the objective of evaluating the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus salivarius and its effect on poultry, pig farming and calf rearing. In addition, some future considerations are recommended for its use as a probiotic additive in animal production.

Resumen Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos quecuando se consumen en cantidades adecuadas le confieren beneficios a la salud del huésped. Las bacterias ácido lácticas son las más utilizadas, especialmente las del género Lactobacillus. Entre las especies de este género se encuentra Lactobacillus salivarius, una bacteria capaz de colonizar el tracto digestivo del hombre y los animales, que resiste las barreras gástricas de pH ácido y las bilis, y produce sustancias antimicrobianas, como ácidos orgánicos y bacteriocinas que inhiben diferentes microorganismos patógenos. Esta bacteria se adhiere a las células epiteliales y estimula el sistema inmune. Por estas razones, son diversas las investigaciones que se realizan con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de Lactobacillus salivariusen monocultivos o multicepas, en indicadores microbiológicos, fisiológicos, productivos y de salud en animales de interés zootécnico. Se han aportado evidencias de los resultados del proceso de selección de cepas procedentes del tracto digestivo de los animales, en las que resultan candidatas por su actividad probiótica in vitro e in vivo. Esta reseña tiene el objetivo de valorarel potencial probiótico de Lactobacillus salivariusy su efecto en la avicultura, porcinocultura y en la crianza de terneros. Se recomiendan además, algunas consideraciones futuras para su utilización como aditivo probiótico en la producción animal.

Abstract In order to evaluate, among clones of the Oreja de Elefante Mexicana nopal cultivar (Opuntia stricta Haw), the one that indicated agronomic and zootechnical characteristics to be considered with forage potential, an experiment was carried out at the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA), located at coordinates 08° 25’ 15’’ south latitude and 37° 03’ 41’’ west longitude, at 663 meters above sea level, with a precipitation of 692 mm. The experimental period was from January 2014 to July 2015 and the clones used were Lisa 1, Lisa 2, Seg CV, mãe plant, Seg 1, Seg 2, Seg 3, Seg 4, Seg 5 and Seg 6. The variables evaluated were production (t DM ha-1), number of cladodes in plant (NC), plant height (PH), plant width (PWI), amount of thorn (AT), size of thorn (ST) and amount of gloquide (AG); within each plant it was measured in cladodes, perimeter (P), length (LC), width (WID) and thickness (TH), number of lines (NLI) and number of buds (NBU). The experimental design was completely random and the test of comparison of means with Tukey (p≤ 0.05). There were differences between clones (p≤ 0.05); Lisa 2, showed the lowest AT, ST, AG, and the lowest production (6.45 t DM ha-1), the Seg CV clone, showed higher production (67.41 t DM ha-1), NC, PH, and PWI, without However, it also presented higher AT, ST and AG, so despite its yield it does not show the best agronomic and zootechnical characteristics.

Resumen Evaluar clones del cultivar de nopal Oreja de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), con el objetivo de encontrar el que mostrara características agronómicas y zootécnicas para ser considerado con potencial forrajero, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el Instituto Agronómico de Pernambuco (IPA), localizado en las coordenadas 08° 25’ 15’’ latitud sur y 37° 03’ 41’’ longitud oeste, a 663 msnm, con una precipitación de 692 mm. El periodo experimental comprendió de enero 2014 a julio de 2015 y los clones utilizados fueron Lisa 1, Lisa 2, Seg CV, Planta mãe, Seg 1, Seg 2, Seg 3, Seg 4, Seg 5 y Seg 6. Las variables evaluadas fueron producción (t MS ha-1), número de cladodios en planta (NC), altura de la planta (AP), ancho de la planta (ANP), cantidad de espina (CE), tamaño de espina (TE) y cantidad de gloquidio (CG); dentro de cada planta se midió en cladodios, perímetro (P), longitud (LC), ancho (ANC) y grosor (GC), número de líneas (LCP) y número de yemas (YCP). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar y la prueba de comparación de medias con Tukey (p( 0.05). Se presentaron diferencias entre clones (p≤ 0.05) lisa 2, mostró la menor CE, TE, CG, y la menor producción (6.45 t MS ha-1), el clon Seg CV, presentó mayor producción (67.41 t MS ha-1), NC, AP, y ANP; sin embargo, también presentó mayor CE, TE y CG por lo que pese a su rendimiento no muestra las mejores características agronómicas y zootécnicas.

Abstract Background: Several different plant species with a forage potential for ruminant nutrition can be found in fruit ecosystems. Their relevance is that a high variety of foods containing high amounts of secondary metabolites can be consumed. The aim of this research was to characterize the technological and economic viability of growing-fattening ovines integrated to guava tree-leguminosae (Teramnus labialis) systems. Methods: A four-month study was conducted in 1.2 ha of guava under a sprinkling irrigation system, where the leguminosae was established as well. A total of 18 ovines were integrated to the area (growing-fattening Pelibuey), with rotational grazing in three enclosures. Every phytotechnical and zootechnical action performed to the poly-crop and the animals, were monitored. The time utilized in all the phytotechnical and zootechnical labor was estimated, and the costs of salary and energy were calculated. Weight increase of bovines and the guava fruit yields (t. ha-1) were determined. Income, expenses, and profits were calculated. Results: Irrigation and animal grazing were the most time-consuming activities. The total income was over $10 000.00 per integrated hectare; however, the total profits per hectare were negative ($ -1627 CUP), due to low guava yields during the season, and the costs of salaries and electric power from irrigation, which were partly mitigated by the ovine production with zootechnical profits of $ 1 925.00. Conclusions: The integrated guava-leguminosae-ovine system demonstrated a technological and economic feasibility to increase sustainability of guava production in Cuba.

Resumen Antecedentes: En los ecosistemas de frutales se pueden encontrar diferentes especies de plantas con potencialidad forrajera para la alimentación de rumiantes, siendo importante ya que deben consumir una alta variedad de alimentos que contiengan diferentes metabolitos secundarios. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar la viabilidad tecnológica y económica de la integración de ovinos en crecimiento-ceba a los árboles guayabos con cobertura de la leguminosa Teramnus labialis. Métodos: La investigación se realizó, durante cuatro meses, en un área de 1,2 hectáreas de guayaba bajo riego por aspersión, donde predomina una cobertura de T. labialis, y a la cual se integraron 18 ovinos Pelibuey en crecimiento-ceba, en pastoreo rotacional de tres cuartones. Se monitorearon todas las labores fitotécnicas realizadas al policultivo y zootécnicas en los animales, contabilizando el tiempo utilizado por los obreros en las diferentes labores; además, fue calculado el gasto de salario y energía. Se determinó el incremento de peso de los ovinos, el rendimiento (t. ha-1) de los frutos de guayabas, así como los ingresos, gastos y utilidades del sistema. Resultados: El riego y el pastoreo de los animales resultaron las actividades a las cuales los obreros dedicaron el mayor tiempo. Los ingresos totales superaron los $10 000.00 por hectárea integrada, sin embargo, las utilidades totales por hectárea resultaron negativas (- 1627 CUP) a causa de la baja producción de los guayabos en la época y a los gastos en salario y energía eléctrica en las actividades de riego, lo que en parte fue paleado por la producción ovina que logró utilidades zootécnicas de $ 1 925.00. Conclusiones. La presencia del componente animal en el sistema agrícola, es decir la integración agricultura-ganadería, logra diversificar las producciones y amortizar los gastos de producción, especialmente cuando los rendimientos agrícolas son bajos, ya sea por causas ambientales o fisiológicas.