RESUMEN El artículo trata sobre el transporte por carretera semicolectivo interdistrital: El papel de describe los factores que dictaron el surgimiento de los narawas, metodológicamente la investigación es cualitativa en la variante descriptiva. Para ello se entrevistó a 25 sujetos. El estudio muestra que uno de los factores que propició el surgimiento de los narawas y el nuevo modus operandi es el desempleo que afecta a la juventud, la regularidad de los transportistas que recorren las rutas interdistritales y la demanda de servicios. Se concluye que la actividad constituye una estrategia de supervivencia, siendo el gobierno el responsable de crear estrategias para su funcionamiento, crear la asociación y asignar cédulas de identificación.

RÉSUMÉ L'article traite du transport routier semi-collectif intercommunal : Le Rôle de décrit les facteurs qui ont dicté l'émergence des narawas, méthodologiquement la recherche est qualitative dans la variante descriptive. À cette fin, 25 sujets ont été interrogés. L'étude montre que l'un des facteurs qui ont conduit à l'émergence des narawas et au nouveau mode de fonctionnement est le chômage qui touche les jeunes, la régularité des transporteurs qui parcourent les itinéraires interdistricts et la demande de services. On conclut que l'activité constitue une stratégie de survie, le gouvernement étant responsable de la création des stratégies de fonctionnement, de la création de l'association et de l'attribution des cartes d'identité.

RESUMO O artigo versa sobre transportes rodoviários semi-coletivos interdistritais: o papel dos narawas no recrutamento dos passageiros em Nacala, este descreve os fatores que ditaram o surgimento dos narawas, metodologicamente a pesquisa é qualitativa na variante descritiva. Para tal foram entrevistados 25 sujeitos, o estudo evidencia que um dos fatores que propiciou o surgimento de narawas e os novos modi operandi é o desemprego que afeta a camada juvenil, proliferação de transportadores fazendo as rotas interdistritais e a demanda na procura dos serviços. Conclui-se que, a atividade constitui uma estratégia de sobrevivência, cabendo ao governo criação de estratégias para o seu funcionamento, criação da associação, atribuição de cartões de identificação.

ABSTRACT The article deals with interdistrict semi-collective road transport: The Role of describes the factors that dictated the emergence of narawas, methodologically the research is qualitative in the descriptive variant. To this end, 25 subjects were interviewed. The study shows that one of the factors that led to the emergence of narawas and the new modi operandi is unemployment that affects youth, the regularity of transporters traveling interdistrict routes and the demand for services. It is concluded that the activity constitutes a survival strategy, with the government being responsible for creating strategies for its operation, creating the association, and attributing identification cards.

Abstract We use 2812 online job advertisements from 21 European countries to identify attributes demanded by employers and explore economic and labour market characteristics associated with the set of required skills. Whereas some employers clearly target ready-to-work candidates for high skilled occupations, others do not even specify skill requirements. The latter are from countries that are moderate or modest innovators with varying levels of high-tech employment activities, a high level of youth unemployment and a low job vacancy rate. The findings suggest employers have raised hiring criteria and have therefore contributed to credential inflation.

Resumen Utilizamos 2812 anuncios de empleo en línea de 21 países europeos para identificar los atributos exigidos por los empleadores y explorar las características económicas y del mercado laboral asociadas al conjunto de cualificaciones requeridas. Mientras que algunos empleadores se dirigen claramente a candidatos listos para trabajar en ocupaciones de alta cualificación, otros ni siquiera especifican los requisitos de cualificación. Estos últimos proceden de países que son innovadores moderados o modestos, con niveles variables de actividades de empleo de alta tecnología, un alto nivel de desempleo juvenil y una baja tasa de vacantes. Las conclusiones sugieren que los empleadores han elevado los criterios de contratación y, por tanto, han contribuido a la inflación de credenciales.

Resumo Esta pesquisa explora 2812 anúncios de emprego publicados no sítio da internet de 21 países europeus para identificar as exigências de emprego e analisar as características económicas e do mercado de trabalho associadas a esse conjunto de competências procuradas. Enquanto alguns empregadores preferem claramente candidatos prontos a trabalhar para profissões altamente qualificadas, outros não especificam as competências requeridas. Estes últimos são de países com um nível de inovação moderado ou modesto, têm um baixo nível de emprego em atividades intensivas em tecnologia e conhecimento, com um elevado nível de desemprego jovem e uma baixa taxa de ofertas de emprego. Os resultados empíricos sugerem que os empregadores aumentaram os critérios de contratação e, por conseguinte, contribuíram para a inflação dos diplomas.

Résumé Cette recherche explore 2812 offres d’emploi publiées sur le site web provenant de 21 pays européens pour identifier les attributs exigés par les employeurs et explorer les caractéristiques de l’économie et du marché du travail associées à l’ensemble des compétences requises. Alors que certains employeurs ciblent clairement des candidats prêts à l’emploi pour des professions hautement qualifiées, d’autres ne précisent même pas les compétences requises. Ces derniers proviennent de pays qui sont des innovateurs modérés ou modestes avec des niveaux variables d’activités d’emploi de haute technologie, un niveau élevé de chômage des jeunes et un faible taux de vacance d’emploi. Les résultats suggèrent que les employeurs ont relevé les critères d’embauche et ont donc contribué à l’inflation des diplômes.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa as discussões sobre o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla durante o diálogo social tripartite realizadona Costa Rica entre 27 de fevereiro e 1º de setembro de 2017. Essa arena de diálogo, moderada pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, contou com a participação de representantes de empresas, sindicatos e do governo. A análise se concentra nas representações sociais e nas referências intersubjetivas especificamente desenvolvidas por atores estatais e paraestatais sobre as características e os potenciais do modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla para resolver determinados problemas sociais na Costa Rica. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes do Estado que participaram do diálogo, bem como com representantes paraestatais que estiveram envolvidos nas discussões sobre o tema. Como resultado, uma das principais constatações é que, na dinâmica da cooperação política, o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dual é tratado como um produto de “exportação/importação” capaz de resolver problemas como o desemprego juvenil e a pobreza entre os jovens. A referência ao modelo alemão de melhores práticas e à Alemanha como tal é usada para limitar a participação adequada dos atores e a compreensão dos problemas sociais.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las discusiones sobre el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual durante el diálogo social tripartito celebrado en Costa Rica entre el 27 de febrero y el 1 de setiembre de 2017. A este escenario de diálogo, moderado por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, asistieron representantes de empresas, sindi- catos y el gobierno. El análisis se centra en las representaciones sociales y referencias intersubjetivas elaboradas específicamente por actores estatales y paraestatales sobre las características y potencialidades del modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual para resolver determinados problemas sociales en Costa Rica. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes estatales que participaron en el diálogo, así como a representantes paraestatales que intervinieron en las discusiones sobre el tema. Como resultado, uno de los principales hallazgos es que, dentro de la dinámica de cooperación política, el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual es tratado como un producto de “exportación/importación” capaz de resolver problemas como el desempleo juvenil y la pobreza entre los jóvenes. La referencia al modelo alemán de buenas prácticas y a Alemania como tal se utiliza para limitar la adecuada participación de los actores y la comprensión de los problemas sociales.

Abstract: This article analyzes the discussions on the German dual apprenticeship model during the tripartite social dialogue held in Costa Rica between February 27 and September 1, 2017. This dialogue arena, moderated by the International Labour Organization, was attended by representatives of companies, trade unions, and the government. The analysis focuses on the social representations and intersubjective references specifically developed by state and parastatal actors on the characteristics and potentials of the German dual apprenticeship model to solve certain social problems in Costa Rica. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with state representatives who participated in the dialogue, as well as with parastatal representatives who were involved in the discussions on the topic. As a result, one of the main findings is that within the dynamics of political cooperation, the German dual apprenticeship model is treated as an “export/import” product capable of solving problems such as youth unemployment and poverty among young people. The reference to the German best practice model and to Germany as such is used to limit the adequate participation of actors and the understanding of social problems.

ABSTRACT: Inclusion of rural youth is of great importance to facilitate nutritional security and make the food chain more sustainable. A positive attitude is necessary for active participation in agricultural activities. This case study was an attempt to check the attitude of rural youth regarding sustainable farming and its contributing factors. The study was carried out in the Punjab province of Pakistan and a transverse research design was used for this quantitative study. An interview schedule was used for getting the face-to-face response of rural youth. To make the unknown population of rural youth in Punjab, the Fisher formula was used and a sample of 413 was selected from purposely selected three districts of Punjab. After recording data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Descriptive Statistics was used to explain the response of rural youth for the decision on the base of data. Only 53 young farmers said that they have never been part of the formal education system and maximum number of farmers was close to 24 years of age or more than that. Rural youth of Punjab is lacking in non-formal education for acquiring or maintaining their skills & interests. Unemployment and having limited farm income are the biggest challenges that rural youth is facing. Rural youth show a strong inclination towards opting for sustainable farming alongside the availability of a supportive network. Regarding to learning capacities rural youth is lacking related to knowledge, communication means, novel approaches and in promoting sustainable farming initiatives. To achieve the goal of sustainability in changing environment, rural youth must have access to continuous training, communication sources, membership, or association with organizations with novel ideas covering all the changes happening in the farming business. ABSTRACT activities factors facetoface face 41 data SPSS (SPSS 5 2 nonformal non interests facing network knowledge means initiatives environment training sources membership business 4

RESUMO: Para facilitar a segurança nutricional e tornar a cadeia alimentar mais sustentável, a inclusão da juventude rural é de grande importância. Uma atitude positiva é necessária para a participação ativa nas atividades agrícolas. Este estudo de caso foi uma tentativa de verificar a atitude da juventude rural em relação à agricultura sustentável e seus fatores contribuintes. O trabalho foi realizado na província de Punjab, no Paquistão, e um projeto de pesquisa transversal foi usado para este estudo quantitativo. Um roteiro de entrevista foi usado para obter a resposta face a face da juventude rural. Para determinar a população desconhecida de jovens rurais em Punjab, a fórmula de Fisher foi usada e uma amostra de 413 foi selecionada de três distritos selecionados de Punjab. Após o registro dos dados, foi utilizado o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para análise dos dados. A Estatística Descritiva foi utilizada para explicar a resposta dos jovens rurais para a decisão sobre a base de dados. Apenas 53 jovens agricultores disseram que nunca fizeram parte do sistema de educação formal e o número máximo de agricultores foi próximo aos 24 anos de idade ou mais. A juventude rural de Punjab carece de educação não formal para adquirir ou manter suas habilidades e interesses. Atualmente, o desemprego e a renda agrícola limitada são os maiores desafios que a juventude rural enfrenta. A juventude rural mostra uma forte inclinação para optar pela agricultura sustentável, juntamente com a disponibilidade de uma rede de apoio. No que diz respeito às capacidades de aprendizagem, a juventude rural carece de conhecimentos relacionados, meios de comunicação, novas abordagens e, até certo ponto, participação em organizações que promovem iniciativas de agricultura sustentável. Para alcançar a meta de sustentabilidade no ambiente em mudança, a juventude rural deve ter acesso a treinamento contínuo, fontes de comunicação, associação ou associação com organizações com ideias inovadoras que cubram todas as mudanças que ocorrem no negócio agrícola. RESUMO importância agrícolas contribuintes Paquistão quantitativo 41 dados SPSS (SPSS 5 2 interesses Atualmente enfrenta apoio aprendizagem relacionados comunicação ponto mudança contínuo 4

Abstract: Youth unemployment is one of the keys in youth studies. One of the premises that is usually considered given (unquestioned and unquestionable) is that young people suffer from unemployment to a greater extent than adults. However, we can ask ourselves, has it always been the same? Does it affect some birth cohorts more than others? Does it vary in different historical periods? Even going further, if for different cohorts the effects on youth unemployment as a result of their structural positions (intra-cohort) are invariant over time. This article aims to answer these questions using a long series in time (1985-2019) of Continuous Household Surveys in Uruguay, using the Age-Cohort-Period Detrended (ACPD) technique. The tool allows distinguishing the effects of these three variables (age, cohort, period) that are a linear combination. The results obtained open up new discussions and question the use that is usually made of "young people"; as if age itself equaled them, and above all if throughout history being young had the same consequences, in this case addressing unemployment.

Resumen: El desempleo juvenil constituye una de las claves en los estudios de jóvenes. Una de las premisas que habitualmente se considera dada (incuestionada e incuestionable) es que los jóvenes sufren el desempleo en mayor medida que los adultos. Sin embargo, podemos preguntarnos: ¿Siempre ha sido igual? ¿Afecta más a algunas cohortes de nacidos que a otras? ¿Varía en distintos períodos históricos? Incluso podemos ir más allá y preguntarnos si para distintas cohortes los efectos sobre el desempleo de los jóvenes producto de sus posiciones estructurales (intracohorte) son invariantes en el tiempo. Este artículo se aboca a responder estas interrogantes utilizando una serie larga (1985-2019) de la Encuesta Continua de Hogares en Uruguay, mediante la técnica age-cohort-period detrended (ACPD). La herramienta permite distinguir los efectos de estas tres variables (edad, cohorte y período), que son una combinación lineal. Los resultados obtenidos abren nuevas discusiones y cuestionan el uso que habitualmente se realiza de “los jóvenes”, como si la edad por sí misma los igualara y, sobre todo, como si a lo largo de la historia ser joven tuviera las mismas consecuencias, en este caso, abordando el desempleo.

Resumo: O desemprego juvenil é uma das chaves nos estudos da juventude. Uma das premissas que costuma ser considerada dada (inquestionável e inquestionável) é que os jovens sofrem mais com o desemprego do que os adultos. No entanto, podemos nos perguntar, sempre foi assim? Afeta algumas coortes de nascimento mais do que outras? Varia em diferentes períodos históricos? Indo ainda mais longe, questionando-nos se para diferentes coortes os efeitos sobre o desemprego juvenil resultantes das suas posições estruturais (intra-coorte) são invariantes ao longo do tempo. Este artigo tem como objetivo responder a essas perguntas por meio de uma longa série no tempo (1985-2019) de Pesquisas Domiciliares Contínuas no Uruguai, usando a técnica Age-Cohort-Period Detrended (ACPD). A ferramenta permite distinguir os efeitos dessas três variáveis (idade, coorte, período) que são uma combinação linear. Os resultados obtidos abrem novas discussões e questionam o uso que se costuma fazer de "jovens"; como se a própria idade os igualasse, e sobretudo se ao longo da história ser jovem teve as mesmas consequências, neste caso abordando o desemprego.

The study examines the effect of small-scale pig farming on unemployment alleviation in Buffalo City, Eastern Cape of South Africa. This is against the backdrop of the extreme youth unemployment and increasing poverty rate being witnessed in South Africa (SA) due to the unstable global economic environment that has impacted most economies of the world. On its part, the government made an appreciable number of investments, especially in the agricultural sector, to address the unemployment challenges, which has yielded varied levels of success. The unemployment situation in SA was compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in approximately 33% of the labour resources that were productive before the pandemic to idle. This necessitated a government injection of R100 billion as a stimulus package into the economy to support small businesses and the agricultural sector, especially small-scale farmers. Mixed methods were adopted to gather primary data from 164 pig farmers, which were randomly selected. XLSTAT and SPSS 28 were used to analyse the quantitative data, and NVivo was used for the qualitative data. The results revealed that farming activities provided a source of income for most pig farmers, with several households depending on it for their livelihood. The collective advantage among pig farmers was the availability of space for farming activities, and most of them engaged in pig farming as a necessity. The government plays a crucial role in the sustainability ofpig farming activities in the area through the various interventions that create the needed enabling environment for the farmers to thrive.

In the Republic of South Africa care-leavers are faced with numerous challenges after being discharged in terms of the provisions of the Children's Act 38 of 2005, Section 175 (Republic of South Africa [RSA], 2006). The aim of this study was to explore the challenges and barriers experienced by youths leaving the foster care system in South Africa. The researcher adopted a qualitative research approach to achieve the aim of this study. The findings revealed that youths leaving the foster care system are faced with social challenges, including a lack of communication with their foster parents or caregivers, little cooperation from parents or caregivers, few re-unification services, a lack of housing, and disconnection from other foster children. In addition, youths leaving care experience financial challenges such as unemployment and the abuse of the foster child grant by their foster parents. They also experience educational challenges, with many dropping out of school. Furthermore, youths leaving care face sexual challenges, including sexual abuse, prostitution and teenage pregnancy. For these reasons it is crucial for policymakers, social workers and all social service practitioners to work together to deliver a more expansive safety net for youths leaving care, and to address the fundamental challenges they face.

Youth unemployment is one of the major challenges facing Sub-Saharan African countries today. Although young people may hold general certificates of education (equivalent to Grade 12), they lack employable or marketable skills enabling them to be integrated into the labour market. In this paper, I examine the application of experiential learning theory (ELT) in non-school-based technical and vocational training for unemployed youths as a learning approach to develop job-related skills and competencies for the real world of the workplace. I used a qualitative research design to meet the research objectives and conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 10 trainees out of 512 to get their views on training delivery and learning approaches for skills acquisition. To complement the interview data, I also conducted field observations at the training centres, in the workshops, and at companies hosting trainees for workplace training. My findings revealed that the facilitators used classroom-based and field-based experiential learning approaches to help the trainees gain job-related skills and competencies required in the labour market. I conclude that applying ELT in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programmes helped young trainees gain the job-related skills and competencies required in the labour market. As practical implications for society, I provide new insights into applying ELT to improve the effectiveness of non-school-based TVET programmes for disadvantaged and unemployed youths. My findings will motivate other trainers and training managers to apply ELT in designing and implementing non-school-based TVET programmes.

BACKGROUND: Unemployment has been the central socioeconomic issue in South Africa since the democracy in 1994. As a result, the nation's unemployed youth continue to be at risk in the job market. In the quest for alternatives, youth entrepreneurship has been acknowledged as a crucial strategy for empowering youth through innovation and technology. AIM: This study sought to analyse the impact of innovative entrepreneurial incubators (IEIs) in fostering youth employment within Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. SETTING: This study was conducted within the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality to analyse the effectiveness of IEIs in supporting young entrepreneurs, thus increasing employment opportunities for the youth in South Africa. METHODS: A sample of 20 semi-structured open-ended interviews was conducted, and thematic coding was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The study found that there are several challenges pertaining to the effective implementation of IEIs to foster youth employment in South African municipalities. This is attributed to a lack of funding and educational programmes. CONCLUSION: The main recommendation is that all municipalities must establish IEIs and devise strategies to ensure that these are implemented effectively. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to improved municipal governance through providing innovative mechanisms that foster effective and efficient implementation of IEIs in South African local government. This contribution aims to ensure that municipalities discharge their constitutional mandate to improve citizens' standard of living through IEIs, especially in areas with high youth unemployment.

BACKGROUND: Despite the rise of digital job search tools, many South Africans remain excluded due to connectivity and financial barriers. The digital divide, particularly among youth and low-income groups, limits access to job opportunities, exacerbated by data costs and limited digital skills OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the factors influencing the acceptance and use of a data-free job search application, focusing on challenges related to connectivity, data costs, and digital skills METHOD: A qualitative approach is employed, analysing Google Play Store reviews through thematic analysis. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework is applied to explore the influence of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions on user adoption RESULTS: Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions are key drivers of application usage. Positive user experiences with these factors enhance engagement, while negative perceptions of usability and technical issues limit consistent use CONCLUSION: Addressing connectivity and usability issues is essential to improving the acceptance and use of data-free job search applications in South Africa. Enhancing performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions can significantly increase user engagement CONTRIBUTION: The study offers practical insights for developers and policymakers to enhance the accessibility and usability of data-free job search tools, promoting more equitable access to job opportunities for disadvantaged groups

Abstract Youth pathways are significant for studying the reconfigurations that happen in the contemporary world, in its various social spheres. Youth is the social contingent most directly exposed to the dilemmas of our society, and nowadays unemployment rates among young people in the country are expressive. In addition to the barriers to entering and keeping a first job, the difficulties they face to remain in a decent and protected job are even greater. The data also show that informality is higher in this group when compared to the group of the adults. Regarding the condition of formal employment, the presence of young people in occupations with greater turnover and temporary entries is notorious. In this sense, aiming at unveiling the pathways of work built up by part of the Brazilian working youth, this study intends, by using singular paths and jointly triangulating with national databases, to analyze two forms of entry in the job market: the first job through the youth apprenticeship law and employment in the telemarketing sector. The young people pathways analyzed contributed to the flexible forms of employment being a gateway to the exercise of a paid activity. However, the great transformation that has occurred in recent years lies in the fact that both precarious jobs and new forms of underemployment – apprentices and telemarketing operators – assume less and less the form of a bridge leading to job stability. For many young people, this type of job stopped being a particular biographical event to become a way of life. world spheres society expressive adults notorious sense intends databases market sector activity However stability life

Resumo Os trânsitos juvenis são significativos para pesquisar as reconfigurações que tomam corpo no mundo contemporâneo, em suas diversas esferas sociais. A juventude é o contingente social mais diretamente exposto aos dilemas de nossa sociedade, e hoje são expressivas as taxas de desemprego entre os jovens no país. Além das barreiras para ingressar e se manter em um primeiro emprego, são ainda maiores as dificuldades encontradas para permanecer em um emprego digno e protegido. Os dados também evidenciam que a informalidade se apresenta mais elevada nesse grupo quando comparado ao grupo dos adultos. Já em condição de emprego formal, é notória a presença dos jovens em ocupações de maior rotatividade e inserções provisórias. Nesse sentido, com o objetivo de desvelar os percursos laborais construídos por parte da juventude trabalhadora brasileira, este trabalho pretende, por meio de singulares trajetórias e triangulando conjuntamente com bases de dados nacionais, analisar duas formas de inserção no trabalho: o primeiro emprego por meio da lei da aprendizagem e o emprego no setor de telemarketing. Os percursos juvenis analisados contribuíram para que as formas flexíveis de emprego constituam uma porta de acesso ao exercício de uma atividade remunerada. Todavia, a grande transformação que se verifica nos últimos anos reside no fato de que tanto os empregos precários como as novas formas de subemprego – aprendizes e os operadores de telemarketing – assumem cada vez menos uma ponte para a estabilidade empregatícia. Para muitos jovens, esse tipo de trabalho deixou de ser um acontecimento biográfico pontual, passando a um modo de vida. contemporâneo sociais sociedade país protegido adultos formal provisórias sentido brasileira pretende nacionais remunerada Todavia empregatícia pontual vida

BACKGROUND: The age of information has given rise to the demand for higher education institutions (HEIs) to produce graduates capable of producing innovation and ultimately contribute to improving the South African (SA) economy OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine whether graduates who enter the business environment demonstrate the knowledge and capability to produce business innovation through knowledge and skills acquired in HEIs METHOD: An online questionnaire, was used to collect data from 69 of the 100 participants from the South African Business Innovation Community (Innovation Summit) (SABIC) and the Innovation, Sustainability and Visionary Leadership Group (ISVL). The demography ranged from company representatives, government representatives, entrepreneurs, academics, etc. Data were collected were analysed through inferential statistical analysis with the support from Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS RESULTS: Based on the findings, an equal distribution exists between seldom and often, which indicates tension about whether graduates seldomly demonstrated the ability to produce effective business innovation or whether they often demonstrated the ability to produce business innovation CONCLUSION: Higher education institutions play a vital role in preparing graduates for the world of work by transferring knowledge. It is therefore significant for HEI's to transfer knowledge and skills that improve graduates' capability to innovate, think critically and solve complex problems and contribute to the SA economy CONTRIBUTION: Given the state of youth unemployment there is a need for universities to produce graduates capable of effective innovation. This article focused on determining whether graduates possess the knowledge and capability to produce business innovation from the knowledge and skills transferred by HEIs

BACKGROUND: Despite considerable efforts by the South African government, such as the Youth Employment Service (YES) programme, unemployment remains an enigma AIM: The study seeks to explore the responsiveness of sectoral employment to changes in the sectoral output in South Africa SETTING: We focus on the agriculture and informal sectors, with the understanding that a large portion (93%) of South Africa's unemployed population does not have tertiary education qualifications. Thus, the current South Africa's unemployment phenomenon appears to necessitate the development of policies that will create inclusive skill-based jobs. The study's hypothesis is theoretically underpinned by Okun's law, according to which output growth is considered as a primary labour demand stimulus in the economy. When the labour demand function is co-integrated, Okun's law is assumed to hold; otherwise, 'jobless growth' applies METHOD: The findings from the Engle-Granger two-step testing procedure on the double-log linear labour demand function over the 1993-2018 period show evidence of jobless growth in the formal agricultural sector, while the informal agriculture and informal non-agriculture sectors demonstrated features of Okun's law RESULTS: Notably, the authors found a fairly elastic (1.35%) employment intensity in output growth in the non-agriculture informal sector, with an equilibrium adjustment rate of 86% within a year, ceteris paribus CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that, while South Africa's formal agriculture is no longer labour-intensive, due to agricultural mechanisation, economic policy consciousness in the informal sector, including agri-entrepreneurship, is necessary to create inclusive mass employment in South Africa CONTRIBUTION: This study delves into the informal sector, which has been frequently overlooked as a potential solution to South Africa's unemployment crisis

ORIENTATION: South Africa is currently going through a graduate unemployment challenge. Calls exist for research that addresses this challenge RESEARCH PURPOSE: This research study aimed to establish social media tools' role in addressing employability challenges faced by graduates after completing their tertiary education MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Calls exist in the literature for nuanced ways of addressing challenges youths face after completing their studies. The role of social media in this remains an area of inquiry with noted importance RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: The study utilised an interpretivist philosophy relying on a qualitative research approach using interview data with a sample of 15 experts within the human resources field. Thematic analysis was used as a means of data analysis MAIN FINDINGS: Two primary outcomes emerged from the research study. Firstly, a need exists for unemployed graduates to use social media as a marketing utility for their skills and abilities. Secondly, social media can also be used as an information utility to enhance awareness about labour market issues PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings offer insights into addressing the employability challenges faced by graduates when seeking employment opportunities. The role of social media in mitigating graduate challenges is proposed. Through the findings, graduates have the potential to enhance their portfolios to improve their integration into the labour market CONTRIBUTION/VALUE ADD: The study proffers insights into how social media helps increase the employability prospects of graduates entering the job market

The youth in South Africa are subject to unemployment and the pressure to fit into society. The unemployment rate in South Africa is high; therefore, some find themselves desperate for employment and often find themselves hoping and praying for a miracle; hence, the number of churches in South Africa is increasing. People go to church to be prayed for by ministers in a hope to better their lives and that of their families. Some of these young South Africans became victims of sexual harassment, rape and gender-based violence (GBV) at the hands of their pastors. The aim of this article was to challenge the church in identifying ways to break the cycle of perpetrators among pastors and help find the role pastoral counsellors can play regarding both victims and offenders to prevent history from repeating itself. Domestic violence and abuse in South Africa have been investigated by various disciplines. One of the most difficult realities for the church is the existence of clergy who abuse their female congregants. The article will create an awareness of violence against black women at the temple of black churches which is vindicated by Christian faith as miracle and healing. The violence against black women at the temple of the churches is patriarchal violence as male clergy sacrifice them in the name of faith using the bible. Some scholars of Black theology of liberation (BTL) argue that Elmina Castle had a chapel where women trading took place. Elmina Castle had a dungeon that kept black women who were waiting to be sold to a trade master. This article also exposed patriarchal violence that has been engraved on black women using the Bible by male clergy and connected Elmina Castle to Bishops Israel Makamu and Stephen Bafana Zondo to see the position of black women in these temples. Black theology of liberation was used to expose oppression of black women, by black men, in black churches. CONTRIBUTION: This article aimed to challenge pastoral care givers to remain ethical during pastoral care and counselling to those in need, especially young women. This study was a literature review study