RESUMEN Experimentar ansiedad frente a exámenes desencadena una respuesta emocional acompañada de cambios fisiológicos que el estudiante siente ante una situación percibida como amenazante, específicamente ante una evaluación, examen escrito u oral; actualmente, se la cataloga dentro de las fobias específicas. El individuo que busca evitar o eludir dicho escenario cae en la conducta de procrastinación. Esto afecta su rendimiento académico y acarrea consecuencias graves de salud mental, el estudiante comienza a percibirse afectado en su autovalia, autoestima y en su ambiente social, que muchas veces lo lleva a contraer trastorno depresivo e ideación suicida. El presente artículo es un estudio de revisión bibliográfica y su objetivo fue describir la experiencia de la. ansiedad frente a exámenes como fobia específica situacional, las consecuencias de dicho padecimiento, su comorbilidad con otros trastornos psicológicos y los tratamientos disponibles. Fueron analizados y comparados unos 26 artículos científicos, basados en ensayos controlados de manera aleatoria, otros son estudios controlados de caso único, publicados en importantes revistas electrónicas de impacto. La búsqueda se realizó utilizando las palabras clave. Como conclusión, se destacó la importancia del conocimiento de esta patología, a fin de realizar un diagnóstico precoz y prevención en psicoterapia, evitando así un mayor deterioro en la salud mental de los estudiantes. No obstante, es necesaria la realización de más investigación controlada al respecto.

ABSTRACT Experiencing test anxiety triggers an emotional response accompanied by physiological changes that the student feels in a situation perceived as threatening, specifically in the face of an evaluation, written or oral exam; Currently, it is classified as a specific phobia. The individual who seeks to avoid or avoid this scenario falls into procrastination behavior. This affects their academic performance and has serious mental health consequences. The student begins to feel affected in his or her self-worth, self-esteem, and social environment, which often leads him or her to contract a depressive disorder and suicidal ideation. This article is a bibliographic review study regarding experiencing test anxiety as a situational specific phobia, the consequences of said condition, its comorbidity with other psychological disorders and the available treatments. Some 26 scientific articles were analyzed and compared, based on randomized controlled trials, others are controlled single case studies, published in important impact electronic journals. The search was carried out using keywords. In conclusion, the importance of knowledge of this pathology was highlighted, in order to make an early diagnosis and prevention in psychotherapy, thus avoiding further deterioration in the mental health of students. However, more controlled research is needed in this regard.

Abstract The research aims to investigate the rationalization of capital and the social reappropriation of nature. Since the constitutional deal on the environment requires multiple protection that spreads at the economic, ecological and social levels. Environmental protection is contemplated by the principles of freedom and equity and this unveiling will be the backbone of the research. The starting point in the Senian Justice Theory provides a reflection on the overlap of Sustainable Development through the debate on the terms recommended in the Federal Constitution. Debates that pass through the blade of environmental protection and preservation. Complexity and diversity guide the study of the environment. The process of building human dignity advances to the field of sustainability since, more than being the object of study, the environmental issue has a direct influence on human life. Methodologically, it is a purely theoretical study, developed from a bibliographic survey. The central challenge will be the perception of the Senian Justice Theory, aligning the ecosystemic limits of the State and Society with the sewing of environmental protection advocated in the Federal Constitution. This is an article that presents clippings on development and sustainability, given the effectiveness of jurisdictional protection. To fulfill the objective of the chosen approach, we divided what was written in an analysis of Constitutional Hermeneutics and consumer market impositions. It is precisely in this context that we can observe the emergence of eco-development and environmental agendas with a focus in the guidelines of the 2030 agenda.

Resumen La investigación tiene como objetivo investigar la racionalización del capital y la reapropiación social de la naturaleza. Dado que el acuerdo constitucional sobre el medio ambiente requiere una protección múltiple que se extiende a los niveles económico, ecológico y social. La protección del medio ambiente está contemplada por los principios de libertad y equidad y esta revelación será la columna vertebral de la investigación. El punto de partida de la Teoría de la Justicia Seniana ofrece una reflexión sobre la superposición del Desarrollo Sostenible a través del debate en los términos recomendados en la Constitución Federal. Debates que pasan por la espada de la protección y preservación del medio ambiente. La complejidad y la diversidad orientan el estudio del medio ambiente. El proceso de construcción de la dignidad humana avanza hacia el campo de la sustentabilidad ya que, más que ser objeto de estudio, el tema ambiental tiene una influencia directa en la vida humana. Metodológicamente, se trata de un estudio puramente teórico, desarrollado a partir de un relevamiento bibliográfico. El desafío central será la percepción de la Teoría Seniana de la Justicia alineando los límites ecosistémicos del Estado y de la Sociedad con la costura de la protección ambiental recomendada en la Constitución Federal. Este es un artículo que presenta recortes sobre desarrollo y sustentabilidad, dada la efectividad de la protección jurisdiccional. Para cumplir con el objetivo del enfoque elegido, dividimos lo escrito en un análisis de la hermenéutica constitucional y las imposiciones del mercado de consumo. Es precisamente en este contexto que podemos observar el surgimiento de agendas de ecodesarrollo y medio ambiente con foco en los lineamientos de la agenda 2030.

Resumo A pesquisa tem como objetivo a investigação sobre a racionalização do capital e a reapropriação social da natureza. Uma vez que a tratativa constitucional sobre o meio ambiente necessita de uma proteção plúrima que se espraia no plano econômico, ecológico e social. A proteção Ambiental é contemplada pelos princípios da liberdade e da equidade e esse desvendamento será a espinha dorsal da pesquisa. O ponto de partida na Teoria da Justiça Seniana propicia uma reflexão sobre o imbricamento do Desenvolvimento Sustentável através do debate sobre os termos preconizados na Constituição Federal. Debates esses que transitam na lâmina da proteção e da preservação ambiental. A complexidade e a diversidade guiam o estudo do meio ambiente. O processo de construção da dignidade humana avança para o campo da sustentabilidade uma vez que, mais do que objeto de estudo, a questão ambiental tem ingerência direta na vida humana. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um estudo puramente teórico, desenvolvido a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e do método dedutivo. O desafio central será a percepção da Teoria da Justiça Seniana alinhavando os limites ecossistêmicos do Estado e da Sociedade com a costura da proteção ambiental preconizada na Constituição Federal. Trata-se de artigo que apresenta recortes sobre desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade, diante da efetividade da proteção jurisdicional. Para cumprir o objetivo da abordagem escolhida, dividimos o escrito numa análise sobre a Hermenêutica Constitucional e imposições do Mercado de Consumo. Justamente nesse deslinde é que podemos observar o surgimento do ecodesenvolvimento e das agendas ambientais com fulcro nas diretrizes da agenda 2030. O artigo tem como tema central analisar o paradigma ético e a proteção ao meio ambiente, assim como a atividade empresarial e os interesses sociais na preservação do meio ambiente, sem deixar de lado os contornos referentes ao desenvolvimento sustentável. A pesquisa busca demonstrar a necessidade de proteção ao meio ambiente durante o desenvolvimento da atividade empresarial, que deve ser sustentável e de modo a gerar efeitos positivos, tanto do ponto de vista social, econômico, laboral e ambiental.

RESUMEN Es deber primordial del Estado ecuatoriano proteger los derechos reconocidos en la Constitución mediante la creación de normas e instituciones que garanticen el acceso a la justicia ante cualquier violación proveniente de instituciones públicas o particulares. El presente artículo estudia las cláusulas abusivas como uno de los vicios más frecuentes en los contratos de adhesión, definidos como aquellos donde una de las partes se limita a aceptar las cláusulas redactadas por la otra, sin posibilidad de modificarlas o negociar en algún punto que le resulte inaceptable. En consecuencia, es recurrente que algunas de esas cláusulas impuestas resulten abusivas, al imponer condiciones que voluntariamente y en una relación contractual basada en el principio de igualdad la parte afectada no las aceptaría. En ese contexto, se pretende sistematizar los dos tipos de cláusulas que en los contratos de adhesión pueden afectar los derechos de los usuarios y consumidores en Ecuador mediante un análisis teórico y normativo. Para desarrollar el trabajo se aplicó una metodología de enfoque cualitativo con base en los métodos propios de la dogmática jurídica. El resultado es una caracterización de las cláusulas abusivas y las cláusulas prohibidas y su impacto negativo sobre los derechos de los consumidores y usuarios.

ABSTRACT It is the fundamental duty of the Ecuadorian State to protect the rights recognized by its Constitution through the creation of norms and institutions that guarantee the access to justice in case of any type of violation from public or private institutions. This paper focuses on abusive clauses as one of the most frequent flaws in adhesion contracts, which are defined as those where one of the parties is limited to accepting the clauses written by the other, without the possibility to modify or negotiate them at any aspect that may be unacceptable. Consequently, it is common that some of these imposed clauses are abusive, by imposing conditions that in a contractual relationship based on the principle of equality, the affected party would not voluntarily accept. In this context, it is intended to systematize two types of clauses that in adhesion contracts can affect the rights of users and consumers in Ecuador through a theoretical and normative analysis. To develop the study, a qualitative approach methodology was applied based on the respective methods of legal dogma. The result is a characterization of abusive clauses and prohibited clauses and their negative impact on the rights of consumers and users.

It is the fundamental duty of the Ecuadorian State to protect the rights recognized by its Constitution through the creation of norms and institutions that guarantee the access to justice in case of any type of violation from public or private institutions. This paper focuses on abusive clauses as one of the most frequent flaws in adhesion contracts, which are defined as those where one of the parties is limited to accepting the clauses written by the other, without the possibility to modify or negotiate them at any aspect that may be unacceptable. Consequently, it is common that some of these imposed clauses are abusive, by imposing conditions that in a contractual relationship based on the principle of equality, the affected party would not voluntarily accept. In this context, it is intended to systematize two types of clauses that in adhesion contracts can affect the rights of users and consumers in Ecuador through a theoretical and normative analysis. To develop the study, a qualitative approach methodology was applied based on the respective methods of legal dogma. The result is a characterization of abusive clauses and prohibited clauses and their negative impact on the rights of consumers and users.

Es deber primordial del Estado ecuatoriano proteger los derechos reconocidos en la Constitución mediante la creación de normas e instituciones que garanticen el acceso a la justicia ante cualquier violación proveniente de instituciones públicas o particulares. El presente artículo estudia las cláusulas abusivas como uno de los vicios más frecuentes en los contratos de adhesión, definidos como aquellos donde una de las partes se limita a aceptar las cláusulas redactadas por la otra, sin posibilidad de modificarlas o negociar en algún punto que le resulte inaceptable. En consecuencia, es recurrente que algunas de esas cláusulas impuestas resulten abusivas, al imponer condiciones que voluntariamente y en una relación contractual basada en el principio de igualdad la parte afectada no las aceptaría. En ese contexto, se pretende sistematizar los dos tipos de cláusulas que en los contratos de adhesión pueden afectar los derechos de los usuarios y consumidores en Ecuador mediante un análisis teórico y normativo. Para desarrollar el trabajo se aplicó una metodología de enfoque cualitativo con base en los métodos propios de la dogmática jurídica. El resultado es una caracterización de las cláusulas abusivas y las cláusulas prohibidas y su impacto negativo sobre los derechos de los consumidores y usuarios.

Written contracts are expressed through language, which has legal consequences. Language is reflective of preconceptions and misconceptions of a particular matter or circumstance and language usage, being of a personal nature, may also impact a person's dignity. This can be illustrated in the use of gendered language, which has historically been perfectly acceptable but have fallen in disfavour due to the potential preconceptions, presumptions, and biases that are inherent in stereotypical maledominated language terms. The approach to replace the male term with a female equivalent still retains gendered language and fails in using gender-neutral language in a world where gender is not as simple as being classified as either male or female. Against this background, this article considers the existing gender-based framework, legal framework, and language framework to assess gender-based language found in written contracts and proposes a contract language framework in order to achieve gender neutrality in contracts.

RESUMEN El objetivo es analizar la trayectoria laboral de los egresados de las becas de la Itaipú Binacional del área de comercio y administración, periodo 2009-2013. Se basó en un enfoque cuantitativo de corte transeccional y descriptivo. La población consistió en 888 profesionales de las carreras del área de Comercio y Administración y, como muestra participaron 269 mediante la estratificación por carrera. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: egresados del área de Comercio y Administración, adultos jóvenes culminados el grado académico y aptos para el mercado laboral. El cuestionario constó con dos variables, cinco dimensiones y 42 indicadores, enviadas vía e-mail en 2020. Resultados: 84% mujeres desempleadas en la etapa intermedia, 66% con problemas de acceso a empleo por falta de puestos laborales y 50% empleados asalariados sin contrato escrito ni aporte social en la etapa inicial, 25% manifestaron estar muy satisfechos con el empleo actual y solo 1% ha alcanzado el nivel salarial entre 10.000.001 a 12.000.000 guaraníes en la actualidad. Se concluye que las mujeres desempleadas son mayores en relación a los hombres en todos los tramos del estudio, los inconvenientes en la búsqueda de empleos varían según etapas y la gran proporción de profesionales que trabaja en la informalidad.

ABSTRACT The objective is to analyze the career trajectory of the graduates of the Itaipú Binacional scholarships in the area of the commerce and administration, period 2009-2013. It was based on a descriptive and transectional quantitative approach. The population consisted of 888 professionals from the careers in the area of Commerce and Administration and, as a sample, 269 participated through stratification by career. The inclusion criteria were: graduates from the area of Commerce and Administration, young adults who have completed their academic degree and are suitable for the labor market. The questionnaire consisted of two variables, five dimensions and 42 indicators, sent via e-mail in 2020. Results: 84% unemployed women in the intermediate stage, 66% with problems of access to employment due to lack of jobs and 50% salaried employees Without a written contract or social contribution in the initial stage, 25% said they were very satisfied with their current job and only 1% had reached the salary level of between 10,000,001 and 12,000,000 guaraníes currently. It is concluded that unemployed women are greater in relation to men in all sections of the study, the inconveniences in the search for jobs vary according to stages and the large proportion of professionals who work in the informal sector.

Resumen El presente estudio comprende un análisis de las estrategias de interacción discursiva aplicadas por los enunciadores de la entrevista periodística en prensa escrita. Metodológicamente se suscribe al paradigma interpretativo y estudia cinco audios de entrevista, facilitados por el diario El Impulso (Venezuela) en el año 2014, los cuales son valorados desde el estudio y la comprensión de los hechos lingüísticos, basado en los planteamientos de estructura conversacional y Turnos de Habla, así como la materialidad de la puesta en escena del discurso de la información. Los resultados muestran que se respetaron los roles del contrato social en una compleja red de interacciones semánticas de estructura flexible, sin el papel del periodista poderoso ni polémicas. Más allá de esquemas rígidos, se impuso la expresión de contenidos de calidad, co-construidos a partir de estrategias de compenetración.

Abstract The present study analyzes the discursive interactional strategies applied by the enunciators of the journalistic interview in written press. Methodologically framed in the interpretive paradigm, the study focuses on the audios of five recorded interviews provided by the newspaper El Impulso (Venezuela) in 2014. These recordings are analyzed from the study and understanding of linguistic facts, based on the approaches of conversational structure and turn-taking, as well as the materiality of the staging of the informational discourse. The results show that the roles of the social contract were respected in a complex network of semantic interactions with a flexible structure, without the journalist playing a role of power and avoiding polemics. Beyond rigid schemes, the expression of quality content was imposed, co-built from strategies of mutual understanding.

Résumé La présente étude comprend une analyse des stratégies d'interaction discursives appliquées par les énonciateurs de l'entretien journalistique dans la presse écrite. Méthodologiquement, elle souscrit au paradigme interprétatif et étudie cinq documents sonores issus des interviews, fournis par le journal El Impulso (Venezuela) en 2014. Ceux-ci sont valorisés à partir de l'étude et de la compréhension des faits linguistiques, basé sur les approches de la structure conversationnelle et des Tours de Parole, ainsi que sur la matérialité de la mise en scène du discours de l'information. Les résultats montrent que les rôles du contrat social ont été respectés dans le cadre d´un réseau complexe d'interactions sémantiques avec une structure flexible, sans que le journaliste assume un rôle puissant ni polémique. Au-delà des schémas rigides, l'expression de contenus de qualité s'est imposée, co-construite à partir de stratégies de compréhension.

Resumen: Introducción:El acceso de las personas migrantes venezolanas al sistema de salud es fundamental para su supervivencia y bienestar futuro. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los niveles de afiliación a dicho sistema de las personas venezolanas en las áreas urbanas de Colombia por periodos de arribo, así como los factores sociodemográficos y laborales asociados. Metodología: Se realiza análisis cuantitativo de tipo estadístico descriptivo e inferencial, a partir de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares 2018, la cual aporta datos representativos para Colombia y sus 13 ciudades más importantes. Se utilizan los módulos de migración, de variables sociodemográficas del hogar y de ocupación relativos a la población de 14 a 65 años. Resultados:Únicamente 24,5 % de dichos migrantes están inscritos al sistema de salud en contraste a 93 % de las personas colombianas. Los niveles de afiliación se redujeron de 82 % entre las personas venezolanos que arribaron en 2013 o antes a 10 % entre los que llegaron en 2017-2018. Las personas venezolanas afiliadas al sistema de salud son una población selecta en términos sociodemográficos; más joven, más educada, con mayor participación laboral y mayores ingresos que la población nativa en Colombia. La baja inserción de las personas migrantes venezolanas en empleos con contrato escrito restringe dicha afiliación. Conclusiones: Las personas venezolanas en Colombia tienen muy limitada la inscripción al sistema de salud. A pesar de que este es un derecho protegido por los marcos jurídicos internacional y nacional, estas personas enfrentan barreras económicas, políticas y sociales para ejercer ese derecho en Colombia.

Abstract: Introduction: Venezuelan migrants’ access to the health system is fundamental to their survival and future well-being. This article aims to analyze the level of affiliation to the health care system of these migrants in the urban areas in Colombia by arrival periods and the associated sociodemographic and labor factors. Methodology: To this end, quantitative analysis is done based on descriptive and inferential statistical analyses of the 2018 Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares, which is a representative survey for Colombia and its 13 more important urban areas. We use the modules on migration, sociodemographic variables of the household and occupation relative to the population aged 14 to 65. Results: Only 24,5% of Venezuelan migrants are affiliated with any health care provider in contrast to 93% of Colombians. The levels of affiliation diminished from 82% among Venezuelans who arrived in 2013 or before to 10% among Venezuelans who arrived in 2017-2018. Venezuelans registered in the health system are a select population in sociodemographic terms; younger, more educated, with more labor participation and higher income than the native population in Colombia. The low insertion of Venezuelan immigrants in jobs with a written contract restricts this enrollment. Conclusions:The Venezuelans in Colombia have a very limited affiliation with the health system. Even though this is a right protected by international and national legal frameworks, Venezuelans encounter economic, political, and social barriers to exercise it in Colombia.

The conflict between the objectives of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 - to protect consumers and ensure accessible and transparent redress - and the purpose of the parol evidence rule - to exclude extrinsic evidence and observe the maxim pact servanda sunt - is evident and forms the basis of this article. The purpose of consumer protection legislation is to balance the rights of consumers and suppliers, to protect the interests of consumers and to ensure efficient redress for consumers who have been wronged. The parol evidence rule, which is still in effect in South Africa, prohibits extrinsic evidence in a dispute to interpret a written agreement between parties to ensure certainty on the terms and conditions agreed to in writing. In practice, the parol evidence rule can disadvantage consumers who enter into standard-form contracts, as they normally are in an inferior bargaining position and cannot negotiate the individual terms and conditions of consumer agreements. It is obvious that the strict enforcement of the parol evidence rule in consumer agreements could lead to unjust results in consumer disputes. The provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 are discussed to establish the extent of the limitation of the parol evidence rule therein. Then, the Consumer Rights Act, 2015 in the United Kingdom is considered to establish the tendency to limit the application of the rule in foreign consumer legislation, and to compare that to the position in South Africa. This article discusses whether the restriction or limitation of the parol evidence rule in the Consumer Protection Act is efficient in reaching the aims and objectives of the Act.

ABSTRACT The work starts from the interpretation and analysis of the elements of Law and justice that appear in the work of the Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespeare. In this sense, the importance of justice value is to determine within the complex structure of social relations, while determining the clear interpretation that friendship with the law constitutes a way of appreciating the legal order and its essential unitive power. A descriptive study is used, using theoretical methods such as historical logic and synthetic analytical and empirical level document analysis. These methods were accompanied by the corresponding literature review techniques.

RESUMEN El trabajo parte de la interpretación y análisis de los elementos de Derecho y justicia que aparecen en la obra del Mercader de Venecia escrita por William Shakespeare. En este sentido, la importancia del valor de la justicia es determinar dentro de la compleja estructura de las relaciones sociales, al tiempo que determina la interpretación clara de que la amistad con la ley constituye una forma de apreciar el orden legal y su poder unitivo esencial. Se utiliza un estudio descriptivo, utilizando métodos teóricos como la lógica histórica y el análisis de documentos sintéticos analíticos y empíricos. Estos métodos fueron acompañados por las técnicas de revisión de literatura correspondientes.

In this paper we propose a review of the arguments that sought the construction of the legitimizing scenario for the presentation of the draft Labor Reform Law, submitted to the Senate by the Executive on November 21, 2017, and its subsequent fragmentation in May 2018. We work with publications of the written press and with the foundations of the bill. Then we observe the aspects of the proposal that lead to a disregard of formal salaried relationships for the extraction of labor power. As can be seen, a discursive continuity is constructed that aims at workers and organizations, the actor of the judicial system and the legal protection system itself as responsible for precarization and unemployment. The flexibilization of the conditions of hiring, presented as inevitable and adapted to the new forms of organization of production, promotes a reindividualization of the capital-labor link, attacking the instances of negotiation and collective protection that, throughout the 20th century, has reduced the asymmetry in labor relations. Finally, we will identify the consequences in the working and contract conditions derived from that proposal.

En este trabajo proponemos una revisión de los argumentos que procuraron la construcción de un escenario legitimador de la presentación del proyecto de ley de reforma laboral, elevado al Senado por el Poder Ejecutivo el 21 de noviembre de 2017, y su posterior fragmentación en mayo de 2018. A partir del análisis de publicaciones de la prensa escrita, de los fundamentos del proyecto de ley y de los aspectos de la propuesta que conducen a una prescindencia de las relaciones asalariadas formales para la extracción de fuerza de trabajo, veremos cómo se construye una continuidad discursiva que apunta a los trabajadores y sus organizaciones, los actores del sistema judicial y el propio sistema de protección jurídica como responsables de la precarización y el desempleo. La flexibilización de las modalidades de contratación, presentada como una inevitable y necesaria adaptación a las nuevas formas de organización de la producción, promueve una reindividualización del vínculo capital-trabajo, lo que atenta contra las instancias de negociación y protección colectiva que, a lo largo del siglo XX, habían reducido la asimetría en las relaciones laborales. Identificaremos pues, las potenciales consecuencias en las condiciones de trabajo y contratación derivadas de dicha propuesta.

Car guards form an integral part of South Africa's urban landscape. The phenomenon has its roots in the dual realities of unemployment and crime in the country, in particular vehicle-related offences. Car guarding commenced in Durban in the early 1990s when unemployed persons started looking after the vehicles of drivers in exchange for a donation, and the practice soon burgeoned across the country. Drivers are, however, not obliged to pay car guards for the services they provide since the practice of tipping often depends on internalised attitudes towards tipping and to reward good quality service. A distinction is made between formal and informal car guards, where the latter provide car guard services on public streets, mostly in inner city areas, and the former offer their services at the parking areas of shopping centres outside the central business district. Car guards are required to have undergone the necessary training and registration with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority of South Africa and some local authorities have introduced bylaws to regulate the car guarding industry. Furthermore, media reports suggest that formal car guards have to pay a daily fee to the managers/owners of shopping centres simply to offer their services to drivers. These matters prompted research into the car guard phenomenon in Pretoria and an article was published about the implications of the survey for private security policy and practice. The current contribution entails a closer analysis of the data with the aim of differentiating the experiences of immigrants from those of South Africans who work as car guards in the capital city. In the absence of a sampling framework, 144 car guards were interviewed using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Ninety were immigrants and 54 were local citizens. Owing to the sampling strategy used, and because the data did not show a normal distribution, significant differences between the two groups were identified by means of the Mann-Whitney U test for which effect sizes were calculated. Immigrants who worked as car guards were significantly younger, had higher levels of education, were more likely to be the breadwinners of their families and they had fewer children compared to their South African counterparts. They were also more likely to have been unemployed in the past and they were less likely to blame the political environment for their situation. They received compensation for their services less frequently and were significantly more often subjected to verbal abuse by clients. Interestingly, immigrants who work as car guards were less likely to consider their work as important in preventing crime and they presented significantly lower levels of knowledge of labour laws and municipal bylaws regarding the car guard industry. Despite these significant differences, immigrants who work as car guards were equally subjected to financial exploitation by having to pay a daily fee for the parking areas where they worked. The exploitation even extended to some car guards having to pay for the identifying clothing they wore every day. Roughly a third of the car guards' monthly income was paid to the owners or managers of shopping centres, and sometimes car guards could not secure sufficient funds to pay for the daily fee to "rent" parking bays. Most of the car guards reported that they were merely surviving from day to day, and the industry was providing extremely limited prospects of promotion. In fact, many car guards did not have a written contract securing their employment, thus exacerbating their vulnerability and potential for exploitation in the informal economy. In addition, the undocumented status of immigrants who worked as car guards made it difficult for them to complete the necessary training and to register officially with the regulatory authority. While having left their countries of origin owing to political and economic turmoil, illegal immigrants who end up working as car guards might well unknowingly be fleeing to exploitation in South Africa.

'n Groot getal immigrante steek jaarliks Suid-Afrika se grense oor, hetsy wettig of onwettig, op soek na werksgeleenthede. Sonder die nodige dokumentasie word talle immigrante genoodsaak om hulle tot die informele ekonomie te wend waar arbeid nie na behore gereguleer word nie en werkers uitgebuit kan word. Die praktyk waar mense teen 'n fooitjie na voertuie op winkelsentrums se parkeerterreine omsien, is kenmerkend van Suid-Afrika se stedelike landskap. Motoroppas spruit uit die land se hoë misdaadvlakke en die vrees vir viktimisering. Behoeftige en gemarginaliseerde mense, met inbegrip van onwettige immigrante, werk as motorwagte en dit bied 'n tydelike uitkoms vir die groot getal werkloses in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie artikel doen verslag oor die ervarings van 90 immigrante teenoor 54 Suid-Afrikaanse burgers wat as motorwagte in Pretoria werk. Alhoewel die bevindinge statisties beduidende verskille uitwys tussen immigrante en plaaslike motorwagte ten opsigte van hul opvoeding, huishoudelike dinamika, verhoudings met klante en kennis van arbeidswette, is immigrantmotorwagte aan dieselfde finansiële uitbuiting onderworpe as wat motorwagte in die algemeen ervaar. Immigrante wat die ekonomiese en politieke onrus in hul eie lande probeer ontvlug en as motorwagte in Suid-Afrika werk, vlug moontlik net na verdere uitbuiting.

Resumo: Rubem Fonseca é reconhecido, desde o lançamento de sua primeira publicação, pela representação da violência associada ao uso de uma linguagem sofisticada. Tal característica leva Alfredo Bosi a inseri-lo na corrente literária “brutalista”. Este artigo pretende verificar como é representada a brutalidade derivada dos desníveis sociais na sociedade brasileira em A grande arte, de 1983, segundo romance policial do autor. O escritor utiliza-se de aprimoradas técnicas narrativas para representar de maneira detalhada situações de violência explícita que envolvem o protagonista-narrador e outras personagens como o matador de aluguel. Com apoio em estudos sobre o romance policial, a narrativa brasileira e alguns problemas de técnica da narrativa, expomos a imbricação entre representação da violência, a crítica à desigualdade social e a composição própria do romance policial, construídas por um discurso requintado.

Abstract: Since the release of his first publication, Rubem Foseca has been associated to a representation of violence through sophisticated language. Such characteristic led Alfredo Bosi to include Fonseca in the “brutalist” literary movement. This article intends to examine how brutality resulting from social differences in Brazilian society is represented in A grande arte (1983), the second crime novel written by Fonseca. In this novel, the author uses refined narrative techniques to represent in detail situations of explicit violence that involve the protagonist-narrator and other characters and whose main agent for violence is a contract killer. Based on studies about crime novels, Brazilian narrative and narrative techniques, we will reveal the link between the representation of brutality, criticism of social inequality and composition of crime novels achieved through sophisticated writing.

Resumen: Rubem Fonseca es reconocido, desde el lanzamiento de su primera publicación, por la representación de la violencia asociada al uso de un lenguaje sofisticado. Tales características llevarían a Alfredo Bosi a insertarlo en la corriente literaria "brutalista". Este trabajo pretende verificar cómo es representada la brutalidad resultante de los desniveles sociales en la sociedad brasileña en A grande arte, de 1983, la segunda novela policial del autor. El escritor se vale de cuidadosos procedimientos narrativos para representar de manera detallada situaciones de violencia que envuelven al protagonista narrador y a otros personajes, como el sicario. Partiendo de los estudios sobre la novela policial, la narrativa brasileña y algunos problemas de técnica narrativa, apuntamos para la imbricación entre la representación de la violencia, la crítica a la desigualdad social y la composición propia del género policial, construidas a través de un requintado discurso.

This article is an effort to address the thinking of the leading exponents of the current institutionalism Neo. It is written in a way that allows us to observe the development of business from a perspective that combines the rational and non-rational thoughts of people, where selfishness and opportunism play an important role, and where the institutions created by man are regulator actions. Neo institutionalism for transaction costs become northern theory, and how to seek efficiency to decrease in a common goal of actors. Other important factors Neo institutionalism treat in the article are the institutions as the main unit of the theory, the contract, specific assets and Vertical Integration as a way of managing seeking efficiency in processes. The theme of vertical integration will allow the reader to understand the importance of the acquisition of the many assets tangible and intangible assets of another company in order to reduce costs and take total control of the production process, thus achieving design operations most beneficial way for the buyer to the extent that decreases market dependence.

El artículo presente es un esfuerzo por abordar el pensamiento de los principales exponentes de la corriente del Neoinstitucionalismo. Se escribe de manera tal que permite observar el desarrollo de los negocios desde una óptica que conjuga lo racional y el pensamiento no racional de las personas, dónde el egoísmo y el oportunismo juegan un papel importante, y dónde las instituciones que crea el hombre son las reguladoras de las acciones. Para el Neo institucionalismo los costos de transacción se convierten en el norte de la teoría, y la manera de buscar la eficiencia para disminuirlos se convierte en el objetivo común de los actores. Otros factores importantes del Neo institucionalismo a tratar en el artículo serán las instituciones como unidad principal de la teoría, el contrato, los activos específicos y la Integración Vertical como modo de gestionar buscando la eficiencia en los procesos. El tema de la integración Vertical permitirá al lector comprender la importancia de la adquisición de los activos tantos tangibles como intangibles de otra empresa con el fin de disminuir costos y tomar control total del proceso de producción, logrando así diseñar las operaciones de manera más beneficiosa para la empresa compradora en la medida en que disminuye la dependencia del mercado.

Abstract The text Rousseau’s present of the political-social-educational thought of, is an article of reflection, based on the reading of Du Contract Social or in Castilian The Social Contract, authored by the Swiss thinker Jean-Jacob Rousseau; the authors set out to discuss the possibilities of achieving their ideals in the current context and at the same time to recognize the validity of several ideas of their own in terms of citizen training in Colombia. We proceeded to the tracing of works that inquired the same subject or were related and was chosen like version of header the translation of elaleph.com, 1999. The great work written in 1762 was chosen for explicitly collecting the author’s political and social thought. The authors made a biographical approach to the thinker as a mechanism to get closer to the reading of the work, to have tools for discussion, to expose the interests in addressing this issue and its diffusion, to argue and to contextualize in a different time and country. Although there is much to deepen into the subject, we reached some conclusions among which we can mention: The reflection of concepts associated with political formation, the general will and sovereign, in connection with situations of society and education in the Colombian context; the identification of the importance of the principles of politics and virtue in the formation of leaders and the general will as a reflection of the social and individual constitution, among others.

Resumen El texto Actualidad del pensamiento político-social-educativo de Juan Jacobo Rousseau , es un artículo de reflexión, fundamentado en la lectura de Du Contract Social o en castellano El Contrato Social , autoría del pensador suizo Jean-Jacobo Rousseau; los autores se propusieron “polemizar las posibilidades de alcanzar sus ideales en el contexto actual y al mismo tiempo reconocer la vigencia de varias ideas suyas en lo atinente a la formación ciudadana en Colombia”. Se procedió al rastreo de trabajos que indagaran el mismo tema o fueran afines y fue elegida como versión de cabecera la traducción de elaleph.com, 1999. La insigne obra escrita en 1762, fue elegida por recoger de manera explícita el pensamiento político y social del autor. Los autores hicieron un acercamiento biográfico al pensador como mecanismo para compenetrarse con la lectura de la obra, tener herramientas para la discusión, exponer los intereses en abordar este tema y su difusión, argumentar y contextualizar en una época y país diferentes. Si bien queda mucho por ahondar en el tema, se llegó a unas conclusiones entre las que cabe mencionar: La reflexión de conceptos asociados a formación política, la voluntad general y el soberano, en vínculo con situaciones de la sociedad y de la educación del contexto colombiano; la identificación de la importancia de los principios de la política y la virtud en la formación de los dirigentes y la voluntad general como reflejo de la constitución social e individual, entre otras.