Abstract: The Galapagos Islands present distinctive challenges in managing their electrical system due to their remote geographical position. Currently, their energy sources are limited to non-renewable energy and partially dependent on renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. The intermittence of these sources poses a threat to the stability and reliability of power systems. The battery energy storage systems (BESS) are a commonly adopted approach for promoting the stability of frequency and voltage in power systems. However, the effectiveness of these systems in accomplishing this objective is contingent on the type of controller and operation used in the storage system. Electrical energy storage systems implement two primary modes of operation; Grid Following and Grid Forming. This paper focuses on the implementation and evaluation in different scenarios of the network-forming mode of operation of the storage system, with the purpose of contributing to the primary frequency regulation in the MRE of the Galapagos Islands. The results obtained demonstrate significant improvements in the stability of the MRE, and greater efficiency in primary frequency regulation.

Resumen: Las Islas Galápagos, debido a su ubicación geográfica aislada, enfrentan desafíos únicos en la gestión de su Microrred eléctrica (MRE), pues actualmente depende de energías no renovables y en una medida considerable de fuentes de energías renovables, como la energía solar y eólica. Estas fuentes de energía intermitentes, afectan la confiabilidad y estabilidad de la MRE. Una solución destacada en la actualidad es la implementación de los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía con baterías, pues estos sistemas aportan a la estabilidad de frecuencia y voltaje, sin embargo, estos aportes a la estabilidad de frecuencia y voltaje de la MRE están en función del tipo de controlador y operación que se emplee al sistema de almacenamiento. Existen dos modos de operación en sistemas almacenamiento de energía eléctrica; seguidor de red y formador de red. Este trabajo se enfoca en la implementación y evaluación en diferentes escenarios, del modo de operación formador de red del sistema de almacenamiento, con el propósito de aportar a la regulación primaria de frecuencia en la MRE de las Islas Galápagos. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran las mejoras significativas en la estabilidad de la MRE, y una mayor eficiencia en la regulación primaria de frecuencia.

RESUMO Em meio a pautas sustentáveis, as fontes de energia renováveis apresentam um forte papel, em especial, a energia eólica. No entanto, a implantação dos empreendimentos eólicos produz transformações nas comunidades, causando impactos em diferentes áreas e processos de vulnerabilização. O estudo objetiva problematizar os relatos da população camponesa referentes aos processos de vulnerabilização em área de influência da implantação dos empreendimentos eólicos em um município pernambucano. Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional, descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, realizada em uma comunidade camponesa localizada no município de Caetés, Pernambuco, Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevista semiestruturada. A análise de dados partiu da técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Observou-se que a chegada e o funcionamento dos aerogeradores coincidiram com o surgimento de sinais e sintomas, como os problemas auditivos e de pele, ansiedade, tontura e cefaleia. Tal situação permite considerar uma provável ligação entre os impactos causados pelas torres eólicas, já descritos na literatura, com aqueles presentes nos relatos dos participantes. É necessário prudência no momento de planejamento e construção de complexos eólicos, uma vez que tais agravos à saúde podem se comportar como temporários ou permanentes, levando a comunidade local a um sofrimento constante. sustentáveis papel especial eólica entanto comunidades pernambucano Tratase Trata observacional qualitativa Caetés Pernambuco Brasil semiestruturada temática Observouse Observou sintomas pele ansiedade cefaleia eólicas literatura participantes permanentes constante

ABSTRACT Amid sustainable agendas, renewable energy sources play a strong role, especially wind energy. However, the implementation of wind farms produces transformations in communities, causing impacts in different areas and vulnerability processes. The study aims to problematize the reports of the peasant population regarding the processes of vulnerability in the area of influence of the implementation of wind farms in a municipality in Pernambuco. This is an observational, descriptive research with a qualitative approach, carried out in a peasant community, located in the municipality of Caetés, Pernambuco, Brazil. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was based on the content analysis technique in the thematic modality. It was observed that the arrival and operation of the wind turbines coincided with the emergence of signs and symptoms, such as hearing and skin problems, anxiety, dizziness and headache. This situation allows us to consider a probable connection between the impacts caused by wind towers, already described in the literature, and those present in the participants’ reports. Prudence is necessary when planning and building wind farms, since such health problems can be temporary or permanent, leading the local community to constant suffering. agendas role However communities Pernambuco observational approach Caetés Brazil semistructured semi structured interviews modality symptoms anxiety headache towers literature participants permanent suffering

The Internet of Things is an important element of Industry 4.0, which has brought innovative technological contributions to the energy sector; Industry 4.0 allows organisations to transition to intelligent companies through the use of the Internet of Things and technologies that favour manufacturing and production processes to be more efficient. The aim of this paper is to identify how the application of the Internet of Things has had benefits in the energy sector. This paper presents a literature review in a traditional way, to identify the importance of the Internet of Things and its application in the energy sector in the field of wind, solar, hydroelectric, and fossil energy. The analysis of the literature shows that there are studies that indicate the benefit of the internet of Things in the energy sector, with 48 documents being recognised, of which 25 publications belong to the year 2022.

Die Internet van Dinge (loT) is 'n belangrike element van Industrie 4.0, wat innoverende tegnologiese bydraes tot die energie sektor gebring het. Industrie 4.0 stel organisasies in staat om oor te skakel na intelligente ondernemings deur die gebruik van IoT en tegnologieë wat vervaardigings- en produksieprosesse bevoordeel om doeltreffender te wees. Die doel van hierdie artikel is hoe die toepassing van IoT voordele in die energie sektor gehad het, te identifiseer. Hierdie artikel bied 'n literatuuroorsig op 'n tradisionele manier aan om die belangrikheid van die IoT en die toepassing daarvan in die energie sektor op die gebied van wind, sonkrag, hidro-elektriese, sowel as fossiel energie te identifiseer. Die ontleding van die literatuur toon dat daar studies is wat die voordeel van die IoT in die energie sektor aandui, met 48 dokumente wat erken word, waarvan 25 publikasies in 2022 was.

Abstract Wind energy is one of the most promising alternatives for obtaining a sustainable electricity generation model with low greenhouse gas emissions. The maturity of this technology, coupled with its low investment costs and good performance, makes it highly interesting for countries to develop projects within this field. However, its high operation intermittency caused by the natural behavior of wind requires preliminary research on the technical conditions (Installation, Capacity, Environmental, Legal, Administrative and Logistics) of the geographical area wherein the wind energy project is planned. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research studies on the potential of wind energy within a territory. This review describes current methodological alternatives for assessing wind energy generation projects and potential energy studies in different geographical areas globally. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis is included, examining the scientific research trends in the field of wind energy in addition to the different technologies and innovations that have contributed to the viability of a greater wind energy generation project. Finally, the study discusses the technical restriction criteria faced by any such project. This paper also seeks to become a point of reference for future reviews and decision-making in wind projects.

Resumen La energía eólica es parte de las alternativas más prometedoras para la obtención de un modelo de generación eléctrica sustentable y de baja emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La madurez de la tecnología sumado a su bajo costo de inversión y buen rendimiento hace que esta tecnología presente alto interés para los países que deseen desarrollar proyectos en este campo. Sin embargo, la alta intermitencia de su operación causada por los comportamientos naturales del viento requiere investigaciones de manera preliminar de las condiciones técnicas (Instalación, Capacidad, Ambientales, Legales, Administrativas y Logísticas) en las áreas geográficas donde se presume un posible proyecto eólico. El presente trabajo pretende aportar una visión general del estado de las técnicas relacionadas con el estudio del potencial energético eólico de un territorio. Se pretende mediante este abordaje identificar las alternativas metodológicas existentes para la evaluación de proyectos de generación de energía eólica y los estudios del potencial energético en zonas geográficas del mundo. Asimismo, presentar un análisis bibliométrico donde se analizan las tendencias de investigación científica en el campo de la energía eólica, además de las distintas tecnologías e innovaciones que han contribuido a una mayor viabilidad de los proyectos en esta rama del conocimiento. Finalmente, se muestra los criterios de restricción técnicas con las que se enfrentan un proyecto eólico. Este documento pretende convertirse en punto de referencias para revisiones futuras y la toma de decesiones en proyectos eólicos.

Abstract Unsupervised learning techniques are employed to study the relationship between atmospheric circulation and precipitation over Central America and its surrounding areas. Specifically, the clustering algorithm k-means++ is applied to three coarse-grained datasets from ERA-interim reanalysis that are the candidates for representing the atmospheric state vector, each candidate contains its full temporal variability. Datasets are composed of: a) wind fields at 925, 800 and 200 hPa, b) same as “a)” plus convective available potential energy and c) same as “a)” plus total column water vapor. Clustering metrics, namely the variance ratio criterion, the silhouette criterion and the mean squared error, are computed to quantify clustering quality. Clusters are interpreted as weather types, recurrent configurations of the atmospheric state vector associated with observable weather states. The correct number of clusters for each dataset is determined with a Monte Carlo test of normality, to assure cluster existence. The main objective is to obtain a set of weather types containing elements that characterize the transition from and to the rainy season over the Pacific side of Central America as well as other elements of the seasonal cycle of regional precipitation, such as the Mid-Summer Drought. Besides the statistical metrics, in order to select between candidate datasets and plausible number of clusters, focus is given to the temporal characteristics of the clusters. Existing literature does not provide a set of weather types suitable to analyze seasonal transitions and the differences in the mechanisms associated with rainfall maxima.

Resumen Técnicas de aprendizaje no supervisado se emplean para estudiar la relación entre la circulación atmosférica y la precipitación sobre América Central y sus áreas circundantes. Específicamente, el algoritmo de agrupamiento k-means++ se aplica a tres conjuntos de datos de baja resolución del reanálisis ERA interim, estos son candidatos a representar el vector de estado atmosférico y cada uno contiene su variabilidad temporal completa. Los conjuntos de datos probados son: a) campos de viento a 925, 800 y 200 hPa, b) lo mismo que “a)” más la energía potencial convectiva disponible y c) lo mismo que “a)” más el vapor de agua en la columna total. Se calculan métricas de agrupamiento, a saber, el criterio de relación de varianza, el criterio de silueta y el error cuadrático medio, para cuantificar la calidad del agrupamiento. Los grupos se interpretan como weather types, configuraciones recurrentes del vector de estado atmosférico asociadas con estados observables del tiempo atmosférico. El número correcto de grupos para cada conjunto de datos se determina con una prueba de normalidad de Monte Carlo para asegurar la existencia de grupos reales. El objetivo principal es obtener un conjunto de weather types que contengan elementos que caractericen la transición de y hacia la temporada de lluvias en la vertiente del Pacífico de América Central, así como otros elementos del ciclo estacional de precipitación regional, como las canículas. Además de las métricas estadísticas, para seleccionar entre conjuntos de datos y un número plausible de grupos, se presta atención a las características temporales de los grupos. La literatura existente no proporciona un conjunto de weather types adecuado para analizar transiciones estacionales y las diferencias en los mecanismos asociados con los máximos estacionales de lluvia.

Abstract The present research work shows the optimal energy management of an isolated microgrid based on nonconventional renewable energy sources. For which an economic dispatch problem is proposed that seeks to supply the electrical demand at the lowest posible operating cost, based on a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem. The nonlinearity of the algorithm is presented by including the characteristic equation of the real operation of the generating set in the optimization model. The input data to the economic office such as solar radiation and wind speed were obtained from the NASA platform located on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos province, Ecuador. In addition, the electricity demand data was obtained from real measurements of the sector. The economic dispatch problem has been determined for 12, 24 and 168 hours respectively, obtaining a proportional energy distribution for each case of 50.40% supplied by the photovoltaic generator, 23.92% by the diesel generator, 17.14% by the battery bank and 5.53% by the wind generator, so the demand was supplied in its entirety, meeting the objective that the generating set does not present intermittencies and obtaining the lowest operating cost of the system.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación muestra la gestión óptima de la energía de una microrred aislada basada en fuentes de energía renovable no convencional. Para lo cual se plantea un problema de despacho económico que busca abastecer la demanda eléctrica al menor costo de operación posible, a partir de un problema de optimización no lineal entero mixto. La no linealidad del algoritmo se presenta al incluir la ecuación característica del funcionamiento real del grupo electrógeno en el modelo de optimización. Los datos de entrada al despacho económico como radiación solar y velocidad del viento fueron obtenidos de la plataforma de la NASA situada sobre la isla Santa Cruz, provincia de Galápagos, Ecuador. Además, los datos de la demanda eléctrica fueron obtenidos de mediciones reales del sector. El problema de despacho económico se ha resultado para 12, 24 y 168 horas respectivamente, obteniendo una distribución energética proporcional para cada caso del 50.40 % suministrada por el generador fotovoltaico, 23.92 % por el generador diésel, 17.14 % por el banco de baterías y 5.53 % por el generador eólico, por lo que la demanda fue abastecida en su totalidad cumpliendo con el objetivo de que el grupo electrógeno no presente intermitencias y obteniendo el menor costo de operación del sistema.

Abstract: Energy management in the tourism sector is essential to promote sustainable and efficient practices to reduce operating costs, mitigate environmental impact and improve the competitiveness of tourism enterprises. Despite the importance of this topic, there is a lack of bibliometric studies on energy management in the tourism sector. Therefore, the aim of this research is to map the scientific production related to this topic. To carry out this study, the bibliometric method was employed using the R package Bibliometrix to analyse indicators of productivity, impact and collaboration, extracted from the SCOPUS database. As results, a total of 201 articles published between 1977 and 2024 were identified, highlighting authors such as Acosta A, Burnett J and Park S for their prolific production and significant contributions to the field. Topics such as "Energy Management", "Energy Efficiency", "Energy Consumption" and "Sustainability" emerge as relevant and trending research topics. Furthermore, guidelines are proposed to improve energy efficiency in the tourism sector, such as the implementation of renewable energies and alternative sources such as solar, wind and biomass, as well as the adoption of intelligent energy management systems. It is concluded that future lines of research should be directed towards the use of deep learning algorithms for autonomous energy management systems in microgrids, as well as the development of systems based on the ISO 50001 standard.

Resumen: La gestión energética en el sector turístico es esencial para fomentar prácticas sostenibles y eficientes que permitan reducir costos operativos, mitigar el impacto ambiental y mejorar la competitividad de las empresas turísticas. A pesar de la importancia de este tema, se observa una carencia de estudios bibliométricos sobre la gestión de la energía en el sector turístico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un mapeo de la producción científica relacionada con esta temática. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se empleó el método bibliométrico utilizando el paquete de R Bibliometrix para analizar indicadores de productividad, impacto y colaboración, extraídos de la base de datos SCOPUS. Como resultados se identificaron un total de 201 artículos publicados entre 1977 y 2024, destacando autores como Acosta A, Burnett J y Park S por su prolífica producción y contribuciones significativas al campo. Temas como "Energy Management", "Energy Efficiency", "Energy Consumption" y "Sustainability" emergen como relevantes y en tendencia en las investigaciones. Además, se proponen directrices para mejorar la eficiencia energética en el sector turístico, como la implementación de energías renovables y fuentes alternativas como la solar, eólica y biomasa, así como la adopción de sistemas inteligentes de gestión de energía. Se concluyes que las futuras líneas de investigación deben estar dirigidas hacia el uso de algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo para sistemas autónomos de gestión de energía en microrredes, así como en el desarrollo de sistemas basados en la norma ISO 50001.

Abstract The energy transition involves changes in the dynamics of the provision of electric energy services and the insertion of new technologies. Within these technologies are DC microgrids, which, compared to traditional networks, have higher energy efficiency, lower installation and maintenance costs, and allow the simple integration of renewable sources. This paper presents dynamic small signal stability analysis for a DC microgrid, using the Runge Kutta integration method and the Matlab/Simulink tool. This DC microgrid is planned to be built in a Higher Education Institution in Colombia, and integrates different energy sources, such as solar, wind, storage systems, and also electric vehicles. The dynamic response of the DC microgrid is examined considering different operating conditions of generation and charging, and also different penetration scenarios of electric vehicles. The results show that to ensure the stability of the system in the face of variations in demand, it is essential to keep the electrical network in permanent operation, since it provides the necessary power that the microgrid cannot supply during times of greatest demand. Additionally, the power grid plays a vital role in regulating the voltage on the DC bus when loads increase. Therefore, to ensure the stability of the microgrid in various operating scenarios and demand levels, a connection with the electrical grid is essential.

Resumen La transición energética conlleva cambios en las dinámicas de prestación del servicio de energía eléctrica y la inserción de nuevas tecnologías. Dentro de estas tecnologías se encuentran las microrredes DC, las cuales, comparadas con las redes tradicionales, presentan mayor eficiencia energética, menores costos de instalación y mantenimiento, y permiten la integración simple de fuentes renovables. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo el análisis dinámico de estabilidad de pequeña señal para una microrred DC. La metodología empleada utilizó el método de integración Runge Kutta y la herramienta Matlab/Simulink. Esta microrred DC se planea construir en una Institución de Educación Superior de Colombia, e integra diferentes fuentes de energía, como solar, eólica, sistemas de almacenamiento y también vehículos eléctricos. Se examinó la respuesta dinámica de la microrred DC considerando diferentes condiciones operativas de generación y carga, y también distintos escenarios de penetración de los vehículos eléctricos. Los resultados mostraron que, para asegurar la estabilidad del sistema ante variaciones en la demanda, es imprescindible mantener la red eléctrica en funcionamiento permanente, ya que esta aporta la potencia necesaria que la microrred no puede suministrar durante los momentos de mayor demanda. Además, la red eléctrica desempeña un rol vital en la regulación del voltaje en la barra DC cuando las cargas aumentan. Por lo tanto, para garantizar la estabilidad de la microrred en diversos escenarios de operación y niveles de demanda, la conexión con la red eléctrica resulta esencial.

Abstract Nowadays, despite the implementation of new wind farms in Brazil, it still is difficult to form partnerships with companies in the sector, which significantly contributes to the gap in information provided by national literature and the lack of knowledge about the mechanical behavior of wind turbines subjected to transient wind effects. Therefore, through a Research and Development Project to optimize and improve modeling in wind systems, the Brazilian electric power company Eletrobras Furnas aims to facilitate the construction of smaller wind turbines to supply energy to regions far from the Brazilian coast that do not have high generation potential due to the incidence of low-speed winds. Two relevant aspects directly linked to the performance of this kind of structures are: (i) determining their natural frequency and (ii) ensuring that this frequency does not coincide with any external vibration frequency that the structure may experience in its lifetime. Wind turbines are complex systems with many degrees of freedom and their own frequencies associated with the respective mode shapes in which they naturally vibrate. These frequencies are inversely related to the mass and directly related to the stiffness of the structure. Thus, through numerical modeling using the Finite Element Method, the present article aims to list some of the main factors that can affect the prediction of the natural frequency of a real-scale wind turbine prototype and to evaluate its dynamic behavior, considering its rotor revolution frequency, its blade passing frequency and the wind characteristics of its operating area. Nowadays Brazil sector effects Therefore lowspeed low speed winds i (i ii (ii lifetime vibrate Thus Method realscale real scale area

The need for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources is very important if future generations are to be spared of the misdoings of past generations. Climate change, environmental pollution, radiation pollution, and altering of the balanced ecology of the green planet earth is now a significant challenge, because if not mitigated, some island nations will disappear in the future, due to human activities energized by unsustainable fossil fuels. Based on these facts, Germany has taken concrete and important steps to stem the tide of this ill wind by embracing the Green Hydrogen system. This is more obvious in the transport system that produces more than 40% of Green House Gases in Europe. Because Germany is an industrialized European nation, the government has introduced Green Hydrogen for transportation in accordance with European Union energy policy. Therefore, this paper provides a clear, concise analysis and implementation of Green Hydrogen energy in the smart energy system. The paper presents Green Hydrogen analysis in transportation in four sections, namely, Geographical, Chemical, social, and economic aspects, respectively. The last section of this paper is the discussion of results from cost/feasibility analysis, which shows that although the expected or forecasted GH cost is US$7.11per kg from 2020 to 2050, the current growth in the green hydrogen infrastructure and technology, reduced the overall cost of GH in 2020 to $1.60/kg. An erudite conclusion and recommendations are made at the end of this research.

Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) is the realization of everyone's right to access food in sufficient quantities, quality and regularly, without compromising access to other needs. In view of the increase in food and nutrition insecurity, observed in recent years in Brazil and in the world, concomitant with the disruption of programs and public policies combined with the incentive to promote the right to Food and Nutritional Security (SAN) in Brazil (2019-2022) , and the pandemic context that aggravated this problem, we are currently experiencing alarming levels of Food and Nutrition Insecurity (INSAN), including the serious one that is characterized by hunger, which preferentially affects a certain social class and region in Brazil, North and Northeast. The present study analyzed the food and nutritional security profile of families residing in the rural community of Sítio Laguinha, around a wind farm in the municipality of Caetés, in Pernambuco. This study can be characterized as a mixed descriptive study with a quantitative and qualitative approach, in order to identify the prevalence of food (in)security and the associated factors. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socioeconomic conditions and food consumption in the rural community of Laguinha, as well as the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) to assess the situation of Food and Nutritional Security. Among the factors associated with the community, the vulnerabilities to which this community is exposed stand out, such as the location in a rural area that is difficult to move around, around a wind farm that brings with it impacts and the pandemic context. The results obtained showed a high prevalence of food and nutritional insecurity (88.4%) at all levels, mild, moderate and severe. Among the factors that may be associated with and aggravate the INSAN situation, we can mention the impact of the wind farm and the pandemic, with all associated socioeconomic impacts. The results obtained in this work bring relevant data about the situation of an invisible community that needs assistance to achieve food and nutritional security, a right established in our constitution. In addition, these data can serve as a basis for the implementation of public policies aimed at the community

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) é a realização do direito de todos ao acesso a alimentos em quantidade suficiente, qualidade e regularmente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades. Diante do aumento da insegurança alimentar e nutricional, observada nos últimos anos no Brasil e no mundo, concomitante com a desestruturação de programas e políticas públicas aliadas ao incentivo à promoção do direito à Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no Brasil (2019-2022), e o contexto pandêmico que agravou esse problema, atualmente vivenciamos índices alarmantes de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (INSAN), incluindo a insegurança grave que se caracteriza pela fome, que afeta preferencialmente uma determinada classe social e região no Brasil, Norte e Nordeste. O presente estudo analisou o perfil da segurança alimentar e nutricional de famílias residentes na comunidade rural do Sítio Laguinha, em torno de um parque eólico no município de Caetés, em Pernambuco. Esse estudo pode ser caracterizado como descritivo misto com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, a fim de identificar a prevalência da (in)segurança alimentar e os fatores que a ela se associam. Foram utilizados um questionário semiestruturado para obtenção de informações sobre condições socioeconômicas e de consumo alimentar da comunidade rural de Laguinha bem como a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) para avaliar a situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Dentre os fatores associados à comunidade destaca-se as vulnerabilidades às quais essa comunidade está exposta, como a localização em uma área rural de difícil deslocamento, em torno de um parque eólico que traz consigo impactos e o contexto pandêmico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar e nutricional (88,4%) em todos os níveis, leve, moderada e grave. Dentre os fatores que podem estar associados e agravar a situação de INSAN podemos citar o impacto do parque eólico e a pandemia, com todos impactos socioeconômicos associados. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho trazem dados relevantes sobre a situação de uma comunidade invisibilizada e que necessita de assistência para alcançar a segurança alimentar e nutricional, um direito estabelecido na nossa constituição. Além disso, esses dados podem servir de base para implementação de políticas públicas voltadas à comunidade.

ABSTRACT Sandy beaches have different shoreline change rates (i.e., erosion/accretion rates). An erosive process on beaches poses risks for human-occupied areas. One example is Matinhos Beach (state of Paraná - Brazil), which has an average annual erosion rate of around 1.5 m yr-1 This study applied a methodology that combines in situ measurements and numerical modeling to simulate the physical processes in the coastal area of Matinhos during the 2018 Austral winter. Monthly DGPS surveys were carried out in the study area from June to September. The MOHID modeling system was applied to simulate hydrodynamics and sediment transport, considering waves and tidal forcing validated with in situ data. The WAVEWATCH III and SWAN models were applied in a nesting approach to simulate the waves at Matinhos Beach. The GFS was used to assess the wind conditions. The study period showed a dynamic evolution of accretion and erosion between monthly measurements with no clear pattern in most profiles. Significant sand accumulation was observed near the headland. Morphological changes were minor due to the predominance of low energy without significant storm events. The measured morphological changes are in line with the residual littoral drift obtained from the modeling results for the period. The residual current velocities were towards the southwest, with magnitudes ranging from 0.15 m s-1 to 0.2 m s-1. A slight variation in the angle of wave incidence (10°) may change the direction (southwest or northeast) and intensity of the littoral drift. The applied methodology can reduce uncertainty and support effective coastal management. However, the seasonal scales of wave climate cannot be disregarded, nor can the need for coastal oceanographic data. i.e., ie i e (i.e. erosionaccretion rates. . rates) humanoccupied human occupied areas state Brazil, Brazil , Brazil) 15 1 5 1. yr1 yr yr- 201 winter September transport data conditions profiles headland events southwest 015 0 0.1 s1 s s- 02 2 0. s1. 10° 10 (10° northeast management However disregarded i.e. (i.e 20 01 (10 i.e (1 (

Abstract Geotechnical engineering spans a wide range of applications, including tunnels, foundations, dams, and retaining structures. It deals with a material known to be difficult to model: a particulate material whose mechanical response is affected by all three invariants of the stress tensor, by loading rate, by density and by fabric. New problems and greater complexity in old problems have come about with the effects of climate change. Progress in certain technologies—notably artificial intelligence—also defines the new landscape in which geotechnical engineers must operate. This paper focuses on mechanics-based geotechnical engineering applications. The paper reviews some of the major decisions that were made by the engineers and researchers who developed geotechnical engineering to the point at which it was an identifiable separate discipline and the consequences that these decisions have had on the development of the discipline and on its teaching. The paper identifies some key modelling choices that were made that have had an undeservedly disproportionate impact on the teaching and practice of geotechnical engineering. The focus of the paper is therefore on these decisions and choices, and what should be taught in their place today. Challenges that future geotechnical engineers may face, as well tools that will be available to them, are also discussed in the context of what should be taught in undergraduate and graduate courses. applications tunnels foundations dams structures model tensor rate fabric change technologiesnotably technologies notably intelligencealso intelligence operate mechanicsbased mechanics based today face them courses

Abstract Slender reed straws in nature can withstand heavy weight of reed spikes and lateral wind force, and thus show good mechanical properties, especially compression resistance and shear resistance. In the paper, the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of reed straws were studied. Three influencing factors of the straws were set according to the nodes (node-containing, node-free), location section (location 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), and moisture content (low, medium, high). The tensile strength of node-free reed straws with low moisture content ranged from 55.40 to 68.14 MPa at different locations. The axial compressive strength of node-containing straws was higher than that of node-free straws, and the influence of moisture content on the axial compressive strength was more obvious. The radial compressive strength of node-containing straws is 13.00 times higher than that of node-free straws in the corresponding part. The bending strength of straws gradually increases from the top to the root, and it is further enhanced with higher moisture content. The axial impact peak load of node-containing straws is up to 1.27 times that of node-free straws, and the axial impact peak load of straws with high moisture content is 1.40 times higher than that of straws with low moisture content in the corresponding part. The radial impact strength of reed straws gradually increases from the top to the root. In terms of bending impact strength, the impact toughness of reed straws ranges from 0.030 to 0.14 J·cm2, and the specific energy absorption ranges from 1.09 to 4.35 J/kg. Because of the excellent mechanical properties, reed straws provide important material performance data for the engineering field and inspire the design of new engineering materials or structures by improving strength and reducing weight. force paper quasistatic quasi static studied nodecontaining, nodecontaining node containing, containing (node-containing nodefree, nodefree free , node-free) 1 2 3 4 5, 5 5) low, (low medium high. . high) 5540 55 40 55.4 6814 68 14 68.1 locations obvious 1300 13 00 13.0 part root 127 27 1.2 140 1.4 0030 0 030 0.03 014 0.1 Jcm2 Jcm J cm2 cm J·cm2 109 09 1.0 435 35 4.3 Jkg kg J/kg 554 55. 681 6 68. 130 13. 12 1. 003 03 0.0 01 0. J·cm 10 43 4.

Abstract Energy sources, like hydro and wind power, present uncertain nature, characteristic that affects the electric power systems operation planning. Such factors require using methodologies capable to handle these uncertainties in interconnected hydro-thermal-wind power systems operation. This work proposes a computational model for the day-ahead unit commitment problem for interconnected hydro-thermal-wind power systems, considering the uncertainties related to wind power, water inflow, and energy demand, employing the Robust Optimization (RO). The optimization model consists in a three-level mixed integer linear programming problem, which is resolved using a two-stage decomposition approach, solved using the column-and-constraint generation algorithm. The model is validated using the 30 nodes IEEE and the 33 nodes Brazilian test system. The model proposed proved to have an operating cost proportional to the level of uncertainty and the methodology employed provides a preventive view of what may occur during the hydro-thermal-wind systems operation, allowing the central system operator to take certain actions in order to ensure reliable operating conditions. In addition, the model allowed the identification of important aspects related to computational costs, such as the verification that constraints that couple the problem in time and space significantly impact the simulation times of the problem. sources nature planning hydrothermalwind thermal dayahead day ahead inflow demand RO. RO . (RO) threelevel three twostage two stage approach columnandconstraint column constraint algorithm 3 conditions addition costs (RO