The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Abstract: Hunting is part of the biocultural heritage of the Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula because it has been part of their strategy of multiple use of resources and their cosmovision since pre-Hispanic times. The study of knowledge and practices on the uses of natural resources can help to improve the resilience of biological and human communities to disturbances. The aim of this study was to characterize the biocultural knowledge associated with traditional hunting in the Mayan community of Xul, Yucatán. From September to December 2020, 42 mixed questionnaires and seven semi-structured interviews were applied to local hunters. It was found that 23 species of vertebrates (35 mammals, 6 birds, and 1 reptile) are hunted in Xul and are used mainly for food. The species with higher cultural importance (IIC) were the red brocket deer (Mazama temama), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata). The dry season is their favorite season for hunting (71.4 %) and hunters prefer the milpa (92.9 %) and forest (83.3 %) as hunting sites. The most practiced techniques are the “batida” (flushing by hunting teams, p’uuj; 92.9 %), “caminar por el monte” (walking through the woods, xíimbal ts’on; 73.8 %), and “lampareo” (hunting with flashlights, ts’on; 69 %). In Xul there are beliefs such as virtues, the owners of animals and the winds (Ik’). These results show the continuity of biocultural knowledge related to hunting and its importance in the management and conservation of wild fauna in rural communities.

Resumen: La cacería es una actividad que forma parte del patrimonio biocultural de los mayas de la Península de Yucatán, ya que desde la época prehispánica ha sido parte de su estrategia de uso múltiple de recursos y su cosmovisión. El estudio de los conocimientos y prácticas sobre el empleo de los recursos naturales puede contribuir a aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades biológicas y humanas ante las perturbaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el conocimiento biocultural asociado a la cacería tradicional en la comunidad maya de Xul, Yucatán. Se aplicaron 42 cuestionarios mixtos y siete entrevistas semiestructuradas a cazadores locales entre septiembre y diciembre de 2020. Se reportaron 23 especies de vertebrados que se cazan en Xul (16 mamíferos, 6 aves y 1 reptil) y sus usos. Las especies de mayor importancia cultural (IIC) son el venado cabrito (Mazama temama), el jabalí (Pecari tajacu) y el pavo de monte (Meleagris ocellata). La temporada de sequía es la preferida para cazar (71.4 %) y los sitios son la milpa (92.9 %) y el monte alto (83.3 %). Las técnicas que más se practican son la batida (p’uuj; 92.9 %), caminar por el monte (xíimbal ts’on; 73.8 %) y el lampareo (ts’on; 69 %). En Xul existen creencias en elementos y entidades como las virtudes, los Dueños de los animales y los vientos (Ik’). Estos resultados manifiestan la continuidad e importancia de considerar el conocimiento biocultural sobre la cacería con relación al manejo y conservación de la fauna silvestre en comunidades rurales.

Abstract The technological development of tools that enable the spawning of different native species is paramount to enable ex situ conservation initiatives, as well as providing means for commercial hatchery of threatened fish which, in turn, relieve fisheries pressure over wild stocks. Neotropical migratory freshwater fish depend on hormonal induction for spawning in hatcheries, through expensive methods of limited efficiency. Salminus brasiliensis is one of the largest Neotropical freshwater fish, a piscivorous top-predator, prized in angling, highly valued in the market, and appreciated in gastronomy. Teleost fish have either, two or three GnRH paralogous genes: GnRH1, GnRH2 and the GnRH3. The expression products of these paralogous isoforms consist of a larger prepro-GnRH polypeptide, which undergoes post-translational proteolytic processing to yield the active decapeptide hormone. There is increasing interest in characterizing and understanding these neuropeptides, because of its practical application in hatchery spawning. We present the characterization of GnRH1’s coding sequence for the prepro-GnRH1 polypeptide of S. brasiliensis. An annotation from a genomic assembly was used for searching for GnRH paralogues, based on data from anonymous predicted transcripts. The sequence retrieved for GnRH1 was then used as a query for searching the uncharacterized GnRH paralogues from full genomes of Characiformes deposited at NCBI. The S. brasiliensis GnRH1 gene sequence retrieved was targeted for PCR and submitted to Sanger sequencing, allowing for its confirmation. It spans 423 bp (exon 1: 128 bp; intron: 161 bp; and exon 2: 1134 bp), with open reading frames coding for 264 and 88 amino acids, respectively. The different variants retrieved for the prepro-GnRH (1, 2 and 3) from Characiformes genomes and deposited sequences from NCBI grouped in three distinct clades in a neighbor joining tree, each forming a monophyletic branch and with the S. brasiliensis sequences nested within the expected groups. Here we observed a variation at a proteolytic site (GKR→GRR), reported as highly conserved in vertebrates up to now, that can potentially alter the cleavage site and modify the peptide topology. This work has characterized, for the first time, the sequence of the GnRH1 coding for its prepro-GnRH peptide, for a member of the Charaficormes order. This will help to promote research and development of tools for broodstock spawning and environmental management of S. brasiliensis and related migratory fish. initiatives turn stocks hatcheries efficiency toppredator, toppredator top predator, predator top-predator angling market gastronomy either genes GnRH3 preproGnRH prepro posttranslational post translational hormone neuropeptides GnRH1s GnRHs s preproGnRH1 S transcripts sequencing confirmation 42 1 12 intron 16 113 bp, , bp) 26 8 acids respectively 1, (1 3 tree groups GKR→GRR, GKRGRR GKR→GRR GKR GRR (GKR→GRR) now topology characterized time order 4 11 ( (GKR→GRR

Resumo O desenvolvimento tecnológico de ferramentas que possibilitem a reprodução de diferentes espécies nativas é fundamental para viabilizar iniciativas de conservação ex situ, bem como fornecer meios para produção comercial de peixes ameaçados que, por sua vez, aliviam a pressão pesqueira sobre os estoques selvagens. Peixes migratórios de água doce Neotropicais dependem de indução hormonal para desova em pisciculturas, com métodos caros e de eficiência limitada. Salminus brasiliensis é um dos maiores peixes de água doce Neotropicais, predador de topo piscívoro, admirado na pesca esportiva, muito valorizado no mercado e apreciado na gastronomia. O hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH) é uma molécula-chave na reprodução em todos os vertebrados. Os peixes teleósteos possuem dois ou três genes parálogos de GnRH: GnRH1, GnRH2 e GnRH3. Os produtos de expressão gênica dessas isoformas parálogas consistem em um polipeptídeo maior, pré-pró-GnRH, que sofre processamento proteolítico pós-traducional para produzir o hormônio decapeptídeo ativo. Há um interesse crescente na caracterização e compreensão desses neuropeptídeos, devido à sua aplicação prática na reprodução em pisciculturas. Aqui apresentamos a caracterização da sequência codificadora de GnRH1 para o polipeptídeo pré-pŕo-GnRH1 de S. brasiliensis. Uma anotação de montagem genômica foi usada para procurar parálogos de GnRH, com base em dados de transcritos anônimos preditos em um arquivo de anotação gênica. A sequência recuperada para GnRH1 foi então usada como argumento de busca para procura de parálogos não caracterizados de GnRH, a partir de genomas completos de Characiformes depositados no NCBI. A sequência recuperada de S. brasiliensis do gene GnRH1 foi alvo de PCR e submetida ao sequenciamento Sanger, permitindo a sua confirmação. Esta abrange 423 pb (éxon 1: 128 pb; íntron: 161 pb; éxon 2: 134 pb), com janelas abertas de leitura que codificam para 264 e 88 aminoácidos, respectivamente. As diferentes variantes do pré-pró-GnRH (1, 2 e 3) recuperadas dos genomas completos e sequências depositadas de Characiformes no NCBI agruparam-se em três clados distintos, numa árvore de neighbour joining, cada um formando um ramo monofilético e com as sequências de S. brasiliensis aninhadas dentro dos grupos esperados. Aqui observamos uma variação em um sítio proteolítico (GKR→GRR), até então relatado como altamente conservado em vertebrados, que pode potencialmente alterar o sítio de clivagem e modificar a topologia do peptídeo. Este trabalho caracteriza, pela primeira vez, a sequência do gene GnRH1 que codifica para o peptídeo pré-pró-GnRH1, para um membro da ordem Characiformes. Isto ajudará a promover a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a reprodução em piscicultura e a gestão ambiental de S. brasiliensis e outros peixes migratórios relacionados. situ vez selvagens pisciculturas limitada piscívoro esportiva gastronomia GnRH (GnRH moléculachave molécula chave vertebrados GnRH3 maior prépróGnRH, prépróGnRH pré pró póstraducional pós traducional ativo neuropeptídeos prépŕoGnRH1 prépŕoGnRH pŕo pré-pŕo-GnRH S Sanger confirmação 42 1 12 íntron 16 13 pb, , pb) 26 8 aminoácidos respectivamente 1, (1 3 agruparamse agruparam se distintos joining esperados GKR→GRR, GKRGRR GKR→GRR GKR GRR (GKR→GRR) caracteriza prépróGnRH1, prépróGnRH1 pré-pró-GnRH1 relacionados 4 ( (GKR→GRR

Resumen Introducción: Las vías de comunicación son parte del desarrollo económico y social en todo el mundo. El desarrollo de carreteras causa la fragmentación de ecosistemas naturales, aumentando el riesgo de mortalidad de los animales silvestres por atropellamientos vehiculares. Objetivo: Analizar la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados silvestres atropellados de acuerdo con la temporada climática y el grado de urbanización en una zona costera del estado de Guerrero, al sur de México. Métodos: Se realizaron 12 recorridos con tres observadores en un vehículo a una velocidad de 30 km/h durante un año (junio de 2021 a mayo de 2022). Los organismos fueron georreferenciados e identificados. Se calculó la tasa de atropellamiento (atropellos/día/kilómetro) de los vertebrados silvestres. Resultados: Se registraron 37 especies de vertebrados silvestres atropellados, de las cuales nueve están en peligro de extinción y siete son endémicas de México. Los mamíferos presentaron la tasa de mortalidad más elevada (0.126 animales atropellados/día/km). No hubo diferencias en la tasa de mortalidad entre temporadas. Se detectaron 11 puntos calientes (hotspots) de atropellos. Se identificaron más vertebrados silvestres atropellados en zonas de baja urbanización que en áreas de media y alta. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados mostraron que los mamíferos son los vertebrados silvestres más vulnerables a los atropellamientos vehiculares. El riesgo de atropellamientos de animales silvestres está relacionado con el nivel de urbanización. Este estudio puede ser una herramienta en el desarrollo de carreteras sustentables para la fauna silvestre.

Abstract Introduction: Communication is part of economic and social development around the globe. The development of roads causes the fragmentation of natural ecosystems, increasing the mortality risk of wild animals due to vehicle collisions. Objective: To analyze the mortality rate of wild vertebrates run over according to the climatic season and the urbanization degree in the coastal area of the Guerrero state, in Southern Mexico. Methods: 12 trips with three observers using a vehicle at a speed of 30 km/h were conducted during one year (June 2021 to May 2022). The organisms were geo-referenced and identified. The roadkill rate (roadkill/day/km) was calculated for the wild vertebrates. Results: In total, 37 species of ran over wild vertebrates were registered, of which nine are considered endangered and seven are endemic of Mexico. Mammals had the highest mortality rate (0.126 roadkill/day/km). No differences were found in the mortality rate among rainy and dry seasons; 11 roadkill hotspots were detected. More incidences of roadkill were identified in low urbanization zones than medium and high urbanization areas. Conclusions: Our results showed that mammals are the most vulnerable wild vertebrates to vehicle collisions. The roadkill risk of wild animals is related to the urbanization level. This study can be a tool in the development of sustainable roads for wildlife.

Resumen. En ambientes Neotropicales, sabemos poco sobre la abundancia de vertebrados silvestres tradicionalmente cazados. Con base en registros de cacería de subsistencia (2005-2019) así como en información etnográfica proveniente de campesinos-cazadores mayas, evaluamos la fluctuación interanual en la tasa de captura de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) en una comunidad del noroeste de la Península de Yucatán. Encontramos que el número de presas disminuyó con los años, mostrando una tasa de captura (presas/salida) a la baja hasta 50% menor entre el primer (2005-2006) y tercer periodo (2010-2011) de registros. La mayoría de los entrevistados (74%; N = 31) percibieron dicha disminución del venado principalmente en los últimos 10 años y asociada a la cacería (71%). La consistencia entre la tendencia de caza y la percepción de los campesinos sobre la abundancia del venado sugiere que esta especie podría estar en riesgo ante futuros escenarios de uso en el noroeste del Mayab contemporáneo.

Abstract. In Neotropical environments, we know little about the abundance of wild vertebrates traditionally hunted. Based on subsistence hunting records (2005-2019) as well as ethnographic information from Maya peasant-hunters, we assessed the inter-annual capture rate of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a rural community in the northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula. We found that the number of prey decreased over the years, showing a declining capture rate (prey/trip) that decreased by as much as 50% from the first (2005-2006) to the third period (2010-2011) of records. The majority of peasant-hunters interviewed (74%; N = 31) perceived this reduction in deer to have taken place mainly over the past 10 years as consequence of hunting (71%). The agreement between the hunting trend and peasants’ perceptions regarding the abundance of white-tailed deer suggests that this species may be at risk in future scenarios of use in northwest of contemporary Mayab.

ABSTRACT Wildlife roadkills have become a concern in the Amazon biome due to the opening of major roads in recent decades. In this study, we aimed to describe wildlife roadkills in a 100-km stretch of the BR-163 highway, in western Pará state, determining which vertebrate groups are most affected and whether there are spatial (hotspots) and temporal (hotmoments) aggregations of roadkills. From July 2019 to June 2020, we carried out 25 surveys at 15-day intervals, from a vehicle at a maximum speed of 40 km h-1. We recorded 351 individuals at an observed rate of 0.14 ind km-1 day-1. Despite their lower detectability and faster carcass removal rate from the road due to small size, most recorded roadkills were amphibians (0.066 ind km-1 day-1). We mapped several hotspots along the study stretch considering the total number of animals recorded, and separately for amphibians and reptiles. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the number of roadkills of all vertebrates, amphibians and reptiles recorded are influenced by temperature and precipitation. Information on places with the highest incidence of roadkills can support actions such as the installation of underpasses and fences, aimed at reducing the impacts on wild vertebrates of this Amazonian highway. decades 100km 100 BR163 BR 163 BR-16 highway state (hotspots hotmoments (hotmoments 201 2020 2 15day day 15 intervals 4 h1. h1 h 1. 1 h-1 35 014 0 14 0.1 km1 km- day1. day1 day-1 size 0.066 0066 066 (0.06 . day-1) precipitation fences 10 BR16 16 BR-1 20 202 h- 3 01 0. day- 0.06 006 06 (0.0 BR1 BR- 0.0 00 (0. (0 (

RESUMO Atropelamentos de fauna silvestre tornaram-se preocupantes no bioma amazônico devido à abertura de grandes rodovias nas últimas décadas. Neste estudo objetivamos caracterizar a fauna silvestre atropelada em um trecho de 100 km da rodovia BR-163, no oeste do estado do Pará, determinando quais grupos de vertebrados são mais afetados e se há agregações espaciais (hotspots) e temporais (hotmoments) de atropelamentos. De julho 2019 a junho 2020 realizamos 25 amostragens a intervalos de 15 dias, a partir de um veículo a uma velocidade máxima de 40 km h-1. Registramos 351 indivíduos a uma taxa observada de 0.14 ind km-1 dia-1. Apesar de sua menor detectabilidade e taxa de remoção mais acelerada da rodovia devido ao seu pequeno porte, a maioria dos atropelamentos foi de anfíbios (0.066 ind km-1 dia-1). Mapeamos diversos hotspots ao longo do trecho estudado considerando o número total de animais registrados, e, separadamente, para anfíbios e répteis. Análise de regressão linear múltipla indicou que o número total de registros de vertebrados atropelados, e o de anfíbios e répteis é influenciado por temperatura e precipitação. Informação sobre locais com maior incidência de atropelamentos pode subsidiar ações como a instalação de estruturas de passagem de fauna e cercas de proteção, visando a diminuição dos impactos sobre vertebrados silvestres desta rodovia amazônica. tornaramse tornaram décadas 10 BR163, BR163 BR 163, 163 BR-163 Pará (hotspots hotmoments (hotmoments 201 202 2 1 dias 4 h1. h1 h 1. h-1 35 014 0 14 0.1 km1 km- dia1. dia1 dia dia-1 porte 0.066 0066 066 (0.06 . dia-1) registrados separadamente atropelados precipitação proteção amazônica BR16 16 BR-16 20 h- 3 01 0. dia- 0.06 006 06 (0.0 BR1 BR-1 0.0 00 (0. BR- (0 (

Abstract Being a significant global biodiversity hotspot, the Atlantic Forest has been drastically reduced by human activities. Among the anthropic activities that most affect the biodiversity of this biome is the construction and operation of roads and highways. Between harmful effects of these infrastructures, wildlife roadkill is currently considered one of the biggest causes of mortality of wild vertebrates. This study evaluated patterns of vertebrates’ roadkill on two roads in the coastal region of the largest continuous remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For twelve months, we carry out weekly samples with a motor vehicle at a constant speed of 40 km/h to search for carcasses along the roads. All carcasses found were georeferenced and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Then, using Siriema v.2.0 software, we analyzed roadkill aggregation and the spatial distribution of hotspots of wildlife roadkill. In 43 sampling days, 209 road-killed animals were registered (average roadkill rate of 0.105 and 0.111 animals/kilometer/day for PR-407 e PR-508, respectively). Extrapolating the rates found, we estimate that about 1,773 animals can be roadkill every year on these roads. The most affected groups were birds (33.01%) and amphibians (30.62%), followed by reptiles (19.13%) and mammals (17.33%). Warmer months had the highest roadkill rates. We found two critical roadkill hotspots for the PR-407 (kilometer 11.7 to 12.5 and kilometer 14.7 to 16.7). For the PR-508, we found a critical point of 5.2 km (kilometer 5 to 10.2). As a short-term measure, we recommend installing speed reducers in the identified stretches and implementing environmental education campaigns with residents and tourists, especially during the summer months, aiming to mitigate the roadkill on both roads. However, due to the importance and environmental fragility of the area, we emphasize the need for running periodic road ecology and local wildlife population viability studies in the medium and long term. hotspot highways infrastructures vertebrates 4 kmh h level Then v20 v 2 0 v.2. software days 20 roadkilled killed average 0105 105 0.10 0111 111 0.11 animalskilometerday day PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508, PR508 508, 508 PR-508 respectively. respectively . respectively) 1773 1 773 1,77 33.01% 3301 33 01 (33.01% 30.62%, 3062 30.62% , 30 62 (30.62%) 19.13% 1913 19 13 (19.13% 17.33%. 1733 17.33% 17 (17.33%) 117 11 7 11. 125 12 12. 147 14 14. 16.7. 167 16.7 16 16.7) 52 5. 10.2. 102 10.2 10 10.2) shortterm short term measure tourists However area v2 v.2 010 0.1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-50 177 77 1,7 33.01 330 3 (33.01 306 30.62 6 (30.62% 19.13 191 (19.13 173 17.33 (17.33% 16. 10. v. 0. PR4 PR- PR5 PR-5 1, 33.0 (33.0 30.6 (30.62 19.1 (19.1 17.3 (17.33 33. (33. 30. (30.6 19. (19. 17. (17.3 (33 (30. (19 (17. (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Resumo Sendo um importante hotspot de biodiversidade global, a Mata Atlântica tem sido drasticamente reduzida pelas atividades humanas. Entre as atividades antrópicas que mais afetam a biodiversidade desse ecossistema está a construção e operação de estradas e rodovias. Considerado um dos efeitos mais nocivos desses empreendimentos, o atropelamento de animais silvestres é atualmente uma das maiores causas de mortalidade de vertebrados silvestres. Neste estudo, avaliamos os padrões de atropelamentos de pequenos vertebrados em duas estradas na região litorânea do maior remanescente contínuo de Mata Atlântica brasileira. Durante doze meses realizamos coletas semanais com um veículo motorizado a uma velocidade constante de 40 km/h para busca de carcaças ao longo das estradas. Todas as carcaças encontradas foram georreferenciadas e identificadas até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Em seguida, usando o software Siriema v.2.0, analisamos a distribuição e os padrões espaciais dos eventos para identificar pontos de atropelamento de animais selvagens. Em um total de 43 dias de amostragem, foram registrados 209 animais atropelados (taxa média de atropelamentos de 0,105 e 0,111 animais/quilômetro/dia para PR-407 e PR-508 respectivamente). Extrapolando os índices encontrados, podemos estimar que cerca de 1.773 animais podem ser atropelados todos os anos nessas estradas. Os grupos mais afetados foram aves (33,01%) e anfíbios (30,62%), seguidos de répteis (19,13%) e mamíferos (17,33%). Os meses mais quentes tiveram as maiores taxas de atropelamentos. Durante o período encontramos dois pontos críticos de atropelamentos para a rodovia PR-407 (quilômetro 11,7 a 12,5 e quilômetro 14,7 a 16,7). Para a rodovia PR-508, encontramos um ponto crítico de 5,2 km (quilômetro 5 a 10,2). Como medida de curto prazo, recomendamos a instalação de redutores de velocidade nos trechos identificados e a implementação de campanhas de educação ambiental com moradores e turistas, principalmente nos meses de verão, visando mitigar o atropelamento em ambas as vias. No entanto, devido à importância e fragilidade ambiental da área, ressaltamos a necessidade de estudos de ecologia viária e de viabilidade populacional da fauna local a médio e longo prazo. global humanas rodovias empreendimentos estudo brasileira 4 kmh h possível seguida v20 v 2 0 v.2.0 selvagens amostragem 20 taxa 0105 105 0,10 0111 111 0,11 animaisquilômetrodia dia PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508 508 PR-50 respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) encontrados 1773 1 773 1.77 33,01% 3301 33 01 (33,01% 30,62%, 3062 30,62% , 30 62 (30,62%) 19,13% 1913 19 13 (19,13% 17,33%. 1733 17,33% 17 (17,33%) 117 11 7 11, 125 12 12, 147 14 14, 16,7. 167 16,7 16 16,7) PR508, 508, 52 5, 10,2. 102 10,2 10 10,2) prazo turistas verão vias entanto área v2 v.2. 010 0,1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-5 177 77 1.7 33,01 330 3 (33,01 306 30,62 6 (30,62% 19,13 191 (19,13 173 17,33 (17,33% 16, 10, v.2 0, PR4 PR- PR5 1. 33,0 (33,0 30,6 (30,62 19,1 (19,1 17,3 (17,33 v. 33, (33, 30, (30,6 19, (19, 17, (17,3 (33 (30, (19 (17, (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Abstract Ticks parasitizing 102 wild animals in the states of Mato Grosso and Goiás, Brazil were collected between 2015 and 2018. A total of 2338 ticks (865 males, 541 females, 823 nymphs, and 109 larvae) belonging to four genera (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Rhipicephalus) and at least 21 species were identified. DNA extraction and a molecular survey for rickettsial agents were performed on 650 ticks. The results revealed parasitism by the following species: Rickettsia amblyommatis in Amblyomma cajennense s.s., A. cajennense s.l., Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma humerale, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma scalpturatum, Amblyomma sculptum, and Amblyomma romitii; Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma scalpturatum, and Amblyomma triste; Rickettsia rhipicephali in Haemaphysalis juxtakochi; Rickettsia sp. in A. cajennense s.s., A. nodosum, and A. sculptum, and lastly, ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’ in Amblyomma parvum and Rhipicephalus microplus. This study expands the body of knowledge about tick parasitism among wild animals, including new data concerning tick-host associations, and provides information about the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens in the Center-West region of Brazil. 10 Goiás 201 2018 233 865 (86 males 54 females 82 nymphs larvae Amblyomma, (Amblyomma Dermacentor 2 identified 65 ss s s.s. sl l s.l. coelebs humerale longirostre nodosum scalpturatum sculptum romitii ovale triste juxtakochi sp lastly Candidatus andeanae microplus tickhost host associations tickborne borne CenterWest Center West 1 20 23 86 (8 5 8 6 s.s s.l (

Resumo Foram coletados carrapatos parasitando 102 animais silvestres nos estados de Mato Grosso e Goiás, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2018. Um total de 2338 carrapatos (865 machos, 541 fêmeas, 823 ninfas e 109 larvas) pertencentes a quatro gêneros (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis e Rhipicephalus) e pelo menos 21 espécies foram identificadas. A extração de DNA e pesquisa molecular para agentes riquétsiais foram realizadas em 650 carrapatos. Os resultados revelaram parasitismo pelas seguintes espécies: Rickettsia amblyommatis em Amblyomma cajennense s.s., A. cajennense s.l., Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma humerale, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma scalpturatum, Amblyomma sculptum e Amblyomma romitii; Rickettsia parkeri em Amblyomma nodosum, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma scalpturatum e Amblyomma triste; Rickettsia rhipicephali em Haemaphysalis juxtakochi; Rickettsia sp. em A. cajennense s.s., A. nodosum e A. sculptum e, por último, ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’ em Amblyomma parvum e Rhipicephalus microplus. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre o parasitismo de carrapatos em animais silvestres, incluindo-se novos dados sobre associações carrapato-hospedeiro. Fornece, ainda, informações sobre a epidemiologia de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. 10 Goiás Brasil 201 2018 233 865 (86 machos 54 fêmeas 82 larvas Amblyomma, (Amblyomma Dermacentor 2 identificadas 65 ss s s.s. sl l s.l. coelebs humerale longirostre romitii ovale triste juxtakochi sp último Candidatus andeanae microplus incluindose incluindo se carrapatohospedeiro. carrapatohospedeiro carrapato hospedeiro. hospedeiro carrapato-hospedeiro Fornece ainda CentroOeste Centro Oeste 1 20 23 86 (8 5 8 6 s.s s.l (

Abstract Domestic cats and dogs are the most beloved human pets. As a result, they have become globally invasive species and are the most abundant carnivores in the world. Although they have a good relationship with humans, domestic cats and dogs have a negative ecological impact with significant consequences for conservation policies worldwide. The effects of these animals on wildlife have been studied only in a few countries, with most studies carried out in countries or regions with low vertebrate biodiversity (USA, New Zealand, and Europe). Except for a few studies carried out in Australia, Brazil and Mexico, we have no information on the effects of these predators in megadiverse countries. The main negative environmental effects of both species include predation of vertebrates and invertebrates, competition for food and space with native fauna, hybridization with phylogenetically close species or wild populations of their species, and transmission of diseases to wildlife and humans. The lack of information on the effects that introduced predators have at continental scales and the false perception of the human population that cats and dogs do not adverse impacts on the environment difficult their management and control. It is crucial to increase the number of studies of these two species in megadiverse countries to propose adequate management strategies that promote the conservation of native fauna.

Resumen Los gatos y perros domésticos son las mascotas preferidas del hombre, por lo que se han convertido en especies invasoras y los carnívoros más abundantes del planeta. A pesar de su buena relación con nuestra especie, tienen un impacto ecológico negativo con consecuencias para las políticas de conservación. Los efectos que estos animales tienen sobre la fauna silvestre han sido estudiados principalmente en países con baja biodiversidad de vertebrados (EUA, Nueva Zelanda y Europa), y salvo por algunos trabajos realizados en Australia, Brasil, y México, no contamos con información sobre sus efectos en países con alta biodiversidad. Los efectos negativos que ambas especies tienen sobre la biodiversidad incluyen la depredación y competencia con fauna nativa, su hibridación con especies filogenéticamente cercanas o poblaciones silvestres de su propia especie, y la transmisión de enfermedades a la fauna silvestre y a los humanos. La falta de información sobre los efectos de depredadores introducidos a nivel continental y la falsa idea de que los gatos y perros son ambientalmente inocuos, vuelve crucial aumentar la investigación sobre estas especies en países megadiversos para proponer estrategias de manejo que fomenten la conservación de fauna nativa.

Abstract In order to make decisions on the conservation or management of wild species, it is a priority to know their conservation status. For this purpose, the most widely used method is IUCN’s categorization of species according to the level of threat they face, both globally and nationally. In this article we conducted an analysis of threatened plant and vertebrate species, and of data deficient species in the department of Loreto, the largest and one of the most biodiverse in Peru, to identify the main threats they face, identify information gaps, and compare the national and global lists. According to both lists combined, 226 species considered threatened have been recorded in Loreto. Large differences exist between the national and global lists, mainly for plants and fish. The main threat recorded is habitat loss, which affects most of the threatened terrestrial vertebrate species. Large gaps persist in information on population size and trends for all taxonomic groups, and on distribution for threatened plants. Among the data deficient species, the main gaps are in distribution and population aspects, but also in threats, ecology, and taxonomy. Our results highlight the need to update the list of threatened plants of Peru, as well as to create a list of threatened fish species and to conduct research on the distribution, population, threats, and taxonomy of species with deficient data and threatened species with information gaps.

Resumen Para tomar decisiones en conservación o manejo de especies silvestres es prioritario conocer su estado de conservación, siendo el método de la IUCN el más utilizado para categorizar especies según su nivel de amenaza, tanto a nivel global como a nivel nacional. En este artículo realizamos un análisis de las especies de plantas y vertebrados amenazadas y de aquellas con datos insuficientes del departamento de Loreto, el más grande y uno de los más biodiversos del Perú, con el fin de identificar las principales amenazas que soportan, identificar los vacíos de información y comparar la congruencia entre la lista nacional y la global. Uniendo ambas listas, en Loreto se ha registrado 226 especies consideradas amenazadas. Existen grandes diferencias entre la lista nacional y la global, principalmente para plantas y peces. La principal amenaza registrada es la pérdida de hábitat, que afecta a la mayor parte de las especies de vertebrados terrestres amenazados. Existen grandes vacíos de información sobre tamaño y tendencia poblacional en todos los grupos taxonómicos, y de distribución en las plantas amenazadas. Entre las especies con datos insuficientes, los vacíos principales se dan en los aspectos de distribución y población, pero también en amenazas, ecología y taxonomía. Nuestros resultados resaltan la necesidad de actualizar la lista de plantas amenazadas del Perú, así como crear una lista de peces amenazados y realizar investigación sobre distribución, población, amenazas y taxonomía de las especies con datos insuficientes y de las especies amenazadas con vacíos de información.

Resumen Las carreteras generan impactos negativos sobre la biodiversidad, dentro de los cuales los atropellamientos configuran una de las causas directas más relevantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la distribución temporal y evaluar los patrones espaciales relacionados con el atropellamiento de vertebrados silvestres en las rutas Yopal-Quebradaseca y Yopal-variante Jagüeyes, en Casanare, Colombia. Entre 2017 y 2018 se realizaron 18 recorridos a 40 km/h en los que se registraron eventos de atropellamiento. Se determinaron tasas de atropellamiento, puntos calientes, así como variables del paisaje (humedales, vegetación nativa, construcciones) y de la vía (forma y presencia de señales de paso) relacionadas con este tensor. Se registraron 139 eventos de colisión, que incluyeron ocho especies de mamíferos, 13 de reptiles, 20 de aves y una de anfibio. Caiman crocodilus (n = 17), Rhinella marina (n = 13) y Tamandua tetradactyla (n = 13) fueron las especies más atropelladas. Myrmecophaga tridactyla fue la única especie amenazada reportada dentro de este grupo de vertebrados. La mayor tasa de atropellamiento en ambas vías fue encontrada para los reptiles. Para el total de datos, se identificaron 15 puntos calientes de atropellamiento. De forma general, los atropellamientos estuvieron asociados a tramos curvos de la vía, cercanos a humedales cercanos y en zonas sin infraestructura. El 64 % de los individuos atropellados se encontraron una distancia menor a 2 km a una señal de tránsito, lo que indica una baja efectividad de esta medida. Este es el primer reporte de atropellamiento de fauna para la sabana inundable y se espera que sea una herramienta de mitigación de esta amenaza en el departamento.

Abstract Road have impacted negatively the biodiversity and running-over the animals is one of the most relevant direct causes. This study aims to determine the time distribution and evaluate the spatial patterns related to running-over of wild vertebrates in the roads Yopal-Quebradaseca and Yopal-variante Jagüeyes, in Casanare (Colombia). between 2017 and 2018, running-over events were recorded in 18 trips at 40 km/h. Running-over rates and hotspots were determined as well as some landscape variables (wetlands, native vegetation, buildings) and road variables (shape and use of traffic signs) related to this issue. This way, 139 collision events were recorded including 8 mammal species, 13 reptiles, 20 birds and one amphibian. Caiman crocodilus (n = 17), Rhinella marina (n = 13) and Tamandua tetradactyla (n = 13) were the most run-over species. Myrmecophaga tridactyla was the only threatened species reported in this vertebrate group. Reptiles were the animals with higher running-over rates in both road directions. Based on the total data, 15 hotspots were identified. In general, running-over events were associated with going through curve sections, getting close to a wetland, and driving in areas without any infrastructure. In these events, 64% of the run-over animals were found at a distance lower than 2 km from traffic sign, which indicates a poor effectiveness of these signs. This is the first report of animal running-over in this flooded savanna and is expected to be used as a tool to mitigate the impact on this province.

Resumen El conocimiento en ectoparásitos de aves silvestres es fragmentario, a pesar de que el parasitismo en este grupo de vertebrados es omnipresente. El ácaro rojo, Dermanyssus sp, es un parásito obligado de aves silvestres y domésticas. Ocasionalmente infesta mamíferos, incluidos perros, gatos, caballos, ganados y roedores. Este género representa gran importancia en medicina veterinaria para América Latina y cuya distribución se extiende en todo el mundo.En este sentido, el objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el ectoparasitismo en el picaflor andino Oreotrochilus leucopleurus en el centro oeste de Argentina. Se determinó la presencia de ninfas de Dermanyssus sp mediante muestras obtenidas de un nido de O. leucopleurus a 3500 metros de altitud. Nuestro estudio representa el primer registro de este parásito en O. leucopleurus, contribuyendo al conocimiento del parasitismo en aves silvestres.

Abstract Knowledge about ectoparasites in wild birds is fragmentary, despite the fact that parasitism in this group of vertebrates is omnipresent. Dermanyssus sp. red mite, is an obligate parasite of wild and domestic birds. Occasionally it infests mammals, including dogs, cats, horses, cattle and rodents. This genus represents great importance in veterinary medicine for America Latin and whose distribution extends worldwide. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the ectoparasitism in the andean humming bird Oreotrochilus leucopleurus in the center west of Argentina. We determined the nymphs’ presence of Dermanyssus sp through samples obtained from a nest of O. leucopleurus at 3500 meters of altitude. Our study represents the first record of this parasite in O. leucopleurus, contributing to knowledge in parasitism in wild birds.

ABSTRACT The relationship between Mexican ethnic groups and wildlife is known by its use for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Particularly, in the Maya culture ornamental and ceremonial uses have been attributed to the fauna. Similarly, different beliefs, stories and legends have been developed around it. The studies conducted to document these relationships in the state of Yucatan are scarce; therefore this work was raised to determine the uses and beliefs of the wildlife in the Maya town of Zavala. 174 semi-structured interviews were conducted among men and women of different ages. The significant species were then divided into seven categories of use: food, medicine, pets, ornamental, ceremonial, mythical, and ominous. 54 species related with the worldview of the residents were identified, and divided into three classes, 20 orders, 38 families, and 54 genera. The birds were the most represented with 30 species, followed by Mammalia class with 19, and Reptilia with 5. Mammals were the group with the highest general use index. With this work, it was concluded that the inhabitants of Zavala preserve in their daily activities the ancestral uses and knowledge of the wildlife. Likewise, the information collected contributes to the knowledge of ethnozoology in Yucatán.

RESUMEN La relación entre las diferentes etnias mexicanas y la fauna silvestre se destaca por el uso de esta última con fines alimenticios y medicinales. Particularmente, en la cultura maya han sido otorgados diversos usos ceremoniales u ornamentales a la fauna silvestre; de igual forma, se han desarrollado creencias, cuentos y leyendas en torno a ella. Sin embargo, los estudios que documentan tales aspectos en el estado de Yucatán han sido escasos, por lo que en esta investigación se planteó determinar los usos y creencias de la fauna silvestre en Zavala, una comunidad maya yucateca. Para ello, se realizaron 124 entrevistas semiestructuradas a hombres y mujeres de distintas edades, las cuales se dividieron en siete categorías de uso: alimenticio, medicinal, mascota, ornamental, ceremonial, mítico y agorero. Se identificaron 54 especies relacionadas en la cosmovisión de los pobladores, que se dividieron en tres clases, 20 órdenes, 38 familias y 54 géneros. Las aves, con 30 especies, fueron el grupo con la mayor representatividad, seguidas por la clase Mammalia con 19 y Reptilia con cinco. Los mamíferos tuvieron el mayor índice de uso general. En este trabajo se concluye que los pobladores de Zavala conservan en sus actividades diarias, usos y conocimientos ancestrales de la fauna silvestre. La información recabada contribuye al conocimiento de la etnozoología en el estado de Yucatán.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the ethnozoological knowledge that the inhabitants of the Bonifacio García community, Morelos, Mexico, conserve about wild vertebrate. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 30 key informants, through participant observation and guided tours, traces such as footprints, excreta, burrows and pelts and in vivo observation were researched for the identification of the mentioned species and the following indexes were calculated: value of diversity of use for each species (VDS) and of medicinal uses (DVM), as well as the diversity index of the treated diseases (DITD). The study recorded a total of 42 wild vertebrate species, of these 28 are used: mammals 39.3%, birds 32%, reptiles 18%, fish 7.1% and amphibia 3.6%. The main use values were alimentary (0.54), medicinal (0.46) and ornamental (0.43). The white-tailed deer, the black iguana and the rattlesnake registered 0.57 of VDS and a DVM of 0.19. The main diseases treated are cancer, respiratory and skin diseases and rheumatism with an DITD of 0.17. The animals are obtained by means of subsistence hunting in the fields (50%), croplands (43%) and backyards (7%), using most frequently shotguns as arms for capture. We conclude that the appropriation of vertebrates complements basic needs for food and health; therefore, ethnozoological knowledge must be integrated into public policies that enable the conservation and management of wild fauna in the community.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el conocimiento etnozoológico que conservan de los vertebrados silvestres los habitantes de la comunidad Bonifacio García en Morelos, México. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 30 informantes clave, mediante la observación participante y recorridos guiados se buscaron rastros como huellas, excretas, madrigueras, pieles y observación in vivo para la identificación de las especies citadas y se calcularon los siguientes índices: valor de diversidad de uso para cada especie (VDE) y de uso medicinal (VDM), así como el índice de diversidad de las enfermedades tratadas (IVDE). Se reportan 41 especies de vertebrados que los entrevistados reconocen, de los cuales 28 son aprovechados: mamíferos 39.3%, aves 32%, reptiles 18%, peces 7.1% y anfibios 3.6%. Los principales valores de uso fueron alimentario (0.54), medicinal (0.46) y ornamental (0.43). El venado cola blanca, la iguana negra y la víbora de cascabel registraron 0.57 de VDE y un VDM de 0.19. Las principales enfermedades tratadas son: cáncer, afecciones respiratorias, enfermedades de la piel y reumatismo con un IVDE de 0.17. La apropiación de los vertebrados silvestres se lleva a cabo por medio de la cacería de subsistencia en el campo (50%), terrenos de cultivo (43%) y el traspatio (7%) utilizando con mayor frecuencia escopeta como arma de captura. Se concluye que la apropiación de vertebrados permite complementar necesidades básicas de alimentación y salud; por lo que los conocimientos etnozoológicos deben de integrarse a políticas públicas que permitan la conservación y manejo de la fauna silvestre en la comunidad.