Abstract Oxalic acid is an organic compound found in green leafy vegetables, which has proven to be effective in delaying ripening by inhibiting ethylene synthesis in fruits such as banana, mango, peach, tomato, plum, and others. In this study, the response to oxalic acid application on postharvest physiology was evaluated in transgenic tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) variety TA234 with the TomLoxB gene insertion in antisense, at two concentrations of oxalic acid: 3 and 10 mM, during 30 d of storage at 25 ± 1 ºC and a relative humidity of 65 - 70 %. The fruits were harvested at break stage and immersed for 10 minutes in the oxalic acid solution, which was maintained at 25 ºC. Upon treatment, less weight loss, better retention of lightness, delay in the decrease of firmness and hue angle, decrease in lipoxygenase activity, low electrolyte leakage and increase in total phenolics content were observed. The most effective oxalic acid concentration was 3 mM, that extended postharvest life by up to 30 d and reduced deterioration of the genetically modified (GM) tomatoes. In turn, the untreated GM tomatoes showed an acceptable appearance up to day 24 of storage, while the wild type fruits were kept satisfactorily for 15 d.

Resumen El ácido oxálico es un compuesto orgánico que se encuentra en vegetales de hoja verde y que ha demostrado ser eficaz para retrasar la maduración mediante la inhibición de la síntesis de etileno en frutos. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de ácido oxálico sobre la fisiología poscosecha en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) variedad TA234 genéticamente modificados (GM) con la inserción del gen TomLoxB en antisentido, a dos concentraciones de ácido oxálico (3 y 10 mM) durante 30 d de almacenamiento a 25 ± 1 ºC y una humedad relativa del 65 - 70 %. Los frutos en estado break se sumergieron durante 10 min en la solución de ácido oxálico. Se observó una menor pérdida de peso, mejor retención de la luminosidad, un retraso en la disminución de la firmeza y del ángulo hue, disminución de la actividad lipoxigenasa, baja pérdida de electrolitos y un aumento en el contenido de fenoles totales. La concentración más eficaz fue de 3 mM, que prolongó la vida poscosecha hasta 30 d y redujo el deterioro del tomate modificado, mientras los frutos GM testigos tuvieron una vida postcosecha de 24 d y los frutos silvestres testigo se mantuvieron satisfactoriamente por 15 d.

Abstract This work seeks to contribute from archaeobotany to the knowledge of the cultural complexity of the Santa María Valley, particularly to the problems of subsistence and the management of plant resources by the domestic units of these groups during the periods of Regional Developments and later (900 to 1665 AD). For this purpose, the analysis of charred macroremains recovered from a domestic unit (Unit 100) and a productive area (Unit 101) of the “El Pichao” site (S Tuc Tav 5, Tucumán) during the excavations carried out between 2002 and 2005, was undertaken as a case study. Samples were recovered using flotation techniques, complemented by manual recovery. In total, 41,453 macroremains were recovered, of which 2,337 correspond to fragments of fruits and seeds and the rest to charred wood; identifying the following taxa: Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris, Geoffroea decorticans, Cucurbita spp., Neltuma alba/nigra, Strombocarpa torquata, Celtis ehrenbergiana, Schinus areira, Trichocereus atacamensis, Portulaca spp., amarantaceae and reed/rush stems. The results suggest that domestic units in these late societies had no restrictions on the access and consumption of plant resources (food and non-food) available locally and regionally. Furthermore, they indicate a strong complementarity between agricultural practices and the collection of wild fruits, such as “algarroba”.

Resumen Se busca contribuir desde la arqueobotánica al conocimiento de la complejidad cultural del Valle de Santa María, particularmente a la problemática de la subsistencia y el manejo de los recursos vegetales por parte de las unidades domésticas de estos grupos durante los períodos de Desarrollos Regionales y posteriores (900 al 1665 AD). Para ello se encaró como caso de estudio el análisis de macrorrestos carbonizados recuperados de una unidad doméstica (Unidad 100) y un área productiva (Unidad 101) del sitio de “El Pichao” (S Tuc Tav 5, Tucumán), durante las campañas de excavación realizadas entre los años 2002 y 2005. Las muestras fueron recuperadas mediante técnicas de flotación, complementadas con recuperación manual. En total se recuperaron 41.453 macrorrestos, de los cuales 2.337 corresponden a fragmentos de frutas y semillas y el resto a maderas carbonizadas; identificándose los siguientes taxa: Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris, Geoffroea decorticans, Cucurbita spp., Neltuma alba/nigra, Strombocarpa torquata, Celtis ehrenbergiana, Schinus areira, Trichocereus atacamensis, Portulaca spp., amarantáceas y tallos de junco/caña. Los resultados sugieren que las unidades domésticas en estas sociedades tardías no tenían restricciones en el acceso y consumo de los recursos vegetales (alimenticios y no alimenticios) disponibles local y regionalmente. Además, indican una fuerte complementariedad entre prácticas agrícolas y de recolección de frutos silvestres, como la algarroba.

Resumen Las frutillas como zarzamoras, frambuesas, arándanos y fresas son ricas en compuestos fenólicos, metabolitos secundarios biosintetizados como resultado de la evolución de las plantas terrestres para hacer frente a los desafíos ambientales; en particular, las especies silvestres suelen tener características que les permiten adaptarse a ambientes adversos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial nutracéutico de genotipos silvestres del género Rubus, mediante la determinación de sus propiedades antioxidantes, para su posible inclusión en programas de mejoramiento genético. El contenido de fenoles, flavonoides y antocianinas totales, así como la capacidad antioxidante, por los ensayos ABTS y FRAP, fueron cuantificados en extractos polares de frutos correspondientes a seis zarzamoras: Rubus glaucus, la variedad Tupy, una muestra comercial y tres silvestres (Hidalgo 2.3, Hidalgo 2.4 y Chiapas 1) y una frambuesa (Rubus niveus). La concentración de compuestos fenólicos en las especies se encontró en el intervalo de 9.67 ± 0.47 a 17.81 ± 0.54 mg g-1 equivalentes de ácido gálico (EAG) en peso seco (PS), los flavonoides totales de 2.28 ± 0.20 a 10.27 ± 0.58 mg g-1 equivalentes de catequina (EC) en PS y antocianinas totales de 0.88 ± 0.05 a 19.19 ± 0.65 mg g-1 equivalentes de cianidina-3-glucósido EC3G en PS. Los valores de la capacidad antioxidante fueron de 715.09 ± 25.22 a 1357.29 ± 20.76 y de 19.67 ± 0.94 a 93.5 ± 6.03 µmol g-1 equivalentes de trolox (ET) en PS para los ensayos ABTS y FRAP, respectivamente. Se encontró que los genotipos silvestres, denominados Hidalgo 2.3 y Chiapas 1, presentaron las concentraciones más altas de compuestos fenólicos y, por lo tanto, una mayor capacidad antioxidante. Considerando que estos compuestos protegen a las plantas contra factores bióticos y abióticos adversos dentro de su ecosistema, los genotipos silvestres Hidalgo 2.3 y Chiapas 1 son candidatos para la selección en programas de mejoramiento genético.

Summary Berries such as blackberries, raspberries, blueberries and strawberries are rich in phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites biosynthesized as a result of the evolution of terrestrial plants to cope with environmental challenges. In particular, wild species often have characteristics that allow them to adapt to adverse environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutraceutical potential of wild genotypes of the genus Rubus, by determining their antioxidant properties, for possible inclusion in breeding programs. The content of phenols, flavonoids and total anthocyanins, as well as the antioxidant capacity, by ABTS and FRAP assays, were quantified in polar extracts of fruits corresponding to six blackberries: Rubus glaucus, the Tupy variety, one commercial sample and three wild ones (Hidalgo 2.3, Hidalgo 2.4 and Chiapas 1) and one raspberry (Rubus niveus). The concentration of phenolic compounds in the especies was found in the range of 9.67 ± 0.47 to 17.81 ± 0.54 mg g-1 gallic acid (GAE) equivalents in dry weight (DW), total flavonoids from 2.28 ± 0.20 to 10.27 ± 0.58 mg g-1 mg catechin equivalents (CE) in DW, and total anthocyanins of 0.88 ± 0.05 to 19.19 ± 0.65 mg g-1 of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3GE) equivalents in DW. The antioxidant capacity values were from 715.09 ± 25.22 to 1357.29 ± 20.76 and from 19.67 ± 0.94 to 93.5 ± 6.03 µmol g-1 of trolox equivalents (TE) in DW for ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. Wild genotypes named Hidalgo 2.3 and Chiapas 1, were found to have the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds, and therefore, higher antioxidant capacity. Considering that these compounds protect plants against adverse biotic and abiotic factors within their ecosystem, the wild genotypes Hidalgo 2.3 and Chiapas 1 are candidates for selection in breeding programs.

Abstract Malpighia glabra is a wild fruit species widely distributed in Yucatan, however, it is underutilized due to the lack of knowledge about its properties. Therefore, the objective of this research was to morphologically characterize the fruits of wild M. glabra from two bioclimatic regions of the Yucatán state. For this, a total of 120 fruits from four wild populations of M. glabra were collected in the Yucatan state. Fruits were morphologically characterized using 11 traits that included fruit weight (g), fruit polar diameter (mm), fruit equatorial diameter (mm), fruit shape index, fruits per axil, total soluble solids (ºBrix), seed weight (g), polar seed diameter (mm), equatorial seed diameter (mm), seed thickness (mm) and seed shape index. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and morphological relationships between populations were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis by the UPGMA method using Gower's similarity distance. The fruits of M. glabra presented an oblate shape. In general, statistical difference was observed between the morphological traits evaluated. Multivariate analysis of PCA and UPGMA allowed the formation of three groups, with the variables of fruit weight, fruit polar diameter, fruit equatorial diameter, total soluble solids and fruits per axil being the ones that contributed the most in the differentiation of groups. The first three principal components explained 89.42% of the cumulative variation between the groups.

Resumen Malpighia glabra es una especie frutal silvestre ampliamente distribuida en Yucatán, la cual es desaprovechada debido a la falta de conocimiento sobre sus propiedades. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar morfológicamente los frutos de M. glabra en estado silvestre de dos regiones bioclimáticas del estado de Yucatán. Para esto, un total de 120 frutos de cuatro poblaciones silvestres de M. glabra fueron colectados en el estado de Yucatán. Estos frutos se caracterizaron morfológicamente mediante 11 variables que incluyeron el peso de fruto (g), diámetro polar de fruto (mm), diámetro ecuatorial de fruto (mm), índice de forma de fruto, frutos por axila, sólidos solubles totales (ºBrix), peso de semilla (g), diámetro polar de semilla (mm), diámetro ecuatorial de semilla (mm), espesor de semilla (mm) e índice de forma de semilla. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un análisis de varianza, y las relaciones morfológicas entre las poblaciones se evaluaron mediante análisis de componentes principales (ACP), y de conglomerados por el método UPGMA utilizando la distancia de similitud de Gower. Los frutos de M. glabra presentaron forma de oblato. En general, se observó diferencia estadística entre las variables morfológicas evaluadas. Los análisis multivariados de ACP y UPGMA permitieron la formación de tres grupos, siendo las variables de peso de fruto, diámetro polar de fruto, diámetro ecuatorial de fruto, sólidos solubles totales y frutos por axila las que contribuyeron más en la diferenciación de los grupos. Los tres primeros componentes principales explicaron 89.42% de la variación total acumulada entre los grupos.

Abstract Sambucus australis (Viburnaceae) is a wild and native species from South America used in traditional medicine. The objective of this review is to collect information on geographic distribution, systematics and phylogeny, morphological and anatomical characteristics, biochemical composition, and biological and ethnobotanical activity for its valorization as a wild food plant with edible and medicinal properties. S. australis grows naturally in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. It is a shrub or small dioecious tree. Leaves are imparipinnate, generally with 11 opposite leaflets. Flowers with a 1-cm diameter are presented in inflorescences as terminal corymbs, with an inferior, pentacarpellate and pentalocular ovary. Leaves and flowers have a high content of total phenols. The following secondary metabolites were found: quercetin, isoquercetrin, quercetin, Kaempferol, hyperoside, rutin, and di-O-caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, gallic, caffeic, and ellagic acids. Its biological activity was described as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, allelopathic, antiproliferative, antigenotoxic, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, antibacterial and synergizing. Ethnobotanical studies have shown that its flowers, leaves, fruits, bark and roots are used to treat asthma, colds, flu, diabetes, measles, etc. Knowledge about the characteristics, properties, and uses of S. australis is an important contribution for its valorization, conservation, sustainable use and domestication Viburnaceae (Viburnaceae medicine distribution phylogeny characteristics composition properties S Brazil Paraguay Bolivia Uruguay Argentina tree imparipinnate 1 leaflets 1cm cm corymbs inferior ovary phenols found quercetin isoquercetrin Kaempferol hyperoside rutin diOcaffeoylquinic, diOcaffeoylquinic di O caffeoylquinic, caffeoylquinic di-O-caffeoylquinic chlorogenic gallic caffeic acids antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antioxidant allelopathic antiproliferative antigenotoxic antiparasitic hypoglycemic lipidlowering, lipidlowering lipid lowering, lowering lipid-lowering synergizing leaves fruits asthma colds flu diabetes measles etc conservation

Abstract Wild passion fruit (Passiflora cincinnata) has great adaptability to the semi-arid environment of the Caatinga biome, Brazil. However, information about the postharvest quality and the ideal ripening points of the fruits are still insufficient in the literature. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the physical, chemical characteristics and bioactive compounds of P. cincinnata fruit at different ripening stages, harvested in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Three ripening stages (stage I = 100% green peel color; stage II = green-yellow peel color; stage III = yellow-green peel color) were evaluated. Physical characteristics (pulp yield with seeds pulp yield without seeds, pulp volume without seeds, fresh peel mass, rind thickness, longitudinal fruit diameter, transversal fruit diameter, fruit shape, longitudinal inner cavity diameter, transversal inner cavity diameter, and firmness) in the whole fruit and physicochemical (moisture, ashes, pH, H+ ion concentration, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS/TA ratio, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, soluble sugars, and proteins) and bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds) in the fruit pulp were evaluated. Based on the physical and physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds analyzed in the P. cincinnata pulp, the stage II of ripening stands out as the most promising for in natura consumption and elaboration of food products of this fruit. The results obtained allowed us to prove the nutritional potentiality of the fruit, providing technical subsidies for the use of P. cincinnata in agroindustry. Passiflora semiarid semi arid biome Brazil However literature Thus P region 100 color greenyellow yellow yellowgreen evaluated mass thickness diameter shape firmness moisture, moisture (moisture ashes pH H concentration solids acidity SSTA SS TA ratio sugars nonreducing non proteins ascorbic acid chlorophyll carotenoids flavonoids anthocyanins agroindustry 10 1

ABSTRACT Obtaining introgression lines of saladete-type dwarf tomato plants can provide several advantages in breeding programs. In addition to increasing productivity, the dwarf plant can produce metabolites that are important to resistance to biotic stress. However, there are no saladette-type dwarf tomato introgression lines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic potential, fruit quality, and secondary metabolites associated with pest resistance for the development saladette-type dwarf tomato introgression lines. The experiment was conducted with 23 treatments, including the UFU MC TOM 1 donor parent, the UFU TOM 5 recurrent parent, the Pizzadoro commercial cultivar (control), 5 populations from the first backcross, and 15 populations from the second backcross. Agronomic and nutraceutical characteristics of fruits and the acylsugar content in the leaflets were evaluated. The genetic dissimilarity was calculated using the generalized Mahalanobis distance (D2). Genetic gain through selection was estimated using the rank sum index and the genotype-ideotype distance index. The selection indices showed the importance of obtaining the second backcross. The populations UFU_13_1, UFU_17_1, UFU_10_1, UFUi_11_3, UFUi_10_3, and UFU_11_2 have the potential to obtain introgression lines as they present good agronomic and fruit quality characteristics and acylsugar content similar to UFU MC TOM 1. The dwarf tomato germplasm obtained has significant genetic variability and a saladette-type genetic background with the potential to develop introgression lines. The cultivar UFU MC TOM 1 is promising and can overcome the wild access Solanum pennellii for breeding programs aimed at pest resistance, increasing productivity, and biofortification of fruits to enhance carotenoids. saladetetype saladete type productivity stress However saladettetype saladette 2 treatments parent control, control , (control) backcross evaluated D2. D2 D . (D2) genotypeideotype genotype ideotype UFU131 13 UFU_13_1 UFU171 17 UFU_17_1 UFU101 10 UFU_10_1 UFUi113 UFUi 11 3 UFUi_11_3 UFUi103 UFUi_10_3 UFU112 UFU_11_ carotenoids (control (D2 UFU13 UFU_13_ UFU17 UFU_17_ UFU10 UFU_10_ UFUi11 UFUi_11_ UFUi10 UFUi_10_ UFU11 UFU_11 (D UFU1 UFU_13 UFU_17 UFU_10 UFUi1 UFUi_11 UFUi_10 UFU_1 UFUi_1 UFU_ UFUi_

RESUMO A obtenção de linhas de introgressão de tomateiro anão do tipo Saladete pode proporcionar vantagens em programas de melhoramento. Além do aumento de produtividade, a planta anã pode apresentar metabólitos para o estresse biótico. No entanto, não existe linhas de introgressão de tomateiro anão do tipo Saladete. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial agronômico, qualidade de fruto e metabólitos secundários para resistência a pragas visando a obtenção de linhas de introgressão de tomateiro anão do tipo Saladete. Foram avaliados 23 tratamentos, sendo o genitor doador UFU MC TOM 1, genitor recorrente UFU TOM 5, cultivar comercial Pizzadoro (Testemunha), cinco populações provenientes do primeiro e 15 populações do segundo retrocruzanento. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas e nutraceuticas dos frutos, e acilaçúcares nos folíolos. A dissimilaridade genética foi calculada por meio da distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) e as estimativas de ganhos genéticos a partir dos índices de soma de ranks e da distância genótipo-ideótipo. Foi possível afirmar a importância de se obter o segundo retrocruzamento. As populações UFU_13_1, UFU_17_1, UFU_10_1, UFUi_11_3, UFUi_10_3 e UFU_11_2 possuem potencial para obtenção de linhas de introgressão por apresentarem boas características agronômicas, qualidade de frutos e teores de acilaçúcar similares a UFU MC TOM 1. O germoplasma de tomateiro anão possui variabilidade genética e background do tipo Saladete com potencial para explorar linhas de introgressão. A cultivar UFU MC TOM 1 é promissora e pode superar o acesso silvestre Solanum pennellii para programas de melhoramento visando resistência a pragas, produtividade e frutos biofortificados para carotenoides. biótico entanto agronômico 2 tratamentos 5 Testemunha, Testemunha , (Testemunha) retrocruzanento folíolos D2 D (D2 genótipoideótipo. genótipoideótipo genótipo ideótipo. ideótipo genótipo-ideótipo retrocruzamento UFU131 13 UFU_13_1 UFU171 17 UFU_17_1 UFU101 10 UFU_10_1 UFUi113 UFUi 11 3 UFUi_11_3 UFUi103 UFUi_10_ UFU112 UFU_11_ carotenoides (Testemunha (D UFU13 UFU_13_ UFU17 UFU_17_ UFU10 UFU_10_ UFUi11 UFUi_11_ UFUi10 UFUi_10 UFU11 UFU_11 UFU1 UFU_13 UFU_17 UFU_10 UFUi1 UFUi_11 UFUi_1 UFU_1 UFUi_ UFU_

RESUMEN El sotol (Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel.), especie endémica del noreste de México, presenta interés económico y social por su aprovechamiento comercial. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la germinación, crecimiento vegetativo y morfología floral de D. cedrosanum del matorral rosetófilo de Coahuila. Se sometieron 3 lotes de 100 semillas a un proceso de imbibición y se registró el porcentaje de germinación. La caracterización de la germinación se realizó a las plántulas cultivadas en laboratorio, mientras que la morfología vegetativa se determinó en plantas adultas tomadas de un jardín botánico, con fecha de siembra conocida y a las cuales no se les dio un manejo de cultivo. La descripción de la morfología floral se realizó en plantas silvestres del cañón de San Lorenzo, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. La primera fase de la imbibición duró 48 h e incrementó 52 % el peso; la segunda o de latencia duró 48 h alcanzando un 55 %; y la tercera concluyó a las 120 h con un incremento total del 60 % de peso. Las semillas emitieron el hipocótilo a partir del quinto día. En el décimo día se obtuvo 98 % de germinación. Entre las características morfológicas distintivas de la especie, las inflorescencias, conocidas como “escapos florales”, registraron una altura promedio de 3.39 m. Las flores fueron actinomorfas y unisexuales. La flor estaminada presentó perianto sin diferenciación de tépalos y sépalos. Las flores pistiladas mostraron pedicelos y receptáculo corto. El polen fue elíptico, de abertura monosulcada, con dimensión de 15 μm x 30 μm. Los frutos fueron secos e indehiscentes, conocidos como samara. Las semillas fueron turbinadas de contorno trigonal. El análisis de las características de germinación y morfología vegetativa y floral del sotol permitieron comprender las adaptaciones que esta planta ha desarrollado para crecer en los ambientes semiáridos del país.

ABSTRACT Sotol (Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel.), endemic species of northeastern Mexico, has attracted economic and social interest due to its commercial potencial. The objective of this work was to characterize the germination, vegetative growth and floral morphology of D. cedrosanum from the rosetophyllous scrub of Coahuila. Three batches of 100 seeds were submitted to an imbibition process and the germination percentage was recorded. The characterization of the germination was carried out on the seedlings grown in the laboratory, while the vegetative morphology was determined in adult plants taken from a botanical garden, with a known planting date and which were not given a crop management. The description of the floral morphology was carried out on wild plants from the San Lorenzo canyon, near the municipality of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. The imbibition showed the first phase of absorption within 48 h, with an increase of 52 % in weight. The third phase began at 96 h with an increase of 55 % in weight. The seeds emitted the hypocotyl from the fifth day. On the tenth day 98 % germination was obtained. Among the distinctive morphological characteristics of the species, the inflorescences, known as “floral scapes”, recorded an average height of 3.39 m. The flowers were actinomorphic and unisexual. The staminate flower presented perianth without differentiation of tepals and sepals, while the pistillate flowers showed pedicels and a short receptacle. The pollen was elliptical, with a monosulcate opening, with a dimension of 15 μm x 30 μm. The fruits were dry and indehiscent, known as samara. The seeds were turbinated with a trigonal contour. The germination and characteristics of the sotol corresponded to adaptations that allow it to grow in the semi-arid environment of this region of the country.

Resumen Antecedentes: Poblaciones de Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum se encuentran en una amplia porción del territorio mexicano y son el ancestro de muchas formas cultivadas relevantes en la dieta del pueblo mexicano. Preguntas: ¿Cuales son las proporciones de la variación fenotípica y genética distribuida entre las regiones muestreadas, entre poblaciones y dentro de poblaciones? ¿Como se correlaciona el clima a la variación fenotípica de las poblaciones? Especie: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. Sitios y Años de Estudio: 24 poblaciones de tres regiones fueron muestreadas: Noroeste, estados de Sonora y Sinaloa; Sur: estado de Oaxaca y Sureste: estados de Tabasco y Yucatán en México. El experimento se llevó a cabo entre 2016-2018. Resultados: 49.8 % de la variación fenotípica fue detectada dentro de familias, 11.1 % entre familias (dentro de poblaciones), 21.3 % entre poblaciones y 17.6 % entre regiones. La base genética de tal variación fenotípica fue del 50.1 % en promedio. Para esta variación genética, 34.2 % fue hallada entre regiones, 39.4 % entre poblaciones y 26.3 % dentro de poblaciones. Los factores climáticos generaron diferentes patrones de correlaciones para rasgos vegetativos, foliares y reproductivos.

Abstract: Background: Populations of Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum are found in a wide portion of the Mexican territory, and it is ancestor of many cultivated forms relevant for the Mexican diet. Questions: What are the proportions of phenotypic and genetic variation distributed among its sampled regions, populations and within populations. How does the climate correlates to the population’s phenotypic variation. Species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. Study sites and years: 24 populations form three regions were sampled: Northwest, states of Sonora and Sinaloa; South: Oaxaca and Southeast Tabasco and Yucatán, in Mexico. The experiment was performed between years 2016 to 2018. Methods: Fruits from single plants were collected in wild populations. Plants were grown in a greenhouse. Nested ANOVAS were performed to estimate phenotypic and genetic variance components for different spatial scales. Climate correlation was estimated through univariate and multivariate methods. Results: 49.8 % of phenotypic variation was detected within families, 11.1 % among families (within populations), 21.3 % among populations and 17.6 % among regions. The genetic basis of phenotypic variation was 50.1% on average, for this genetic variation 34.2 % was found among regions, 39.4% among populations and 26.3 % within populations. Climate factors generated different patterns of correlations for vegetative, foliar and reproductive traits. Conclusions: Northwest plants were shorth, with small leaves and large fruits, Southeast plants were tall, with large leaves and small fruits, South plants developed intermediate phenotypic traits. Climate explained a large proportion of phenotypic differentiation.

Resumen Antecedentes: Capsicum spp. crecen en ambientes con diferente radiación incidente, lo que podría modificar el crecimiento de las plantas y la concentración de fitoquímicos en frutos. Hipótesis: El sombreado afecta positivamente la fenología y el rendimiento de frutos, disminuye los contenidos de fenoles (TPC), flavonoides (FLV), proantocianidinas (PAN) y carotenoides (CAT) en frutos de Capsicum silvestres. Especies de estudio: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), y C. frutescens (Pico Paloma, PIP) Sitio y años de estudio: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 y 2021. Métodos: Las semillas fueron tratadas con ácido giberélico (GA3) (500 mg L-1 ) por 24 h antes de siembra. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas a campo abierto y bajo dos niveles de sombreado (35 y 70 %), bajo un diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. TPC, FLV, PAN y CAT fueron determinados en frutos por espectrofotometría UV-vis. Resultados: El sombreado aceleró los procesos fenológicos desde la primera bifurcación del tallo, y disminuyó el tiempo para maduración de frutos desde antesis. El sombreado incrementó el rendimiento en el genotipo AMA, pero redujo TPC, FLV, y CAT en frutos; estos metabolitos incrementaron su contenido a campo abierto. Conclusiones: La sombra redujo la duración de estados fenológicos incluyendo el período de maduración de frutos, y aumentó la altura de planta en Capsicum spp. El incremento en rendimiento por efecto de sombreado solo se observó en el genotipo AMA. El contenido de fitoquímicos en frutos se reduce con el sombreado.

Abstract Background: Capsicum spp. grow in environments with different incident radiation, that could modify the plant growth and the concentration of phytochemicals in fruits. Hypothesis: Shading positively affects phenology and fruit yield, decreases the total contents of phenols (TPC), flavonoids (FLV), proanthocyanidins (PAN) and carotenoids (CAT) in fruits of wild Capsicum species. Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), and C. frutescens (Pico paloma, PIP) Study site and dates: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 and 2021. Methods: Seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (500 mg L-1) for 24 h prior to seeding. The seedlings were transplanted in an open field and under two levels of shade (35 and 70 %) under a subsplit plot design with four replicates. TPC, FLV, PAN and CAT were determinate in immature and ripe fruits by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Results: Shade accelerated the phenological processes from the first bifurcation of the stem, and decreased the fruits ripening time from anthesis of the genotypes studied. Shade only increased the yield of the AMA genotype and reduced the contents of TPC, FLV, and CAT; however, these metabolites increased under open field conditions. Conclusions: The shade reduced the duration of phenological stages including the ripening period of fruits, and increased the plant height of the Capsicum spp. The increase in yield by shading effect only was observed in AMA genotype. The content of phytochemicals in Capsicum fruits is reduced by shading levels.

Resumen. El objetivo fue determinar la variación morfológica de frutos de genotipos de chile piquín y definir los descriptores de fruto que permitan identificar y discriminar esta especie. Se utilizaron 10 genotipos y se consideraron 24 caracteres morfológicos relacionados con el fruto. Se observaron diferencias (p ≤ 0.01) en la fuente de variación genotipos para la mayoría caracteres cuantitativos. Los genotipos G6 y G7 presentaron los mayores valores en longitud, relación longitud/diámetro de fruto y numero predominante de lóculos. Con base en la similitud los genotipos se conglomeraron en seis y cuatro grupos para caracteres cuantitativos y pseudo-cualitativos, respectivamente. Los componentes principales determinaron que el diámetro, longitud, relación longitud/diámetro de fruto, intensidad de color antes de madurez, color antes de la madurez, forma de fruto y forma del ápice fueron los más discriminatorios permitiendo una descripción e identificación morfológica cuando solo se conocen caracteres relacionados con el fruto.

Abstract. The objective was to determine the morphological varia- tion of fruits of piquin pepper genotypes and to define fruit descriptors to identify and discriminate this species. Ten genotypes were used and 24 morphological characters related to the fruit were considered. Differences (p ≤ 0.01) were observed in the source of variation genotypes for most quantitative characters. Genotypes G6 and G7 presented the highest values in fruit length, fruit length/diameter ratio and predominant number of locules. Based on similarity, genotypes were clustered into six and four groups for quantitative and pseudo-qualitative characters, respectively. Principal components determined that fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit length/diameter ratio, color intensity before maturity, color before maturity, fruit shape, and apex shape were the most discriminatory, allowing a morphological description and identification when only fruit-related characters are known.

RESUMEN En condiciones del trópico colombiano es necesario establecer estrategias de alimentación que permitan aumentar la productividad a bajo costo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con ensilados de totumo, mango, guayabo de monte sobre la digestibilidad in vitro, degradabilidad y parámetros productivos en vacas doble propósito. El estudio fue realizado en la finca La Florida, ubicada, en el municipio de Puerto Boyacá, se usaron 32 vacas (Gyr x Holstein) con peso promedio de 460 ±35 kg en primer tercio de lactación, distribuidas en cuatro (4) grupos de ocho (8) cada uno, conformados de la siguiente manera: T1: grupo control: sin ensilajes; T2: ensilaje de Guayabo de monte; T3: ensilaje de Totumo y T4: ensilaje de Mango común. Todas las vacas permanecieron en pastoreo rotacional con Brachiaria decumbens, agua a voluntad y sal mineralizada. Se analizó el efecto del tratamiento, el tiempo y su interacción, para ello se usó el comando PROC MIXED del software SAS 9.2 (2002), la diferencias entre promedios se realizó mediante prueba de Tukey-Kramer, con nivel de significancia del 5 %. No hubo diferencias (p<0,05) en la producción diaria de leche entre los tratamientos evaluados, sin embargo, el porcentaje de proteína en leche fue mayor (p<0,05) en los tratamientos T2 y T4. EL NUL fue mayor en el T2 y menor en el T4. El consumo de ensilajes fue mayor (p<0,05) en el T4 y la condición corporal mostró ser mejor para los tratamientos T2 y T4, finalmente para los parámetros de degradabilidad y digestibilidad in vitro, los tratamientos T2, T3 y T4 obtuvieron los mayores valores respectivamente. La suplementación de vacas doble propósito con ensilajes de frutos del bosque húmedo tropical mejora la proteína de la leche y la condición corporal de las vacas. Los ensilados estudiados, poseen alta tasa de degradación y digestibilidad In vitro, representando una alternativa de alimentación en los rumiantes.

ABSTRACT In the Colombian tropic, it is necessary to establish feeding strategies that increase productivity and reduce costs. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of totumo, mango, and wild guava silage on in vitro digestibility, degradability, and productive parameters in dual-purpose cows. This study was carried out on a farm located in the municipality of Puerto Boyacá. Thirty-two Gyr x Holstein cows (Body weight = 460 ± 35 kg) in early lactation were enrolled and distributed in four groups of eight individuals: T1: control group: no silage; T2: Wild guava silage; T3: Totumo silage and T4: Mango silage. All the cows remained in a rotational grazing system with Brachiaria decumbens, water, and a salt-based mineral supplement ad libitum. There were no differences (p>0,05) in the daily milk production. However, protein levels in milk were higher (p<0,05) in the T2 and T4 treatments. NUL was more elevated in T2 and lower in T4. Silage consumption was higher (p<0,05) in T4, and the body condition score was higher for T2 and T4. For the degradability and digestibility parameters in vitro, treatments T2, T3, and T4 obtained the highest values. Fruits silage supplementation on dual-purpose cows with silage fruits can increase milk protein levels and body condition score. Those silages have a high rate of degradation and in vitro digestibility, representing a feeding alternative for ruminants.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La utilización de frutos silvestres forma parte de un conocimiento ecológico local dinámico, sensible a cambios sociales y ecológicos. M&M: Para evaluar las potencialidades alimenticias poco aprovechadas de las semillas y el uso efectivo de productos elaborados con algarroba (frutos de Neltuma spp.), se realizó, por un lado, el análisis nutricional de sus semillas -perfil de ácidos grasos, proteínas totales y compuestos antioxidantes (polifenoles totales) y, por el otro, el estudio de la oferta de productos en ferias y dietéticas a través de entrevistas personales, así como del relevamiento del uso y percepciones asociadas al uso de estos productos mediante entrevistas virtuales. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados de modo cualitativo, con análisis de frecuencias y aplicando Modelo Lineal General. Resultados: Los resultados nutricionales señalan el potencial alimenticio de las semillas de la algarroba que lo posiciona como un “alimento funcional folklórico”. Por otra parte se ha observado que, el consumo de productos elaborados con algarrobas está paulatinamente más frecuente como parte de un elemento cultural nuevo, asociado a una percepción positiva para la salud. Se observa que la principal limitación para su uso es la falta de información sobre sus propiedades y ventajas para el bienestar. Conclusiones: Los frutos de Neltuma spp. se posicionan como NUS (especies olvidadas y subutilizadas) en proceso de ser revalorizado, cuya promoción podría tener un impacto positivo en la conservación de bosques nativos y de las economías regionales.

SUMMARY Background and aims: The use of wild fruits is part of a dynamic local ecological knowledge, sensitive to social and ecological changes. M&M: To evalúate the nutritional potentialities and effective use of products made with algarroba (fruits of Neltuma spp.), progress was made in their nutritional determination in the laboratory. Furthermore the supply of products at fairs and dietetics was studied by means of surveys, and online surveys were carried out to study the use and perceptions associated with the use of these products. The data obtained were analyzed both qualitatively and by frequency analysis and applying General Linear Model. Results: The nutritional results indicate the nutritional and also medicinal potential, as anti-inflammatory, of the algarrobas, positioning it as a “folk functional food”. The consumption of products made with algarrobas would be increasing in frequency, not depending on traditional guidelines but as a new cultural element, associated with a positive perception for health. The main limitation for its use being the lack of information in this regard. Conclusions: The fruits of Neltuma spp. can be considered as NUS (neglected and underutilized species) in process of being revalued, with a great potential impact on the conservation of native forests and regional economies.

Resumo Mosca-das-frutas sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), é uma importante praga da região subtropical do Brasil. Este inseto tem relação tritrófico entre frutos silvestres e parasitoides e está associado a pomares de macieiras (Malus domestica Borkh.) adjacentes à Mata Atlântica no Paraná. Assim, investigamos o grau de infestação da mosca-das-frutas e o parasitismo natural em frutas silvestres e cultivadas ao redor de pomares de maçã. Para tanto, foram coletados frutos de Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart), Eugenia uniflora L., Eugenia pyriformis Cambessèdes, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Psidium guajava (L.), Annona neosericea Rainer e Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb) em pomares de maçã adjacentes à Mata Atlântica localizados nos municípios de Campo do Tenente, Lapa e Porto Amazonas. No total, coletamos 18.289 frutos durante quatro anos de cultivo. A ocorrência de A. fraterculus depende do período de suscetibilidade dos frutos da maçã. A. sellowiana e P. cattleianum foram considerados multiplicadores primários de mosca-das-frutas e P. guajava foi secundário, todos ocorrendo após a colheita da maçã (período IS). Os parasitóides a associados a A. fraterculus foram Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) e Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti, 1911) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), todos os quais são primeiros registros na Mata Atlântica no Paraná. Primeiro registro de O. bellus ocorrendo no Estado do Paraná, assim como, primeiro registro da associação tritrófica entre o hospedeiro A. neosericea, parasitoides D. areolatus e O. bellus e mosca-das-frutas A. fraterculus. O hospedeiro P. cattleianum se destacou entre as espécies de Myrtaceae pela alta diversidade de parasitóides associados (81% dos parasitóides). O número total de espécies de Figitidae (76,5%) foi superior ao de espécies de Braconidae. A influência de eventos climáticos no sul do Brasil na produção de frutas silvestres deve ser mais estudada para entender a associação de A. fraterculus com a relação tritrófica.

Abstract The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important pest in the subtropical region of Brazil. This insect has tritrophic relation between wild fruits and parasitoids and is associated with apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards adjacent to the Atlantic Forest in Paraná. We thus investigated the degree of infestation of the fruit fly and natural parasitism in wild and cultivated fruits surrounding apple orchards. For this purpose, we collected fruits of Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart), Eugenia uniflora L., Eugenia pyriformis Cambessèdes, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Psidium guajava (L.), Annona neosericea Rainer and Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb) in apple orchards adjacent to the Atlantic Forest located in Campo do Tenente, Lapa and Porto Amazonas counties. In total, we collected 18,289 fruits during four growing years. The occurrence of A. fraterculus depends on the susceptible period of apple fruits. A. sellowiana and P. cattleianum were considered primary fruit fly multipliers and P. guajava was secondary, all occurring after the apple harvest (IS period). The group of parasitoids with A. fraterculus was Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) and Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti, 1911) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) all of which are first records in the Atlantic Forest in Paraná. First record of O. bellus occurring in the State of Paraná, as well as, first record of the tritrophic association between host plant A. neosericea, parasitoids D. areolatus and O. bellus and fruit fly A. fraterculus. The host P. cattleianum stood out among the Myrtaceae species in regard to the high diversity of parasitoid species (81% of parasitoids). The total number of Figitidae species (76.5%) was higher than that of Braconidae species. The influence of climatic events in southern Brazil on wild fruit production should be further studied to understand the association of A. fraterculus with the tritrophic relationship.

Abstract In the fruits of wild pitaya (Stenocereus thurberi) four different types of coloration are distinguished (red, red, yellow and orange); The study was carried out in its state of maturation and based on those that presented these colors, in order to determine its color, mineral composition, chemical and nutraceutical quality through a chemical analysis. The fruits had an average of 83 % humidity, 0.8 % ash and 0.1 % fat. The highest contents of total fiber were (38 g kg-1), TSS (13.5 °Brix), glucose (12.6 g 100 g-1), fructose (6.1 g 100g-1), total phenols (1.9 mg EAG g-1) and antioxidant capacity (ORAC, ABTS+) for the orange color. The high values of betacyanins (125.4 mg 100 g-1) and betaxanthins (275.1 mg 100 g-1) are values reported for the red color that also contains a greater number of minerals (K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn), followed by red fruits with (N, Na and Cu), orange (P, Zn) and yellow (N, K). The values of the hue angle for the pulp in the four colors of the pitaya were located in the yellowish-reddish region, revealing the visual color for each fruit with the use of the ColorHexa software. The variability in the evaluated characteristics was influenced by the color of the pitaya fruit.

Resumen En los frutos de pitaya silvestre (Stenocereus thurberi) se distinguen cuatro tipos diferentes de coloración (rojo, tinto, amarillo y anaranjado); el estudio se realizó en su estado de maduración y con base en los que presentaron estos colores, para a través de un análisis químico determinar su color, composición mineral, calidad química y nutracéutica. Los frutos tuvieron en promedio 83 % de humedad, 0.8 % de cenizas y 0.1 % de grasa. Los mayores contenidos de fibra total fueron de (38 g kg-1), SST (13.5 °Brix), glucosa (12.6 g 100 g-1), fructosa (6.1 g 100g-1), fenoles totales (1.9 mg EAG g-1) y capacidad antioxidante (ORAC, ABTS+) para el color anaranjado. Los valores altos de betacianinas (125.4 mg 100 g-1) y betaxantinas (275.1 mg 100 g-1) son valores reportados para el color tinto que también contiene un número mayor de minerales (K, Ca, Mg, Fe y Mn), seguidos de los frutos rojos con (N, Na y Cu), anaranjados (P, Zn) y amarillos (N, K). Los valores del ángulo de matiz para la pulpa en los cuatro colores de la pitaya se situaron en la región amarillenta-rojiza, revelando el color visual para cada fruto con el uso del software ColorHexa. La variabilidad en las características evaluadas estuvo influenciada por el color del fruto de pitaya.