Resumo Gambás são animais sinantrópicos que participam do ciclo de transmissão dessa zoonose. Doença de Chagas é uma doença tropical negligenciada, causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, ocorre mundialmente em animais domésticos, silvestres e seres humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de Trypanosoma cruzi em gambás de vida livre no município de Canoinhas, estado Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para isso, 50 gambás (Didelphis albiventris) (33 capturas e 17 necropsias) foram avaliados por ensaio de Nested-PCR. Todas as amostras de tecido foram negativas (0/17). Oito de 33 (24.24%; 95% CI:11.94-40,89%) amostras de sangue foram positivas para T. cruzi. Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre o sexo (macho/fêmea, p = 0.423), área de captura (rural/urbana, p = 0.163), e positividade para T. cruzi em amostras de sangue dos gambás. Todas as amostras positivas demonstraram 100% identificação com Trypanosoma cruzi (KF788250), isolado de Panstrongylus megistus em São Paulo, Brasil. O modelo de análise filogenética alocou todas as sequências obtidas de D. albiventris no clado TcI de T. cruzi. Este estudo fornece o primeiro relato de T. cruzi em gambás de orelha branca em Canoinhas, Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil.

Abstract Opossums are synanthropic animals that participate in the zoonotic transmission cycles. Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects many domestic and wild animals and humans worldwide. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of T. cruzi in free-ranging opossums in Canoinhas, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fifty opossums (Didelphis albiventris) (33 captured and 17 road-killed) were evaluated using Nested-PCR assay. All tissue samples were negative (0/17). Eight of the 33 (24.24%; 95% CI:11.94–40,89%) blood samples were positive for T. cruzi. No significant associations were found between the sex (male/ female, p = 0.423), the trap area (rural/urban, p = 0.163), and positivity for T. cruzi in opossum blood samples. All samples showed 100% identity with T. cruzi (KF788250) isolated from Panstrongylus megistus in São Paulo, Brazil. The phylogenetic analysis model allocated all sequences obtained from D. albiventris to the large TcI clade of T. cruzi. This study provides the first record of T. cruzi in white-eared opossums in Canoinhas, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil.

RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Resumen El presente artículo acude a los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la historia ambiental y de la historia de los animales. Tiene como objetivo describir y analizar el mundo socioambiental en el que la República de Colombia fraguó su proceso de invención (1814-1819) en la región natural de los Llanos de la Nueva Granada (actual Colombia) y Venezuela. Para ello se estudiarán las relaciones establecidas entre humanos, medio ambiente y animales que les sirvieron a andinos y llaneros a posicionarse con más fuerza tanto en la conducción de las tropas patriotas como en la construcción de la República de Colombia. Las fuentes primarias consultadas fueron: memorias de los combatientes extranjeros en la guerra de Independencia, correspondencia de los militares realistas y correspondencia de militares patriotas. La principal conclusión es que el dominio de la monarquía católica en Nueva Granada y en Venezuela colapsó, en buena parte, gracias al uso más eficiente de los recursos del “reino animal” de la región de los Llanos y del Orinoco por parte de los independentistas. Los animales, tanto salvajes como domésticos, fueron protagonistas claves de este proceso.

Abstract This article is inspired by the theoretical and methodological contributions of environmental history and the history of animals. It aims to describe and analyze the socio-environmental world in which the Republic of Colombia forged its invention process (1814-1819) in the natural region of the Llanos of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia) and Venezuela. To do this, the relationships established between humans, the environment, and animals will be studied, natural to the native llaneros and quickly acquired by some Andean patriots, which served both groups to position themselves more strongly in the leadership of the patriotic troops and in the building of the Republic of Colombia. The primary sources consulted were memoirs of foreign combatants in the war of Independence, correspondence of royalist soldiers, and correspondence of patriotic soldiers. The main conclusion reached is that, to a large extent, the rule of the Catholic Monarchy in Nueva Granada and Venezuela collapsed thanks to a better use of resources and the “Animal Kingdom” of the Llanos and Orinoco by the independence fighters. Animals, both wild and domestic, were key protagonists in this process.

Resumo Este artigo lança mão das contribuições teóricas e metodológicas da história ambiental e da história dos animais. O objetivo é descrever e analisar o mundo socioambiental em que a República da Colômbia forjou seu processo de invenção (1814-1819) na região natural dos Llanos da Nueva Granada (atual Colômbia) e da Venezuela. Para tanto, serão estudadas as relações estabelecidas entre os humanos, o meio ambiente e os animais que ajudaram os andinos e os llaneros a se posicionarem mais fortemente tanto na liderança das tropas patrióticas quanto na construção da República da Colômbia. As fontes primárias consultadas foram memórias de combatentes estrangeiros na guerra da Independência, correspondência de soldados monarquistas e correspondência de soldados patrióticos. A principal conclusão é que a dominação da monarquia católica na Nueva Granada e na Venezuela entrou em colapso, em larga medida, graças ao uso mais eficiente dos recursos do “reino animal” da região dos Llanos e do Orinoco por parte dos independentistas. Os animais, tanto selvagens quanto domésticos, foram protagonistas essenciais nesse processo.

RESUMEN El plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) es el volumen de plasma autólogo que contiene una alta concentración de plaquetas más factores de crecimiento y fibrina que ayudan a una rápida cicatrización de las heridas. Se han reportado múltiples casos de su uso en diferentes especies animales, tanto domésticas como silvestres; sin embargo, los protocolos para su obtención son muy diversos, lo que dificulta la comparación de resultados y la determinación de la calidad del plasma elaborado. El objetivo de esta revisión fue establecer las principales diferencias en los protocolos de preparación de PRP para animales domésticos y silvestres. La información se obtuvo desde bases de datos y motores de búsqueda. Se recuperaron 49 procedimientos y en 31 se empleaba citrato de sodio como anticoagulante. La mayoría de los trabajos se realizaron en equinos (n=21). Las concentraciones plaquetarias en bovinos varían significativamente entre individuos, presentando un rango más amplio de valores, mientras que en equinos se observa una menor dispersión de los datos. El 67% de protocolos utilizaban un doble centrifugado, siendo en general la velocidad de la segunda centrifugación mayor que la primera, mientras que el tiempo de centrifugado no se modificaba sustancialmente entre las dos centrifugaciones.

ABSTRACT Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is the volume of autologous plasma containing a high concentration of platelets plus growth factors and fibrin that help in rapid wound healing. Multiple cases of its use have been reported in different animal species, both domestic and wild; however, the protocols for obtaining it are very diverse, which makes it difficult to compare results and determine the quality of the plasma produced. The aim of this review was to establish the main differences in the PRP preparation protocols for domestic and wild animals. The information was obtained from databases and search engines. In total, 49 procedures were retrieved and 31 used sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. Most of the works were carried out on horses (n=21). Platelet concentrations in bovines vary significantly between individuals, presenting a wider range of values, while in horses a lower dispersion of the data is observed. Double centrifugation was used in 67% of the studied, with the speed of the second centrifugation generally being higher than the first. The centrifugation time did not change substantially between the two centrifugations.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

RESUMEN El hormiguero palmero Myrmecophaga tridactyla es una especie que se encuentra amenazada en la Orinoquía, por la fragmentación del paisaje, el atropellamiento en las vías, los monocultivos de arroz, la palma africana y la actividad de extracción de petróleo. El atropellamiento de animales en las redes viales disminuye la tasa de supervivencia anual de los hormigueros, reduciendo la tasa de crecimiento de la especie a valores nulos, como se observa en algunas áreas. Por otro lado, los animales enfermos o atropellados requieren diagnóstico o tratamiento para recuperar su salud, por lo tanto, el propósito del trabajo fue conocer la hematología y la bioquímica sérica en animales silvestres, aparentemente sanos, rescatados por Cormacarena. Previa restricción y sedación con Zoletil® 50, a la dosis de 4 mg/k de peso vivo, se practicó examen clínico y se recolectó de 5-10 mL de sangre por venopunción, a 21 animales. Posterior a su recuperación se liberaron los individuos. Se presentan los valores hematológicos de referencia para eritrocitos, hemoglobina, hematocrito, plaquetas, leucocitos, neutrófilos, linfocitos, proteínas totales, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinina, calcio, fósforo, potasio, sodio, los cuales, son de importancia en la valoración médico-veterinaria, en los programas de conservación de la especie. Se resalta que los valores en osos palmeros de la región son similares a los descritos en otros trabajos en América.

ABSTRACT The giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla is a species threatened in the Orinoquia region by the fragmentation of the landscape, the running over of the roads, the monocultures of rice, african palm, and the activity of oil extraction. Running over animals on road networks decreases the annual survival rate of giant anteaters from 0.95 to levels of 0.78 reducing the growth rate of the species to null values. On the other hand, sick or run-over animals require diagnosis or treatment to recover their health; in this sense, the work aimed to know the hematology and serum biochemistry in apparently healthy wild animals rescued by Cormacarena. After restriction and sedation with Zoletil ® 50, at a dose of 4 mg/kg of live weight, a clinical examination was performed, and 5-10ml of blood was collected by venipuncture from 21 animals; after recovery, the individuals were released. This work presents the references hematological values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes total protein, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, which are essential for the veterinary medical assessment for the conservation programs of the species. It is highlighted that the results for palm tree bears in the region are like those described in other works in America.

Resumen Los parásitos apicomplejos utilizan diversos vertebrados como hospedadores, incluido el ser humano. La detección de estos protozoarios en la fauna silvestre evidencia la contaminación biológica del medio y la existencia de ciclos silvestres, lo que relacionaría su contacto con animales domésticos/seres humanos, debido al avance antropogénico sobre los ambientes naturales. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en recopilar información sobre estudios parasitológicos, serológicos y moleculares de los géneros Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Neospora y Cryptosporidium en especies de la fauna silvestre presente en Argentina. Se seleccionaron 48 trabajos en los que se analizaron especies silvestres de roedores, cánidos, cérvidos, marsupiales, primates, camélidos sudamericanos, cingulados, félidos, mustélidos, suinos, herpéstidos, lagomorfos, aves psitaciformes y gecónidos. El género parasitario reportado en mayor cantidad de provincias fue Sarcocystis, seguido de T. gondii, N. caninum y por último, Cryptosporidium. La condición de vida libre o en cautiverio y los hábitos etológicos de los animales silvestres, entre otros factores, influyeron en la dinámica de la interacción parásito-hospedador y en la presentación de estas infecciones.

Abstract Apicomplexan parasites use several vertebrates as hosts, including humans. The detection of these protozoa in wild animals evidences environmental biological contamination as well as the existence of wild cycles, which would be related to their contact with domestic animals/humans due to anthropogenic advance on natural environments. The aim of this revision article was to compile parasitological, serological and molecular reports of the genera Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Neospora and Cryptosporidium present in wild animal species in Argentina. A total of 48 papers that analyzed studies of apicomplexan protozoa in wild species of rodents, canids, cervids, marsupials, primates, South American camelids, cingulates, felids, mustelids, suines, herpestids, lagomorphs, psittaciform birds and geconids were selected. The most reported parasitic genus in provinces of Argentina was Sarcocystis, followed by T. gondii, N. caninum and finally Cryptosporidium. The free-living or captive state and the ethological habits of wild animals, among other factors, influenced the dynamics of parasite-host interactions and the presence of these infections.

ABSTRACT Ecuador has been a pioneer in the recognition of rights of different subjects, than those covered by traditional positive law, but it cannot be ignored the jurisprudential precedents at the international level, as the case of the orangutan Sandra in Argentina, (2015) the case of the Atrato River in Colombia (2016). The case of the Ganges River in India (2017), among many others that have been supported by different arguments, moral and legal, so that questions, such as: Why should rivers be considered subjects of law, or Why should animals be considered subjects of law?, have solid arguments. Now the task is to define what rights assist each of the beings that make up nature. The Montecristi constitution enshrines some rights, and the Estrellita ruling expressly recognizes some rights to wild animals, such as the Right to physical integrity, to health, to feeding, to habitat, to express natural behaviors, however, etc. there are rights of beings that are part of nature, which today lack being a content Law and are define. This article, in addition to capturing a vision on the evolution of animal rights, aims to develop two rights that were recognized in the Estrellita sentence implicitly.

RESUMEN Ecuador ha sido pionero en el reconocimiento de derechos, de sujetos diferentes de los que ampara el derecho positivo tradicional, pero no se puede obviar que existen precedentes jurisprudenciales a nivel internacional, como el caso de la orangutana Sandra en Argentina, (2015), el caso del Río Atrato en Colombia (2016), el caso del Río Ganges en India (2017), entre muchos otros, que han estado soportados en distintos argumentos, morales y jurídicos. De modo que interrogantes como: ¿Por qué los ríos deben ser considerados sujetos de derecho?, o ¿por qué los animales deben ser considerados sujetos de derecho? ya tienen argumentos solventes. Ahora la tarea es definir qué derechos le asisten a cada uno de los seres que componen la naturaleza. La Constitución de Montecristi consagra unos derechos, y la sentencia de Estrellita reconoce expresamente otros, que corresponden a los animales silvestres, como el derecho a la integridad física, el derecho a la salud, el derecho a la alimentación, el derecho al hábitat, el derecho a expresar comportamientos naturales, etc. Sin embargo, existen derechos de miembros de la naturaleza que hoy por hoy carecen de contenido y se encuentran siendo desarrollados. Este artículo, además de plasmar una visión sobre la evolución de los derechos de los animales, pretende definir dos derechos que fueron reconocidos por la sentencia de Estrellita de forma implícita.

RESUMEN La miasis es una ectoparasitosis que se produce por la infestación de los tejidos y cavidades de seres humanos, así como de algunos animales domésticos y silvestres, por larvas de dípteros, generalmente moscas. Esta condición es más frecuente en áreas tropicales, aunque también puede presentarse en lugares con condiciones sanitarias deficientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente procedente de una zona tropical, agricultor, con antecedentes de exposición a animales muertos, animales silvestres y moscas, a quien se le diagnosticó miasis cutánea de tipo forunculoide en la región escrotal sobreinfectada. El paciente recibió tratamiento con antibióticos endovenosos, una dosis única de Ivermectina oral y, a nivel local, se realizó la oclusión de los orificios con albahaca, seguida de la extracción con pinzas de 20 larvas en dos sesiones. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria. Consideramos que este caso constituye una contribución original, dado que la infestación genital por larvas de mosca se reporta infrecuentemente, incluso en zonas endémicas. En la literatura nacional, existen dos casos de miasis genital: uno en una mujer joven y otro en una anciana. Sin embargo, hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, no se ha reportado la presencia de miasis escrotal en el Perú.

ABSTRACT Myasis is an ectoparasitic infection caused by human (as well as some domestic and wild animals) tissue and cavity infestation by _Diptera_ larvae, generally flies. This condition is more frequent in tropical areas, and it may also occur in places with deficient sanitary conditions. We present the case of a patient from a tropical area, a farmer who reported exposure to dead animals, wild animals, and flies, in whom forunculoid type cutaneous myasis in the scrotum region was diagnosed, which also had superimposed infection. This patient received therapy with intravenously administered antibacterial agents, a single dose of oral ivermectin. Locally, orifices were occluded with basil. This was followed by the forceps-aided extraction of 20 larvae in two sessions. The patient had good progression. We consider this case is an original contribution, given that genitalia infection by fly larvae is unfrequently reported, even in endemic areas. Two cases of genital myasis have been reported in the national literature: one in a young woman, and the other in an elderly woman. Nonetheless, as far as we know, scrotal myasis has never been reported in Peru.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidado hacia la nutrición es fundamental para la calidad de un producto acuícola sostenible. Ya que el balance en los alimentos afecta el crecimiento y producción de los gametos. A partir del aprovechamiento de materias de descarte se posibilita la economía circular. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la composición de ácidos grasos y las vías metabólicas en los gametos de Arbacia dufresnii, centrándose en las implicaciones de la incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura. Métodos: Se diseñaron cuatro tratamientos diferentes para mantener una calidad nutricional óptima, especialmente en lípidos y proteínas, basándose en estudios previos. Se analizaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos de los alimentos y los gametos mediante cromatografía de gases, y se realizaron análisis estadísticos para determinar diferencias significativas. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia (%) de ácidos grasos omega-3 (ω-3) y omega-6 (ω-6). La vía metabólica de (ω-3) fue más pronunciada en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural y aquellos alimentados con los piensos experimentales. Por el contrario, la vía metabólica de (ω-6) tuvo menos relevancia en estos grupos. La relación (ω-3) /(ω-6) fue más alta en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural. La disponibilidad de ácidos grasos en los alimentos permitió su bioacumulación en los gametos, con concentraciones iguales o superiores a las observadas en los animales en su entorno natural para ciertos ácidos grasos. Conclusiones: La incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura demostró ser una estrategia prometedora para la utilización de recursos y la generación de insumos orgánicos. La composición de ácidos grasos en los gametos de A. dufresnii fue influenciada por la dieta, destacando el potencial de los alimentos balanceados para mejorar la bioacumulación de ácidos grasos esenciales. Estos hallazgos brindan información valiosa para el desarrollo de prácticas sostenibles en acuicultura y la producción de productos marinos enriquecidos nutricionalmente.

Abstract Introduction: Care towards nutrition is essential for the quality of a sustainable aquaculture product. Since the balance in food affects the growth and production of gametes. The circular economy is made possible through the use of discarded materials. Objective: The aim of this research was to study the fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways in the gametes of Arbacia dufresnii, with a focus on the implications of incorporating shrimp byproducts into aquaculture feeds. Methods: Four different treatments were designed to maintain optimal nutritional quality, particularly in lipids and proteins, based on previous studies. The fatty acid profiles of the feeds and gametes were analyzed by using gas-chromatography, and statistical analyses were conducted to determine significant differences. Results: Significant differences were observed in the abundance (%) of omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. The (ω-3) metabolic pathway was more pronounced in the gametes of wild animals and those fed with the experimental feeds. In contrast, the (ω-6) metabolic pathway was less relevant in these groups. The (ω-3) /(ω-6) ratio was highest in the gametes of wild animals. Feeds enriched in fatty acids enhanced their bioaccumulation in the gametes reaching higher concentrations than wild animals. The availability of fatty acids in foods allowed their bioaccumulation in gametes, with concentrations equal to or higher than those observed in animals in their natural environment for certain fatty acids. Conclusions: Incorporating shrimp byproducts in aquaculture feeds demonstrated a promising strategy for resource utilization and organic input generation. The fatty acid composition in the gametes of A. dufresnii was influenced by the diet, highlighting the potential of balanced feeds to enhance the bioaccumulation of essential fatty acids. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable aquaculture practices and the production of nutritionally enriched seafood products.

Flouride contamination of water is recognised as a serious challenge facing humanity. Consumption of water that contains excessive amounts of fluoride can result in fluorosis. Consequently, concerted efforts have been made to develop cheap, effective and green techniques/materials to remove fluoride from water, particularly potable water. Bone char prepared from bovine, swine, and equine bones has been used extensively in this regard, and is the most promising, cheap and green material for treating drinking water with high fluoride concentration, particularly in developing countries. However, research on bone char prepared from bones of animals in the wild, as well as those from domestic and semi-wild animals treated with antibiotics to enhance growth, has been scanty. Such research is important as the use of antibiotics may alter the composition of bones, and thus their potential as a green adsorbent to remove fluoride may be impaired. Furthermore, little attempt has been made so far to package char bones for easy application domestically, particularly in rural communities. SIGNIFICANCE: • Contamination of water by fluoride is a major problem globally. • Various techniques and materials have been employed for water defluoridation, including the use of bone char, which has several advantages. • Bone char prepared from bones of animals in the wild and those from domestic and semi-wild animals treated with antibiotics to enhance growth should be further investigated. • Cheaper and less elaborate processes and packaging are required to scale down the use of bone char at domestic level.

Interface areas shared by humans, domestic and wild animals may serve as high transmission contexts for Toxoplasma gondii. However, knowledge about the epidemiology of T. gondii in such areas is currently limited. The present study assessed the seroprevalence of T. gondii in different hosts from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Furthermore, we investigated the local knowledge and related practices about T. gondii by conducting a questionnaire study in the community. Blood samples were obtained and analysed for T. gondii antibodies using a commercial multispecies latex agglutination kit. The seroprevalence detected in humans (n = 160; patients showing signs of acute febrile illness), cats (n = 9), chickens (n = 336) and goats (n = 358) was 8.8%, 0.0%, 4.2% and 11.2%, respectively. Seroprevalence in impalas (n = 97), kudus (n = 55), wild dogs (n = 54), wildebeests (n = 43), warthogs (n = 97) and zebras (n = 68) was calculated at 5.2%, 7.3%, 100.0%, 20.9%, 13.4% and 9.1%, respectively. The questionnaire revealed that 63.0% of household owners were subsistence farmers, and 35.9% were pet owners. A high level of female participation was found (75.3%) when compared to male participation (24.7%). The results show a low circulation of T. gondii in the domestic cycle and suggest the presence of possible bridges between the wildlife cycle and the surrounding domestic cycle. CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes to identifying transmission patterns and risk factors of T. gondii within human and animal populations. This topic fits within the scope of the journal presenting original research in veterinary science, with the focus on wild and domestic populations on the African continent on a topic of universal importance.

Wild animals, sharing pathogens with domestic animals, play a crucial role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Sampling from wild animals poses significant challenges, yet it is vital for inclusion in disease surveillance and monitoring programmes. Often, mass surveillance involves serological screenings using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, typically validated only for domestic animals. This study assessed the diagnostic specificity of commercially available ELISA tests on 342 wild ruminant serum samples and 100 from wild boars. We evaluated three tests for foot-and-mouth disease: two for Peste des petits ruminants, two for Rift Valley fever and one for Capripox virus. Diagnostic specificity was calculated using the formula True Negative/(False Positive + True Negative). Cohen's kappa coefficient measured agreement between tests. Results showed high specificity and agreement across all tests. Specificity for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) ranged from 93.89% for Prionics to 100% for IDEXX, with IDvet showing 99.6%. The highest agreement was between FMD IDvet and IDEXX at 97.1%. Rift Valley fever (RVF) tests, Ingezim and IDvet, achieved specificities of 100% and 98.83%, respectively. The optimal specificity was attained by retesting single reactors and inactivating the complement. CONTRIBUTION: Commercially available ELISA kits are specific for foot-and-mouth disease and similar transboundary animal diseases and can be used for highly specific wild animal testing.

ABSTRACT: This study described the pathological aspects of a metastatic grade II simple tubulopapillary mammary carcinoma in a free-living senile female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). The diagnosis was based on histopathological findings of malignant epithelial cells arranged in tubular and papillary patterns, with marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and metastases to regional lymph nodes, lungs, parietal pleura, and pericardium. Also associated to positive immunolabeling of neoplastic cells for Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and negative for P63, Calponin and Cox-2, added to the cell proliferation index of 26.8%. The findings demonstrated that free-ranging wild canids develop mammary neoplasms similar to those observed in domestic canids.

RESUMO: Este estudo descreve os aspectos patológicos de um carcinoma mamário simples túbulo-papilar metastático grau II em um lobo-guará, fêmea, senil de vida livre. O diagnóstico foi baseado nos achados histopatológicos de células malignas epiteliais arranjadas em um padrão tubular e papilar, com acentuada anisocitose e anisocariose e metástases para os linfonodos regionais, pulmão, pleura parietal e pericárdio. Também associado a marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva das células neoplásicas para Citoqueratina AE1/AE3 e negativas para P63, Calponina e Cox-2, somado ao índice de proliferação celular de 26,8%. Os achados demonstram que canídeos silvestres de vida livre podem desenvolver neoplasias mamárias similares às observadas em canídeos domésticos.

This article presents a broad overview of excavated animal taxa and methods of procurement at the Middle Iron Age site of Schroda (AD 900-1100), located in the Mapungubwe National Park. Here, a diverse animal resource base was exploited through various strategies - some of which drew on individual participation, while others relied on group effort and resource pooling. Cattle, sheep and goat herds provided a reliable supply of meat, milk and skins throughout the year, while a range of wild mammals, birds, reptiles and fish were also hunted, trapped and collected. Although procurement strategies and animals targeted generally remained unchanged for about 200 years, there is a small shift in the proportion of livestock relative to other animals and a related increase in the exploitation of wild animals. Reliance on a broad spectrum of subsistence strategies is often done as a risk management strategy in areas with unpredictable environmental conditions. Erratic rainfall patterns, evident at the end of the first millennium in the middle Limpopo Valley, would have necessitated such an approach. In addition, the updated taxonomic list for Schroda provides a deep-time record of animal presence and expands the former distribution ranges for some taxa in the Mapungubwe National Park area.