Abstract The article presents research findings on the significance of schools in an indigenous context, as expressed by Mapuche scholars from La Araucanía, Chile. These scholars are respected members of their community, possessing knowledge of their people s social, cultural, and familial history, language, and culture. They are responsible for transmitting the Mapuche social memory to future generations. The methodology used in this study is qualitative and descriptive. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 indigenous Mapuche people who had undergone formal schooling in monocultural Chilean schools. The participants ranged in age from 40 to 70 years old and were all fluent in their native Mapuche language, the mapunzugun. Thematic analysis revealed categories of central content that emerged from the participants' discourse. This acknowledgment allowed for an understanding of the meaning of the school and its impact on the Mapuche context. It is imperative to make visible the psychological, physical, and affective traumas that the school has caused as a result of whitening practices and cultural genocide. Thus, this is an opportunity to advance towards reparation and reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous subjects in school education in Chile.

Resumen El artículo expone resultados de investigación sobre el sentido de la escuela en contexto indígena, desde las voces de sabios mapuches de La Araucanía, Chile. Los sabios y sabias mapuches son reconocidos por la comunidad por ser quienes conocen la historia social, cultural y familiar de su pueblo, así como su lengua y su cultura. Son quienes transmiten a las nuevas generaciones la memoria social mapuche. La metodología es cualitativa desde un enfoque descriptivo, se trabajó entrevistas en profundidad con 12 sabios y sabias indígenas mapuche, quienes vivieron procesos de escolarización formal en colegios monoculturales chilenos. Su edad fluctúa entre 40 y 70 años y todos son hablantes de su lengua vernácula mapuche (mapunzugun). La técnica de análisis de la información fue el análisis temático, permitiendo relevar categorías de contenidos centrales que emergen del discurso de los participantes y que permiten comprender el sentido de la escuela y sus huellas en contexto mapuche. Concluimos que es urgente visibilizar los traumas psicológicos, físicos y afectivos que ha dejado la escuela, producto de las prácticas de blanqueamiento y genocidio cultural. Esto, como una oportunidad para avanzar en la reparación y reconciliación entre los sujetos indígenas y no indígenas en la educación escolar en Chile.

Resumen: Esta investigación compara dos métodos de extracción de celulosa de cáscaras de las mazorcas de Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) del clon Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5). EL método 1 (Lubis) es un tratamiento álcali con calentamiento utilizando hidróxido de sodio y un blanqueamiento con hipoclorito de sodio. En el segundo método, se realiza una extracción en soxhlet por un tiempo de 6 horas que posteriormente es tratado con un tratamiento ácido y alcalino. Se realizan análisis fisicoquímicos y termográficos que permiten identificar características propias al método de extracción. Los resultados muestran que el mayor rendimiento en masa de celulosa se obtiene con el método 1 Lubis modificado con 27.09%. Se concluye que la celulosa obtenida puede ser producida y aprovechada para desarrollar productos biotecnológicos, aportando a la economía circular y al desarrollo sustentable del cacao en el Departamento de Risaralda, Colombia.

Abstract: This research study compares two methods of cellulose extraction from Theobroma cacao L. (CMT) clone Federación Arauquita 5 (FEAR 5) husks. Method 1 (Lubis) is an alkaline treatment with heating that uses sodium hydroxide and whitening with sodium hypochlorite. In the second method, a soxhlet extraction is conducted for a period of six hours, followed by an alkaline-acidic treatment. Physicochemical and thermographic analyzes are conducted to identify characteristics specific to the extraction method. The results show that the highest mass cellulose yield is obtained by the modified Lubis method 1 with 27.09%. It is concluded that the cellulose obtained can be produced and used to develop biotechnological products, contributing to the circular economy and the sustainable development of cocoa in the Department of Risaralda, Colombia.

Abstract To assess the effect of different whitening toothpastes on enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and their whitening efficiency. Sixty teeth were divided into 5 groups (12 teeth/group); Gp I: brushed with no toothpaste. Gp II: brushed with Pearl-based toothpaste. Gp III: brushed with Charcoal- based toothpaste. Gp IV: brushed with Alumina-based toothpaste. Gp V: brushed with salt and lemon- based toothpaste. Each tooth was brushed with a bean sized toothpaste wetted with distilled water twice daily by using standard electronic toothbrush for four weeks. Enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and color of each tooth were investigated. Chemical profile results and color measurements were analyzed statistically. Gp I revealed normal enamel surface morphology and chemical profile. Gp II and Gp III demonstrated surface morphology close to Gp I with insignificant reduction in mineral content. Gp IV showed obvious shallowing of perikymata ridges, exposure of fish-scale appearance, with pits and depressions, alongside to the significant reduction in mineral content. Gp V presented the most enamel surface alteration with widening of prism sheath and depressions all over the surface, besides the highest significant reduction in mineral content. Gp V, followed by Gp IV, demonstrated the highest color and whiteness changes, followed by Gp III, then Gp II, while the lowest value was in Gp I. Salt & lemon-based toothpaste, followed by Alumina-based, exerted the most considerable changes in the morphology and chemical profile of the enamel surface, beside to the higher whitening effects on teeth than the others.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes pastas dentales blanqueadoras sobre la morfología y el perfil químico de la superficie del esmalte y su eficacia blanqueadora. Sesenta dientes se dividieron en 5 grupos (12 dientes/grupo); Grupo I: cepillado sin pasta de dientes. Grupo II: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de perlas. Grupo III: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de carbón. Grupo IV: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de Alúmina. Grupo V: cepillado con sal y pasta de dientes a base de limón. Cada diente se cepilló con una pasta de dientes del tamaño de un frijol humedecida con agua destilada dos veces al día utilizando un cepillo de dientes electrónico estándar durante cuatro semanas. Se investigaron la morfología de la superficie del esmalte, el perfil químico y el color de cada diente. Los resultados del perfil químico y las mediciones de color se analizaron estadísticamente. El Grupo I reveló una morfología de la superficie del esmalte y un perfil químico normales. Los Grupos II y III demostraron una morfología de superficie cercana a la del Grupo I con una reducción insignificante en el contenido mineral. El grupo IV mostró una evidente reducción de las crestas perikymatas, exposición de apariencia de escamas de pez, con hoyos y depresiones, junto con una reducción significativa en el contenido mineral. El grupo V presentó la mayor alteración de la superficie del esmalte con ensanchamiento de la vaina del prisma y depresiones en toda la superficie, además de una significativa reducción en el contenido mineral. El grupo V, seguido del grupo IV, demostró los mayores cambios de color y blancura, seguido del grupo III, luego el grupo II, mientras que el valor más bajo se presentó en el grupo I. Las pastas dentales a base de sal y limón, seguidas de las de alúmina, ejercieron los cambios más considerables en la morfología y el perfil químico de la superficie del esmalte, además de tener mayores efectos blanqueadores sobre los dientes que las demás.

Abstract Objective: To compare the clinical effect of two desensitizing agents used before the application of a bleaching gel based on 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Material and Methods: 30 patients were selected, and two desensitizing agents with different mechanisms of action were applied: Fluorine Neutral 2% (FN), which acts by blocking dentinal canaliculi while Potassium Nitrate 5% with 2% Sodium Fluoride (PN/SF) that acts in nerve transmission and blockade. Desensitizers were used before the application of 35% HP. For whitening, three clinical sessions were performed, with an interval of seven days, with three applications of the bleaching gel for 15 minutes, totaling 45 minutes/session. Tooth sensitivity (TS) was assessed with the numerical analog scale, and a spectrophotometer was used to obtain the color variation (ΔE). ΔE were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05), and TS data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA analysis. Results: For sensitivity experience, the Tukey test indicated differences between PN/SF and the placebo I, but there was no statistically significant difference between FN and the placebo II. The TS was lower when the desensitizing gel was used during the bleaching procedure compared to after treatment, regardless of the desensitizing agents. Conclusion: PN/SF before in-office tooth bleaching can reduce TS intensity, and the use of desensitizing gel before bleaching did not affect the bleaching efficacy. Objective 35 HP . (HP) Methods 3 selected applied 2 FN, , (FN) 5 PNSF PN SF (PN/SF blockade whitening performed days 1 minutes 4 minutessession session minutes/session (TS scale ΔE. (ΔE) p<0.05, p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) twoway way analysis Results experience I II treatment Conclusion inoffice office intensity efficacy (HP (FN (ΔE p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

Abstract At low concentrations used for in-office bleaching gels, such as 6% HP, gingival barrier continues to be performed. If we take into account that, in the at-home bleaching technique, no barrier is indicated, it seems that the use of a gingival barrier fails to make much sense when bleaching gel in low concentration is used for in-office bleaching. Objective This double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial evaluated the gingival irritation (GI) of in-office bleaching using 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP) with and without a gingival barrier in adolescents, as well as color change and the impact of oral condition on quality of life. Methodology Overall, 60 participants were randomized into which side would or would not receive the gingival barrier. In-office bleaching was performed for 50 minutes with 6% HP in three sessions. The absolute risk and intensity of GI were assessed with a visual analogue scale. Color change was assessed using a digital spectrophotometer and color guides. The impact of oral condition on quality of life was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (α=0.05). Results The proportion of patients who presented GI for the “with barrier” group was 31.6% and for the “without barrier” group, 30% (p=1.0). There is an equivalence for the evaluated groups regarding GI intensity (p<0.01). Color change was detected with no statistical differences (p>0.29). There was a significant impact of oral condition on quality of life after bleaching (p<0.001). Conclusions The use or not of the gingival barrier for in-office bleaching with 6% HP was equivalent for GI, as well as for bleaching efficacy, with improvement in the impact of oral condition on quality of life. inoffice office gels 6 athome at home technique indicated doubleblind, doubleblind double blind, blind double-blind splitmouth, splitmouth split mouth, mouth split-mouth (GI (HP adolescents Overall Inoffice In 5 sessions scale guides α=0.05. α005 α α=0.05 . 0 05 (α=0.05) 316 31 31.6 30 p=1.0. p10 p p=1.0 1 (p=1.0) p<0.01. p001 p<0.01 01 (p<0.01) p>0.29. p029 p>0.29 29 (p>0.29) p<0.001. p0001 p<0.001 001 (p<0.001) efficacy α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 3 31. p1 p=1. (p=1.0 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.01 p02 p>0.2 2 (p>0.29 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 α0 α=0. (α=0.0 p=1 (p=1. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p>0. (p>0.2 (p<0.00 α=0 (α=0. p= (p=1 p<0 (p<0. p>0 (p>0. α= (α=0 (p= p< (p<0 p> (p>0 (α= (p (p< (p> (α

Aim To evaluate changes in the surface roughness and morphology of a nanofilled composite following toothbrushing with a whitening (WT) or regular toothpaste (RT), alone or combined with 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching (HP). Methods Seventy disc-shaped nanofilled composite (Filtek Z350XT) specimens were randomly divided into groups (n=10): WT, RT, TB (without toothpaste – control) or the combinations WT/HP, RT/HP, TB/HP and HP. All groups underwent toothbrushing simulation (60,000 cycles) and bleaching treatment (4 sessions). Mean surface roughness (Ra, μm) was measured before (T0) and after treatments (TB). Surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at TB. Mean Ra was analyzed using general mixed models and multiple comparisons by the Tukey-Kramer test (α=5%). Results HP caused no surface roughness changes on the nanofilled composite after treatment (p>0.05). RT toothbrushing, combined or not with HP, increased the surface roughness (p<0.05). WT and WT/HP protocols had no effect on the surface roughness of the composite (p>0.05). The nanofilled composite submitted to RT toothbrushing combined with HP (RT/HP) presented substantial surface alterations under SEM, showing deep depressions and round-shaped defects. Toothbrushing with RT combined with the bleaching agent increased exposure of the inorganic fillers. Conclusion WT toothbrushing, regardless of HP combination, or the single HP protocol had no effect on the surface roughness of the nanofilled composite. However, RT combined with HP negatively affected surface roughness and presented the most noticeable surface changes among groups. (WT , (RT) 35 . (HP) discshaped disc shaped Filtek Z350XT ZXT Z XT n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) without control WTHP RTHP RT/HP TBHP 60,000 60000 60 000 (60,00 cycles 4 ( sessions. sessions sessions) Ra, (Ra μm T0 T (T0 (TB) SEM (SEM TukeyKramer Tukey Kramer α=5%. α5 α α=5% 5 (α=5%) p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 0 05 (p>0.05) p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) (RT/HP roundshaped round defects fillers combination However (RT 3 (HP n=1 n1 1 (n=10 60,00 6000 6 00 (60,0 (T (TB α=5 (α=5% p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 n= (n=1 60,0 600 (60, α= (α=5 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 (n= 60, (60 (α= p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. (n (6 (α p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (p> (p< (p

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of whitening toothpastes and at-home bleaching for the treatment of tooth discoloration. Methodology A cost-effectiveness economic analysis was conducted, and eight randomized clinical trials were selected based on the whitening agent product used: blue covarine dentifrices (BCD), hydrogen peroxide dentifrices (HPD), dentifrices without bleaching agents (CD, negative control), and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP10, positive control) for at-home bleaching. The consumer/patient perspective was adopted, macro-costing techniques were used and a decision tree model was performed considering the costs in the American and Brazilian markets. The color change evaluation (ΔE*ab) was used to calculate the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. A probabilistic analysis was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were obtained. Results CP10 resulted in the highest cost-effectiveness compared to the use of dentifrices in both markets. In Brazil, HPD was more cost-effective than BCD and CD. In the US, the increased costs of HPD and BCD did not generate any whitening benefit compared to CD. Conclusions CP10 was more cost-effective than BCD and HPD for tooth bleaching from the perspectives of the Brazilian and American markets. Decision-making should consider the use of CP10 for treating tooth discoloration. costeffectiveness cost athome at home discoloration conducted BCD, , (BCD) HPD, (HPD) CD, CD (CD control, control 10 CP10, CP (CP10 consumerpatient consumer patient adopted macrocosting macro costing markets ΔE*ab ΔEab ΔE ab (ΔE*ab obtained CP1 Brazil costeffective effective US Decisionmaking Decision making (BCD (HPD 1 (CP1 (CP

RESUMEN En el siglo XIX, el Imperio de Brasil implementó políticas de migración para atraer familias campesinas europeas con la intensión de colonizar tierras consideradas desocupadas. Con el objetivo de diversificar la producción agrícola y promover el “blanqueamiento” de la Nación, fueron establecidos contratos con empresarios para la creación de colonias públicas y privadas. En este contexto, analizaremos las acciones del francoitaliano Sabino Tripoti en su proyecto colonizador en la provincia de Paraná, utilizando su libro de memorias, escrito en 1877, en cruce con otras fuentes, como periódicos, informes y documentos diplomáticos. Por medio del estudio de la trayectoria de Tripoti, investigaremos los diferentes actores involucrados en el movimiento migratorio, la dinámica de los que movilizaron la venida de las familias italianas, bien como las críticas de los que se oponían a ese proceso. El éxito o fracaso de las colonias destinadas a los italianos en Brasil dependieron de factores que pasaban por las políticas mutables adoptadas por el Imperio, que incentivó la concurrencia entre las colonias públicas y privadas. XIX desocupadas blanqueamiento “blanqueamiento Nación privadas contexto Paraná memorias 1877 fuentes periódicos diplomáticos migratorio italianas proceso 187 18 1

ABSTRACT In the nineteenth century, the Empire of Brazil implemented immigration policies to attract European peasant families for the colonization of lands considered vacant. With the aim of diversifying agricultural production and promoting the “whitening” of the nation, the government established contracts with entrepreneurs for the creation of both public and private colonies. In this context, this article analyzes the actions of the Franco-Italian Sabino Tripoti in his colonization project in the province of Paraná, using his memoir written in 1877, in comparison with other sources such as newspapers, reports, and diplomatic documents. Through the study of Tripoti’s trajectory, we will investigate the various actors involved in the migratory movement, the dynamics of those who facilitated the arrival of Italian families, as well as the criticism from those who opposed this process. The success or failure of the colonies designated for Italians in Brazil depended on factors related to the changing policies within the Empire, which encouraged competition between public and private colonies. century vacant whitening “whitening nation context FrancoItalian Franco Paraná 1877 newspapers reports documents Tripotis s trajectory movement process 187 18 1

RESUMO No século XIX, o Império do Brasil implementou políticas de imigração para atrair famílias camponesas europeias visando à colonização de terras consideradas devolutas. Com o objetivo de diversificar a produção agrícola e promover o “branqueamento” da nação, foram estabelecidos contratos com empresários para a criação de colônias públicas e privadas. Nesse contexto, analisaremos as ações do franco-italiano Sabino Tripoti em seu projeto colonizador na província do Paraná, utilizando o seu livro de memórias, escrito em 1877, em confronto a outras fontes, como jornais, relatórios e documentos diplomáticos. Por meio do estudo da trajetória de Tripoti, investigaremos os diferentes atores envolvidos no movimento migratório, as dinâmicas daqueles que viabilizaram a vinda de famílias italianas, bem como as críticas dos que se opunham a esse processo. O sucesso ou o fracasso das colônias destinadas aos italianos no Brasil dependeram de fatores que passavam pelas políticas mutáveis adotadas pelo Império, que incentivou a concorrência entre as colônias públicas e privadas. XIX devolutas branqueamento “branqueamento nação privadas contexto francoitaliano franco italiano Paraná memórias 1877 fontes jornais diplomáticos migratório italianas processo 187 18 1

Abstract This study assessed the color-matching ability and color recovery of unprepared teeth when using single-shade composites and a universal composite in large restorations. Buccal and palatine surface colors of molars were measured with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB) before preparing round cavities (6 mm in diameter, 2 mm in depth). The cavities were randomly filled with a single-shade composite (Omnichroma, Diamond One, or Vittra APS Unique) or a universal composite (Filtek Universal). Color measurements of the restored cavities were taken, and overall color differences (ΔEab and ΔE00) and differences in the whitening index for dentistry (ΔWID) from baseline were calculated. Additionally, visual assessments of a color match to the surrounding enamel were performed by forty evaluators (laypersons and undergraduate students of dentistry) in a viewing booth under illuminant D65, with rating scores from 0 (no color mismatch) to 4 (not acceptable). Data were analyzed using RM or one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results showed that the restorations generally exhibited whiter colors (WID ranged from 27.9 to 41.3) than the unprepared teeth (WID ranged from 15.9 to 19.3). The composite Filtek Universal demonstrated the lowest color discrepancy (ΔWID = 8.6; ΔE00 = 10.8; and ΔE00 = 6.2), and no significant differences were observed among the evaluated single-shade composites. Furthermore, all composites showed similar and adequate color matches to the surrounding enamel. However, it is important to note that despite their ability to match the surrounding enamel reasonably, none of the composites evaluated in large restorations fully recovered the color observed in unprepared teeth. colormatching matching singleshade single shade CIELAB (CIELAB 6 ( diameter depth. depth . depth) Omnichroma, Omnichroma (Omnichroma One Unique Universal. Universal) taken ΔEab ΔE ΔWID calculated Additionally laypersons D65 D mismatch not acceptable. acceptable acceptable) oneway one way α 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) WID 279 27 9 27. 41.3 413 41 3 159 15 15. 19.3. 193 19.3 19 19.3) 8.6 86 8 ΔE0 10.8 108 10 6.2, 62 6.2 , 6.2) Furthermore However reasonably D6 00 0.0 41. 1 19. 8. 10. 6. 0.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a habilidade de combinação de cores e recuperação de cor de dentes não preparados ao utilizar resinas compostas de única tonalidade e uma resina composta universal em grandes restaurações. As cores das superfícies bucais e palatinas de molares foram medidas com um espectrofotômetro (CIELAB) antes de preparar cavidades esféricas (6 mm de diâmetro, 2 mm de profundidade). As cavidades foram preenchidas aleatoriamente com uma resina composta de única tonalidade (Omnichroma, Diamond One ou Vittra APS Unique) ou com uma resina composta universal (Filtek Universal). Foram realizadas medições das cores das cavidades restauradas e calculadas as diferenças de cor globais (ΔEab and ΔE00)) e as diferenças no índice de clareamento para odontologia (ΔWID) em relação à cor inicial. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações visuais da correspondência de cor com o esmalte circundante por quarenta avaliadores (leigos e estudantes de odontologia) em uma cabine de visualização sob iluminante D65, com pontuações de 0 (nenhuma discrepância de cor) a 4 (não aceitável). Os dados foram analisados usando RM ou ANOVA unidirecional (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que as restaurações geralmente apresentavam cores mais brancas (WID variou de 27,9 a 41,3) do que os dentes não preparados (WID variou de 15,9 a 19,3). A resina composta Filtek Universal demonstrou a menor discrepância de cor (ΔWID = 8,6; ΔE00 = 10,8; and ΔE00 = 6,2), e não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as resinas compostas de única tonalidade avaliadas. Além disso, todas as resinas compostas apresentaram correspondência de cor similar e adequada com o esmalte circundante. No entanto, é importante observar que, apesar de sua capacidade de corresponder razoavelmente com o esmalte circundante, nenhuma das resinas compostas avaliadas em grandes restaurações recuperou completamente a cor observada nos dentes não preparados. CIELAB (CIELAB 6 ( diâmetro profundidade. profundidade . profundidade) Omnichroma, Omnichroma (Omnichroma Unique Universal. Universal) ΔEab ΔE ΔE00) ΔWID inicial disso leigos D65 D aceitável. aceitável aceitável) α 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) WID 279 27 9 27, 41,3 413 41 3 159 15 15, 19,3. 193 19,3 19 19,3) 8,6 86 8 ΔE0 10,8 108 10 6,2, 62 6,2 , 6,2) entanto D6 00 0,0 41, 1 19, 8, 10, 6, 0,

Aim To evaluate the surface roughness and color stability of bulk-fill resin composites after simulated toothbrushing with whitening dentifrices. The radioactive/relative dentin abrasion (RDA) and radioactive/relative enamel abrasion (REA) of dentifrices were also assessed. Methods Specimens (n=10) of Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill (TNCB), Filtek One Bulk Fill (FOB) resin composites, and Z100(Control) were prepared using a cylindrical Teflon matrix. Surface roughness (Ra, μm) was assessed by a roughness meter and the color evaluations (ΔEab, ΔE00, WID) were performed using a digital spectrophotometer based on the CIELAB system. Three measurements were performed per sample, before and after simulated toothbrushing with 3D Oral-B White Perfection (3DW) and Black is White (BW) dentifrices. The abrasivity (REA and RDA values) of the used dentifrices was also determined by the Hefferren abrasivity test. Results The Ra values increased significantly in all resin composites after 3DW and BW toothbrushing. The acceptable threshold color varied among resin composites, and TNCB and Z100 presented the highest ΔEab and ΔE00 for BW dentifrice. The 3DW dentifrice was significantly more abrasive than BW dentifrice on enamel and dentin. Conclusions simulated toothbrushing with tested whitening dentifrices increased the surface roughness at acceptable levels. The Tetric N Ceram Bulk-fill and Z100 composite showed the highest color alteration in BW. 3D White Perfection dentifrice was more abrasive on dentin and enamel than Black is White. bulkfill bulk fill radioactiverelative radioactive relative (RDA REA n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10 TNCB, , (TNCB) FOB (FOB Z100Control ZControl Control Z Z100(Control matrix Ra, (Ra μm ΔEab, (ΔEab ΔE WID system sample D OralB Oral B DW (3DW (BW test Z10 ΔE0 levels Bulkfill n=1 n1 1 (n=1 (TNCB Z1 n= (n= (n

Resumen En este artículo se pretende analizar el contexto psicosocial en el que se establece el prejuicio contra el negro y articular con la personalidad autoritaria del blanco identificado con un lugar de poder, contribuyendo para el mantenimiento del racismo en el Brasil contemporáneo. Para ello, a la luz del Psicoanálisis freudiano y de la Teoría Crítica de Adorno, se realizó una conceptualización del término prejuicio, evidenciando su adecuación ante una sociedad estratificada por clases. Además, a partir de una breve reanudación histórica sobre la relación de asimetría racial en el país que privilegia blancos y violentos negros, se investigaron posibles motivaciones que sugestionan a los individuos a presentar algunos rasgos de personalidad autoritaria que los conduce a la reproducción de la discriminación racial en el país. Se encontró que quienes presentan personalidad autoritaria se adhieren a discursos ideológicos con falta de reflexión crítica y razón lógica consistente, y ellos encuentran terreno fértil en el racismo estructural presente en la sociedad brasileña, con profundas conexiones con el poder político y económico. contemporáneo ello Adorno clases Además negros consistente brasileña económico

Resumo O presente artigo buscou analisar o contexto psicossocial no qual o preconceito contra o negro se instaura e articulá-lo com a personalidade autoritária do branco, identificado com um lugar de poder, o que contribui para a manutenção do racismo no Brasil contemporâneo. Para tanto, à luz da psicanálise freudiana e da Teoria Crítica de Adorno, foi realizada uma conceituação do termo preconceito, evidenciando sua adequação diante de uma sociedade estratificada por classes. Além disso, a partir de uma breve retomada histórica sobre a relação de assimetria racial no país, que privilegia brancos e violenta negros, foram investigadas possíveis motivações que sugestionam os indivíduos a apresentarem alguns traços de personalidade autoritária que os conduzem à reprodução da discriminação racial no país. Constatou-se que aqueles que apresentam uma personalidade autoritária aderem a discursos ideológicos destituídos de reflexão crítica e razão lógica consistente, encontrando terreno fértil no racismo estrutural presente na sociedade brasileira, com conexões profundas com o poder político e econômico. articulálo articulá lo branco contemporâneo tanto Adorno classes disso país negros Constatouse Constatou consistente brasileira econômico

Abstract This article analyzes the psychosocial context in which prejudice against black people is established, and articulate it with the authoritarian personality of the white people which identifies in a position of power, contributing to the maintenance of racism in contemporary Brazil. Thus, in the light of the Psychoanalysis and the Critical Theory, a conception of the term prejudice was made, evidencing its adequacy in a stratified society. In addition, from a brief historical review of the racial asymmetry, that favors white people and subjects to violence black people, we investigated possible motivations that suggest individuals to present traits of authoritarian personality that lead to the reproduction of racism in Brazil. We observed that those who have an authoritarian personality trait have greater adherence to ideological discourses devoid of critical reflection and consistent logic, and that these discourses will find fertile ground in the structural racism present in Brazilian society, having deep connections with political and economic power. established power Brazil Thus Theory made society addition asymmetry logic

Abstract Curcuma zedoaria is a traditional medicine used for various purposes in human life. The organic solvent extracts of this plant also exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti- cancer, anti-necrosis, and hepatoprotective properties. However, the prospect of employing this plant extract for skin whitening, particularly its molecular mechanism, has not been reported yet. Therefore, in this study, the total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, tyrosinase inhibitory, melanin inhibitory, and target gene expression using the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract from Curcuma zedoaria , were all examined. The TPC result of the sample was 42.18±2.25 mg GAE/g extract with impressive antioxidant activity. Half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and Ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP value at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL were 49.06±0.29 µg/mL and 116±50 μM Fe2+/L, respectively. The extract had no cytotoxicity at 25 µg/mL, inhibited melanin production for 74.02±3.05% and tyrosinase for 137.45±1.38%. In particular, the extract demonstrated the ability to block the expression levels of four melanogenesis-related genes. Moreover, GCMS analysis results also detected 28 different compounds, with two new compounds accounting for a high proportion. These results suggested that C. zedoaria has a significant potential for application in skin-pigmentation treatment cosmetics. life antibacterial antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory cancer antinecrosis, antinecrosis necrosis, necrosis anti-necrosis properties However whitening mechanism yet Therefore study content activity examined 4218225 42 18 2 42.18±2.2 GAEg GAE g 2,2Diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22Diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl 2,2 Diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl 5 2. µgmL µg mL 4906029 49 06 0 29 49.06±0.2 11650 116 50 116±5 Fe2L FeL Fe2 L Fe Fe2+/L respectively 7402305 74 02 3 05 74.02±3.05 13745138 137 45 38 137.45±1.38% particular melanogenesisrelated melanogenesis related genes Moreover proportion C skinpigmentation pigmentation cosmetics 421822 4 42.18±2. 2Diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl 22 2, 490602 49.06±0. 1165 11 116± 740230 7 74.02±3.0 1374513 13 137.45±1.38 42182 42.18±2 49060 49.06±0 74023 74.02±3. 137451 137.45±1.3 4218 42.18± 4906 49.06± 7402 74.02±3 13745 137.45±1. 421 42.18 490 49.06 740 74.02± 1374 137.45±1 42.1 49.0 74.02 137.45± 42. 49. 74.0 137.45 74. 137.4 137.

Abstract Gentrification is a process of regeneration, “elitización”, and whitening of certain neighborhoods in cities. In this urban phenomenon, counter-sexualities have found an opportunity, through purchasing power and consumption, to inhabit them and constitute other sites of expression. In this way, the presence of counter-sexualities in gentrified neighborhoods initiates a process of queerification, by assimilating and integrating lifestyles, families and LGBTIQ+ identities that ultimately question and open fissures in the long-established cisheteropatriarchal system. In this context, we analyze the relationship between queerification and gentrification in Mexico City’s Santa María la Ribera neighborhood. This study looks at the practices of consumption of spaces that offer food, drink, culture, art, and militancy. The focus is placed on LGBTIQ+ cultural consumption as a dynamizer of bodies and habitats that promotes the gentrification process and the deconstruction of heteropatriarchy.

Resumen La gentrificación es un proceso de revitalización, elitización y blanqueamiento de algunos barrios en las ciudades. En este fenómeno urbano las contrasexualidades han encontrado una oportunidad -mediante la capacidad de gasto y el consumo- para habitarlos y constituir otros lugares de enunciación. De esta manera, la presencia de las contrasexualidades en barrios gentrificados inicia un proceso de queerificación, es decir, se asimilan y se integran estilos de vida, familias e identidades LGBTIQ+ que terminan por cuestionar y abrir grietas en el sistema cisheteropatriarcal que por mucho tiempo han imperado. En este contexto, se analiza el punto de conexión entre queerificación y gentrificación en el barrio Santa María la Ribera en Ciudad de México. Para ello se apuntan las prácticas del consumo de espacios que ofertan alimentos, bebidas, cultura, arte y militancia. La impronta está colocada en el consumo cultural LGBTIQ+ como el dinamizador de cuerpos y habitares que incentivan el proceso de gentrificación y al mismo tiempo la deconstrucción del heteropatriarcado.

Resumen: El artículo indaga la construcción social e histórica de la blanquitud en Chile. Se basa en el análisis de la movilidad social y racial de los árabes chilenos que viven en las comunas acomodadas de Santiago. Se apoya en la metodología de las historias de vida. Al analizar las pautas laborales y maritales a lo largo de tres generaciones, el artículo confirma el carácter construido de la raza: muestra cómo la blanquitud es una relación de poder que se reproduce mediante el control agudo de fronteras de clase, de raza y de género. Subraya que, para analizar sociedades construidas sobre el colonialismo por un lado y sobre la blanquitud como justificación y reproducción del poder de la élite por otro lado, la movilidad social y la movilidad racial están vinculadas. Para este grupo intermediario de blancos honorarios, la movilidad social fue bastante rápida, mientras el blanqueamiento resultó ser largo.

Abstract: The article investigates the social and historical construction of whiteness in Chile. It is based on the analysis of the social and racial mobility of Chilean Arabs living in the wealthiest towns of Santiago. It is based on the methodology of life histories. By analyzing labor and marital patterns over three generations, the article confirms the constructed dimension of race: it shows how whiteness is a relation of power that is reproduced through the acute control of class, race and gender boundaries. It underlines that, to analyze societies built on colonialism on the one hand and on whiteness as justification and reproduction of elite power on the other hand, social and racial mobility are linked. For this intermediate group of honorary whites, social mobility was quite rapid, whereas whitening turned out to be long.

Resumo: O artigo investiga a construção social e histórica da brancura no Chile. Baseia-se na análise da mobilidade social e racial dos árabes chilenos que vivem nos bairros ricos de Santiago. Baseia-se na metodologia das histórias de vida. Ao analisar os padrões laborais e matrimoniais ao longo de três gerações, o artigo confirma o carácter construído da raça: mostra como a brancura é uma relação de poder que se reproduz através do controlo agudo das fronteiras de classe, raça e género. Sublinha que, ao analisar as sociedades construídas sobre o colonialismo, por um lado, e a brancura como justificação e reprodução do poder das elites, por outro, a mobilidade social e a mobilidade racial estão ligadas. Para este grupo intermédio de brancos honorários, a mobilidade social foi bastante rápida, enquanto o branqueamento se revelou demorado.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de blanqueamiento y abrasión de los dentífricos que contienen diferentes agentes blanqueadores en el esmalte teñido y no teñido artificialmente. Se distribuyeron 160 discos de esmalte dental humano en cuatro grupos según el tipo de dentífrico aplicado sobre ellos (n=40): Grupo I, dentífrico no blanqueador (grupo control); Grupo II, dentífrico que contiene carbón vegetal; Grupo III, dentífrico que contiene azul; Grupo IV, dentífrico que contiene peróxido de hidrógeno. La mitad de los especímenes de cada grupo se sumergieron en una solución de café. Las mediciones de color se evaluaron a partir de especímenes teñidos y no teñidos antes y después del cepillado con un espectrofotómetro. La rugosidad de la superficie de cada muestra sin teñir se analizó utilizando un perfilómetro después del cepillado y del clareamiento. La superficie de un espécimen seleccionado al azar de cada grupo se observó utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB). El análisis estadístico del cambio de color se realizó utilizando la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se utilizó el ANOVA para evaluar la rugosidad de la superficie. El grupo III proporcionó una recuperación significativamente mayor en los valores de ΔE00 que otros grupos en el esmalte no teñido (p<0,05). El Grupo IV mostró significativamente los valores más altos de ΔE00 en el esmalte teñido (p<0.05) y también el Grupo IV mostró los valores más altos de rugosidad superficial (p<0.05), el análisis en MEB reveló una superficie más irregular en los grupos III y IV. Se puede afirmar que el dentífrico que contiene azul es una forma efectiva y segura de proporcionar dientes más claros con el cepillado de rutina en el hogar.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the whitening and abrasion effects of dentifrices containing different whitening agents on artificially stained and unstained enamel. 160 human dental enamel discs were distributed into four groups according to the type of dentifrices applied on them (n=40): Group I, non-whitening dentifrice (control group); Group II, dentifrice containing charcoal; Group III, dentifrice containing blue covarine; Group IV, dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide. Half of the specimens in each group were immersed in coffee solution. Color measurements were evaluated from stained and unstained specimens before and after brushing by a spectrophotometer. The surface roughness of each unstained specimen was analyzed using a profilometer after the brushing and bleaching. The surface of one randomly selected specimen from each group was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis of the color change was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate surface roughness. Group III provided significantly higher recovery on ΔE00 values than other groups on the unstained enamel (p<0.05). Group IV showed significantly the highest ΔE00 values on stained enamel (p<0.05) and also Group IV showed the highest surface roughness values (p<0.05), SEM revealed a more irregular surface in groups III and IV. It can be stated that dentifrice containing blue covarine is both an effective and a safe way to provide whiter teeth with routine home tooth brushing.