Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: Methanogenic archaea (MA), participate in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter in mangrove sediments, their activity is related to atmospheric warming due to the production of methane; several environmental variables can influence the presence of MA and methane production in these sediments. Objective: To analyze, through culture-dependent techniques, viable methanogenic archaea (VMA) in the sediments, and the production of methane from acetate in different climatic periods in the mangrove El Morro-La Mancha, Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico. Methods: From May to November 2019, following a salinity transect, sediment samples from El Morro-La Mancha mangrove were collected at three locations, in three different climatic seasons, dry (May), rainy (October) and northern (November) (N = 9). VMA in the sediments was quantified using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique with acetate and methanol as substrates. The influence of sulfate on methane production was analyzed from acetate in microcosm by gas chromatography and the chemical variables of salinity, pH, Eh, carbohydrates, organic content, and carbonates in the sediments were evaluated. Results: The abundance of VMA was 102 to 108 MPN/g of wet sediment, higher than that reported in other studies, this abundance was higher when methanol (104-108 MPN/g sediment) was used as substrate, compared to acetate (102-105 MPN/g sediment); methane production in the microcosms increased in sulfate-free conditions (29.78-929.75 nmol CH4/month) and in the sediments of the rainy season. Conclusion: The influence of the chemical conditions of the mangrove sediments on the methanogenic dynamics is highlighted, determining that in the rainy season, the decrease in salinity, more electronegative Eh, and the increase in organic fractions favored the methanogenesis.

Resumen Introducción: Las arqueas metanogénicas (MA) participan en la mineralización anaerobia de la materia orgánica en sedimentos de manglar, su actividad está relacionada con el calentamiento atmosférico por la producción de metano; diversas variables ambientales pueden influir en la dinámica metanogénica y la producción de metano en estos sedimentos. Objetivo: Analizar, mediante técnicas dependientes de cultivo, la abundancia de las arqueas metanógenas viables (AMV) y la producción de metano en diferentes épocas climáticas en los sedimentos del manglar El Morro-La Mancha, Veracruz, Golfo de México. Métodos: De mayo a noviembre 2019, siguiendo un transecto de salinidad, se recolectaron sedimentos del manglar del Morro-La Mancha, en tres localidades, abarcando tres diferentes épocas climáticas, secas (mayo), lluvias (octubre) y nortes (noviembre) (N = 9), cuantificándose la abundancia de las AMV mediante la técnica del Número Más Probable (NMP) con acetato y metanol como substratos; la influencia de los sulfatos en la producción de metano a partir de acetato en microcosmos, se analizó por cromatografía de gases y se evaluaron las variables químicas de salinidad, pH, Eh, carbohidratos, contenido orgánico y carbonatos en los sedimentos. Resultados: Se determinó una abundancia de AMV de 102 a 108 NMP/g de sedimento húmedo, superior a la reportada en otros estudios, dicha abundancia se incrementó cuando se utilizó metanol (104-108 NMP/g sedimento) como sustrato, en comparación con el acetato (102-105 NMP/g sedimento); la producción de metano en los microcosmos aumentó en condiciones libres de sulfatos (29.78-929.75 nmol CH4/mes) y en los sedimentos de la temporada de lluvias. Conclusión: Se destaca la influencia de las condiciones químicas de los sedimentos del manglar sobre la dinámica metanógena, determinándose que, en la temporada de lluvias, una disminución de la salinidad, Eh más electronegativos y el incremento de las fracciones orgánicas favorecieron la metanogénesis.

ABSTRACT Soil salinization, a rising issue globally, is a negative effect of the ever-changing climate, which has drawn attention to, and exacerbated problems related to soil degradation and the decline in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, leading to an unstable national economy. The use of rhizosphere inhabiting microorganisms (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) is a viable method for boosting agricultural production on saline soils and reduce salt stress in rice crops. The objective of this study was to support the development of rice under salt stress by using a consortium of bacterial strains. ‘Pokkali’ rice plants inoculated with single Bacillus tequilensis and B. aryabhattai isolates were compared with consortium and non-inoculated plants while salinity was increased and by irrigation with tap water (control), 30 mM (5 dS m-1) and 60 mM (10 dS m-1) NaCl. The present study exhibited that inoculation of a mixed inoculum at 5 dS m-1 resulted in significantly higher dry weight of the shoots and roots of seedlings (9.29 and 1.24 g, respectively) which was due to the increased SPAD value, proline content (7.55 µmol g-1 FW), and antioxidant enzyme activity in the inoculated plants. The higher accumulation of osmoprotectants such as proline supported Na+ ion reduction and antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase and reduced polyphenol oxidase content protect against higher cellular damage, eventually leading to increase plant growth performance in saline soil. This study demonstrates some positive effects of the locally isolated salt tolerant consortium PGPR strains on the growth of rice plants under salt stress conditions.

The Zandvlei Estuary is the only functioning estuary along the False Bay coastline of Cape Town and is therefore of extreme local ecological importance. The most significant problems are eutrophication and siltation caused by the increased total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and soluble ready phosphorus (SRP) levels due to urban development and the associated increased impervious surface area in the catchment that drains into it. In South Africa, stormwater drainage systems conventionally channel everything they collect into receiving water bodies without significant treatment. Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) provide an alternative approach to managing stormwater runoff. They are designed to manage both stormwater quality and quantity while potentially improving biodiversity and amenity. This project modelled the potential improvement in the quality of the water entering Zandvlei Estuary resulting from the implementation of selected SuDS control measures in Zandvlei's Diep River catchment using the software program, PCSWMM. SRP, TIN, total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) were selected as pollutant indicators. Treatment trains that included a large, constructed wetland at the bottom of the catchment will likely provide the greatest improvements to the water quality entering Zandvlei -potentially reducing SRP, TIN, TP and TSS by approximately 59%, 53%, 53%, and 66%, respectively - as well as potentially reducing the runoff by 48%.

Verlorenvlei is a globally important RAMSAR wetland on the arid west coast of South Africa. A prolonged drought between 2016 and 2021 and increasing competition for water from the agricultural sector resulted in extremely low water levels. We used historical aerial and satellite imagery from 1942 and rainfall and water level data for the past 50 years, to assess habitat changes within the estuarine functional zone of the Verlorenvlei Estuarine Lake. Prior to the drought, lake water levels and water surface area remained stable (1113 ± 27 ha (SE)). Since then, there has been a 64% decrease in open water area, exposing 193 ha of sandbanks, of which 190.9 ha were hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich. The water in the lower lake was hypersaline (>100), and in the middle, it was acidic (pH<3). The low water level plus sediment and nutrient input from surrounding agriculture resulted in a localised increase in reeds. Additional pressures, such as fires, have reduced the above-ground biomass of reeds and sedges, potentially altering surface morphology and reducing stored carbon. Despite flooding and filling up in June 2023, the lake remained in an acidic state (3.9-4.3). Similar low-lake level, hypersaline and acidic conditions are predicted to become more common under future climate change scenarios where aridity and extreme weather events are anticipated. Inflow of fresh water into the estuary and control of farming practices are required to keep the Verlorenvlei in a functional state, with long-term monitoring necessary to assess the ecological condition in response to restoration actions. SIGNIFICANCE: We assessed the habitat changes in Verlorenvlei, an estuarine lake on the arid west coast of South Africa. Estuarine lakes are scarce, and an extended drought greatly reduced the water surface area, exposing hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich soils, leading to lake acidification and a negative response from biota. Competition for water from agribusiness and the burning of reeds are added pressures. Subsequent heavy rains have been slow to buffer lake acidity, and the impacts thereof serve as a warning for the management of similar ecosystems and their ecological water requirements, especially under climate change where extreme weather conditions, increased aridity and competition for water are realities.

Abstract The Puerto Pizarro mangrove is part of the Tumbes mangrove, the largest in Peru; it is also the mangrove with the greatest anthropic impact in the region; in this area, no studies have been carried out on the status of its population of Rhizophora mangle, the most important mangrove species in the Peruvian mangroves. The objective of this research was to establish the structural characteristics of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove. The study was carried out by subdividing the research area into three zones (A, B and C), in which 41 plots of 1 ha each were selected, in each plot a sub-area of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m) was taken). In these sub-areas, mangrove trees of the species Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans were evaluated regarding their structural characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, frequency, dominance and index value of ecological importance (IVI). It was found that R. mangle had a greater DAP, height and basal area than the other species; also, higher density, frequency, dominance and relative IVI (adjusted to 100%) than the other species with values of 51.5%, 100%, 82.6% and 53.3%, respectively. The research findings allow us to conclude that the population of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove is a mature population, with a predominance of stems and latizales. However, its structural characteristics are not homogeneous throughout the Puerto Pizarro area, since zone A, with less anthropic impact and lower salinity, has R. mangle trees with better structural characteristics than those in zones B and C in which there is greater anthropic activity and greater salinity.

Resumen El manglar de Puerto Pizarro forma parte del manglar de Tumbes, el más grande del Perú; es también el manglar con mayor impacto antrópico en la región; en este no se han realizado estudios sobre el estado de su población de Rhizophora mangle, la especie de mangle más importante de los manglares peruanos. Esta investigación buscaba establecer las características estructurales de R. mangle en el manglar de Puerto Pizarro. El estudio se realizó subdividiendo el área de investigación en tres zonas (A, B y C), en las cuales se seleccionaron 41 parcelas de 1 ha cada una, en cada parcela se tomó una sub-área de 0,25 ha (50 m x 50 m). En estas sub-áreas se evaluaron los árboles de mangle de las especies Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans respecto a sus características estructurales diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura, área basal, densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVI). Se encontró que R. mangle presentó un mayor DAP, altura y área basal que las otras especies; así también, mayor densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e IVI relativos (ajustados al 100%) que las otras especies con valores de 51,5%, 100%, 82,6% y 53,3%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten concluir que la población de R. mangle del manglar de Puerto Pizarro es una población madura, con predominancia de fustales y latizales. En Puerto Pizarro, sus características estructurales no son homogéneas, ya que la zona A, con menor impacto antrópico y menor salinidad, presenta árboles de R. mangle con mejores características estructurales que los de las zonas B y C, donde hay mayor actividad antrópica y mayor salinidad.

Abstract (Introduction): Floodplain vegetation plays an important role in providing ecosystem services such as carbon capture and cycle regulation; hence, the need arises to assess its condition. (Objective): To analyze the vegetation structure of the “complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa” (CCZ), propose the Floodplain Vegetation Quality Index (FVQI), and evaluate vegetation quality. (Methodology): Rectangular plots of 500 m2 in 12 sampling sites were defined; richness, composition, and structure analysis were conducted. The FVQI, a modification of the River Vegetation Quality Index (QBR), is proposed, and CCZ vegetation quality is calculated using the proposed index. (Results): 48 species were found; most are native, and two are endemic. Of these, 32 are categorized as Least Concern (LC). The proposed FVQI evaluates the naturalness of continental wetland vegetation formations, vertical stratification, longitudinal connectivity, presence of native species, and anthropogenic alterations affecting the ecosystem; 66 % of the evaluated sites showed good vegetation quality, with slight transformation. (Conclusions): An assessment of floodplain vegetation in lentic ecosystems was conducted using the FVQI index. This index, along with structural analysis, provided information on the current state of vegetation and the degree of naturalness of vegetation formations. This study offers a more comprehensive view of ecosystem health and quality, crucial for their conservation and proper management.

Resumen (Introducción): La vegetación inundable desempeña un papel importante en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos como la captura de carbono y la regulación de su ciclo; por esto surge la necesidad de evaluar su estado. (Objetivo): Analizar la estructura de la vegetación del complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa (CCZ), proponer el índice de calidad de la vegetación inundable (ICVI) y evaluar la calidad de la vegetación. (Metodología): Se definieron parcelas rectangulares de 500 m2 en 12 sitios de muestreo y se realizó el análisis de riqueza, composición y estructura. Se propone el ICVI, una modificación del índice de calidad de vegetación de ribera (QBR) y se calcula la calidad de la vegetación del CCZ con el índice propuesto. (Resultados): Se encontraron 48 especies; la mayoría nativas y 2 endémicas. De estas, 32 se categorizan en preocupación menor (LC). El ICVI evalúa la naturalidad de las formaciones vegetales de humedales continentales, la estratificación vertical, conectividad longitudinal, presencia de especies autóctonas y las alteraciones antrópicas que afectan el ecosistema. El 66 % de los sitios presentaron una calidad buena, con una ligera transformación. (Conclusiones): Se llevó a cabo una evaluación del estado de la vegetación inundable en ecosistemas lénticos utilizando el índice ICVI, que, junto con el análisis estructural, permitió obtener información sobre el estado actual de la vegetación y el grado de naturalidad de las formaciones vegetales. Este estudio proporciona una visión más completa de la salud y la calidad de los ecosistemas, lo que es fundamental para su conservación y manejo adecuado.

Resumen Este artículo se funda en la investigación realizada para el proyecto de tesis de la Maestría en Arquitectura del Paisaje (Asorey, 2023), reconociendo las transformaciones que se sucedieron en el tiempo, desde el siglo XIX hasta nuestros días, en el borde costero de Villa Constitución, Puerto Las Piedras. Se aprecian las estructuras que conformaron el paisaje industrial, aun productivas en un puerto fragmentado. La construcción del pedraplén, para realizar a modo de dique el canal de navegación, genera un espacio sedimentario nuevo que es un humedal urbano, hoy Área Natural Protegida de este territorio, que se une a la isla Cafferata con la Unidad 1 del puerto actual y la ciudad. Formulamos un Atlas heterodoxo a modo conclusivo de los paisajes mestizos (paisajes patrimoniales), híbridos, naturales, urbanos, productivos, arqueológicos e históricos, tangibles e intangibles que son parte también del paisaje social, de la memoria colectiva del territorio y de las sinergias que se producen entre la naturaleza y la construcción humana. Esta herramienta dinámica llamada Atlas busca seguir ampliándose, valoriza el paisaje mestizo, para sus intervenciones futuras en el buffer de costa analizado, península-humedal, ciudad, territorio, región.

Hydropedology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interactions between soil and water, recognizing that soils influence hydrological processes through their hydraulic properties, and serve as indicators of hydrological behaviour through their morphological properties that are shaped by water regimes. Given the practical implications of hydropedology and its integration into South Africa's latest soil classification system, an updated categorization of soil forms and 1 657 (1 629 + 28) families was necessary, organizing them into three overarching response groups based on their predominant hydrological responses: recharge, interflow, and responsive. Within these groups, recharge soils are further classified into deep, shallow, and slow subgroups, interflow soils encompass soil/bedrock, shallow, and slow categories, while responsive soils are subdivided into responsive shallow and responsive wet. This paper aims to enhance the reader's comprehension of hydrological responses and simplify the intricacies integrated into South Africa's official soil classification system.

Wetland delineation in South Africa incorporates soil form and soil wetness indicators, requiring formal soil classification and description of soil redox morphology. The current wetland definition used administratively in South Africa focuses on saturated (hydric) soil signatures within plant root zones. Saturated soil horizons deeper than plant root zones fall outside the 50 cm criterion in the local approach as well as the accepted zone in USA literature. The field of hydropedology accommodates the classification of the various hydrologically active horizons and provides a tool for the handling of horizons with ephemeral wetness. This approach has been variably accepted by mandated authorities in South Africa. The South African soil classification system has evolved through three editions over the past 50 years while retaining the same redox morphology understanding. However, despite the concepts and context of redox morphology having been thoroughly technically adopted by soil scientists, this is not the case within the wetland research and management environment. This especially because the classification system is structured differently from other international systems, and the South African landscape is geologically ancient with mature soils, introducing challenges to resource assessment specialists who rely on international norms and approaches for wetland assessment. This paper reviews the various components of soil classification and redox morphology based on Fe and Mn minerals within the context of the South African soil classification system, the field of hydropedology and wetland delineation indicators. We provide a qualitative correlation between the various diagnostic horizons and materials in the system and their related redox morphology contexts that are relevant to wetland assessment, delineation, and protection in South Africa. This paper therefore aims to serve as a reference point for the description and correlation of various soil hydrological parameters used in formal assessments.

Abstract Tropical wetland forests are fragile ecosystems facing critical risks due to global warming and other anthropogenic threats. Hence, gathering accurate and reliable information on them is urgent. Although remote sensing has demonstrated great potential in studying terrestrial ecosystems, remote sensing-based wetland forest research is still in an early stage of development. Mapping wetland forests, particularly mangrove forests, was an initial goal of this approach and is a task that still faces methodological challenges. Initially based on aerial photography only, wetland forest mapping through remote sensing underwent explosive diversification after the launching of artificial satellites in the 1970s. Later, precision in wetland forest mapping increased with the combination of hyperspectral, multispectral, and high and very high-resolution imagery. Accurate delimitation of wetland forest extent is also necessary to assess their temporal dynamics (losses, gains, and horizontal displacement). Despite the prevalence of mapping studies, current remote sensing-based research on wetland forests addresses new questions and novel aims, such as describing and predicting wetland forest attributes through mathematical modeling. Although this approach has made substantial progress in recent decades, modeling and predicting wetland forest attributes remain insufficiently explored fields of research. Combining active and passive sensors is a promising alternative to provide a more accurate picture of these communities’ attributes. In particular, LiDAR and radar-based technologies may help overcome difficulties encountered in older studies. In the future, we will witness conceptual and methodological progress that will enable us to surmount the remaining challenges.

Resumen Los humedales arbóreos tropicales están críticamente amenazados por el calentamiento global y otras amenazas antropogénicas; por ello, urge recopilar información confiable sobre estas comunidades vegetales. Aunque la percepción remota ha demostrado gran potencial en el estudio de ecosistemas terrestres, la investigación de los humedales arbóreos con este enfoque requiere mayor desarrollo. El mapeo de los humedales arbóreos (particularmente manglares), que fue el objetivo inicial de este enfoque, aún enfrenta desafíos metodológicos. Inicialmente basado solo en fotografías aéreas, el mapeo de humedales arbóreos se diversificó explosivamente con el lanzamiento de satélites artificiales y la interpretación de imágenes de percepción remota. La precisión de los mapas de estas comunidades aumentó con el uso combinado de imágenes multiespectrales, hiperespectrales, de alta y muy alta resolución. Para evaluar la dinámica temporal (pérdidas, ganancias, desplazamiento horizontal) de los humedales arbóreos necesitamos delimitar de manera precisa su extensión. Aunque todavía se están cartografiando numerosos humedales arbóreos, la investigación actual de estos ecosistemas por percepción remota aborda nuevas preguntas y objetivos (e.g., predecir los atributos comunitarios por medio de modelos matemáticos). A pesar de sustanciales avances recientes, el modelado y la predicción de los atributos de los humedales arbóreos siguen siendo temas poco explorados. La combinación de sensores activos y pasivos es una alternativa promisoria para evaluar con precisión los atributos de estas comunidades, y las tecnologías de radar y LiDAR pueden ayudar a superar dificultades enfrentadas en el pasado. Los avances conceptuales y metodológicos en el futuro permitirán superar los desafíos que aún persisten.

ABSTRACT Coastal wetlands adjacent to urban areas, such as the Pantanos de Villa in the city of Lima, Peru, are subject to constant changes in land use due to anthropogenic interaction. This has led to the reduction of dense vegetation areas, giving way to built-up areas. Therefore, this article addresses the issue of the physical changes experienced in urban areas adjacent to the wetland, such as the environmental management units, in this case the Zone of Protection of Outcrop and Surface Runoff (ZPAES), and the Zone of Landscape Protection of Edge (ZPB), as well as the Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge (RVSPV), as a result of rapid urban expansion. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of the Pantanos de Villa environment and urbanization within the Environmental Management Units ZPB, ZPAES, and RVSPV. To achieve this, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was used, and satellite images from Landsat 5 TM and Sentinel 2 MSI sensors were processed. These images were worked on in the GEE interface and analyzed using spectral indices, NDVI and NDBI, through map algebra codes and pixel masking. For cartographic representation, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The results show a 291.12% increase in built-up area and a 26% reduction in vegetated area over the last 35 years, for the Environmental Management Units ZPB and ZPAES, and the RVSPV. The identified reduction is directly related to unplanned expansion of urban areas and anthropogenic activities.

RESUMEN Los humedales costeros adyacentes a zonas urbanas, como los Pantanos de Villa en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, están sujetos a cambios constantes en el uso del suelo debido a la interacción antropogénica. Esto ha llevado a la reducción de áreas de vegetación densa, dando paso a zonas edificadas. Por esta razón, el presente artículo aborda la problemática de los cambios físicos experimentados en las zonas urbanas adyacentes al humedal, como las unidades de ordenamiento ambiental, en este caso la Zona de Protección de Afloramiento y Escorrentía Superficial (ZPAES y la Zona de Protección Paisajística de Borde (ZPB), así como el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pantanos de Villa (RVSPV), como consecuencia de la rápida expansión urbana. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la evolución espacial y temporal del entorno de los Pantanos de Villa y la urbanización dentro de las Unidades de Ordenamiento Ambiental ZPB, ZPAES y el RVSPV. Para ello, se utilizó la plataforma de Google Earth Engine (GEE) y se procesaron imágenes satelitales de los sensores Landsat 5 TM y Sentinel 2 MSI. Estas imágenes se trabajaron en la interfaz de GEE y se analizaron utilizando índices espectrales, NDVI y NDBI, mediante códigos de álgebra de mapas y el enmascaramiento de píxeles. Para la representación cartográfica, se empleó un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados muestran un aumento del 291.12% en la superficie edificada y una reducción del 26% en la superficie vegetal en los últimos 35 años, para las Unidades de Ordenamiento Ambiental ZPB y ZPAES, y el RVSPV. La reducción identificada se relaciona directamente con la expansión no planificada de la superficie urbana y las actividades antropogénicas.

ABSTRACT Mapping and classifying Coastal Wetlands is important for their conservation. The study aimed to apply Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and pixel-based approaches to answer the questions: (1) which approach is more accurate for classifying Wetlands; (2) Sentinel 1A images improve the classification of Wetlands compared to Sentinel 2A; (3) dual-station sorting has greater potential for sorting Wetlands compared to single-station sorting. We used Sentinel 1 and 2 in single and double seasons (winter and summer) to classify a coastal UA in Rio Grande do Sul. The results show OBIA with greater potential, with accuracy greater than 80%. Sentinel 2 shows higher ranking importance compared to Sentinel 1. Dual season OBIA increased kappa by up to 7% compared to single season. Furthermore, the pixel-based dual season had lower kappa than the OBIA single season. We conclude that OBIA, even at a single station, has greater potential to map coastal AUs. conservation ObjectBased Object Based (OBIA pixelbased pixel based questions (1 (2 A 2A 3 (3 dualstation station singlestation winter summer Sul 80 80% 7 Furthermore AUs ( 8

RESUMO Mapear e classificar Áreas Úmidas Costeiras é importante para a sua conservação. Este estudo teve como objetivo aplicar Análise de Imagens Baseada em Objetos (OBIA) e abordagens baseadas em pixels para responder às questões: (1) qual abordagem é mais precisa para classificar Áreas Úmidas; (2) as imagens do Sentinel 1A são melhores para classificação das Áreas Úmidas em comparação com o Sentinel 2A; (3) a classificação em estação dupla tem maior potencial para classificação de Áreas Úmidas em comparação com a classificação em estação única. Utilizamos Sentinel 1 e 2 em estações simples e duplas (inverno e verão) para classificar uma Área Úmida costeira no Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados mostram OBIA com maior potencial, com precisão superior a 80%. O Sentinel 2 apresentou maior importância na classificação em comparação com o Sentinel 1. O OBIA de estação dupla aumentou o kappa em até 7% em comparação com a estação única. Além disso, a estação dupla baseada em pixels teve kappa menor do que a estação única do OBIA. Concluímos que o OBIA, mesmo em uma única estação, tem maior potencial para mapear Áreas Úmidas costeiras. conservação (OBIA questões (1 (2 A 2A 3 (3 inverno verão Sul 80 80% 7 disso costeiras ( 8

Abstract Alchornea sidifolia is a tree species used in the regeneration of degraded forest environments and which grows in both non-flooded and flooded soils. We compared the wood anatomy of trees growing under both conditions in Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to understand intraspecific aspects of the adaptation of tropical woody species to these conditions. Trees from permanently flooded soils showed wider, shorter, and less frequent vessel elements; wider fibretracheids, with a greater proportion of the gelatinous type; and a lower frequency of radial parenchyma, but with longer strands of axial parenchyma. These results indicate that A. sidifolia trees growing in permanently flooded sites do not show water deficit and that the species is capable of maximizing water use in this growth condition. This conclusion may be directly related to the greater proportion of gelatinous fibretracheids in flooded trees and is contrary to what was expected for wood anatomy of trees under physiological drought. nonflooded non Janeiro Brazil shorter elements type parenchyma A condition drought

Resumo Alchornea sidifolia é uma espécie arbórea utilizada na regeneração de ambientes florestais degradados e que cresce tanto em solos não alagados quanto alagados. Nós comparamos a anatomia da madeira de árvores crescendo sob ambas as condições em remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para entender aspectos intraespecíficos da adaptação de espécies lenhosas tropicais a essas condições. As árvores que se desenvolvem em solos permanentemente inundados apresentaram elementos de vasos mais largos, curtos e menos frequentes; fibrotraqueídes mais largas, com maior proporção do tipo gelatinoso; e menor frequência de parênquima radial, mas com séries de parênquima axial mais longas. Esses resultados indicam que as árvores de A. sidifolia crescendo em solo permanentemente inundado não apresentam déficit hídrico e que a espécie é capaz de maximizar o uso da água nesta condição de crescimento. Essa conclusão pode estar diretamente relacionada à maior proporção de fibrotraqueídes gelatinosos em árvores de ambientes alagados e contraria o que se esperava para a anatomia do lenho de árvores sob seca fisiológica. Janeiro Brasil largos frequentes largas gelatinoso radial longas A crescimento fisiológica

Resumen La laguna de Salinas es un humedal salino altoandino ubicado en la región de Arequipa al sur de Perú. Actualmente, está sometido a actividades antropogénicas como la extracción de sales, el turismo de aventura y el cambio climático. A pesar de ser un entorno de importancia biológica, la diversidad de poblaciones microbianas ha sido poco explorada. La ubicación de este entorno en una región con índice UV extremos, altitud sobre 4,000 m y otros factores adversos destacan este ambiente como potencial para la bioprospección de microorganismos extremófilos y extremótrofos. En el presente estudio aislamos cepas bacterianas nativas de muestras de agua de la laguna de Salinas y realizamos la caracterización fenotípica a nivel morfológico y fisiológico mediante ensayos de tolerancia a NaCl, temperatura, pH y radiación UV-B. Reportamos cepas halotolerantes, psicrotolerantes, alcalófilas moderadas y cepas resistentes a radiación UV-B y una cepa alcalófila obligada. La identificación se realizó mediante el análisis molecular basado en el DNAr 16S. Los géneros identificados fueron Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Dietzia, Bacillus y Planococcus. Hasta donde sabemos, el presente trabajo es el primer reporte sobre microorganismos extremófilos y extremótrofos presentes en la laguna de Salinas, promoviendo un nuevo enfoque de prospección sobre este entorno.

Abstract The Salinas Lagoon is a high Andean saline wetland located in the Arequipa region of southern Peru. Currently, it is subject to anthropogenic activities such as salt extraction, adventure tourism and climate change. Despite being an environment of biological importance, the diversity of microbial populations has been little explored. The location of this environment in a region with extreme UV index, altitude above 4,000 m and other adverse factors highlight this environment as a potential for the bioprospection of extremotroph and extremotrofile microorganisms. In the present study, we isolated native bacterial strains from water samples of the Salinas Lagoon and performed phenotypic characterization at the morphological and physiological levels by means of tolerance assays to NaCl, temperature, pH and UV-B radiation. We reported halotolerant, psychrotolerant, moderate alkalophilic and UV-B radiation resistant strains and one obligate alkalophilic strain. Identification was performed by molecular analysis based on 16S rDNA. The genera identified were Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Dietzia, Bacillus and Planococcus. To our knowledge, the present work is the first report on extremophilic and extremotrophic microorganisms present in the Salinas Lagoon, promoting a new approach to survey this environment.