Summary: Plant growth, higher yield and fruit quality are positive ef fects due to the absorption of silicon (Si) and chlorine (Cl), which contributes to mitigating stress due to biotic or abiotic factors and recovering plant growth. The objective of this research was to know what the ef fect of Si or Cl does on morphometric variables, production quality and yield of the cucumber crop. A complete randomized block design was applied, four repetitions and ten treatments in seedlings: six doses of 20, 30 and 50 mg L-1 of Si or Cl, three doses with the volume:volume (v:v) ratio of 20 :20, 30:30 and 50:50 mg L-1 Si:Cl, plus the control. In plants transplanted in soil, already with five true leaves, there were nine treatments: six doses of 20, 30 and 50 mg L-1 of Si or Cl, two with the v:v ratio of 20:20 and 30:30 mg L-1 Si:Cl, and the witness. In pickle cucumber seedlings, the high dose of Cl was more ef fective in increasing leaf greenness and stem length; leaf size was greater in seedlings with the high dose of Si; while low doses of Cl or Si caused greater dry weight of roots. In the ˈModanˈ cultivar, the greenness did not change, the stem length was greater with the intermediate dose of Si, while the size of leaves was better expressed in plants with the lowest dose of Si. So perhaps the greater number of roots, the chlorophyll content and the leaf area influenced the higher yield to be expressed where Si or Cl was fertilized, as well as the firmness, TSS and °Brix of the fruits to improve.

Resumen: El crecimiento de plantas, mayor rendimiento y calidad de frutos, son efectos positivos debido a la absorción de silicio (Si) y cloro (Cl), que contribuye a mitigar el estrés por factores bióticos o abióticos y recuperar el crecimiento de las plantas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer el efecto que producen las dosis de Si o Cl en variables morfométricas, calidad de producción y rendimiento del cultivo de pepino. Se aplicó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, cuatro repeticiones y diez tratamientos en plántulas: seis dosis de 20, 30 y 50 mg L-1 de Si o Cl, tres dosis con la relación volumen:volumen (v:v) de 20:20, 30:30 y 50:50 mg L-1 Si:Cl, más el testigo. En plantas trasplantadas en suelo, ya con cinco hojas verdaderas, los tratamientos fueron nueve: seis dosis de 20, 30 y 50 mg L-1 de Si o Cl, dos con la relación v:v de 20:20 y 30:30 mg L-1 Si:Cl, y el testigo. En plántulas de pepino ˈpickleˈ, la dosis alta de Cl fue más eficaz para incrementar el verdor de hojas y longitud del tallo; el tamaño de hojas fue superior en plántulas con la dosis alta de Si; mientras que las bajas dosis de Cl o Si ocasionaron mayor peso seco de raíces. En el cultivar ˈModanˈ el verdor no varió, la longitud del tallo fue superior con la dosis intermedia de Si, mientras que el tamaño de hojas se expresó mejor en plantas con la menor dosis de Si. Así que quizás la mayor cantidad de raíces, el contenido de clorofila y el área foliar influyeron para que el rendimiento más alto se expresara donde se fertilizó con Si o Cl, así como para que mejoraran la firmeza, SST y °Brix de los frutos.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, there are few studies on the use of microbial inoculants for the sustainable production common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objective. To evaluate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on productive and economic variables of P. vulgaris. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the La Argelia Experimental Station in Loja, Ecuador, from February to July 2022. Using loamy soil, the common bean cultivar “Mantequilla” was employed in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications each. The treatments were: T1) absolute control, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, and T7) chemical fertilization. The effect of the treatments on growth, development, and yield components in the evaluated cultivar was assessed. Additionally, an economic analysis of the application of beneficial microorganisms versus chemical fertilization was conducted. Results. Treatment T6 (R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis) shortened the phenological phases (days), promoted a higher number of nodules, emergence percentage, plant height, leaf area, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, nitrogen content, and agricultural yield without statistical differences (p<0.05) compared to chemical fertilization (T7). The economic analysis showed that T6 generated higher income and greater profitability compared to chemical fertilization. Conclusion. Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms positively affected the productive and economic variables of common beans and can be a valid alternative to the conventional use of chemical fertilizers.

Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador, existen pocos estudios sobre la utilización de inoculantes microbianos para la producción sostenible del fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) en variables productivas y económicas de P. vulgaris . Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador, durante el periodo de febrero a julio de 2022. En un suelo de textura Franca, se empleó el cultivar de fríjol común Mantequilla bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cada uno. Los tratamientos fueron: T1) control absoluto, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, y T7) fertilización química. Se evaluó el efecto de los tratamientos sobre variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y componentes de rendimiento en el cultivar evaluado. Además, se realizó un análisis económico de la aplicación de los microorganismos benéficos frente a la fertilización química. Resultados. El tratamiento: R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis (T6) acortó las fases fenológicas (días), promovió un mayor número de nódulos, porcentaje de emergencia, altura de la planta, área foliar, número de vainas por planta, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de nitrógeno y rendimiento agrícola sin diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) con respecto a la fertilización química (T7). Mediante el análisis económico se estableció que el T6 generó mayores ingresos, y una mayor rentabilidad frente a la fertilización química. Conclusión. La inoculación con microorganismos benéficos afectó positivamente las variables productivas y económicas de frijol común y puede ser una alternativa válida al uso convencional de fertilizantes químicos.

ABSTRACT Soil contamination with toxic metals brings along severe environmental issues. Among these metals, copper (Cu) is harmful to plant development when it reaches high contamination levels in the soil. Thus, identifying species capable of resisting this contamination type helps these sites’ revegetation and decontamination processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the tolerance of Cedrela fissilis plants to excess Cu through morphophysiological and biochemical variables. C. fissilis seedlings were subjected to five concentrations of Cu (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four repetitions. Morphophysiological (number of leaves, shoot height, root length, dry weight, morphological variables of the root system, and leaf area) and biochemical (antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and photosynthetic pigments) traits and Cu accumulated in roots and shoot were evaluated. High concentrations of Cu had a negative effect on the shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Overall, Cu increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, Cu incidence in the nutrient solution has negatively influenced the biochemical and physiological traits of C. fissilis seedlings to the detriment of their growth. Thus, it was possible to identify sensitive behavior by the investigated species. Because of these features, C. fissilis seedlings can be used as markers for copper-contaminated areas. issues (Cu soil Thus sites processes Therefore C 0, 0 (0 2 4 6 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) randomized repetitions number leaves height length weight system area peroxidation concentration pigments evaluated rate conductance Overall growth features coppercontaminated contaminated areas ( L-1 L-

RESUMO A contaminação do solo com metais tóxicos traz consigo graves problemas ambientais. Dentre esses metais, o cobre (Cu) é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das plantas quando atinge elevados níveis de contaminação no solo. Assim, identificar espécies capazes de resistir a esse tipo de contaminação auxilia nos processos de revegetação e descontaminação desses locais. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância de plantas de Cedrela fissilis ao excesso de Cu através de variáveis morfofisiológicas e bioquímicas. Mudas de C. fissilis foram submetidas a cinco concentrações de Cu (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Características morfofisiológicas (número de folhas, altura da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, massa seca, variáveis morfológicas do sistema radicular e área foliar) e bioquímicas (enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e pigmentos fotossintéticos) e Cu acumulado nas raízes e folhas foram avaliados. Altas concentrações de Cu tiveram efeito negativo no peso seco da parte aérea e das raízes, na taxa fotossintética, na condutância estomática e na taxa transpiratória. No geral, o Cu aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a peroxidação lipídica. Portanto, a incidência de Cu na solução nutritiva influenciou negativamente as características bioquímicas e fisiológicas das mudas de C. fissilis em detrimento do seu crescimento. Assim, foi possível identificar o comportamento sensível da espécie investigada. Devido a essas características, mudas de C. fissilis podem ser utilizadas como bioindicadoras de áreas contaminadas por cobre. ambientais (Cu Assim locais Portanto C 0, 0 (0 2 4 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) casualizado repetições número raiz seca foliar lipídica fotossintéticos avaliados fotossintética transpiratória geral crescimento investigada ( L-1 L-

Abstract Objective: To study the association between placental efficiency with anthropometry and nutritional phenotypes in full-term newborns from a birth cohort. Method: This was a secondary cross-sectional analysis of data obtained in a cohort study (Brazilian RibeirãoPreto and São Luís Birth Cohort Studies - BRISA), whose deliveries were performed between 2010 and 2011. Standardized questionnaires were applied to mothers, and placentas and newborns were evaluated shortly after delivery. Placental efficiency was assessed using the ratio between birth weight and placental weight (BW/PW ratio); values below the lower quartile (25th percentile for gestational age) were considered to have low placental efficiency. Newborn phenotypes were small and large for gestational age, stunted and wasted, evaluated using the INTERGROWTH-21 growth standard. To identify the confounding variables theoretical model was constructed using Directed Acyclic Graphs, and unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression were performed. Placental measurements were obtained blindly from pregnancy and delivery data. Results: 723 mother-placenta-child triads were studied. 3.2 % of newborns were small-for-gestational-age (SGA), 6.5 %large-for-gestational-age (LGA), 5.7 %had stunting, and 0.27 % wasting. A significantly higher risk was found between low placental efficiency and SGA (OR 2.82;95 % CI 1.05-7.57), stunting (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.07-4.65), and wasting (OR 8.22; 95 % CI 1.96-34.37). No relationship was found between LGA and placental efficiency. Conclusions: Low placental efficiency was associated with increased risk for small-for-gestational-age, stunting, and wasting. Placental morphometry can provide valuable information on intrauterine conditions and neonatal health, helping to identify newborns at higher risk of future comorbidities. Objective fullterm full term Method crosssectional cross sectional Brazilian BRISA, BRISA , BRISA) 201 2011 mothers BW/PW BWPW BW PW ratio) 25th th age wasted INTERGROWTH21 INTERGROWTH 21 INTERGROWTH-2 standard Graphs Results 72 motherplacentachild mother placenta child studied 32 3 2 3. smallforgestationalage SGA, (SGA) 65 6 5 6. %largeforgestationalage largeforgestationalage %large LGA, (LGA) 57 7 5. had 027 0 27 0.2 OR 2.8295 28295 2.82 82 2.82;9 1.057.57, 105757 1.05 7.57 1 05 1.05-7.57) 2.23 223 23 9 1.074.65, 107465 1.07 4.65 07 4 1.07-4.65) 8.22 822 8 22 1.9634.37. 1963437 1.96 34.37 . 96 34 37 1.96-34.37) Conclusions smallforgestationalage, health comorbidities 20 INTERGROWTH2 INTERGROWTH- (SGA (LGA 02 0. 8295 2.829 2829 282 2.8 2.82; 057 1.057.57 10575 105 1.0 757 7.5 1.05-7.57 2.2 074 1.074.65 10746 107 465 4.6 1.07-4.65 8.2 9634 1.9634.37 196343 196 1.9 3437 34.3 1.96-34.37 829 28 2. 1.057.5 1057 10 1. 75 7. 1.05-7.5 1.074.6 1074 46 4. 1.07-4.6 8. 963 1.9634.3 19634 19 343 34. 1.96-34.3 1.057. 1.05-7. 1.074. 1.07-4. 1.9634. 1963 1.96-34. 1.057 1.05-7 1.074 1.07-4 1.9634 1.96-34 1.05- 1.07- 1.963 1.96-3 1.96-

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a implementação da Lei Florestal na província de Formosa que, ao contrário de outras províncias, concedeu à maioria das suas florestas nativas a categoria de proteção mais baixa da lei. Utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa, este trabalho reconstrói o processo de desenho e sanção do ordenamento de florestas nativas na província de Formosa e busca identificar quais fatores explicam seu desenho. Existe uma literatura consolidada que nos permite compreender a diversidade das respostas provinciais à política nacional de proteção das florestas nativas. No artigo discutimos esta literatura e propomos uma hipótese que reformula o peso relativo das variáveis em jogo para o caso estudado e eventualmente para outros casos provinciais. O trabalho permite mostrar que o desenho do ordenamento de florestas nativas na província de Formosa é melhor explicado como resultado do confronto e negociação do governo provincial com as autoridades ambientais nacionais em torno da política nacional do que pela incidência de coalizões de atores sociais e estatais confrontando-se entre si. O resultado deste processo de ordenamento florestal permitiu ao governo provincial combinar uma política de desenvolvimento produtivista com as exigências da política ambiental nacional.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la implementación de la Ley de Bosques en la provincia de Formosa que, en contraste con otras provincias, otorgó a la mayoría de sus bosques nativos la categoría de protección más baja de la ley. Haciendo uso de una metodología cualitativa, el presente trabajo reconstruye el proceso de diseño y sanción del ordenamiento de bosques nativos en la provincia de Formosa y busca identificar qué factores explican su diseño. Existe una literatura consolidada que permite entender la diversidad de respuestas provinciales a la política nacional de protección de los bosques nativos. En el artículo discutimos esa literatura y planteamos una hipótesis que reformula el peso relativo de las variables en juego para el caso estudiado y eventualmente para otros casos provinciales. El trabajo permite mostrar que el diseño del ordenamiento de bosques nativos en la provincia de Formosa se explica mejor como resultado de la confrontación y negociación del gobierno provincial con las autoridades ambientales nacionales en torno a la política nacional que por la incidencia de coaliciones de actores sociales y estatales confrontadas entre sí. El resultado de este proceso de ordenamiento de bosques le permitió al gobierno provincial conjugar una política de desarrollo productivista con los requerimientos de la política ambiental nacional.

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the implementation of the Forest Law in the province of Formosa, which, in contrast with other provinces, granted most of its native forests the lowest category of protection under the law. Using a qualitative methodology, this paper reconstructs the design and sanctioning process of native forest regulation in the province of Formosa and seeks to identify the factors that explain its design. There is a consolidated literature that allows us to understand the diversity of provincial responses to the national policy for the protection of native forests. In this paper we discuss this literature and propose a hypothesis that reformulates the relative weight of the variables at stake for the case studied and eventually for other provincial cases. The paper shows that the design of native forest management in the province of Formosa can be better explained as a result of the confrontation and negotiation of the provincial government with the national environmental authorities around the national policy, than by the incidence of coalitions of social and state actors confronting each other. The result of this forest management process allowed the provincial government to combine a production-oriented development policy with the requirements of the national environmental policy.

Abstract The aim was to determine if the presence of horns on rams defines whether they are high-ranking or low-ranking. Dorper rams (n = 20) were evaluated to determine their social rank (SR), either high (HSR) or low (LSR), under intensive management conditions. Upon SR classification, the morphometric variables horns presence (HP) or absence (HA) and distance between them, the height at the withers, body length, thoracic perimeter, and scrotal circumference, male odor, body weight, and body condition score were registered. Afterward, semen evaluations were performed, recording the ejaculated volume, sperm concentration, and mass motility. There were no differences (p > 0.05) for the morphometric variables between the groups. However, HP as well as semen quality were higher (p < 0.05) in HSR males. The presence of horns in the rams determined their social rank and the dominant males showed better semen quality than the subordinate males.

Resumen El objetivo fue determinar si la presencia de cuernos en carneros define si son de jerarquía alta o baja. Se evaluaron 20 carneros Dorper para determinar su rango social (SR), alto (HSR) o bajo (LSR) en condiciones de manejo intensivo. Al momento de la clasificación del SR, se registraron la presencia (HP) o ausencia (HA) de cuernos y distancia entre los mismos, la altura a la cruz, largo del cuerpo, perímetro torácico, circunferencia escrotal, olor, peso corporal y condición corporal. Posteriormente, se realizó la evaluación seminal, registrando el volumen del eyaculado, la concentración espermática y la motilidad masal. No se presentaron diferencias (p > 0.05) para las variables morfométricas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, la HP así como la calidad seminal, fueron mayores (p < 0.05) en los machos HSR. La presencia de cuernos en los carneros determinó su rango social y los machos dominantes mostraron una mejor calidad seminal que los machos subordinados.

Resumen El Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo del Cerdo (PRRS) es una enfermedad que impacta económicamente a la porcicultora, pues provoca baja eficiencia alimenticia y menor ganancia de peso en la fase de engorda. Se evaluó el efecto de adicionar la dieta con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), oleorresina de cúrcuma y capsicum (EP, extractos de plantas) sobre el desempeño productivo de cerdos en engorda y en la salud de una piara con PRRS. Novecientos sesenta cerdos con un peso promedio inicial de 5.21 ± 0.065 kg fueron asignados a uno de cuatro tratamientos: T1, testigo; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. Las variables fueron: peso al día 70 (P70), peso a la salida al mercado (PM), ganancia diaria de peso al día 70 (GDP70), ganancia diaria de peso al mercado (GDPM), conversión alimenticia al día 70 (CA70) y conversión alimenticia a la salida al mercado (CAM). P70 y GDP mostraron que las dietas T2 y T4 (P < 0.05) superaron al testigo y a T3. En CA70, los cerdos de T2 y T4 fueron mejores que el testigo y T3 (P < 0.05). En PM, T2, T3 y T4 superaron al testigo (P < 0.05). Todos los cerdos fueron positivos a PRRS durante todo el estudio, aunque los cerdos del segundo ciclo de engorda mostraron más IgG en T2 y T4. El costo de producción para T2, T3 y T4 fue menor para GDPM, CAM y PM. En conclusión, las dietas experimentales fueron superiores al testigo en PM y, por ende, el uso de DHA y fitogénicos resultó rentable.

Abstract Pig Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a disease with economic repercussions for pig farmers worldwide as it causes low feed efficiency and, therefore, less weight gain in the fattening stage. The effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric oleoresin and capsicum (EP, plant extracts) on the productive performance of fattening pigs and on the health of a herd affected by PRRS was evaluated. Nine-hundred and sixty fattening pigs with an initial average weight of 5.21 ± 0.065 kg was randomly assigned to one of four treatments, T1, control; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. The variables analyzed were weight at day 70 of life (P70), weight at market (PM), daily weight gain at day 70 of life (GDP70), daily weight gain to market (GDPM), feed conversion at day 70 of life (CA70) and feed conversion at market (CAM). T2 and T4 diets exceeded the control and T3 in P70 and GDP (P < 0.05), T2 and T4 did better than the control and T3 in CA70 (P < 0.05). T2, T3, and T4 surpasssed the control in PM (P < 0.05). All pigs had antibodies against PRRS throughout the study, although pigs in the second fattening cycle showed higher IgG values for T2 and T4. The cost of production for T2, T3 and T4 was lower for GDPM, CAM and PM. In conclusion, the treatments T2, T3, and T4 were superior to the control in PM and therefore, the use of DHA and phylogens wasp cost-effective.

Resumen En zonas de clima árido y semiárido, la disponibilidad y la calidad del agua son factores críticos para el desarrollo de la agronomía. Para enfrentar el desafío, una alternativa para el aprovechamiento de este recurso es la implementación de técnicas eficientes y sostenibles como el uso de riego por goteo. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el comportamiento agronómico del centeno en condiciones desfavorables de agua y temperatura para determinar la efectividad de la estabilidad fenotípica en la Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Se sembraron dos genotipos de centeno bajo un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas (parcela grande: tres niveles de agua y parcela chica: dos genotipos de semillas obtenidas en ciclos diferentes). Se evaluaron las características agronómicas de la planta, las características fisicoquímicas del grano; y se determinó la significancia entre las distintas variables con un análisis de correlación. El análisis de varianza reveló efectos sobre la altura de la planta, el número de espigas y de granos, tamaño de grano, el peso de mil granos, rendimiento y contenido de proteína del centeno debido a los diferentes regímenes hídricos utilizados. Se obtuvieron entre 219-314 espigas por metro lineal, con tamaño de grano comercialmente aceptable (7.45-7.95 mm largo x 2.18-2.40 mm ancho). También se observaron valores de rendimiento altos (1.72-3.11 t ha-1), así como un excelente contenido de proteína (20.3-22.8%). Estos resultados demuestran que el centeno es un cereal versátil que se adapta a condiciones ambientales adversas como disminución en la cantidad de agua de riego y temperaturas extremadamente altas.

Abstract In areas with arid and semi-arid climates, the availability and quality of water are critical factors for the development of agronomy. To face the challenge, an alternative for the use of this resource is the implementation of efficient and sustainable techniques such as the use of drip irrigation. The objective of the work was to analyze the agronomic behavior of rye under unfavorable water and temperature conditions to determine the effectiveness of phenotypic stability on La Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Two rye genotypes were planted under a split plot experimental design (large plot: three water levels and small plot: two genotypes of seeds obtained in different cycles). The agronomic characteristics of the plant, the physicochemical characteristics of the grain were evaluated; and the significance between the different variables was determined with a correlation analysis. The analysis of variance revealed effects on plant height, number of spikes and grains, grain size, thousand grain weight, yield and protein content of rye due to the different water regimes used. Between 219-314 spikes per linear meter were obtained, with a commercially acceptable grain size (7.45-7.95 mm long x 2.18-2.40 mm wide). High yield values (1.72-3.11 t ha-1) were also observed, as well as excellent protein content (20.3-22.8%). These results demonstrate that rye is a versatile cereal that adapts to adverse environmental conditions such as a decrease in the amount of irrigation water and extremely high temperatures.

ABSTRACT Aquaponics is the cultivation technique that integrates aquaculture with hydroponics. The present work compared two plant production cycles of a hydroponic component of an aquaponic system (tilapia-lettuce-cucumbers) vs. a hydroponic system. The tilapia growth trial lasted 22 weeks in the aquaponic system, during which two plant production cycles -lettuce-cucumber- (seven weeks) were performed. Water quality and environmental variables were recorded, evaluating weight growth and biomass produced in fish rearing. Leaf number, height, and weight were determined in lettuce plants. Stem length and fresh weight were measured in cucumber plants; length, fresh weight, and diameter were determined in cucumber fruit. The results showed that the average tilapia biomass per tank was 33.76 kg m-3 with an average final weight of 592.26 ± 25.45 g fish−1. Lettuce production (plants ha−1) was higher in aquaponics than hydroponics during the first cycle, while in the second one, it was greater in hydroponics. Significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.05) resulted between treatments in both cucumber production cycles with larger biomass growth in hydroponics than in aquaponics. Cucumber fruit showed larger weight (212.52 ± 18.89 g) and length (14.15 ± 1.75 cm) in hydroponics, thus greater yield (4.97 t ha−1); hydroponics-grown cucumber plants had longer stem lengths (292.51 ± 8.73 cm). In conclusion, the hydroponic system had higher plant production. However, aquaponics provided a double benefit since it produced fish and plants, and the plants used waste from fish rearing without contaminating the environment.

Abstract The use of alternative tree and shrub species such as Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, for feeding ruminants, can provide high amounts of feed biomass and high protein content. The most commonly used propagation methods for the production of seedlings of this species are by grafting, layering and cuttings, with the latter method standing out, because it allows obtaining a greater number of seedlings per branch in less time. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of alternative rooting agents on wasp flower (H. rosa-sinensis L.) cuttings, under nursery conditions. Five rooting agents were evaluated consisting of Aloe vera, cinnamon, Aloe + molasses + egg (A+M+E), Moringa oleífera and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp, plus a control consisting of the addition of water. The variables evaluated were number of roots per plant, root length, number of regrowths, fresh root weight per plant, dry root weight per plant, root biomass and survival percentage. The data were organized in a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet, then analyzed in the statistical program InfoStat 2020. The treatment with Trichoderma sp favors the vegetative growth of H. rosa-sinensis, followed by the A+M+E, Moringa and cinnamon treatments. The treatments with the highest percentage of survival were Moringa, cinnamon, Aloe, and Trichoderma sp, considered as excellent, while the A+M+H and control treatments were considered good.

Resumen El uso de las especies alternativas de árboles y arbustos como son Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, para la alimentación de rumiantes, puede proporcionar altas cantidades de biomasa alimenticia y alto contenido de proteína. Los métodos de propagación más utilizados para la producción de plántulas de esta especie son por injerto, acodo y esquejes, destacándose este último método, porque permite obtener un mayor número de plántulas por rama en menor tiempo. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de enraizadores alternativos sobre esquejes de flor de avispa (H. rosa-sinensis L.), bajo condiciones de vivero. Se evaluaron cinco enraizadores que consistieron en aloe vera, canela, aloe + melaza + huevo (A+M+H), Moringa oleifera y el hongo antagonista Trichoderma sp, además de un testigo que consistió en la adición de agua. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de raíces por planta, longitud de raíces, número de rebrotes, peso fresco de raíz por planta, peso seco de raíz por planta, biomasa de raíces y porcentaje de sobrevivencia. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel 2013, posteriormente fueron analizados en el programa estadístico InfoStat 2020. El tratamiento con Trichoderma sp favorece el crecimiento vegetativo de H. rosa-sinensis, seguido de los tratamientos A+M+H, Moringa y canela. Los tratamientos con mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fueron Moringa, canela, aloe y Trichoderma sp, considerados como excelentes, mientras que los tratamientos A+M+H y testigo fueron considerados buenos.

Abstract The Habanero chilli peppers are one of the most important vegetables in Mexico's culinary culture due to its unique aromatic characteristics. Its cultivation is concentrated in the south and southeast of Mexico, typically using the principles of conventional agriculture. According to this model, large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides are used, affecting production safety. In order to evaluate two proportions of compost as substrate (100 and 50 %) in addition to a control, with and without the application of efficient microorganisms (EM), under a completely randomized design, a trial was conducted in Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico (N 16º 32' and W 93º 45'). The six treatments had five replicates, each with five plants. Seedlings were transplanted 21 days after sowing (DAS) in polyethylene bags with the indicated proportions. Organic management was based on the application of biofertilizer every eight days until 64 days after sowing. The parameters evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, fruit number and weight, as well as polar and equatorial diameter. Analysis of variance, mean tests (Tukey p ≤ 0.05) and simple correlations (Pearson) were performed. Statistical superiority was determined for the parameters evaluated in the treatments using organic amendment in its two proportions, improving phenological and yield variables with the application of EM, in symmetries of 5 to 20 %. Correlations showed correspondence of phenological variables and yield components of Habanero chili peppers.

Resumen El chile habanero constituye una de las hortalizas más importantes en la cultura culinaria de México debido a sus características aromáticas singulares. Su cultivo se concentra en el sur y sureste de México, usándose típicamente los principios de la agricultura convencional. Bajo este modelo se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y plaguicidas, lo que afecta la producción con inocuidad. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos proporciones de composta como sustrato (100 y 50 %), además de un testigo, con y sin la aplicación de microorganismos eficientes (EM), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, se realizó un ensayo en Villaflores, Chiapas, México (N 16º 32’ y W 93º 45’). Los seis tratamientos tuvieron cinco repeticiones, cada una con cinco plantas. Las plántulas se trasplantaron a los 21 días después de la siembra (DDS) en bolsas de polietileno con las proporciones señaladas. El manejo orgánico se fundamentó en la aplicación del biofertilizante cada ocho días, hasta los 64 DDS. Los parámetros evaluados fueron altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número y peso de frutos, así como diámetro polar y ecuatorial. Se realizó análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias (Tukey p ≤ 0,05) y correlaciones simples (Pearson). Se determinó superioridad estadística de los parámetros evaluados en los tratamientos de uso de la enmienda orgánica en sus dos proporciones, mejorándose las variables fenológicas y de rendimiento con la aplicación de los EM, en simetrías del 5 al 20 %. Las correlaciones señalaron correspondencia de las variables fenológicas y de los componentes de rendimiento del chile habanero.

ABSTRACT Semi-hydroponic systems are an alternative for vegetable production, combining inert substrates and nutrient solutions and requiring less water. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable species of the Solanaceae family that is mainly grown in protected environments, which provide several financial and agronomic advantages for their management. Advancements in research and the need for high-quality productions have significantly contributed to this horticultural crop through the selection of productive cultivars with high economic yields and adapted to favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, physiological, and production characteristics of colored bell pepper cultivars in a semi-hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, using four colored pepper cultivars (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor, and Red Jet), five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transplanting - DAT) for growth variables, and evaluations at two developmental stages (45 and 95 DAT) for physiological variables. Production and post-harvest variables were not evaluated in different times, considering only the cultivar factor, with five replications, each plot consisting of two plants. Chlorophyll a and b, maximum fluorescence, and water use efficiency were greater in bell pepper plants of the cultivar Spinel. The sweetest fruits were those of the cultivar Bachata. The cultivar Fulgor was the most suitable for growth under the studied conditions due to its greater fruit length and diameter and total fruit weight. Semihydroponic Semi hydroponic Capsicum L. L environments management highquality quality semihydroponic semi system design Spinel, Spinel (Spinel Bachata Jet, Jet , Jet) 7, 7 (7 14 21 28 3 DAT 45 (4 9 postharvest post harvest factor replications b fluorescence weight ( 1 2 4

RESUMO O sistema semi-hidropônico é uma alternativa para a produção de hortaliças, pois combina substrato inerte e solução nutritiva, necessitando de menos água. O pimentão é uma hortaliça da família Solanaceae, principalmente produzida em ambiente protegido, apresentando diversas vantagens financeiras e agronômicas no seu manejo. Com os avanços nas pesquisas e a necessidade de uma produção de qualidade, selecionar cultivares produtivas e com alto rendimento econômico, adaptadas às condições favoráveis, torna-se um grande avanço para esta cultura hortícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento, características fisiológicas e produtivas das cultivares Red Jet, Spinel, Bachata e Fulgor em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro cultivares de pimentão colorido (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor e Red Jet) subdivididas em cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após transplantio - DAT) para as variáveis de crescimento e duas épocas (45 e 95 DAT) de avaliação para fisiologia. As variáveis produtivas e pós-colheita não foram subdivididas no tempo, levando-se em consideração apenas o fator cultivar para estas variáveis, com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por duas plantas. Os índices de clorofila a e b, fluorescência máxima e eficiência no uso da água foram maiores nas plantas de pimentão da cultivar Spinel. Os frutos mais doces foram obtidos com a cultivar Bachata. A cultivar Fulgor foi a mais indicada para cultivo nas condições estudadas devido ao maior comprimento, diâmetro e peso médio dos frutos. semihidropônico semi hidropônico hortaliças nutritiva Solanaceae protegido manejo qualidade econômico favoráveis tornase torna se hortícola Jet Spinel semihidropônico. hidropônico. (Spinel 7, 7 (7 14 21 2 3 DAT 45 (4 9 fisiologia póscolheita pós colheita tempo levandose levando repetições b comprimento ( 1 4

RESUMEN La producción de cuyes forma parte de la ancestralidad de los países andinos, por el aporte socioeconómico y a la seguridad alimentaria. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la procedencia de estos animales en los parámetros fenotípicos, morfométricos y productivos destinados a la reproducción, se seleccionaron 30 cuyes de diferentes procedencias, divididos en grupos de 10 animales en un diseño completamente al azar. El experimento se desarrolló en la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Se evaluaron variables morfométricas, fenotípicas y productivas. Los resultados mostraron que los animales procedentes de la Granja Matilde alcanzaron los mayores perímetros torácico con 16,40 cm, para el largo del total del cuerpo fueron mayores los cuyes procedentes de cuerpo del Chimborazo. Por su parte, el pelaje con mayor representación fue el de tipo 1. Para los indicadores productivos los mayores pesos (667,20 g) los reflejaron los animales procedentes de Cotopaxi, sin diferencias respecto a los del Chimborazo (665,4 g). La mejor conversión la mostraron los cuyes originarios del Chimborazo con 3,71. Se concluyó que las características morfométricas variaron en dependencia de la zona de procedencia de los animales. Las mayores diferencias se apreciaron para el perímetro torácico y el largo total del cuerpo. Así, el tipo de pelaje, la cantidad de miembros y la presencia de remolinos mostraron variabilidad según la zona de origen. Los indicadores productivos se influenciaron por la procedencia de los animales; el mejor comportamiento lo mostró de forma general la localidad del Chimborazo.

ABSTRACT The production of guinea pigs is part of the ancestry of Andean countries due to its socioeconomic contribution and its role in food security. With the aim of evaluating the effect of the origin of these animals on the phenotypic, morphometric, and productive parameters intended for reproduction. Thirty guinea pigs from different origins were selected and divided into groups of 10 animals in a completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted at the Technical University of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Morphometric, phenotypic, and productive variables were evaluated. The results showed that the animals from Granja Matilde achieved the highest thoracic perimeters with 16.40 cm, while the guinea pigs from Chimborazo had the greatest total body length. Additionally, the most common type of fur was type 1. For the productive indicators, the highest weights (667.20 g) were observed in the animals from Cotopaxi, with no significant differences compared to those from Chimborazo (665.4 g). The best feed conversion was shown by the guinea pigs from Chimborazo with a ratio of 3.71. It was concluded that the morphometric characteristics varied depending on the origin of the animals. The greatest differences were observed in the thoracic perimeter and total body length. Likewise, the type of fur, the number of limbs, and the presence of swirls showed variability depending on the region of origin. The productive indicators were influenced by the origin of the animals; overall, the best performance was shown by the locality of Chimborazo.

RESUMEN El conocimiento del tiempo de drenaje del maíz y del material vegetativo menos susceptible a la inundación son elementos importantes al momento de diseñar la infraestructura de desagüe en los campos agrícolas. Ante esto, este ensayo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de tres tiempos de saturación hídrica del suelo en tres híbridos de maíz, dentro de la etapa de floración. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, bajo un esquema factorial de 36 unidades experimentales y con distancia de siembra de 0,90 m x 0,25 m. Se emplearon los híbridos DK-7508, EMBLEMA y ADV9313 (niveles del Factor A); los mismos que en etapa plena de floración se inundaron durante 24, 48 y 72 horas, con un tratamiento testigo (0 horas) (niveles del factor B). Se valoró el tamaño y peso de mazorcas, índice grano/tusa, peso de 100 granos y el rendimiento de granos. Se aplicaron modelos de análisis de varianza con esquemas bi-factoriales, se realizó la prueba de Tukey en la comparación de medias para los híbridos, y ajustes de regresión por polinomios ortogonales para verificar tendencias en cuanto a los tiempos de inundación. Se establecieron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en todas las variables de acuerdo a los tiempos de inundación, con reducciones en el rendimiento de 36,80%, 18,42% y 18,73% para los híbridos DK-7508, EMBLEMA y ADV9313, respectivamente, a las 72 horas de inundación. Predominó la tendencia lineal en las variables y se determinó un tiempo de drenaje entre 29 y 48 horas para una pérdida máxima del 10%, según el híbrido evaluado.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the drainage time of corn and the vegetative material less susceptible to flooding are important elements when designing drainage infrastructure in agricultural fields. Given this, this trial aimed to evaluate the effect of three times of soil water saturation in three corn hybrids, within the flowering stage. A complete randomized block design was used, under a factorial scheme of 36 experimental units and with a planting distance of 0.90 m x 0.25 m. The hybrids DK-7508, EMBLEMA and ADV9313 were used (Factor A levels); the same ones that in the full flowering stage were flooded for 24, 48 and 72 hours, also evaluating a control treatment (0 hours) (factor B levels). The size and weight of ears, grain/cob index, weight of 100 grains and yield were evaluated. Analysis of variance models with bi-factor schemes, Tukey test in the comparison of means for the hybrids and regression adjustments by orthogonal polynomials were applied to verify trends in terms of flooding times. Significant differences (p<0.05) were established in all variables according to flooding times, with reductions in yield of 36.80%, 18.42% and 18.73% for the DK-7508 hybrids. EMBLEMA and ADV9313, respectively, at 72 hours of flooding. The linear trend predominated in the variables and a drainage time was determined between 29 and 48 hours for a maximum loss of 10%, depending on the hybrid evaluated.

Abstract Introduction.Soybean establishes a symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum that allows it to fix atmospheric N. Coinoculation with other plant growth-promoting microorganisms can increase Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) and plant growth. Objective. Determine if inoculation with P-solubilizing fungi (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), affects growth and BNF variables in soybeans. Materials and methods. In the greenhouse on an Andisol and an Ultisol, growth variables and BNF were evaluated in soybeans inoculated with B. japonicum and 2 SPs. Five treatments were evaluated: an absolute control (T), addition of phosphate rock (RF), addition of RF and inoculation with B. japonicum (BRF) and the addition of RF, B. japonicum and the 2 SPs independently (BRFS1 and BRFS2). An unrestricted randomized design with 4 repetitions was established and the data was analyzed according to normality, either with ANDEVA and DGC at 5% or Kruskal Wallis at 5%. Results. The responses obtained showed a positive effect on the evaluated variables when soybeans were inoculated with SP in addition with B. japonicum. The effect was a trend in Andisol, for the variables aerial fresh weight and number of nodules and their dry weight, while for Ultisol significance was found for these same variables, as well as for aerial dry weight, leaf area and N content and foliar P, with the greatest effect in BRFS2. In absolute terms, the highest P content in the soil microbial biomass and the highest SP population was found in the treatment with the presence of S2. The populations of N Fixers (NF) in the soil were higher for T and RF that did not have inoculation with B. japonicum. Conclusion. Inoculation with SP fungi can positively affect BNF, foliar N and P amounts as well as soybean plant growth.

Resumen Introducción. La soya establece una simbiosis con Bradyrhizobium japonicum para fijar N atmosférico. La coinoculación con otros microorganismos promotores del crecimiento (MPC) puede incrementar la Fijación Biológica de Nitrógeno (FBN) y el crecimiento de las plantas. Objetivo. Determinar si la inoculación con los hongos solubilizadores de P (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) y Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), afecta variables de crecimiento y de FBN en soya. Materiales y métodos. En un Andisol y un Ultisol en invernadero, se evaluaron variables de crecimiento y FBN en soya inoculada con B. japonicum y 2 SP. Se evaluaron 5 tratamientos: un testigo absoluto (T), adición de roca fosfórica (RF), adición de RF e inoculación con B. japonicum (BRF) y la adición de RF, B. japonicum y los 2 SP de manera independiente (BRFS1 y BRFS2). Se estableció un diseño irrestricto al azar con 4 repeticiones y los datos se analizaron según la normalidad, con ANDEVA y DGC al 5% o Kruskal Wallis al 5%. Resultados. Se obtuvo un efecto positivo sobre las variables evaluadas, cuando la soya se inoculó con los SP además de B. japonicum. El efecto fue tendencia en el Andisol, para las variables peso fresco aéreo y número de nódulos y su peso seco, mientras que para el Ultisol se encontró significancia para estas mismas variables, así como para el peso seco aéreo, área foliar y contenido de N y P foliar, el efecto fue mayor en BRFS2. En términos absolutos el mayor contenido de P en la biomasa microbiana del suelo y la mayor población de SP se encontró en el tratamiento con la presencia de S2. Las poblaciones de Fijadores de N fueron mayores para T y RF. Conclusión. La inoculación con hongos SP puede afectar positivamente la FBN, las cantidades de N y P foliar así como el crecimiento de las plantas de soya.