ABSTRACT Storage is one of the main stages during grain production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of silo bags as an alternative for storing landrace cowpea grains. The experiment used samples of the Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão cowpea varieties from Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, harvested in the 2021 crop season. The samples (500 g) were stored in raffia and silo bags for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, arranged in a split-plot-in-time scheme (2 × 5) with four replicates. Storage conditions represented the plots: silo bags and raffia bags. The subplots comprised five storage conditions: 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days for each landrace cowpea variety. The insect species identified in all varieties was Zabrotes subfasciatus, with infestation ranging from 49% to 98% in raffia bags and less than 10% in silo bags over 120 days. A depreciation in grain quality was observed during storage in raffia bags. There was increase in electrical conductivity, fluctuations in water content, and reductions in bulk density and germination due to the higher degree of infestation in all the investigated varieties. The grains stored in silo bags showed minimal variations over the 120 days, maintaining their initial quality throughout the storage period. The bag silo storage system is an effective alternative for controlling Z. subfasciatus and maintaining the grain quality of the varieties Arigozinho, Manteiguinha, and Quarentão for a period of up to 120 days. production Arigozinho Manteiguinha Acre 202 season 500 (50 g 30 60 90 12 randomized splitplotintime split plot time 2 ( 5 replicates plots 0 variety 49 98 10 conductivity content Z 20 50 (5 3 6 9 1 4

RESUMO O armazenamento é uma etapa crucial durante a produção de grãos. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de silo bolsa como alternativa no armazenamento de grãos crioulos de feijão-caupi. Para o estudo utilizou-se amostras de feijão-caupi, das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão, procedentes do município de Cruzeiro do Sul - Acre, safra 2021. As amostras de 500 g foram armazenadas em silos bolsa e sacos de ráfia, durante 30, 60, 90, 120 dias. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (2 × 5), com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram as condições de armazenamento: silo bolsa e sacos de ráfia, e as subparcelas, os períodos de armazenamento: 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias para cada variedade crioula de feijão-caupi. Zabrotes subfasciatus foi identificado em todas as variedades, com infestações de 49 a 98% em sacos de ráfia e inferiores a 10% em silo bolsa ao longo de 120 dias. Foi observado a depreciação na qualidade dos grãos durante o período de armazenamento em sacos de ráfia. Houve aumento na condutividade elétrica, flutuações no teor de água, redução da massa específica aparente e na germinação, devido ao maior grau de infestação em todas as variedades investigadas. Os grãos em silo bolsa apresentaram mínimas variações e mantiveram a qualidade inicial durante 120 dias. O armazenamento em silo bolsa é eficaz no controle de Z. subfasciatus e na manutenção da qualidade dos grãos das variedades Arigozinho, Manteiguinha e Quarentão por até 120 dias. feijãocaupi. feijãocaupi feijão caupi. caupi feijão-caupi utilizouse utilizou se feijãocaupi, caupi, Arigozinho Acre 2021 50 30 60 12 casualizado 2 ( 5, 5 , 5) repetições subparcelas 0 9 4 98 10 elétrica água germinação investigadas Z 202 3 6 1 20

Abstract Beans are one of the main crops in northern Sonora. The greatest losses occur during storage and these are caused by diseases and pests, being one of the factors that interfere with its quality. Among these pests is the weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, causing high economic losses. To control it, synthetic insecticides are used, mainly organophosphates and pyrethroids. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of Larrea tridentata essential oil (AEG) on the weevil Acanthoscelides obtetus. In relation to the percentage of mortality, it was observed that there were significant differences, mortality above 80% with the concentration of 10 μl/AEG. At 48 hours, the concentration of 10 μl/AEG presented 93.33% mortality. While at 72 hours a mortality of 96.66% was obtained and the control was 33.33%. There was 100% inhibition in oviposition with concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 μl/AEG. The emergence occurred at the concentration of 0.5 μl/AEG, showing 13 new specimens and 0 μl/AEG, showing 147 new bruchids. No damaged grain occurred in the concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 μl/AEG, but it did occur in beans treated with 0.5 and 0 μl/AEG, which ranged from 9.33 to 62%. According to the results obtained in this research, we can mention that Larrea tridentata has an effect on growth inhibition, suppression of reproductive behavior or reduction of fecundity and mortality in A. obtetus.

Resumen El frijol es uno de los principales cultivos en el norte de Sonora. Las mayores pérdidas ocurren durante su almacenamiento y éstas son ocasionadas por enfermedades y plagas, siendo uno de los factores que interfieren en su calidad. Entre estas plagas, se encuentra el gorgojo Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, causando altas pérdidas económicas. Para su control de se utilizan insecticidas sintéticos, principalmente organofosforados y piretroides. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto del aceite esencial de Larrea tridentata (AEG) en el gorgojo Acanthoscelides obtetus. En relación al porcentaje de mortalidad se observó que existió diferencias significativas una mortalidad arriba del 80% con la concentración de 10 μl/AEG. A las 48 horas la concentración de 10 μl/AEG presento un 93,33% de mortalidad. Mientras que a las 72 horas se obtuvo una mortalidad del 96,66% y el control fue de 33,33%. Se presentó inhibición al 100% en la ovoposición con las concentraciones de 2, 5 y 10 μl/AEG. La emergencia se presentó en la concentración de 0,5 μl/AEG mostro 13 nuevos ejemplares y 0 μl/AEG presento 147 nuevos bruquidos. No se presentó grano dañado en las concentraciones de 2, 5 y 10 μl/AEG, pero si en frijol tratado con 0,5 y 0 μl/AEG, las cuales oscilaron del 9,33 al 62%. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación podemos mencionar que Larrea tridentata presenta efecto en la inhibición del crecimiento, supresión del comportamiento reproductivo o la reducción de la fecundidad y mortalidad en A. obtetus.

Abstract In recent years, an unusual mortality of columnar cacti has been recorded in the Tehuacán- Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, Puebla, Mexico. These species of cacti had holes at an intermediate height. They subsequently began to dry out and in extreme cases folded and fell. In order to detect the cause of the problem, surveys were carried out in the months of January and February 2024 and weevil larvae and adults were found in population of Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis in the reserve as the first record. The specimens found presented general characteristics consistent with Cactophagus (Cactophagus) spinolae. It is concluded that the weevil that cause damage to natural populations of cacti is an emerging pest that requires attention.

Resumen En los últimos años se ha registrado una mortandad inusual de cactus columnares de la Reserva de la Biósfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Puebla, México. Estas especies de cactáceas presentaron orificios a una altura intermedia. Subsecuentemente comenzaron a secarse y en casos extremos se doblaron y cayeron. Con el fin de detectar la causa del problema se realizaron recorridos en los meses de enero y febrero de 2024 y fueron encontradas larvas y adultos de picudos en poblaciones de Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis de la reserva como primer registro. Los ejemplares hallados presentaron características generales concordantes con la especie Cactophagus (Cactophagus) spinolae. Se concluye que el picudo que ocasiona daños en poblaciones naturales de cactus es una plaga emergente que requiere atención.

Resumen Se informa sobre nuevas asociaciones entre el parasitoide Habrobracon hebetor (Say) y dos géneros de coleópteros plaga de postcosecha en frutos descascarados de Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) y Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) en la provincia de La Rioja. Además, se registró este parasitoide a partir de larvas de Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Se amplía la distribución de H. hebetor para la provincia de La Rioja. Se proporcionan datos sobre porcentajes de parasitoidismo.

Abstract New associations are reported between the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) and two genera of postharvest pest coleopters on shelled fruits of Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) in the province of La Rioja. Furthermore, this parasitoid was recorded from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The distribution of H. hebetor is expanded to the province of La Rioja. Data on percentages of parasitoidism are provided.

Phlyctinus is an endemic weevil genus of the Cape Floristic Region that comprises eight to ten species, previously classified under the monotypic P. callosus sensu lato concept. Two species of this genus, Phlyctinus callosus and P. xerophilus, are of economic concern to the deciduous fruit and grapevine industry in the Western Cape province of South Africa, causing primary damages and being of phytosanitary concern at the adult stage. The taxonomic revision conducted in 2020 raised doubts whether one of the two species was a newly emerging pest and/or what species was considered in studies before the clarification of species boundaries. Also unclear is whether these species can be controlled similarly using current control measures. The aim of this study therefore is to review the pest status of the two species over time based on museum records, field collections and historical publications, and to clarify how control measure(s) are impacted. We infer that neither species appear to be emerging pests in the region, both being of agricultural significance for at least 80 years. Phlyctinus callosus is mostly distributed along the southern coast, while P. xerophilus is distributed in inland valleys. The two species show similar biology, physiology and ecology in agro-ecosystems, and can be excluded from the host plant canopy using stem-barriers, adults being flightless. As such, it is shown that the naming of P. xerophilus as a pest is mainly a taxonomical clarification within a pre-existing species complex.

Abstract The technique of terrestrial sampling of boll weevil (BW) populations is expensive and inefficient over large areas, but may be cheaper and more efficient without involving the manipulation of cotton squares. The aim of this study was to develop a technique to sampling cotton squares based on the observation of opened and/or yellowing bracts to determine the need and efficacy of chemical control of BW in cotton crops. The first experiment aimed to estimate the ratio between the number of cotton squares with opened and/or yellowed bracts and that of squares with BW oviposition punctures. The second experiment, aimed to determine the efficacy of chemical control for BW by sampling cotton squares with opened and/or yellowed bracts. The ratio between the number of opened and/or yellowed bracts and the number of cotton squares with oviposition punctures was 2:1. The level and efficiency of chemical control of BW, based on the percentage and sampling of cotton plants with opened and/or yellowed bracts, was 5% and did not differ from the one based on the observation of cotton plants with 10% cotton squares with oviposition punctures by BW females. The control level based on sampling cotton plants with open and/or yellowing bracts was 5%. The efficiency of chemical insecticides using this economic threshold against the BW did not differ from that based on sampling cotton plants with 10% of cotton squares with oviposition punctures by BW females. This indicates that the chemical control of cotton boll weevil can be carried out based on cotton squares with open and/or yellowed bracts. (BW areas andor or crops 21. 21 2 1. 1 2:1 5 10 females 2:

Resumo A técnica de amostragem terrestre de populações do bicudo-do-algodoeiro é cara e ineficiente em grandes áreas, mas pode ser mais barata e mais eficiente sem envolver a manipulação dos botões florais de algodoeiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma técnica de amostragem de botões florais de algodoeiros, baseada na observação de brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas, para determinar a necessidade de controle químico do bicudo em lavouras de algodão. O primeiro experimento teve por objetivo estimar a razão entre o número de botões florais de algodoeiros com brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas e o daqueles com orifícios de oviposição. O segundo experimento teve por objetivo determinar a eficiência do controle químico do bicudo por meio da amostragem de botões florais de algodoeiros com brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas. A razão entre o número de brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas e o de botões florais de algodoeiros com orifícios de oviposição foi de 2:1. O nível de controle, baseado na amostragem de algodoeiro com brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecidas, foi de 5%. A eficiência do inseticida químico utilizando esse limiar econômico contra o bicudo não diferiu daquela baseada na amostragem de plantas de algodão com 10% de botões florais com orifícios de oviposição por fêmeas desse inseto. O controle químico do bicudo-do-algodoeiro pode ser realizado a partir de amostragens de brácteas abertas e/ou amarelecias em plantas de algodoeiro. bicudodoalgodoeiro áreas eou ou 21. 21 2 1. 1 2:1 5 5% 10 inseto 2:

Resumo O gorgulho-do-milho, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), geralmente atinge o status de praga em grãos armazenados. O controle químico é o método mais utilizado para sua supressão populacional, podendo causar impactos adversos, surge assim a necessidade de alternativas como o uso de pós inertes. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de diferentes tipos de pós inertes na mortalidade de S. zeamais no laboratório. Para tanto, os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 13 tratamentos e quatro repetições, 10 adultos por repetição. Onde testou-se o efeito de diferentes pós inertes (pó de basalto, pó de gesso e terra diatomácea), nas concentrações de 0,025 g, 0,05 g, 0,1 g e 0,2 g/20 g de grãos de milho. Sendo aplicados testes de variância, normalidade e homocedasticidade, além de eficiência de controle (CE%), tempo letal mediano (TL50) e curvas de sobrevivência. Todos os tratamentos causaram mortalidade em S. zeamais, e todas as concentrações com terra diatomácea foram mais eficientes com 100% de mortalidade aos 20 dias, seguido do tratamento de 0,2 g de pó de gesso/20 g de grãos de milho, com eficiência superior a 95% aos 20 dias e 100% em 30 dias. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos com terra diatomácea apresentaram a maior taxa de mortalidade e a melhor média em termos de tempo de sobrevivência. gorgulhodomilho, gorgulhodomilho gorgulho milho gorgulho-do-milho Motschulsky 185 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae, Curculionidae , Curculionidae) armazenados populacional adversos S laboratório tanto casualizado 1 repetições repetição testouse testou se basalto diatomácea, diatomácea) 0025 0 025 0,02 005 05 0,0 01 0, 02 2 g20 g/2 variância homocedasticidade CE%, CE CE% (CE%) TL50 TL (TL50 sobrevivência 100 gesso20 gesso/2 95 3 18 002 00 g2 g/ (CE% TL5 (TL5 gesso2 gesso/ 9 (CE (TL

Abstract The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), generally reaches pest status in stored grain. Chemical control is the most used method for population suppression, which can cause adverse impacts, thus creating a need for alternatives such as using inert powders. The present work aims to verify the effect of different concentrations of different types of inert powders on the mortality of S. zeamais in the laboratory. To this end, the experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, with 13 treatments and four replications, ten adults per replication, where the effect of different inert powders (basalt powder, gypsum powder, and diatomaceous earth) was tested at concentrations of 0.025 g, 0.05 g, 0.1 g and 0.2 g/20 g of corn grains. Variance, normality, and homoscedasticity tests were applied in addition to controlling efficiency (CE%), median lethal time (TL50), and survival curves. All treatments caused mortality in S. zeamais, and all concentrations with diatomaceous earth were more efficient, with 100% mortality at 20 days, followed by the treatment of 0.2 g of gypsum powder/20 g of corn grains, with superior efficiency, to 95% in 20 days and 100% in 30 days. The results indicated that treatments with diatomaceous earth had the highest mortality rate and the best average survival time. weevil Motschulsky 185 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae, Curculionidae , Curculionidae) grain suppression impacts S laboratory end design 1 replications replication basalt powder 0025 0 025 0.02 005 05 0.0 01 0. 02 2 g20 g/2 grains Variance normality CE%, CE CE% (CE%) TL50, TL50 TL (TL50) curves efficient 100 powder20 powder/2 95 3 18 002 00 g2 g/ (CE% TL5 (TL50 10 powder2 powder/ 9 (CE (TL5 (TL

Resumo Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é uma praga com grande potencial de destruição nas lavouras de algodão, causando danos às estruturas reprodutivas do algodoeiro. A tesourinha Marava arachidis (Dermaptera: Labiidae), é uma importante referência como predador em diversas culturas agrícolas, além de ser de fácil criação em laboratório. Com o objetivo de analisar o potencial biocontrole de larvas de A. grandis grandis por M. arachidis, foi realizado um estudo de capacidade predatória utilizando um modelo de resposta funcional. Larvas de A. grandis grandis foram expostas ao predador nas densidades: 1, 2, 4, 6 e 8 larvas (= presa/predador/placa de Petri), com 30 repetições em cada densidade. O contato entre o predador e a presa ocorreu durante 24 horas; após esse período, o nível de predação de M. arachidis foi avaliado com base na proporção de larvas predadas. O coeficiente de regressão logística linear foi utilizado com um modelo linear generalizado beta-binomial para determinar a resposta funcional. O sinal negativo do coeficiente linear e os testes de ajuste revelaram uma resposta funcional quadrática ou tipo II, com o número de presas variando de 1,00 larva (densidade de 1 larva/predador) a 6,50 larvas (densidade de 8 larvas/predador). Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo demonstram uma alta capacidade predatória de M. arachidis sobre larvas de A. grandis grandis. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae algodão algodoeiro Dermaptera (Dermaptera Labiidae, Labiidae , Labiidae) agrícolas laboratório M densidades 2 4 = ( presapredadorplaca placa Petri, Petri Petri) 3 densidade horas período predadas betabinomial beta binomial II 100 00 1,0 larva/predador larvapredador 650 50 6,5 larvas/predador. larvaspredador larvas/predador . larvas/predador) Portanto 10 0 65 5 6,

Abstract Anthonomus grandis grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest with a large potential for destruction in cotton crops, causing damage to the cotton reproductive structures. The earwig Marava arachidis (Dermaptera: Labiidae), is an important reference as a predator in several crops and being easy to rear in the laboratory. To analyze the potential biocontrol of M. arachidis of A. grandis grandis larvae, a study of predatory capacity was conducted using a functional response model. A. grandis grandis larvae were exposed to the predator at densities 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 larvae (= prey/predator / Petri dish), with 30 replications at each density. Contact between the predator and the prey occurred for 24 hours; after this period, the level of predation of M. arachidis was assessed based on the proportion of preyed larvae. The linear logistic regression coefficient was used with a beta-binomial generalized linear model to determine the functional response. The negative signal of the linear coefficient and the goodness-of-fit tests revealed a quadratic or type II functional response, with the number of prey varying from 1.00 larva (density of 1 larva/predator) to 6.50 larvae (density of 8 larvae/predator). Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate a high predatory capacity of M. arachidis on A. grandis grandis larvae. Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae structures Dermaptera (Dermaptera Labiidae, Labiidae , Labiidae) laboratory M A 2 4 6 = ( preypredator dish, dish dish) 3 density hours period betabinomial beta binomial goodnessoffit goodness fit 100 00 1.0 larva/predator larvapredator 650 50 6.5 larvae/predator. larvaepredator larvae/predator . larvae/predator) Therefore 10 0 1. 65 5 6.

ABSTRACT Resistant genotypes are a valuable tool in integrated pest management programs of insect pests of stored grains. Here, we screened 90 Brazilian common bean genotypes to select promising sources of resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus. Thus, bean samples were infested with newly emerged insects, and the number of eggs, emerged insects, developmental time, and larval viability were assessed in a no-choice test. Genotypes IPR Garça, CHIR 13, IAC Harmonia, CHIR 20, IAC Boreal, and CHIP 312 showed low oviposition. Genotypes IPR Quero-Quero, BRS Notável, CHIC 61 - Cariocão, BRS Ametista, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Imperador, Avaluna, CHP 04-241A-212 - Guapo B. × Uirapuru, CHIB 06, SCS 206 - Potência, CHC 01-175-1 - Campeiro × IAC Tibatã, CHP 01-182-48 - Uirapuru × Campeiro, UEM 266, CHC 04-233-2 - Siriri × Horizonte, CHV 17-64, SCS 205 - Riqueza, CHP 01-238-80 - MN 13337, SM 1510 - preto, BRS Radiante, CHIB 18, CHIR 14, CAV 17 EFM 008, CHIR 04, IPR Campos Gerais, CHV 05-268-02, LP 13-624 - preto, Linhagem 110 - IAC, CHP 01-182-12 - Uirapuru × Campeiro, LP 13-84 - carioca, BRS Esteio, CHV 17-635, CHB 15-518, Arcelina 1, IPR Tuiuiu, SCS 204 - Predileto, TB - 17-02, BRS Estilo, SM 0511 - cavalo preto, Pérola, IPR Tangará, and CNFRj - 15411 reduced oviposition, the number of emerged adults, and larval viability, suggesting antixenosis and/or antibiosis. Thus, these genotypes are promising sources of resistance factors and can be used in breeding programs to obtain lines of common beans resistant to A. obtectus. grains Here 9 obtectus Thus insects eggs time nochoice no choice test Garça 13 Harmonia 20 Boreal 31 oviposition QueroQuero, QueroQuero Quero Quero, Quero-Quero Notável 6 Cariocão Ametista Imperador Avaluna 04241A212 A 04 241A 212 04-241A-21 B 06 Potência 011751 01 175 1 01-175- Tibatã 0118248 182 48 01-182-4 266 042332 233 2 04-233- Horizonte 1764, 1764 64, 64 17-64 Riqueza 0123880 238 80 01-238-8 13337 151 preto Radiante 18 14 008 Gerais 0526802, 0526802 05 268 02, 02 05-268-02 13624 624 13-62 11 0118212 12 01-182-1 1384 84 13-8 carioca Esteio 17635, 17635 635, 635 17-635 15518, 15518 15 518, 518 15-518 Tuiuiu Predileto 1702, 1702 17-02 Estilo 051 Pérola Tangará 1541 adults andor or antibiosis 3 04241A21 0 21 04-241A-2 01175 01-175 011824 4 01-182- 26 04233 23 04-233 176 17-6 012388 8 01-238- 1333 00 052680 05-268-0 1362 62 13-6 011821 138 13- 1763 63 17-63 1551 51 15-51 170 17-0 154 04241A2 04-241A- 0117 01-17 01182 01-182 0423 04-23 17- 01238 01-238 133 05268 05-268- 136 155 5 15-5 04241A 04-241A 011 01-1 0118 01-18 042 04-2 0123 01-23 0526 05-268 15- 01- 04- 012 01-2 052 05-26 05-2 05-

ABSTRACT The eight species of Bondarius Rosado-Neto, 2006 are distributed in South, Central and North America, and the Caribbean: B. tuberculatus (Boheman, 1836), B. subrufus (Fiedler, 1936), B. breyeri (Brèthes, 1910), B. fuscoaeneus (Boheman, 1843), B. sublaevicollis (Hustache, 1939), B. nitidus (Champion, 1902), B. spinipes (Champion, 1902) and B. pectoralis (Suffrian, 1872). This study presents a taxonomic review of the genus and redescription of the known species, provides illustrations of the external morphology, mouthparts and genitalia of males and females, and an identification key to species. RosadoNeto, RosadoNeto Rosado Neto, Neto Rosado-Neto 200 South America Caribbean B Boheman, Boheman (Boheman 1836, 1836 , 1836) Fiedler, Fiedler (Fiedler 1936, 1936 1936) Brèthes, Brèthes (Brèthes 1910, 1910 1910) 1843, 1843 1843) Hustache, Hustache (Hustache 1939, 1939 1939) Champion, Champion (Champion 1902, 1902 Suffrian, Suffrian (Suffrian 1872. 1872 . 1872) morphology females 20 183 193 191 184 190 187 2 18 19 1

Resumen Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), ataca diversas especies de agaves silvestres y cultivados en México. El manejo de este insecto se dificulta debido a sus hábitos de alimentación en tallos y hojas de agave. Recientemente, se ha desarrollado un sistema de trampeo basado en feromona de agregación sintética y cebo alimenticio para monitorear y capturar al adulto de S. acupunctatus. Sin embargo, es importante determinar algunas alternativas que puedan sinergizar la respuesta de S. acupunctatus a la feromona sintética. En este estudio se realizaron dos ensayos de campo consecutivos donde se evaluaron diversos sinergistas en trampas colocadas en una plantación de Agave angustifolia (Asparagaceae), en Quetzalapa, Guerrero, México. Los sinergistas evaluados fueron: tejido vegetal de A. angustifolia, frutos de piña (Ananas comosus) madura, plátano (Musa paradisiaca) y un sinergista sintético (Sinergium®). En todos los experimentos se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones de cada tratamiento. Los sinergistas evaluados no tuvieron efecto en las capturas de S. acupunctatus en trampas. Los promedios de captura de S. acupunctatus/trampa/día en los experimentos no tuvieron diferencias, por lo que se sugiere que en plantaciones con infestaciones iniciales o bajas (hasta 5 picudos) no se requiere adicionar sinergistas, mientras que a densidades altas (más de 5 picudos) es recomendable utilizar algún sinergista vegetal o el sintético (Sinergium®) para hacer sinergia con la feromona sintética. Adicionalmente, se capturaron más hembras (192) que machos (137), esto puede impactar en las densidades poblacionales siguientes del picudo, la sanidad de la planta y la economía del productor.

Abstract Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) attacks several species of native agaves and it is the most important insect pest of cultivated agaves in Mexico. The management of this insect is difficult due to its feeding habits on agave stems and leaves. Recently, a trapping system based on a synthetic aggregation pheromone and food bait has been developed to monitor and capture adult S. acupunctatus. However, it is important to know some alternatives that can synergize the response of S. acupunctatus to the synthetic pheromone. In this study, two consecutive field trials were carried out where diverse synergists were evaluated in traps placed in a plantation of Agave angustifolia (Asparagaceae), in Quetzalapa, Guerrero, Mexico. The synergists evaluated were the following: plant tissue of A. angustifolia, ripe fruits of pineapple (Ananas comosus), and banana (Musa paradisiaca) as well a synthetic synergist (Sinergium®). In all the experiments, a completely randomized design was used, with four repetitions for each treatment. The synergists evaluated had no effect on the captures of S. acupunctatus. The capture averages of S. acupunctatus/trap/day in the experiments did not differ, which is why it is suggested that in plantations with initial or low infestations (up to 5 weevils) it is not required to add synergists, while at high densities (more than 5 weevils) it is advisable to use a plant or synthetic synergist (Sinergium®) to make synergy with the synthetic pheromone. In addition, more female (192) than male (137) were captured in traps, which may impact future pest density populations of the weevil, plant health, and agave producer economics.

RESUMEN Por su alto valor nutricional, el frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es la especie más importante para el consumo humano entre las leguminosas de grano comestibles. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar 11 líneas RAZ de frijol común, promisorias por su resistencia contra Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh. En octubre de 2019, se sembraron 11 líneas RAZ del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), San José de Las Lajas, Cuba. Se evaluaron 22 caracteres cuantitativos y cualitativos del descriptor del frijol común y se realizaron análisis de frecuencia para las características cualitativas y estadígrafos básicos y análisis de componentes principales (ACP) de los atributos cuantitativos. Los caracteres con mayor variabilidad fueron el color primario de la semilla (reportándose 5 diferentes, y siendo el blanco sucio el más frecuente); el color predominante de la vaina en la madurez fisiológica (las cuales presentaron 4 variantes de color, principalmente verdes y amarillas); el aspecto de la testa (destacando el aspecto opaco, registrándose en 6 líneas); así como la ausencia del color alrededor del hilo en 10 de ellas. Los parámetros relacionados con el ciclo biológico presentaron menor variabilidad. El peso de 100 granos correspondió al tipo de grano pequeño. El rendimiento promedio fue 1 685 kg/ha, destacándose la línea ‘RAZ 124’ con 4 237 kg/ha. El ACP explicó el 61.82 % de la variabilidad total e integró las 11 líneas en 4 grupos que caracterizaron su comportamiento. Los resultados indican que las líneas estudiadas pueden incorporarse en el programa de mejoramiento del frijol en Cuba a través de su evaluación en diferentes ambientes regionales para la selección de posibles nuevos cultivares comerciales.

ABSTRACT Due to high nutritional value, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important species for human consumption among the food grain legumes. The objective of this study was to characterize 11 RAZ lines of common bean, promising for their resistance to the Mexican bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh.). In October 2019, 11 RAZ lines from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) were planted using a randomized complete block design at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA), San José de las Lajas, Cuba. Twenty-two quantitative and qualitative traits of the common bean descriptors were used, and frequency analyses were performed for the qualitative traits and basic statistics and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for the quantitative traits. The traits with greater variability were the primary seed color (5 different colors were reported, with dirty white being the most frequent); the predominant color of the pods at physiological maturity, (which presented 4 color variants, with green and yellow ones standing out); the opaque aspect of the coat stood out, being registered in 6 lines, as well as the absence of color around the hilum in 10 of them. All possible variants were found for the predominant appearance of the seed coat, predominant pro-file of the pod and presence of color around the hilum. Variables related to the biological cycle showed less variability. The weight of 100 grains corresponded to the small grains type. The average yield was 1 685 kg/ha, with the ‘RAZ 124’ line standing out with 4 237 kg/ha. The PCA explained 61.82 % of total variability and classified the 11 lines into four groups that characterize their performance. These results indicate that the lines under study can be incorporated into the vean breeding program in Cuba by means of their evaluation in different regional environments for the selection of possible new commercial cultivars.

ABSTRACT This is the first report of Cactophagus spinolae feeding and causing damage to the stem, vascular fleshy tissue, flower bud and fruit of pitahaya (Selenicereus undatus) plants in the urban area of the state of Guerrero, Mexico.

RESUMEN: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. es una leguminosa cultivada en zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo y fuente de proteínas de bajo costo. Durante su almacenamiento, los granos son infestados por Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab. 1775). El objetivo fue determinar en laboratorio y durante tres generaciones la duración del ciclo de desarrollo, capacidad reproductiva, longevidad y realizar una descripción morfológica de sus estados de desarrollo. El estado de huevo durante las tres generaciones, duró en promedio 3,5 días, en larva 13,0 días la primera y segunda generación y 14,0 días la tercera, la pupa 5,0 días en la primera y segunda y 5,5 días en la tercera. El ciclo de desarrollo durante la primera y segunda generación duró 23,0 días y 24, 5 días en la tercera. El número de huevos promedio total por hembra en la primera generación fue 51,6 ± 3,9; 90,2 ± 3,6 en la segunda y 93,2 ± 10,5 en la tercera. En lo que corresponde a la longevidad de los adultos, esta fue mayor en las hembras que en los machos. Lo realizado nos permite contar con una metodología básica para posteriores estudios de biología en granos almacenados de otras especies de leguminosas que son infestados por este gorgojo en nuestra región.

ABSTRACT: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is a legume cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and a low-cost source of protein. During storage, the grains are infested by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab. 1775). The aim of this study was to determine in the laboratory and during three generations the duration of the development cycle, reproductive capacity, longevity and to make a morphological description of their development stages. The egg stage during the three generations lasted an average of 3.5 days, in the larva 13.0 days in the first and second generation and 14.0 days in the third, the pupa 5.0 days in the first and second and 5, 5 days in the third. The development cycle for the first and second generations lasted 23.0 days and 24.5 days for the third. The total average number of eggs per female in the first generation was 51.6 ± 3.9; 90.2 ± 3.6 in the second and 93.2 ± 10.5 in the third. Regarding adult longevity, it was higher in females than in males. What has been done allows us to have a basic methodology for subsequent biological studies in stored grains of other legume species that are infested by this weevil in our region.

Resumen El artículo explora el uso de redes neuronales convolucionales, específicamente ResNet-50, para detectar gorgojos en granos de maíz. Los gorgojos son una plaga importante en el maíz almacenado y pueden causar pérdidas significativas en rendimiento y calidad. El estudio encontró que el modelo ResNet-50 fue capaz de distinguir con alta precisión entre granos de maíz infestados por gorgojos y granos sanos, logrando valores de 0.9464 para precisión, 0.9310 para sensibilidad, 0.9630 para especificidad, 0.9469 para el índice de calidad, 0.9470 para el área bajo la curva (AUC) y 0.9474 para el F-score. El modelo fue capaz de reconocer nueve de cada diez granos de maíz libres de gorgojos utilizando un número mínimo de muestras de entrenamiento. Estos resultados demuestran la eficacia del modelo en la detección precisa de la infestación por gorgojos en los granos de maíz. La capacidad del modelo para identificar con precisión los granos afectados por gorgojos es crucial para tomar medidas rápidas y controlar la propagación de la plaga, lo que puede prevenir pérdidas económicas considerables y preservar la calidad del maíz almacenado. La investigación sugiere que el uso de ResNet-50, ofrece una solución eficiente y de bajo costo para la detección temprana de la infestación por gorgojos en los granos de maíz. Estos modelos pueden procesar rápidamente grandes cantidades de datos de imágenes y realizar análisis precisos, lo que facilita la identificación de granos afectados.

Abstract The article explores the use of convolutional neural networks, specifically ResNet-50, to detect weevils in corn kernels. Weevils are a major pest of stored maize and can cause significant yield and quality losses. The study found that the ResNet-50 model was able to distinguish with high precision between weevil-infested corn kernels and healthy kernels, achieving values of 0.9464 for precision, 0.9310 for sensitivity, 0.9630 for specificity, 0.9469 for quality index, 0.9470 for the area under the curve (AUC) and 0.9474 for the F-score. The model was able to recognize nine out of ten weevil-free corn kernels using a minimal number of training samples. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the model in the accurate detection of weevil infestation in maize grains. The model's ability to accurately identify weevil-affected grains is critical to taking rapid action to control the spread of the pest, which can prevent significant economic losses and preserve the quality of stored corn. Research suggests that the use of ResNet-50 offers an efficient and low-cost solution for the early detection of weevil infestation in corn kernels. These models can quickly process large amounts of imaging data and perform accurate analysis, making it easy to identify affected grains.