Abstract The widespread use of herbicides has contributed to the evolution of resistance in many weed species, including Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA), a grass important as weed that presents presents biotypes with different resistance mechanisms to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Within the framework of eco-evolutionary dynamics in agroecosystems, it is important to pay attention to ecological interactions, such as those between plants and pathogens, since they could affect herbicide-resistant (R) and herbicide-susceptible (S) biotypes differently. One of these biotic interactions is the one established between DIGSA and Ustilago syntherismae, a fungus whose infection can prevent seed production in plants. An experiment has been carried out in which teliospores of the fungus have been placed in contact with seeds of R and S biotypes of DIGSA, applying a vacuum, in order to evaluate their infection by the fungus. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes at 20°C 12h darkness / 30°C 12h light. After 10 days, the seedlings were cleared, stained and observed under an optical microscope to detect the systemic infection. The proportion of infected seedlings was subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean percentage of infection was significantly higher in the R biotype (98.4%) than in the S biotype (93.7%). Further studies are necessary to evaluate the possibility that herbicide resistance may have fitness costs in the plant-pathogen interaction.

Resumen El amplio uso de herbicidas ha contribuido a la evolución de la resistencia en muchas especies de malas hierbas, entre ellas Digitaria sanguinalis (DIGSA) una gramínea importante como arvense que presenta biotipos resistentes a herbicidas inhibidores de la acetolactato sintasa (ALS). En el marco de la dinámica eco-evolutiva en los agroecosistemas es importante prestar atención a las interacciones ecológicas, como por ejemplo las que se dan entre plantas y patógenos, puesto que podrían afectar de forma distinta a biotipos resistentes (R) y susceptibles (S) a herbicidas. Una de estas interacciones bióticas es la que se establece entre DIGSA y Ustilago syntherismae, hongo cuya infección puede llegar a evitar la producción de semilla en las plantas. Se ha llevado a cabo un experimento en el que se han puesto en contacto teliósporas del hongo con semillas de biotipos R y S de DIGSA, aplicando vacío, con el fin de evaluar su infección por el hongo. Las semillas germinaron en placas de Petri a 20°C 12h oscuridad / 30°C 12h luz y las plántulas fueron analizadas 10 días después. Se transparentaron, tiñeron y observaron al microscopio óptico para detectar la infección sistémica. La proporción de plántulas infectadas se sometió a un análisis estadístico. Los resultados mostraron que el porcentaje medio de infección fue significativamente mayor en el biotipo R (98,4 %) que en el S (93,7 %). Son necesarios más estudios para evaluar la posibilidad de que la resistencia al herbicida pueda penalizar la aptitud biológica en la interacción planta-patógeno.

Abstract The flavonoid trans-chalcone (chalcone, 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) is a strong candidate for development of new strategies for weed control (bioherbicides). Previous studies have demonstrated its high phytotoxic capacity on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, inducing programmed cell death in roots after 14 days of growth in agar media supplemented with chalcone 35 µM. To determine the molecular mechanism of action of this phytotoxin, a metabolome monitorization was conducted on Arabidopsis seedlings treated with chalcone (0 and 35 µM) during 3, 10 and 20 hours. Samples were extracted from roots and shoots separately, derivatized and injected in a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) equipment for untargeted metabolomics. Resulted data were analysed by software MS-DIAL for identification of compounds using public Mass Spectral of Electron Ionization Spectra and the Retention Index (RI) libraries. The annotated metabolites data were statistically analysed using Metaboanalyst 5.0 for PCA, two-way ANOVA, time-series multivariate analysis (MEBA), and for metabolic pathway analysis. Results indicated that chalcone affected Arabidopsis metabolome after only 3 hours of treatment. Most impacted routes were related to amino acid and carbon metabolism and were very similar in roots and shoots. However, a detailed approach revealed different mode of action of chalcone on roots and shoots.

Resumen El flavonoide trans-chalcona es un firme candidato para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para el control de malas hierbas (bioherbicidas). Estudios previos han mostrado su alta capacidad fitotóxica sobre plántulas de Arabidopsis thaliana, induciendo muerte celular programada en las raíces tras 14 días de crecimiento en agar con una concentración de chalcona de tan solo 35 µM. Para determinar el mecanismo molecular de acción de esta fitotoxina se ha llevado a cabo una monitorización del metaboloma completo en plántulas de Arabidopsis tratadas con chalcona (0 y 35 µM) durante 3, 10 y 20 horas. Las muestras de raíz y parte aérea se extrajeron y derivatizaron separadamente y se inyectaron en un equipo de cromatografía de gases/masas (CG-EM) para realizar un análisis metabolómico no dirigido. Los datos se analizaron con el software MS-DIAL y se identificaron los compuestos empleando librerías de espectros de masas y de tiempos de retención públicas. Los datos de metabolitos anotados se analizaron con el software Metaboanalyst 5.0 para PCA, Anova de dos factores, análisis multivariante a lo largo del tiempo (MEBA) y el análisis de las rutas metabólicas potencialmente afectadas. Los resultados indicaron que la chalcona afecta el metaboloma de Arabidopsis tras solo 3 horas de exposición. Las rutas más afectadas estaban relacionadas con el metabolismo de aminoácidos y carbono, y fueron muy similares en la raíz y la parte aérea. Sin embargo, una interpretación de los datos más detallada apuntó distintos modos de acción en la raíz y en la parte aérea.

Abstract Weed control is one of the major challenges in rice production, being the most important agronomic constraint. The apple snail (Pomacea maculata) is the main gastropod pest in rice fields predating rice seedlings in juvenile stages. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the biological use of the apple snail to control weeds in rice. Field trials were carried out to evaluate new techniques of capture and management of the mollusc for optimal weeding of rice fields with different rice cultivation techniques, such as dry seeding, wet seeding and transplanting. Combinations of these techniques are evaluated for their effect on snail control, weed control and effects on rice production, using plots treated with the molluscicide saponin (Camelia sp. seed extract) as a control. In dry sowing, good crop development and a good contribution of apple snails were obtained both when using snail traps (77.4% weed reduction) and when not using them (96.77% reduction). In wet seeding and transplanting, a solid contribution of the apple snail was obtained in the reduction of weeds of 100%; although in transplanting it is necessary to eliminate the snail captured with traps to avoid affecting the rice. The apple snail management is an agroecological alternative for the control of weeds plants, especially in the case of rice.

Resumen El control de malas hierbas es uno de los mayores desafíos en la producción de arroz, siendo la limitación agronómica más importante. El caracol manzana (Pomacea maculata) es la principal plaga de gasterópodos en arrozales depredando las plántulas de arroz en estadios juveniles. El propósito del estudio es evaluar la utilidad del uso del caracol manzana para controlar las malas hierbas en el cultivo del arroz, para ello se realizaron ensayos en los que se evaluó nuevas técnicas de captura y gestión del molusco para el óptimo desherbado de los campos de arroz con distintas técnicas de cultivo, como son la siembra en seco, la siembra en inundación y el trasplante. Las combinaciones de dichas técnicas son evaluadas en cuanto a su efecto tanto en el control del caracol, como en el control de malas hierbas y los efectos sobre la producción del propio arroz, usando como control parcelas tratadas con extracto de saponinas de Camelia sp.. En siembra en seco se obtiene un buen desarrollo del cultivo y una buena aportación de caracol manzana tanto cuando se usan trampas para regular las poblaciones del caracol (reducción de malas hierbas del 77,4%), como cuando no (reducción de 96,77%). Mientras que, en siembra en inundación y trasplante, se obtiene un valor cercano de eliminación del 100% de las malas hierbas. El caracol manzana resulta ser una alternativa agroecológica adecuada para el control de malas hierbas, en especial en siembra en seco y trasplante.

Abstract Developing decision support systems to help farmers and technicians achieve greater efficiency in weed management is one of the pillars of integrated weed management programs. Greater efficiency is achieved by applying a control measure when most seedlings have already emerged. Having a tool that indicates when this moment is would be of great help to the technician or farmer. In this paper we present an application for mobile and desktop that predicts the field emergence of various winter and summer species based on daily precipitation and temperature data collected from weather stations. Based on these data the program calculates for the selected species the onset of emergencies and elaborates the curve of emergencies, indicating the percentage of seedlings with respect to the expected total for the year. When 90% or a given value set by the user is reached, the system generates a warning for quick action. For the calculations, a hydrothermal model that considers air temperature and water content of the soil is applied. Soil moisture is estimated daily from a water balance based on precipitation, evapotranspiration and water storage capacity of the soil according to its texture. The emergence pattern is fitted with a Gompertz model.

Resumen Desarrollar sistemas de soporte a la decisión que sirvan de ayuda a los agricultores y técnicos para conseguir una mayor eficacia en la gestión de la flora arvense es uno de los pilares de los programas de gestión integrada de malas hierbas. Una mayor eficacia se consigue aplicando una medida de control cuando la mayoría de plantas ya hayan emergido. Tener una herramienta que advierta de cuál es este momento sería de gran ayuda para el técnico o agricultor. En esta comunicación presentamos una aplicación para móvil y escritorio que predice la emergencia en campo de diversas especies de invierno y verano a partir de datos de precipitación y temperatura diarios recogidos de estaciones meteorológicas o introducidos por el propio usuario. En función de estos datos y para la especie seleccionada, el programa calcula el inicio de las emergencias y elabora la curva de emergencias, indicando el porcentaje existente en el campo respecto al total esperable para el año. Cuando se alcanza el 90% o un valor fijado por el usuario el sistema genera un aviso que permite una rápida actuación. Para los cálculos se aplica un modelo hidrotermal que tiene en cuenta la temperatura del aire y el contenido de agua del suelo, el cual se estima diariamente a partir de un balance hídrico en función de la precipitación, evapotranspiración y capacidad de almacenamiento de agua del suelo de acuerdo con su textura. El patrón de emergencia se ajusta a un modelo de Gompertz.

Abstract Plants that produce allelopathic compounds against weeds have emerged as a potential solution for the development of ecologically correct bioherbicides. Talinum triangulare is noteworthy in this regard, as its phytochemical composition encompasses flavonoids, alkaloids and other metabolites that can be used to develop inhibitory weed growth solutions. Lactuca sativa (lettuce) has been widely applied as a bioindicator species for bioherbicides and several chemicals, animal waste, water and soil quality, and atmospheric contamination, among others. In this context, this study aimed to assess the potential allelopathic effect of aqueous T. triangulare extracts on the development of L. sativa seedlings. A completely randomized design employing a 2x4 factorial scheme (shoot and root extracts) x the concentration of each extract (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5%) was applied, comprising four replications. Lactuca sativa seeds were sown on germitest papers soaked with the extracts in a germination chamber at 20°C. Physiological seed evaluations comprising the germination test, where normal and abnormal seedlings are counted on the seventh day after sowing, first normal seedling counts on the fourth day after sowing, and seedling and root length measurements. At the end of the germination test, L. sativa seedlings were separated for morphoanatomical characterizations and chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses. The T. triangulare extracts significantly influenced L. sativa root growth, with shoot extract exposure leading to more abnormal plants and lower root lengths at increasing concentrations and compared to the root extract. Root extract exposure led to evident cellular changes and lower non-photochemical quenching and unregulated dissipation quantum yields at a 5% exposure dose compared to shoot extract exposure. These findings suggest that both aqueous T. triangulare root and shoot extracts from 5% exposure doses exhibit high potential as bioherbicides, acting directly on plant structure, anatomy, quality, size and physiology. regard flavonoids solutions lettuce (lettuce chemicals waste quality contamination others context T L 2x 0, 0 (0 25 2 5 2.5 7.5% 75 7 replications 20C C 20 20°C test sowing measurements analyses nonphotochemical non photochemical structure anatomy physiology ( 2. 7.5 7.

Resumo Espécies vegetais que possuem substância com efeitos alelopáticos contra plantas daninhas são potenciais soluções para o desenvolvimento de bioherbicidas ecologicamente corretos. Dentre as espécies com potencial de alelopatia, Talinum triangulare apresenta em sua composição fitoquímica flavonoides, alcaloides e outros metabólitos que podem ser utilizados para o desenvolvimento de soluções inibitórias do crescimento de plantas daninhas. Já a planta Lactuca sativa é bastante utilizada há vários anos como espécie bioindicadora, tanto para bioherbicidas, como para químicos em geral, resíduos animais, qualidade de água e solo, contaminação atmosférica e outros. Nesse cenário, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial efeito alelopático dos extratos aquosos de T. triangulare no desenvolvimento de plântulas de Lactuca. sativa. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com esquema fatorial 2x4 (extratos de parte aérea e raiz) x concentrações de cada extrato (0; 2,5; 5; 7,5%), com quatro repetições. Para imposição dos tratamentos, as sementes de Lactuca sativa foram semeadas sobre os papéis embebidos com os extratos e o material foi acondicionado em câmara de germinação a 20°C. Foram realizadas as avaliações fisiológicas das sementes, sendo elas: teste de geminação (plântulas normais e anormais ao sétimo dia após a semeadura), 1° contagem de plântulas normais ao quarto dia após a semeadura, o comprimento de plântulas e comprimento de raiz. Ao final do teste de germinação foram coletadas plântulas de L. sativa para caracterização morfoanatômica e análise de fluorescência da clorofila a. Os extratos de T. triangulare influenciaram no crescimento de raízes de L. sativa, e os extratos aquosos de T. triangulare da parte aérea influenciaram em maior valor de plantas anormais, juntamente com menor comprimento de raiz tanto em relação ao aumento da concentração quanto em comparação com o extrato da raiz. Além disso, o extrato de raiz influenciou em alterações celulares evidentes e menor quenching não fotoquímico e rendimentos quânticos de dissipação não regulada para a dosagem de 5% em comparação com a parte aérea. Dessa forma, sugere-se que o extrato aquoso tanto da raiz quando da parte aérea de T. triangulare a partir da dosagem de 5% tem grande potencial para o uso como bioherbicidas atuando diretamente na estrutura, anatomia, qualidade, tamanho, fisiologia das plantas. corretos alelopatia flavonoides bioindicadora geral animais solo cenário objetivouse objetivou se T acaso 2x 0 (0 2,5 25 2 5 7,5%, 75 7,5% , 7 7,5%) repetições tratamentos 20C C 20 20°C elas semeadura semeadura) 1 L disso forma sugerese sugere estrutura anatomia tamanho ( 2, 7,5 7,

ABSTRACT Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Kunth ex Walp) is a legume that has been used in agroforestry systems, for animal feed and contribution to soil fertility. During the cultivation of the crop, it is necessary to carry out weed management, as these can interfere with the growth and development of gliricidia, and it is essential to know the competitive ability of the crop with weeds. In view of the above, the objective was to evaluate the competitiveness of gliricidia coexisting with the weeds Senna obtusifolia(sicklepod), Commelina benghalensis(benghal dayflower), Bidens subalternans(beggarticks), Ipomoea triloba(morning glory) and Urochloa brizantha(signalgrass). The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot containing a gliricidia seedling in coexistence with three weeds of each species, in addition to the monoculture of the six species, as a comparison standard. The initial growth of gliricidia seedlings and weeds was evaluated through stem diameter, plant height, counting the number of leaves; root volume; and dry matter of leaves, stem and root. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p<0.05) and when significant, the means were compared using the Tukey test. The competition of gliricidia with weeds resulted in a reduction in the increment of all analyzed variables. The results obtained showed that all weeds, with the exception of C. benghalensis, interfered negatively in the growth of the tree species. Jacq (Jacq Walp systems fertility management above obtusifoliasicklepod, obtusifoliasicklepod obtusifolia sicklepod , obtusifolia(sicklepod) benghalensisbenghal benghalensis benghal dayflower, dayflower dayflower) subalternansbeggarticks, subalternansbeggarticks subalternans beggarticks subalternans(beggarticks) trilobamorning triloba morning glory brizanthasignalgrass. brizanthasignalgrass brizantha signalgrass . brizantha(signalgrass) greenhouse design replications species standard diameter height leaves volume p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 significant test variables C obtusifolia(sicklepod subalternans(beggarticks brizantha(signalgrass p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

RESUMO A gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium(Jacq) Kunth ex Walp) é uma leguminosa que vem sendo utilizada em sistemas agroflorestais, visando alimentação animal e contribuição na fertilidade do solo. Durante o seu cultivo é necessária a realização do manejo de plantas daninhas, pois essas podem interferir no crescimento e no desenvolvimento da gliricídia, sendo fundamental conhecer a habilidade competitiva da cultura com as plantas daninhas. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a competitividade da gliricídia convivendo com as plantas daninhas Senna obtusifolia(fedegoso), Commelina benghalensis (trapoeraba), Bidens subalternans (picão-preto), Ipomoea triloba(corda-de-viola) e Urochloa brizantha(braquiária). O experimento foi montado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por um vaso contendo uma muda de gliricídia em convivência com três plantas daninhas de cada espécie, e o monocultivo das seis espécies, como padrão de comparação. Foi avaliado o crescimento inicial das mudas de gliricídia e das plantas daninhas através do diâmetro do caule, altura da planta e contagem do número de folhas; volume de raiz; massa da matéria seca das folhas, do caule e da raiz. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p<0,05) e quando significativas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A competição da gliricídia com as plantas daninhas resultou na redução de todas as variáveis analisadas. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram que todas as plantas daninhas, com exceção de C. benghalensis, interferiram negativamente no crescimento da espécie arbórea. Gliricidia sepiumJacq sepium Jacq sepium(Jacq Walp agroflorestais solo exposto obtusifoliafedegoso, obtusifoliafedegoso obtusifolia fedegoso , obtusifolia(fedegoso) trapoeraba, trapoeraba (trapoeraba) picãopreto, picãopreto picão preto (picão-preto) trilobacordadeviola triloba corda viola triloba(corda-de-viola brizanthabraquiária. brizanthabraquiária brizantha braquiária . brizantha(braquiária) vegetação casualizado repetições espécies comparação folhas raiz p<0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0,05 significativas Tukey analisadas C arbórea obtusifolia(fedegoso (trapoeraba (picão-preto brizantha(braquiária p<0,0 p00 (p<0,0 p<0, p0 (p<0, p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

Abstract: Background: The resistance of grass weeds to herbicides is expanding in wheat fields. An effective strategy for managing herbicide resistance is to prevent the likelihood of resistance development spreading from field margins to within fields. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in winter wild oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana) populations collected from within fields and field margins of 11 winter wheat fields to the commonly used ACCase and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Methods: Seeds of 22 A. sterilis subsp. ludoviciana populations were collected, both from field margins and within winter wheat fields. The seeds were grown in greenhouse, and the seedlings at the three- to four-leaf stage were treated with the recommended field rates of the following four herbicides, clodinafop-propargyl (CP), pinoxaden (PN), mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron (MI), and mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+diflufenican (MD). Results: All populations from within fields evolved resistance to CP, but none showed cross-resistance to PN. Importantly, there were notable variations in CP and MI resistance, with less than half of the samples from within fields demonstrating higher resistance, while for the remaining populations no differences were observed between field-margin and within-fields samples. Contradictory trend was observed in response to MD, where around 70% of populations followed the trend for CP and MI, surprisingly, around 30% of populations exhibited opposite results. Conclusions: Overall, the incidence of herbicide resistance to CP, MI, and MD was more common in populations from within fields, suggesting stronger selection pressure. However, some field margin populations showed MD resistance, underscoring the need for weed control in field margins as a proactive resistance management strategy. Abstract Background Objective Avena subsp 1 ALSinhibiting ALS inhibiting Methods 2 A greenhouse three fourleaf leaf clodinafoppropargyl clodinafop propargyl , (CP) PN, PN (PN) mesosulfuroniodosulfuron mesosulfuron iodosulfuron (MI) mesosulfuroniodosulfurondiflufenican diflufenican MD. . (MD) Results crossresistance cross Importantly fieldmargin withinfields 70 surprisingly 30 results Conclusions Overall pressure However (CP (PN (MI (MD 7 3

Abstract: Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) system of eukaryotic cells and can be used as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to target genes. Due to the complexity of plant cell structure and genome, using SIGS in plants has faced many barriers. Objective: We aimed to develop a delivery strategy and appropriate siRNA design to induce PTGS by SIGS. Methods: The rice Phytoene desaturase (OsPDS) gene was used as a model to test our SIGS. Three siRNAs (siPDS1, siPDS2, and siPDS3) targeting different regions of the OsPDS transcript were applied individually or mixed siPDS2+siPDS3 in solution with SilwetTM adjuvant. Treatments were applied using a micropipette in rice seedlings (V2-stage), with the addition of proper control treatments: untreated-check and adjuvant-check. Seedlings were accessed phenotypically, physiologically, and molecularly. Results: The most prominent phenotype was observed for siPDS1 and siPDS2+siPDS3. Reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll index and shoot dry mass were reduced after siPDS2+siPDS3 application, while increasing anthocyanin content. OsPDS was downregulated after siPDS1 application with no change in the non-treated upper leaf. Conclusions: Our siRNA design and delivery strategy efficiently delivered the siRNA inside the plant and promoted target PTGS and compatible phenotype. The system used in this experiment did not show systematicity in the plant, probably due to the fast oxidative stress that hindered the systematic effect. This is an advance on the SIGS and can be a valuable tool for PTGS to find new targets for RNAi. Abstract Background RNAi (RNAi posttranscriptional post transcriptional (PTGS sprayinduced spray induced (SIGS genes genome barriers Objective Methods (OsPDS siPDS1, siPDS (siPDS1 siPDS2 siPDS3 siPDS2siPDS3 siPDSsiPDS siPDS2+siPDS adjuvant V2stage, V2stage Vstage V2 stage , V (V2-stage) treatments untreatedcheck untreated check adjuvantcheck. adjuvantcheck check. adjuvant-check phenotypically physiologically molecularly Results growth content nontreated non treated leaf Conclusions effect (siPDS siPDS2siPDS (V2-stage

RESUMO Diante das estratégias para restauração de ecossistemas naturais degradados e considerando o conhecimento escasso sobre o comportamento de mudas de espécies florestais nativas em relação à sensibilidade a herbicidas, tornam-se necessários estudos que auxiliem neste manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade inicial de dois herbicidas em três doses distintas para 80 espécies que ocorrem em florestas estacionais semideciduais, as quais são amplamente utilizadas em projetos de restauração. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo avaliados herbicidas oxyfluorfen (experimento I) e sulfentrazone (experimento II) nas doses comercial, metade e dobro da dose, além de testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. O delineamento experimental, para cada experimento, foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A porcentagem de fitotoxicidade seguindo escala específica da área da ciência das plantas daninhas foi avaliada aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT) e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea aos 35 DAT. De acordo com os resultados, a maioria das espécies nativas avaliadas foi classificada na faixa de 0 – 10% de fitotoxicidade para ambos os herbicidas. Considerando a fitotoxicidade, o herbicida oxyfluorfen afetou negativamente as espécies Inga uruguensis, Erythroxylum argentinum, Pterogyne nitens, Miconia rigidiuscula e Simira sampaioana. O sulfentrazone interferiu de forma prejudicial as espécies Myrciaria vexator, Piptadenia gonocantha, Lonchocarpus campestres, Erythroxylum argentinum, Cariniana legalis, Randia armata, Inga vera, Solanum granulosoleprosum, Cupania vernalis, Seguieria langsdorffii, S. sampaioana, Maytenus gonoclada e Handroanthus ochraceus. Considerando a redução de biomassa seca, somente as espécies R. armata, Croton floribundus e I. uruguensis apresentaram redução de biomassa seca em relação a testemunha. Portanto, conclui-se que os herbicidas oxyfluorfen e sulfentrazone podem ser recomendados para o manejo de plantas daninhas para a maioria das espécies estudadas nesse trabalho, exceto as listadas acima. tornamse tornam se 8 semideciduais experimentos experimento I II comercial dose experimental casualizado repetições 7 14 21 2 3 DAT (DAT resultados 10 argentinum nitens sampaioana vexator gonocantha campestres legalis armata vera granulosoleprosum vernalis langsdorffii S ochraceus R Portanto concluise conclui acima 1

ABSTRACT The scarce knowledge about the behavior of seedlings of native forest species relative to sensitivity to herbicides associated with the current strategies for restoring degraded natural ecosystems justifies the execution of studies to assist in this management. This study aimed to evaluate the initial selectivity of two herbicides at three different doses for 80 species that occur in seasonal semideciduous forests and are widely used in restoration projects. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the herbicides oxyfluorfen (Experiment I) and sulfentrazone (Experiment II) at commercial dose, half the dose, and double the dose, as well as control without herbicide application. The experimental design of each experiment was completely randomized, with four replications. The percentage of phytotoxicity following a specific scale in the weed science field was evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after treatment application (DAT), while the shoot dry mass was evaluated at 35 DAT. Most native species were classified in the range of 0–10% phytotoxicity for both herbicides. Considering phytotoxicity, the herbicide oxyfluorfen negatively affected the species Inga uruguensis, Erythroxylum argentinum, Pterogyne nitens, Miconia rigidiuscula, and Simira sampaioana. Sulfentrazone showed harmful effects on the species Myrciaria vexator, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Lonchocarpus campestris, Erythroxylum argentinum, Cariniana legalis, Randia armata, Inga vera, Solanum granulosoleprosum, Cupania vernalis, Seguieria langsdorffii, S. sampaioana, Maytenus gonoclada, and Handroanthus ochraceus. Only the species R. armata, Croton floribundus, and I. uruguensis showed a reduction in dry biomass relative to the control. Therefore, the herbicides oxyfluorfen and sulfentrazone can be recommended for weed management for most of the species studied in this study, except those listed above. 8 projects Experiment I II dose randomized replications 7 14 21 28 3 DAT, DAT , (DAT) 010 0 10 0–10 argentinum nitens rigidiuscula sampaioana vexator gonoacantha campestris legalis armata vera granulosoleprosum vernalis langsdorffii S gonoclada ochraceus R floribundus Therefore above 1 2 (DAT 01 0–1 0–

Abstract The agricultural sector, particularly in emerging economies like Africa, faces significant challenges in weed management, directly impacting yield, production costs, and crop quality. Accurate and early weed identification is pivotal for effective weed control strategies. In response, our research extends beyond conventional deep learning methodologies by integrating Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for enhanced plant seedling classification. Leveraging a dataset of 5539 images across 12 plant species, including essential crops such as Common Wheat, Maize, and Sugar Beet, alongside nine weed types, we embarked on a comprehensive analysis employing four advanced CNN architectures: ResNet-50, Inception-V3, VGG-16, and EfficientNet-B0. Our approach involved initial model training and validation, followed by the application of GWO for feature optimization and SVM for refined classification. Post-optimization, the EfficientNet-B0 model emerged as the frontrunner, showcasing exemplary performance with a remarkable training accuracy of 99.82% and a test accuracy of 98.83%. These results highlight the efficacy of combining CNNs with evolutionary algorithms and machine-learning techniques in agricultural applications. This study illustrates the capabilities of CNNs in agricultural contexts and emphasizes the added value of optimization algorithms in improving model performance. The integration of GWO and SVM presents a significant advancement in plant seedling classification, offering a powerful tool for precision agriculture. Our findings hold great promise for enhancing crop management and yield in Africa and other emerging economies, contributing to the evolution of sustainable farming practices through innovative technological solutions. sector costs quality strategies response (CNN (GWO (SVM classification 553 1 species Wheat Maize Beet types architectures ResNet50, ResNet50 ResNet 50, 50 ResNet-50 InceptionV3, InceptionV3 InceptionV Inception V3, V3 V Inception-V3 VGG16, VGG16 VGG 16, 16 VGG-16 EfficientNetB0. EfficientNetB0 EfficientNetB EfficientNet B0. B0 B validation Postoptimization, Postoptimization Post optimization, Post-optimization EfficientNet-B frontrunner 9982 99 82 99.82 9883 98 83 98.83% machinelearning machine applications agriculture solutions 55 ResNet5 5 ResNet-5 Inception-V VGG1 VGG-1 998 9 8 99.8 988 98.83 ResNet- VGG- 99. 98.8 98.

Abstract Pitaya production has been expanding in several regions of Brazil despite the lack of technical information on plant management. To obtain good crop productivity, weed control is essential; however, the use of herbicides can cause phytotoxicity and reduce plant growth and production. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the tolerance of red (Selenicereus polyrhizus) and white (S. undatus) pitaya seedlings to different herbicides applied after emergence. Two experiments were installed, one with red pitaya and the another with white pitaya, on August 15, 2020 in the Fruit Production Sector of the Federal University of Lavras. Experiments were arranged in a randomized block design, with four and three replicates, respectively, eight treatments and three plants per plot in both experiments. Treatments consisted of control, fomesafen, ammonium glufosinate, glyphosate, clethodim, carfentrazone-ethyl, imazethapyr and chlorimuron. Visual phytotoxicity symptoms were evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after herbicide application. At 30 and 60 days after application, percentage of necrosis, cladode length and number of new shoots were evaluated. Herbicide fomesafen caused greater damage to red pitaya seedlings and fomesafen and glyphosate caused greater damage to white pitaya seedlings. For both pitaya species, herbicide clethodim can be an alternative for controlling narrow-leaf weeds without causing visual damage to the growth and development of pitaya plants. management productivity essential however Thus Selenicereus polyrhizus S. S (S undatus emergence installed 15 202 Lavras design replicates respectively glufosinate carfentrazoneethyl, carfentrazoneethyl carfentrazone ethyl, ethyl carfentrazone-ethyl chlorimuron 7 14 2 application 3 6 necrosis species narrowleaf narrow leaf 1 20

Resumo A produção de pitaia vem-se expandindo em várias regiões do Brasil apesar da carência de informações técnicas sobre o manejo das plantas. Para obter boa produtividade na cultura, o controle de plantas daninhas é fundamental; porém, o uso de herbicidas pode causar fitotoxicidade e redução do crescimento e da produção das plantas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar atolerância de mudas de pitaia de polpa vermelha (Selenicereus polyrhizus) e polpa branca (S.undatus) a diferentes herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência. Foram instalados doisexperimentos: um com pitaia-vermelha e outro com pitaia-branca, em 15 de agosto de 2020, no Setor de Fruticultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras. Os experimentos foramdispostos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro e três repetições, respectivamente, oito tratamentos e três plantas por parcela, em ambos os experimentos. Ostratamentos foram constituídos por testemunha, fomesafem, glufosinato de amônio, glifosato,cletodim, carfentrazona-etílica, imazetapir e clorimurom. Foram avaliados sintomas visuais defitotoxicidade aos 7; 14; 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Aos 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação,avaliaram-se a porcentagem de necrose, comprimento dos cladódios e o número de brotos novos. O herbicida fomesafem causou maiores danos às mudas depitaia-vermelha,e fomesafem e glifosato causaram maiores danos às mudas de pitaia-branca. Paraambas as espécies de pitaias, o herbicida cletodim pode ser uma alternativa paracontrole de plantas daninhas de folha estreita sem provocar danos visuais no crescimento e nodesenvolvimento das plantas de pitaia. vemse vem se cultura fundamental porém Assim Selenicereus polyrhizus S.undatus Sundatus S undatus (S.undatus pósemergência. pósemergência pós emergência. emergência pós-emergência doisexperimentos pitaiavermelha pitaiabranca, pitaiabranca branca, pitaia-branca 1 2020 Lavras casualizados repetições respectivamente parcela testemunha amônio glifosatocletodim glifosato,cletodim carfentrazonaetílica, carfentrazonaetílica carfentrazona etílica, etílica carfentrazona-etílica clorimurom 7 14 2 3 6 aplicação,avaliaramse aplicaçãoavaliaramse aplicação,avaliaram avaliaram necrose novos depitaiavermelha,e depitaiavermelhae depitaia vermelha,e pitaiabranca. branca. pitaias 202 avaliaramse aplicaçãoavaliaram depitaiavermelha vermelhae 20

Abstract Digitaria insularis poses a significant challenge in weed control due to its perennial habit, dense clumping growth, and the widespread presence of herbicide-resistant biotypes. Our research investigates whether single or multiple herbicide resistance biotypes of D. insularis experience fitness costs, specifically affecting their germination. To determine the resistance factor, a dose-response curve was employed using glyphosate and haloxyfop-P-methyl herbicides separately in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates per dose (nine doses total). Shoot dry mass was measured at 100 days after herbicide application (DAA), with control assessments performed at 14, 28, and 42 DAA. Subsequently, a separate CRD experiment examined the germination rate as a function of temperature and photoperiod for each biotype. This factorial scheme tested six temperatures across three biotypes (susceptible and two resistant types) under three light exposure periods (0, 8, and 12 hours). Germination percentage and the germination speed index (GSI) were calculated for 14 days, with counts of healthy seedlings recorded daily. Statistical analysis confirmed the resistance/susceptibility of the biotypes based on the dose-response curve. For the susceptible and simple resistance biotypes, the most favorable temperatures for germination were 20, 30 and 40 °C, at which the highest germination percentages and a higher germination speed index were observed. On the other hand, for the biotype with multiple resistance, the temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C were more favorable, promoting superior results in both parameters studied. habit growth herbicideresistant D costs factor doseresponse response haloxyfopPmethyl haloxyfop P methyl (CRD nine total. total . total) 10 DAA, DAA , (DAA) 28 4 Subsequently types 0, 0 (0 8 1 hours. hours hours) GSI (GSI daily resistancesusceptibility susceptibility 20 3 C observed hand 25 studied (DAA 2 (

Resumo A Digitaria insularis é uma espécie de difícil controle devido a perenização, intensa formação de touceiras e ampla presença de biótipos resistentes a herbicidas. Objetiva-se testar a hipótese que os biótipos de D. insularis com resistência simples ou múltipla aos herbicidas possuem custos adaptativos que influenciam em sua germinação. Para se determinar o fator de resistência, foi realizado uma curva de dose resposta, aplicando isoladamente os herbicidas glyphosate e haloxyfop-P-methyl. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), constituído das 9 doses de cada herbicida para cada um dos biótipos, com quatro repetições. As avaliações de controle foram realizadas aos 14, 28 e 42 DAA e massa seca de parte aérea aos 100 DAA. O segundo estudo foi realizado em DIC, para mensurar a taxa de germinação em função da temperatura e fotoperíodo para cada período de luminosidade (0, 8 e 12 horas). Conduzido em câmaras de germinação, em esquema fatorial 6x3, com 6 diferentes temperaturas e 3 biótipos, respectivamente. As avaliações ocorreram até 14 DAA, onde foram realizadas as contagens das plântulas sadias. Calculou-se a porcentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação IVG. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística e através da curva de dose resposta foi confirmada a resistência e/ou suscetibilidade dos biótipos. Para os biótipos suscetíveis e com resistência simples, as temperaturas mais favoráveis para a germinação foram 20, 30 e 40 °C, nas quais se observaram as maiores porcentagens de germinação e um índice de velocidade de germinação mais elevado. Em contrapartida, para o biótipo com resistência múltipla, as temperaturas de 25, 30 e 35 °C foram mais favoráveis, promovendo resultados superiores em ambos os parâmetros estudados. perenização Objetivase Objetiva D haloxyfopPmethyl. haloxyfopPmethyl haloxyfop P methyl. methyl haloxyfop-P-methyl DIC , (DIC) repetições 2 4 10 0, 0 (0 1 horas. horas . horas) 6x3 x respectivamente sadias Calculouse Calculou IVG eou 20 C elevado contrapartida 25 estudados (DIC ( 6x

ABSTRACT Understanding weed emergence and development aspects is essential in decision-making for management strategies. The study evaluated the effects of different sowing depths and light intensities on the emergence and development of the weeds Sida rhombifolia and Senna obtusifolia under field conditions. Each species constituted an experiment, and the experimental design used was completely randomized, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme, with the first factor corresponding to the six sowing depths (0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0, and 12.0 cm) and the second at four light intensities (100%, 70%, 50%, and 30% of sunlight). The seedling emergence was evaluated daily to obtain the emergence and emergence speed index. The height, time to floral induction, and dry matter of plants at flowering were also evaluated. When submitted to different levels of shading, S. rhombifolia seedlings emerge up to 12.0 cm deep. S. obtusifolia seedlings emerge at all sowing depths, even when subjected to different solar radiation intensities. Seedlings of S. rhombifolia and S. obtusifolia emerge less and slower in sowings between 8.0 and 12.0 cm depth and develop better under full sunlight in sowings between 1.0 and 4.0 cm depth. Therefore, greater depths delay the development of both species, which is important information for managing these weeds. decisionmaking decision making strategies conditions experiment randomized replications scheme 0.5 05 0 5 (0.5 10 1 2.0 20 2 40 80 8 120 12 12. 100%, 100 (100% 70 70% 50 50% 30 sunlight. . sunlight) index height induction shading S deep 8. 1. 4. Therefore 0. (0. 2. 100% (100 7 3 (0 (10 ( (1

RESUMO Compreender os aspectos de emergência e desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas é essencial na tomada de decisão para estratégias de manejo. Neste trabalho foram avaliados em condições de campo, os efeitos de diferentes profundidades de semeadura e intensidades luminosas na emergência e no desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas Sida rhombifolia e Senna obtusifolia. Cada espécie constituiu um experimento e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 6 x 4, sendo o primeiro fator correspondente as seis profundidades de semeadura (0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 12,0 cm) e o segundo a quatro intensidades luminosas (100%, 70%, 50% e 30% da luz solar). Avaliou-se diariamente a emergência das plântulas para obtenção da emergência e do índice de velocidade de emergência. A altura, o tempo até a indução floral e a matéria seca das plantas no florescimento também foram avaliadas. Quando submetidas a diferentes níveis de sombreamento as plântulas de S. rhombifolia emergem em até 12,0 cm de profundidade. As plântulas de S. obtusifolia emergem em todas as profundidades de semeadura, mesmo quando submetidas a diferentes intensidades de radiação solar. As plântulas das espécies S. rhombifolia e S. obtusifolia emergem menos e em menor velocidade em semeaduras entre 8,0 e 12,0 cm de profundidade e se desenvolvem melhor em condições de luz solar plena em semeaduras entre 1,0 e 4,0 cm de profundidade. Portanto, maiores profundidades atrasam o desenvolvimento de ambas as espécies, sendo uma importante informação para o manejo dessas plantas daninhas. campo casualizado repetições 4 0,5 05 0 5 (0,5 10 1 2,0 20 2 40 80 8 8, 120 12 12, 100%, 100 (100% 70 70% 50 30 . solar) Avaliouse Avaliou altura avaliadas S 1, Portanto 0, (0, 2, 100% (100 7 3 (0 (10 ( (1

Resumen Los extractos vegetales constituyen una alternativa promisoria en el manejo de plagas, pero con frecuencia se subestima su influencia sobre el crecimiento de las plantas. En la presente investigación se determinó el efecto alelopático de extractos acuosos de Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (nim) sobre semillas certificadas de Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pingüino (tomate), en condiciones de laboratorio. Los extractos se prepararon al 5 % m/v empleando por separado hojas y semillas y por dilución, las concentraciones utilizadas en el ensayo fueron: 0,0 % (control), 0,5 %, 1,0 %, 1,5 % y 2,0 % v/v. La siembra de semillas se realizó en placas de Petri sobre papel de filtro, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial y cuatro réplicas por concentración. Los resultados mostraron un estímulo en la germinación con extracto acuoso de semillas de A. indica al 0,5% y una reducción con el extracto de hoja al 2,0%. La longitud del hipocótilo aumentó en todas las concentraciones respecto al control y la longitud de la radícula disminuyó con el incremento de la concentración de los extractos, alcanzando una reducción superior al 20% respecto al control. La masa fresca total de las plántulas no arrojó diferencias entre las concentraciones de los extractos y el control, y se concluyó que existe un efecto alelopático diferenciado de A. indica en la germinación de S. lycopersicum que podría aprovecharse en el contexto de una agricultura sostenible, aunque se sugiere la evaluación de los extractos en especies de arvenses.

Abstract Plant extracts are a promising alternative in pest management, but their influence on plant growth is often underestimated. In the present research, the effect of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) was determined on the germination, length of the radicle and hypocotyls and total fresh mass of certificated seeds of Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pingüino (tomato) under laboratory conditions. Extracts were prepared at 5 % m/v of each plant material used (leaves and seeds) and by dilution the concentrations used in the test were: 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % v/v. Seed sowing was done in Petri plates, on filter paper, distributed in a completely random design with factorial arrangement and four replications by concentration. The germination was stimulated with aqueous extract of A. indica seeds at 0.5 % and inhibited with 2.0 % leaf extract. The length of the hypocotyl increased in all concentrations compared to the control and the length of the radicle decreased with the increase in the concentration of the extracts, reaching a reduction of more than 20 % compared to the control in concentrations ≥ 1.0 %. The total fresh mass of the seedlings did not differences between the concentrations of the extracts and the control. The results showed a differentiated allelopathic effect of A. indica on the germination of S. lycopersicum that could be used in the context of sustainable agriculture, although the evaluation of the extracts in weed species in suggested.

ABSTRACT Allelopathy is described as the positive or negative effect that one plant causes on the growing of another, which occurs through the reléase of chemical components to the environment. The 'tarwi', Lupinus mutabilis Sweet., is a native legume from the Andean region whose seeds have a high protein content, however, these have a bitter taste due to the presence of alkaloids, metabolites that have been reported as allelochemical components, whose uses in agriculture are being investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of 5 concentrations (0, 1.55, 3.10, 4.65 and 6.20 mg mL-1) of aqueous extract of tarwi alkaloids on the germination and growth of in vitro seedlings of three species of weeds; Amaranthus dubius, Bidens pilosa and Medicago polymorpha, in which the germination percentage, radicle and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings were evaluated. An inversely proportional relationship between the concentrations and lengths evaluated for all species was considered, having A. dubius germination and M. polymorpha seedling growth as the most affected. The most significant reduction in germination and plant growth occurred at concentrations above 4.65 mg mL-1.

RESUMEN La alelopatía es descrita como el efecto positivo o negativo que puede causar una planta en el crecimiento y desarrollo de otra, a través de la liberación de componentes químicos al ambiente. El tarwi, Lupinus mutabilis Sweet., es una leguminosa originaria de la zona andina cuyos granos contienen un alto porcentaje de proteínas. Sin embargo, tiene un sabor amargo debido a la presencia de alcaloides. Estos son metabolitos que han sido reportados como potenciales componentes aleloquímicos, cuyos usos en agricultura se están investigando. Se realizaron experimentos en laboratorio para determinar el efecto de 5 concentraciones (0; 1,55; 3,10; 4,65 y 6,20 mg mL- 1 ) de extracto acuoso de alcaloides del tarwi sobre la germinación y crecimiento de las plántulas in vitro de tres especies de malezas: Amaranthus dubius, Bidens pilosa y Medicago polymorpha. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación y las longitudes de radícula e hipocótilo de las plántulas. Se observó una relación inversamente proporcional entre las dosis y ambas longitudes evaluadas para todas las especies, siendo A. dubius la más afectada en germinación y M. polymorpha en crecimiento de plántula. La mayor reducción en germinación y crecimiento de plántulas se obtuvo en concentraciones mayores de 4,65 mg mL -1 de extracto.