Summary: In different trials have shown that the use of both vermicompost (VC) and plastic mulch has favored the yield and productivity of a large number of crops. The purpose of our study was to compare synthetic fertilization vs the incorporation of VC on the development of triploid watermelon with plastic mulch in the spring-summer 2019 agricultural cycle at the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The treatments evaluated, each with three repetitions, were: exploratory application of VC, at a rate of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1, and as a control, the regional recommendation 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). The sowing was carried out in planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. The sowing of the triploid watermelon seeds of the Crunchy Red variety, was carried out in Styrofoam trays with 200 cavities filled with Peat Moss. When the seedlings had two to three true leaves, they were transplanted 1.0 m apart on planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. For the supply of water, drip irrigation was used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a completely randomized experimental design was used, the DMS0.05 test was applied for comparisons of the means. Due to the effect of the treatments evaluated, five of the variables studied: equatorial and polar diameters, pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit weight presented highly significant differences, while yield registered a significant difference. The highest yield of 29 932 Mg ha-1 was recorded with the incorporation of 60 Mg ha-1 of VC confirming that this natural fertilizer was able to satisfy the nutritional needs of triploid watermelon without synthetic fertilization.

Resumen: En diferentes ensayos se ha evidenciado que el empleo, tanto del vermicompost (VC) como del acolchado plástico ha favorecido el rendimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos. El propósito del estudio fue equiparar la fertilización sintética vs la incorporación del VC sobre el desarrollo de la sandía triploide con acolchado plástico en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2019, en el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los tratamientos evaluados, cada uno con tres repeticiones, fueron: aplicación exploratoria de VC, a razón de 30 y 60 Mg ha-1, y como testigo, la recomendación regional 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). La siembra de semillas de sandía triploide, variedad Crunchy Red, se realizó en bandejas de unicel de 200 cavidades, rellenas con Peat Moss, cuando las plántulas tuvieron de dos a tres hojas verdaderas se realizó el trasplante, colocándolas a 1.0 m, entre éstas, sobre camas de siembra, de 2 × 8 m (ancho y largo, respectivamente) cubiertas con plástico negro. Para el suministro de agua se utilizó riego por cintilla. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, mientras que para las comparaciones de las medias se aplicó la prueba DMS0.05. Debido al efecto de los tratamientos evaluados cinco de las variables estudiadas: diámetros polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pulpa, sólidos solubles y peso del fruto registraron diferencias altamente significativas, mientras que el rendimiento presentó diferencia significativa. El mayor rendimiento de 29 932 Mg ha-1 se registró con la aplicación de 60 Mg ha-1 de VC, confirmándose que este producto logró cubrir la demanda nutritiva de la sandía triploide sin fertilización sintética.

Abstract: There is evidence of the high use of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, in tropical crops, for its effectiveness in the control of soil and plant pests. The objective of this study was to know the residuality and concentration of thiamethoxam in the papaya agroecosystem, in the main papaya fruit producing zone in the central area of the Gulf of Mexico. It was carried out during a papaya growing cycle with watermelon rotation; the taking of samples was according to the technique established by the NOM -AA-103-1988 for leaves and for fruit the NMX -FF-041-1996 by the method of quartering in papaya and watermelon, the samples were analyzed with a HPLC-UV, the data obtained were statistically analyzed by parametric and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. The presence of thiamethoxam was found in papaya and watermelon cultivation plants, the concentrations in papaya leaves reported a maximum value of 0.29 mg/kg, while for the leaves of the watermelon rotation fruit it was 0.15 mg/kg. In papaya fruit, thiamethoxam concentrations are within a range of 0.24 to 0.32 mg/kg. The concentrations and residuality of thiamethoxam mainly exceed the maximum tolerance and residuality limits of the EFSA and FAO.

Resumen: Existe evidencia del alto uso del insecticida neonicotinoide thiamethoxam en los cultivos tropicales por su efectividad en el control de plagas del suelo y la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la residualidad y concentración del thiamethoxam en el agroecosistema de papaya en la principal zona productora de este fruto de la zona centro del Golfo de México. Este estudio se realizó durante un ciclo de cultivo de papaya con rotación de sandía; la toma de muestras se hizo según la técnica establecida por la NOM-AA-103-1988 para hojas y para fruta la NMX-FF-041-1996 mediante el método de cuarteo en papaya y sandia. Las muestras se analizaron con un equipo HPLC-UV, y los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas de Kruskal- Wallis. Se encontró la presencia de thiamethoxam en la planta del cultivo de papaya y sandía. Las concentraciones en hojas de papaya reportaron como valores más altos 0.29 mg/kg, mientras que para las hojas del fruto de rotación de la sandía fue de 0.15 mg/kg. En el fruto de papaya, las concentraciones de thiamethoxam estuvieron dentro de un rango de 0.24 a 0.32 mg/kg. Las concentraciones y residualidad del thiamethoxam superan principalmente los límites máximos de tolerancia y residualidad de la EFSA y la FAO.

Abstract Watermelon and cantaloupe are fundamental vegetables. The objective was to study its antioxidant properties in different parts of the fruits and identify the best extraction method to obtain active compounds. The quantification of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and total antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH was analyzed using spectrophotometric techniques. The contents of TPC were reported as 4.4 and 48.1 mg GAE g-1 for watermelon peel and cantaloupe pulp, respectively. The TFC was 157 and 213 mg QE g-1 for watermelon and cantaloupe seeds. The ABTS technique ranged from 26147.6 for cantaloupe pulp to 9302.3 μM Trolox g-1 for watermelon peel, while the DPPH technique showed the highest antioxidant activity in cantaloupe pulp with a value of 18989.5 μM Trolox g-1. The most efficient extraction method was with samples subjected to heat, highlighting the extraction of watermelon seeds due to their high antioxidant content.

Resumen La sandía y melón son hortalizas básicas. El objetivo fue estudiar sus propiedades antioxidantes en distintas partes de los frutos e identificar el mejor método de extracción para obtener compuestos activos. La cuantificación de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FVT) y actividad antioxidante total por ABTS y DPPH se realizó por técnicas espectrofotométricas. Para CFT se obtuvieron valores de 4.4 y 48.1 mg AGE g-1 para cascara de sandía y pulpa de melón, respectivamente. El FVT fue de 157 y 213 mg QE g-1 para las semillas de sandía y melón. La técnica de ABTS osciló entre 26147.6 para pulpa de melón y 9302.3 μM Trolox g-1 para cascara de sandía. Por DPPH la mayor actividad antioxidante fue en pulpa de melón (18989.5 μM Trolox g-1). El método de extracción más eficiente fue con muestras sometidas a calor destacando la extracción de semillas de sandía por su alto contenido antioxidante.

ABSTRACT Watermelon has great importance due to its nutritional properties. The aim of this work was to study accessions classified as resistant to fusariosis. Twelve accessions and two cultivars, Sugar Baby and Charleston Gray (controls), were characterized for watermelon fruit quality descriptors. The experiment was conducted in Petrolina-PE, over two production cycles in a randomized complete block design, with three repetitions and five plants per plot. Two fruits per plot were sampled for characterization. Ten quantitative and seven qualitative descriptors were evaluated. For the qualitative traits, dissimilarity measures were determined by a matrix of Euclidean distance. At the second harvest, most accessions had higher organic acid and vitamin C content in the pulp and higher soluble solids (°Brix) content. The accessions were divided into four groups according to the Tocher method. There is variability among the evaluated accessions, and the accessions BGH-Univasf 40, BGH-Univasf 169, and BGH-Univasf 177 are potential sources for use in watermelon breeding programs. Accessions BGH-UNIVASF 76, BGH-UNIVASF 128, and BGH-UNIVASF 185 (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) performed well in terms of total production, fruit mass, and vitamin C content. properties fusariosis cultivars controls, controls , (controls) PetrolinaPE, PetrolinaPE Petrolina PE, PE Petrolina-PE design characterization traits distance harvest °Brix Brix (°Brix method BGHUnivasf BGH Univasf 40 169 17 programs BGHUNIVASF UNIVASF 76 128 18 Citrullus var citroides mass (controls 4 16 1 7 12

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate leaf temperature, and watermelon yield components under wetted area percentages (PW) in irrigation located in the Agreste region of Northeastern Brazil. Two experiments were carried out in 2018 and 2019. The adopted statistical design was randomized blocks, with six replications and four treatments, in 2018: P1 = 13%, P2 = 14%, P3 = 19%, and P4 = 22%, in 2019: P5 = 12%, P6 = 15%, P7 = 16%, and P8 = 21% of PW. The meteorological variables analyzed were: air temperature (Ta) and rain. The experimental evaluations consisted of measuring the temperature of the plant’s vegetative canopy, tensiometry, mass, and BRIX. Air temperature was not a limiting factor for watermelon growth and development. The average was 195.88 mm, and the average leaf temperature of watermelon is 29.5 °C, a value lower than Ta. There was no statistically significant difference for fruit mass and BRIX, where the overall mean was 10.82 and 10.46 kg, respectively. Therefore, it is feasible to irrigate watermelon with wetted area percentages ranging from 12 to 22%, in localized irrigation systems, without generating physiological damage and reducing agricultural productivity and fruit quality. PW (PW Brazil 201 2019 blocks treatments P 13 13% 14 14% 19 19% 22 22% 12% 15 15% 16 16% 21 Ta (Ta rain plants plant s canopy tensiometry BRIX development 19588 195 88 195.8 mm 295 29 5 29. C °C 1082 10 82 10.8 1046 46 10.4 kg respectively Therefore 1 systems quality 20 2 1958 8 195. 108 10. 104 4

ABSTRACT The use of substances that can mitigate the harmful effects of salt stress is a promising alternative for the use of saline water, especially in semi-arid regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in mitigating salt stress in the mini watermelon grown in a hydroponic system. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, in an area belonging to the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Paraíba. The experimental design was completely randomised using a split-plot factorial scheme with four levels of electrical conductivity for the nutrient solution-ECns (2.1, 3.1, 4.1, and 5.1 dS m-1) considered the plots, and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide-H2O2 (0, 20, 40, and 60 μM) the subplots, with five replications. The foliar application of hydrogen peroxide in concentrations of between 17 and 20 µM mitigated the effects of salt stress on stomatal conductance, the rate of CO2 assimilation, carboxylation efficiency, and carotenoid content in the mini watermelon up to an ECns of 5.1 dS m-1. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide in concentrations greater than 20 µM intensified the effects of salt stress on gas exchange and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in the mini watermelon. Furthermore, there was an increase in electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade. water semiarid semi arid regions system greenhouse Grande Pombal Paraíba splitplot split plot solutionECns solution 2.1, 21 2 1 (2.1 31 3 3.1 41 4 4.1 51 5 5. m1 m m-1 plots peroxideH2O2 peroxideHO H2O2 H O peroxide-H2O 0, 0 (0 40 6 μM subplots replications conductance CO assimilation efficiency m1. 1. Furthermore blade 2.1 (2. 3. 4. m- peroxideH peroxideH2O HO H2O ( 2. (2

Abstract Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an economically important horticultural crop. Spotted rind at maturity is an important appearance quality trait in melons. However, the gene controlling this trait remains unknown. In this study, the inheritance pattern of this trait was explored, and the candidate gene underlying this trait was also successfully identified. Genetic analysis showed that a single dominant gene, Cucumis melo Spotted Rind (CmSR), regulates the spotted rind trait. A preliminary genetic mapping analysis was conducted based on a BSA-seq approach. The CmAPRR2 gene was identified to be linked with the spotted rind trait and was located on the short arm of chromosome 4. It harbored two single-nucleotide mutations (chr4: 687014 G/A and chr4: 687244 C/A) in the non-spotted line ‘Yellow 2’, which may result in the alternative splicing of the transcript and an amino acid change in the respective protein, from proline to glutamine, respectively. Moreover, marker SNP687014-G/A was developed and co-segregated with the spotted rind trait. Therefore, it is speculated that the CmAPRR2 gene may be involved in the regulation of the spotted rind trait in melon. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further research on the gene regulatory mechanism of the rind color in melon. L. L crop melons However unknown explored CmSR, CmSR , (CmSR) BSAseq BSA seq approach CmAPRR 4 singlenucleotide nucleotide chr4 chr (chr4 68701 GA G 68724 C/A CA C nonspotted non Yellow 2, 2 2’ protein glutamine respectively Moreover SNP687014G/A SNP687014GA SNPGA SNP687014 SNP cosegregated co segregated Therefore melon (CmSR (chr 6870 6872 SNP687014G SNP68701 687 SNPG SNP6870 68 SNP687 6 SNP68 SNP6

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify whether an infiltrant resin used to inactivate white spot lesions (WSL) on enamel can resist the abrasive challenges promoted by tooth brushing with different dentifrices. Material and Methods: WSL was induced on bovine enamel samples (pH cycling) and then treated with an infiltrant resin (ICON). Afterward, half of the sample was protected. The other half underwent an abrasive challenge using an electric toothbrush with soft bristles., using dentifrices with different abrasiveness (n=10): Group 1: Colgate Maximum Cavity Protection; Group 2: Sensodyne Repair & Protect; Group 3: Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief; Group 4: Colgate 2 in 1 Watermelon Flavor; e Group 5: Colgate Luminous White Advanced. The wear profile after brushing was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (µm), and the enamel/resin interface was observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Profilometry data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α=5%). Results: Brushing produced more significant wear on group 5 (3.96±0.26) when compared to groups 1 (3.45±0.21), 2(3.22±0,4) and 4(3.11±0.34). Data from Group 3 (3.82±0.6) was similar to G5 but higher than G1, G2, and G4. SEM analysis showed that the adhesive interface remained intact in all groups after the abrasive challenge. Conclusion: Dentifrices with a higher relative dentin abrasiveness produced more significant wear of the infiltrant, but the composite/enamel interface was not altered after the abrasive challenges. Objective (WSL Methods pH cycling ICON. ICON . (ICON) Afterward protected bristles bristles. n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) Protection Protect ProRelief Pro Relief Pro-Relief 4 Flavor Advanced µm, µm , (µm) enamelresin SEM. (SEM) oneway one way Tukeys Tukey s α=5%. α5 α α=5% (α=5%) Results 3.96±0.26 396026 96 0 26 (3.96±0.26 3.45±0.21, 345021 3.45±0.21 45 21 (3.45±0.21) 23.22±0,4 232204 3.22±0,4 22 2(3.22±0,4 43.11±0.34. 4311034 3.11±0.34 11 34 4(3.11±0.34) 3.82±0.6 38206 82 6 (3.82±0.6 G G1 G2 G4 Conclusion compositeenamel composite (ICON n=1 n1 (n=10 (µm (SEM α=5 (α=5% 3.96±0.2 39602 9 (3.96±0.2 34502 3.45±0.2 (3.45±0.21 23 23.22±0, 23220 32204 3.22±0, 2(3.22±0, 43 43.11±0.34 431103 311034 3.11±0.3 4(3.11±0.34 3.82±0. 3820 8 (3.82±0. n= (n=1 α= (α=5 3.96±0. 3960 (3.96±0. 3450 3.45±0. (3.45±0.2 23.22±0 2322 3220 3.22±0 2(3.22±0 43.11±0.3 43110 31103 3.11±0. 4(3.11±0.3 3.82±0 382 (3.82±0 (n= (α= 3.96±0 396 (3.96±0 345 3.45±0 (3.45±0. 23.22± 232 322 3.22± 2(3.22± 43.11±0. 4311 3110 3.11±0 4(3.11±0. 3.82± 38 (3.82± (n (α 3.96± 39 (3.96± 3.45± (3.45±0 23.22 32 3.22 2(3.22 43.11±0 431 311 3.11± 4(3.11±0 3.82 (3.82 3.96 (3.96 3.45 (3.45± 23.2 3.2 2(3.2 43.11± 31 3.11 4(3.11± 3.8 (3.8 3.9 (3.9 3.4 (3.45 23. 3. 2(3. 43.11 3.1 4(3.11 (3. (3.4 2(3 43.1 4(3.1 (3 2( 43. 4(3. ( 4(3 4(

ABSTRACT Objective Low carotenoid intake is associated with the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Given the large diversity and specificity of chemical structures and functions, along with the wide Brazilian geodiversity, it should be important for health to examine the cross-sectional distribution of carotenoid availability. Considering family incomes, the authors have calculated and analyzed the individual household availability of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin according to income in the eleven largest Brazilian urban centers in 2017-2018. Methods Data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics’ latest Family Budget Survey on monetary food acquisitions and food composition tables were used to calculate the individual carotenoid contents of both vegetable and animal food sources. Results The family acquisitions of carotenogenic foods showed to be insufficient for most families living in these urban centers, except Salvador, Belem, Belo Horizonte, and Porto Alegre, where certain key-carotenoid sources did reach the higher income groups. The main foods identified that contributed to the supply of carotenoids were carrot and common squash (α-carotene), common squash, carrot, scallion/parsley, mango, and tomato (β-carotene), papaya, orange, and tangerine (β-cryptoxanthin), tomato sauce, tomato paste, guava, watermelon and papaya (lycopene) and scallion/parsley, kale, egg, corn meal and corn flakes (lutein/zeaxanthin). Conclusion Based on the home availability of specific carotenoids estimated in the present study, it is concluded that the population was not reasonably well protected against chronic diseases given the low acquisition of key carotenoid sources in these urban centers, especially among the lower-income class. functions geodiversity crosssectional cross sectional incomes αcarotene, αcarotene α carotene, carotene α-carotene βcarotene, βcarotene β β-carotene βcryptoxanthin, βcryptoxanthin cryptoxanthin, cryptoxanthin β-cryptoxanthin lycopene luteinzeaxanthin lutein zeaxanthin 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 Statistics Salvador Belem Horizonte Alegre keycarotenoid groups , (α-carotene) scallionparsley scallion parsley scallion/parsley mango (β-carotene) orange (β-cryptoxanthin) sauce paste guava (lycopene kale egg lutein/zeaxanthin. . (lutein/zeaxanthin) study lowerincome lower class 2017201 201 2017-201 (α-carotene (β-carotene (β-cryptoxanthin (lutein/zeaxanthin 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

RESUMO Objetivo A baixa ingestão de carotenoides está associada à incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Dada a grande diversidade e especificidade das estruturas e funções químicas, juntamente com a ampla geodiversidade brasileira, é importante para a saúde examinar a distribuição transversal da disponibilidade de carotenoides. Considerando a renda familiar, os autores calcularam e analisaram a disponibilidade individual e domiciliar de α-caroteno, β-caroteno, β-criptoxantina, licopeno e luteína/zeaxantina de acordo com a renda nos onze maiores centros urbanos brasileiros em 2017-2018. Métodos Dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística da última Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares sobre aquisições monetárias de alimentos e tabelas de composição de alimentos foram utilizados para calcular os teores individuais de carotenoides de fontes alimentares vegetais e animais. Resultados As aquisições familiares de alimentos carotenogênicos mostraram-se insuficientes para a maioria das famílias residentes nesses centros urbanos, com exceção de Salvador, Belém, Belo Horizonte e Porto Alegre, onde algumas fontes de carotenoides-chave alcançaram os grupos de renda mais elevados. Os principais alimentos-fonte de carotenoides identificados foram cenoura e abóbora comum (α-caroteno), abóbora comum, cenoura, cebolinha/salsa, manga e tomate (β-caroteno), mamão, laranja e tangerina (β-criptoxantina), molho de tomate, pasta de tomate, goiaba, melancia e mamão (licopeno) e cebolinha/salsa, couve, ovo, fubá e flocos de milho (luteína/zeaxantina). Conclusão Com base na disponibilidade domiciliar de carotenoides específicos estimada no presente estudo, conclui-se que a população não estava razoavelmente bem protegida contra doenças crônicas dada a baixa aquisição de fontes de carotenoides-chave nesses centros urbanos, especialmente entre as classes de renda mais baixa. transmissíveis químicas brasileira familiar αcaroteno, αcaroteno α caroteno, caroteno α-caroteno βcaroteno, βcaroteno β β-caroteno βcriptoxantina, βcriptoxantina criptoxantina, criptoxantina β-criptoxantina luteínazeaxantina luteína zeaxantina 20172018. 20172018 2017 2018. 2018 2017-2018 animais mostraramse mostraram se Salvador Belém Alegre carotenoideschave chave elevados alimentosfonte fonte , (α-caroteno) cebolinhasalsa cebolinha salsa cebolinha/salsa (β-caroteno) (β-criptoxantina) goiaba (licopeno couve ovo luteína/zeaxantina. . (luteína/zeaxantina) estudo concluise conclui 2017201 201 2017-201 (α-caroteno (β-caroteno (β-criptoxantina (luteína/zeaxantina 201720 20 2017-20 20172 2 2017-2 2017-

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento, rendimiento y tolerancia de injertos de sandía al parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita. Se injertó sandía (Citrullus lanatus cv. “Cal sweet”) sobre portainjertos criollos regionales: 1) Lagenaria siceraria, 2) Cucurbita moschata, 3) Cucumis melo, 4) Cucumis sativus y 5) Citrullus lanatus cv. “Cal sweet”, sin injertar. El experimento se estableció en condiciones de campo abierto en la temporada de otoño-invierno 2019. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, cada tratamiento constó de 25 plantas como unidad experimental. Se evaluaron variables agronómicas, rendimiento y tolerancia a nematodos. Las plantas injertadas florecieron ocho días antes, presentaron mayor crecimiento, incrementaron el rendimiento (18.52 t ha-1) y tamaño del fruto hasta 18 % respecto al testigo. La sandía injertada sobre L. siceraria y C. moschata obtuvieron el menor índice de agallamiento (11 y 25 % respectivamente), número de huevos por un gramo de raíz (544 y 753 respectivamente) y número de hembras por un gramo de raíz teñida (12 y 22 respectivamente) en comparación con el testigo. El estudio mostró que el crecimiento, la floración y el rendimiento de las plantas injertadas fueron influenciadas positivamente por los portainjertos ante la presencia de nematodos.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, yield and tolerance of grafted watermelon against parasitic Meloidogyne incognita. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus cv. “Cal sweet”) was grafted on regional creole rootstocks: 1) Lagenaria siceraria; 2) Cucurbita moschata; 3) Cucumis melo 4) Cucumis sativus and 5) Citrullus lanatus cv. “Cal sweet” ungrafted (control). The experiment was established under open field conditions in the 2019 autumn-winter season. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, each treatment consisted of 25 plants as experimental unit. Agronomic variables, yield, and tolerance to nematodes were evaluated. The grafted plants flowered eight days earlier and presented higher growth yield (18.5 t ha-1) and fruit size up to 18 % compared to the control. The watermelon grafted on the rootstocks of L. siceraria and C. moschata obtained the lowest galling index (11 and 25 % respectively), number of eggs per gram of root (544 and 753 respectively) and number of females per gram of dyed root (12 and 22 respectively) compared to the control. The study showed that growth, flowering and yield of grafted plants were significantly influenced by the rootstocks despite the presence of nematodes.

ABSTRACT Nutritional management can be an efficient strategy to mitigate the effects of salinity on fruit production and quality. This study aimed to evaluate the production and quality of fruits of mini watermelon crop, Sugar Baby cultivar, grown in a protected environment, under salt stress and K+/Ca2+ ratios. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design, 1 + 5 scheme, resulting in six treatments and four replications. Six nutrient solutions were employed, one using low-salinity water, with NaCl (0.5 dS m-1) and standard nutrient solution (S1, control treatment), and the others using salinized water at 5.0 dS m-1 (S2) and extra addition of K (S3 = 50% and S4 = 100%) and Ca (S5 = 50% and S6 = 100%). The production (fruit production, longitudinal and transverse diameter of fruit, rind thickness, pulp firmness) and postharvest quality (soluble solids, vitamin C, titratable acidity, and maturation index), in addition to the variables related to the color of the pulp (lightness, chroma index, and Hue angle) were evaluated. The addition of NaCl reduced fruit production, longitudinal, and transverse diameter of fruit, rind thickness, and vitamin C content. Among saline nutrient solutions, extra addition of 50% K (S3) attenuates the deleterious effects of salt stress on the production variables and vitamin C content. Under salt stress, extra addition of 50% K (S3) and 100% Ca (S6) intensifies the red color of the pulp. crop cultivar environment KCa2 KCa Ca2 K+/Ca2 ratios greenhouse design scheme replications employed lowsalinity low 0.5 05 0 (0. m1 m S1, S1 S (S1 treatment, treatment , treatment) 50 5. m- S2 (S2 S3 (S 100 S5 100%. . thickness firmness soluble solids acidity index index) lightness, lightness (lightness angle evaluated content (S6 K+/Ca 0. (0 10 (

RESUMO O manejo nutricional pode ser uma estratégia eficiente para mitigar os efeitos da salinidade na produção e qualidade de frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e qualidade de frutos de mini melancia, cultivar Sugar Baby, cultivado em ambiente protegido, sob estresse salino e relações K+/Ca2+. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema 1 + 5, resultando em seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas seis soluções nutritivas, uma utilizando água de baixa salinidade (0,5 dS m-1) e solução nutritiva padrão (S1, tratamento controle) e as demais utilizando água salinizada com NaCl, a 5,0 dS m-1 (S2) e adição extra de K (S3 = 50% e S4 = 100%) e Ca (S5 = 50% e S6 = 100%). Foram avaliadas as variáveis de produção (produção de frutos, diâmetro longitudinal do fruto, diâmetro transversal do fruto, espessura da casca, firmeza da polpa) e qualidade pós-colheita (sólidos solúveis, vitamina C, acidez titulável e índice de maturação), além das variáveis referentes a cor da polpa (luminosidade, croma e ângulo de Hue). A adição de NaCl reduziu a produção de frutos, diâmetro longitudinal dos frutos, diâmetro transversal dos frutos, espessura da casca e vitamina C. Entre as soluções nutritivas salinas, a adição extra de K a 50% (S3) atenua os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino nas variáveis de produção e o teor de vitamina C. Sob estresse salino, a adição extra de K em 50% (S3) e Ca em 100% (S6) intensifica a coloração vermelha da polpa. melancia Baby protegido KCa2 KCa Ca2 K+/Ca2+ vegetação casualizados 5 repetições 0,5 05 0 (0, m1 m S1, S1 S (S1 controle 50 m- S2 (S2 S3 (S 100 S5 100%. . fruto póscolheita pós colheita sólidos solúveis C maturação, maturação , maturação) luminosidade, luminosidade (luminosidade Hue. Hue Hue) salinas (S6 K+/Ca2 0, (0 10 K+/Ca (

ABSTRACT The application of silicon (Si) represents one of the alternatives that can be used to mitigate the deleterious effects caused by salinity on plants in fertigated cultivation. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different levels of water salinity, associated with the use of sodium silicate on the production parameters and nutrient levels in the leaf and stem of mini watermelon in a protected environment. To conduct the experiment, a randomized block design was adopted, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with 4 repetitions, with six levels of irrigation water salinity (1.05; 2.12; 3.26; 4.41; 5.91 and 7.32 dS m-1) and two types of Si application: without Si and in foliar solution. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf and stem fresh and dry mass; biometric variables and total soluble solids content in the fruits; and nutrient contents in leaves and stem. The use of Si associated with fertigation with different salinity levels promoted a positive response for peel thickness, ºBrix, fresh and dry mass of leaves, and Si accumulation in leaves and stem. Salinity alone promoted an increase in pulp weight, ºBrix of the fruits and potassium content in the stem, besides increasing the manganese content and inhibiting the zinc content in the leaves. There was a significant interaction for the manganese content in the stem, with a positive response in the absence of foliar-applied Si and a negative response in the presence of foliar-applied Si under different levels of salinity. (Si cultivation environment experiment adopted scheme repetitions 1.05 105 1 05 (1.05 2.12 212 12 3.26 326 3 26 4.41 441 41 591 5 91 5.9 732 7 32 7.3 m1 m m-1 solution evaluated height diameter thickness weight foliarapplied applied 1.0 10 0 (1.0 2.1 21 3.2 4.4 44 59 9 5. 73 7. m- 1. (1. 2. 3. 4. (1 (

RESUMO A aplicação de silício (Si) representa uma das alternativas que podem ser utilizadas para mitigar os efeitos deletérios às plantas pela salinidade em cultivo fertirrigado. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de salinidade da água, associado ao uso de silicato de sódio sobre os parâmetros produtivos e os teores de nutrientes na folha e no caule da mini melancia em ambiente protegido. Para condução do experimento adotou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com 4 repetições, sendo seis níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (1,05; 2,12; 3,26; 4,41; 5,91 e 7,32 dS m-1) e dois tipos de aplicações de silício: sem silício e aplicação em solução via foliar. Foram avaliados: a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, peso da matéria fresca e seca de folhas e caule; variáveis biométricas e teor de sólidos solúveis totais nos frutos; e teor de nutrientes nas folhas e caule. O uso do silício associado a fertirrigação com diferentes níveis de salinidade proporcionaram resposta positiva para espessura de casca, ºBrix, massa fresca e seca de folhas e, acúmulo de silício nas folhas e caule. A salinidade isolada proporcionou aumento para peso de polpa, ºBrix dos frutos e teor de potássio no caule e, incrementou o teor de manganês e inibiu teor de zinco nas folhas. Houve interação significativa para o teor de manganês no caule, com resposta positiva na ausência de silício foliar e negativa com aplicação foliar de silício sob diferentes níveis de salinidade. Si (Si fertirrigado Objetivouse Objetivou se protegido adotouse adotou casualizados 2 repetições 1,05 105 1 05 (1,05 2,12 212 12 3,26 326 3 26 4,41 441 41 591 5 91 5,9 732 7 32 7,3 m1 m m-1 avaliados casca polpa 1,0 10 0 (1,0 2,1 21 3,2 4,4 44 59 9 5, 73 7, m- 1, (1, 3, 4, (1 (

Resumen Introducción. La sandía (Citrullus lanatus L.) es un cultivo importante en la zona de Puerto la Boca, que requiere del desarrollo de nuevas alternativas tecnológicas como los injertos para contrarrestar los problemas de plagas (áfidos, trips y mosca blanca) y enfermedades como el mildiu velloso (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Objetivo. Evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de injertos de sandía y su rentabilidad. Materiales y métodos. Los ensayos fueron implementados en campo en un diseño experimental de bloques completamente aleatorios, donde se realizaron 10 tratamientos y 10 repeticiones. Los tratamientos resultaron de la combinación de 4 patrones de zapallo, 2 injertos de sandía y 2 testigos. Los patrones fueron: P1: alamama, P2: zapallo manabita, P3: zapallo verde y P4: zapallo guitarrilla grande. Los injertos fueron: I1: sandía quetzalí e I2: sandía charleston gray y los testigos fueron los 2 últimos materiales. Las variables de respuestas fueron, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas, número de guías, número de entrenudos, porcentaje de severidad del mildiu polvoso, número de flores, número de cuaje, número de frutos, volumen de fruto y peso de frutos. En poscosecha se evaluó el índice de refacción en núcleo, porcentaje de sólidos totales y temperatura. Se hizo un análisis de beneficio/costo de los tratamientos a través de presupuestos parciales. Resultados. Hubo un 91,06% de germinación de la semilla de las variedades de zapallo y sandía. Para transplantar, se colectaron 798 plantas injertadas (83,13%). La rentabilidad máxima (Beneficio/costo) de los frutos fue de US $3,80 por la venta en supermercado y de US $1,90 por la venta en el mercado de abasto de Jipijapa. Conclusión. Hubo una alta germinación de semilla de las variedades de zapallo y sandía, obteniéndose suficientes plantas para el trasplante a campo. Los injertos entre quetzalí y zapallo verde, mostraron vigor y sanidad parecida al testigo quetzalí.

Abstract Introduction. Water melon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is an important crop in Puerto la Boca area, this area requires the development of new technological alternatives such as grafts to counteract pest problems (aphids, thrips and whitefly) and diseases such as mildew velloso (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Objective. Evaluate the agronomic behavior of grafted watermelon plants and their profitability. Materials and methods. The tests were implemented in the field in an experimental design of completely random blocks, where 10 treatments and 10 repetitions were applied. The treatments resulted from the combination of 4 patrons of zapallo, 2 grafted watermelon and the control. The patrons were: P1: alamama, P2: zapallo manabita, P3: zapallo verde and P4: zapallo guitarrilla grande. The injections were: I1: sandia quetzali and I2: sandia charleston gray and the control were the last materials. The response variables where plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of guides, number of internodes, percentage of severity of mildiu octopus, number of flowers, number of fruit sets, number of fruits, volume of fruit and weight of fruits. Afterwards, the core refactoring index, percentage of total solids and temperature were evaluated. A benefit/cost analysis of the treatments was carried out through partial assumptions. Results. There was a 91.06% germination of seed of zapallo and watermelon varieties. 798 grafted plants were transplanted 83.13%. The highest profitability (benefit/cost) of the fruits was US $3.80 at the supermarket and US $1.90 at the Jipijapa supply market. Conclusion. There was a high germination of seeds of the varieties of zapallo and watermelon, obtaining enough plants for field transplantation. The grafting between quetzali and zapallo verde, showed vigor and sanity similar to the control quetzali.

Abstract An experiment was conducted in Itacurubi de la Cordillera, Paraguay, from July 2021 to January 2022. The study aimed to examine the impact of applying a foliar extract of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and a biostimulant containing Lactobacillus sp. and Saccharomyces sp. at a concentration of 4.05x108 CFU.mL-1, as well as Streptomyces scabies at a concentration of 3.1x109 CFU.mL-1, mixed with water and honey, on the yield of watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet. A control group was also included for comparison. The experimental design followed a completely randomized block design with four replications. The first application of the treatments occurred when the seedlings had 8 fully developed leaves in the seedbed. Subsequently, applications were made every 8 days, totaling 10 applications. The evaluation included measuring the average weight of the fruits, the number of fruits per plant, and the overall yield. The data underwent analysis of variance, and when significant differences were found between treatment means, a Tukey mean comparison test was applied with a 5% probability of error. Using stevia extract, 1.9 fruits per plant were obtained with an average weight of 10 kg and a yield of 9119 kg.ha-1, whereas the commercial biostimulant resulted in 1.6 fruits per plant with an average weight of 8.3 kg and a yield of 7325 kg.ha-1. The control group yielded 0.9 fruits per plant weighing 4.6 kg, with a total yield of 4044 kg.ha-1. Stevia extract demonstrates higher productivity in watermelon cultivation. The study suggests conducting further research to assess higher doses of the extracts and consider variables related to phytosanitary conditions and postharvest quality.

Resumen Se realizó el experimento en Itacurubí de la Cordillera, Paraguay, desde julio de 2021 a enero de 2022, donde se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación foliar de un extracto de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) y de un bioestimulante comercial formulado con agua y miel conteniendo 4,05x108 UFC.mL-1 de Lactobacillus sp. y de Saccharomyces sp., y 3,1x109 UFC.mL-1 de Streptomyces scabies, comparados con un testigo, sobre el rendimiento de sandía variedad Crimson Sweet. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. La primera aplicación de los tratamientos se realizó en el semillero, cuando la plántula contenía 8 hojas definitivas, luego del trasplante, se realizó una aplicación cada 8 días hasta completar 10 aplicaciones en total. Se evaluó el peso promedio de los frutos, el número de frutos por planta y el rendimiento. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza (ANAVA), cuando hubo diferencias significativas entre las medias de los tratamientos, se aplicó la prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad de error. Con el extracto de estevia se obtuvo 1,9 frutos por planta, con peso promedio de 10 kg y rendimiento de 9119 kg.ha-1, mientras que con el bioestimulante comercial se obtuvo 1,6 frutos por planta, con peso promedio de 8,3 kg y rendimiento de 7325 kg.ha-1. Con el testigo se obtuvo 0,9 frutos por planta con 4,6 kg y un rendimiento de 4044 kg.ha-1. El extracto de estevia ofrece una mayor productividad en el cultivo de sandía. Se sugiere la realización de más estudios para evaluar diferentes dosis de los extractos y considerar variables relacionadas a la fitosanidad y a la calidad postcosecha.

ABSTRACT Watermelon is cultivated in practically all Brazilian states; however, there are still disagreements as to the best way to propagate it. In addition, the Northeast region, the main producing region in the country, is increasingly facing the scarcity of low-salinity water. Given this context, this study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiology and mineral contents of the watermelon crop subjected to irrigation water of different electrical conductivities, using seedlings or direct seeding. A randomized block experimental design with split plots was used, with four replications. The plot was formed by the electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.3, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 dS m-1) and the subplot by the planting methods - DS = direct seeding, TP1 = transplanting of the seedling produced with water of moderate salinity (1.5 dS m-1), and TP2 = transplanting of the seedling produced with water of low salinity (0.3 dS m-1). The highest biomass accumulation was obtained in the direct seeding method. Salt stress increases the intrinsic water use efficiency in watermelon plants. The TP1 and TP2 planting methods led to the highest contents of P and K in the leaf. The increase in the salinity level increases the content of S and reduces the content of Cu and Mn. states however it addition country lowsalinity context used replications 0.3, 03 0 3 15 1 5 1.5 30 3.0 45 4 4. m1 m m-1 TP (1. m1, , 0.3 (0. m1. . method plants leaf Mn 1. 3. m- (1 0. (0 (

RESUMO A melancia é cultivada praticamente em todos os estados brasileiros; entretanto, ainda existem divergências quanto à melhor forma de propagação. Além disso, a região Nordeste, principal região produtora do país, enfrenta cada vez mais a escassez de água com baixos níveis de salinidade. Diante deste contexto, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a morfofisiologia e os teores minerais na cultura da melancia submetida a diferentes condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação, utilizando-se mudas ou semeadura direta. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. A parcela foi formada pelas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 dS m-1) e a subparcela pelos métodos de plantio - SD = semeadura direta, TP1 = transplantio da muda produzida com água de moderada salinidade (1,5 dS m-1) e TP2 = transplantio da muda produzida com água de baixa salinidade (0,3 dS m-1). O maior acúmulo de biomassa foi obtido no método de plantio por semeadura direta. O estresse salino aumenta a eficiência intrínseca do uso da água em plantas de melancia. Os métodos de plantio TP1 e TP2 apresentam os maiores valores nos teores foliares de P e K. O aumento do nível salino aumenta os teores foliares de S e reduz os teores de Cu e Mn. brasileiros entretanto propagação disso Nordeste país contexto utilizandose utilizando se direta subdivididas repetições 0,3 03 0 3 1,5 15 1 5 3,0 30 45 4 4, m1 m m-1 TP (1, (0, m1. . K Mn 0, 1, 3, m- (1 (0 (