ABSTRACT Exposing seeds to agents that elicit tolerance to abiotic stress, such as phytohormones and organic acids, during hydration and dehydration cycles can determine their response to later stimuli, e.g. exposure to salt stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of priming cycles with different eliciting agents of salt stress tolerance on seeds of the cowpea varieties Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 0.0 mM NaCl (control); 100 mM NaCl (salt stress); salt stress + three seed-priming cycles (PC) in water; salt stress + PC in gibberellic acid; salt stress + PC in hydrogen peroxide; salt stress + PC in salicylic acid; salt stress + PC in ascorbic acid. The following variables were analysed: germination, growth, dry weight, salt tolerance index, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline. Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced germination, length and biomass accumulation in the Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro varieties. These showed the best response to the priming cycles with gibberellic and salicylic acids, which promoted greater germination potential, length and biomass under a salt stress of 100 mM NaCl, affording greater tolerance via osmotic regulation, especially in the Sempre Verde variety. stimuli eg e g e.g treatments 00 0 0. control (control) 10 stress) seedpriming seed (PC water acid peroxide analysed growth weight index sugars proline (10 potential regulation variety (control 1 (1 (

The rapid advance of nanotechnology has led to the proliferation of a wide range of water-soluble nanomaterials and therefore, a profound impact on the environment, underscoring the need to devise effective methods for isolating and confining these nanomaterials. This study presents the development of a highly effective system capable of removing and storing gold nanoparticles in solution using modified resins with different linking groups, such as tris(2-aminoethyl) amine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and L-cysteine. The catalytic properties of the resins functionalized with the thiol group containing gold nanoparticles were evaluated, using the reduction of the nitro compounds (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 4-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitroaniline) as model reaction. Solid-phase organic synthesis was employed to prepare the modified resins and their interaction with gold nanoparticles was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The removal capacity of the resins was evaluated using ultraviolet-visible optical emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma techniques. Ultraviolet-visible technique was suitable to assess the catalytic properties of the functionalized resins containing gold nanoparticles. It was determined that the functionalized resins showed remarkable capacity for complex gold nanoparticles, removing them from the solution. The most significant removal was with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. watersoluble water soluble therefore environment groups tris2aminoethyl trisaminoethyl tris 2 aminoethyl tris(2-aminoethyl amine 3mercaptopropionic mercaptopropionic 3 acid 11mercaptoundecanoic mercaptoundecanoic 11 Lcysteine. Lcysteine L cysteine. cysteine L-cysteine 3,5dinitrosalicylic 35dinitrosalicylic dinitrosalicylic 3,5 5 4nitroguaiacol nitroguaiacol 4 4nitroaniline nitroaniline 4-nitroaniline reaction Solidphase Solid phase analysis microscopyenergy microscopy energy Xray X ray ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible techniques Ultravioletvisible Ultraviolet 1 5dinitrosalicylic 35 3,

ABSTRACT Beans are a vital component of the human diet, being able to supply a large part of the daily protein requirements of individuals, in addition to containing considerable amounts of iron, calcium, vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber, and lysine. Controlled germination is an accessible and effective technique that aims to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of seeds intended for food consumption. This study aimed to characterize fresh and germinated beans of Phaseolus vulgaris (carioca, branco, preto, gordo varieties) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). The germination process was conducted in trays containing the sand substrate (350 g) in the environmental conditions of the laboratory. The fresh and germinated beans were evaluated for physicochemical variables in triplicate. The germination process increased moisture content, water activity, ash, pH, soluble alcohol acidity, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the content of lipids, starch, and total sugars in bean seeds. With the increase in bioactive compounds, it was found that the germination process is an excellent method for increasing the nutritional quality of beans. diet individuals iron calcium vitamins carbohydrates fiber lysine functional consumption carioca, carioca (carioca branco preto varieties cowpea. cowpea . (cowpea) 350 (35 g laboratory triplicate activity ash pH acidity proteins acid phenols tannins flavonoids anthocyanins carotenoids hand lipids starch compounds (cowpea 35 (3 3 (

RESUMO O feijão é um importante componente da dieta humana, sendo capaz de suprir grande parte das necessidades proteicas diárias dos indivíduos, além de conter quantidades consideráveis de ferro, cálcio, vitaminas, carboidratos, fibras e lisina. A germinação controlada é uma técnica acessível e eficaz que visa melhorar as qualidades nutricionais, funcionais e sensoriais de sementes destinadas ao consumo alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar feijão Phaseolus vulgaris das variedades carioca, branco, preto, gordo e feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) in natura e germinado. O processo de germinação foi realizado em bandejas contendo substrato areia (350 g), em condições ambientais de laboratório. Em seguida, os grãos in natura e germinados foram avaliados quanto às variáveis físico-químicas em triplicata. A germinação do feijão aumentou o teor de umidade, atividade de água, cinzas, pH, acidez álcool solúvel, proteínas, ácido ascórbico, fenóis, taninos, flavonóides, antocianinas e carotenóides. Por outro lado, houve redução no teor de lipídios, amido e açúcares totais nas sementes de feijão. Com o aumento dos compostos bioativos, constatou-se que o processo de germinação é um excelente método para aumentar a qualidade nutricional do feijão. humana indivíduos ferro cálcio vitaminas carboidratos lisina nutricionais alimentar carioca branco preto feijãocaupi caupi Vigna unguiculata germinado 350 (35 g, g , g) laboratório seguida físicoquímicas físico químicas triplicata umidade água cinzas pH solúvel proteínas ascórbico fenóis taninos flavonóides carotenóides lado lipídios bioativos constatouse constatou se 35 (3 3 (

ABSTRACT: Plants’ physiology changes through the day because photoassimilates can increase water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in the afternoon compared to the morning. This study evaluated the harvest time effect on whole-plant corn silage morphological composition, particle size, fermentation profile, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and estimated milk yield. A two-year agronomic assay was performed in a completely random design, and one experimental silo was produced by each parcel (n = 16). The afternoon harvest increased (P < 0.01) dry matter content compared to the morning harvest. Harvest time did not affect (P ≥ 0.32) corn grain, stalk, leaf proportion, and silage particle size. However, the morning harvest increased dry matter recovery (P = 0.01) and had no effect (P ≥ 0.10) on silage pH and concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared to the afternoon harvest. In addition, afternoon harvest instead of morning harvest increased (P ≤ 0.05) silage starch, water-soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent lignin, and ether extract content and dry matter in vitro degradation. Controversially, treatments showed no effect (P ≥ 0.14) on silage energy concentration, estimated energy content, and milk yield. Thus, the morning harvest produces more silage dry matter, but the afternoon harvest improves corn silage’s nutritional value with no impact on estimated milk yield. ABSTRACT Plants watersoluble water soluble wholeplant whole plant composition size profile degradation yield twoyear two year design n 16. 16 . 16) P 0.01 001 0 01 0.32 032 32 grain stalk proportion However 0.10 010 10 addition 0.05 005 05 starch carbohydrates lignin Controversially 0.14 014 14 Thus silages s 1 0.0 00 0.3 03 3 0.1 0.

RESUMO: A fisiologia das plantas muda ao longo do dia porque os fotoassimilados podem aumentar a concentração de carboidratos solúveis em água à tarde em comparação com a manhã. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do horário de colheita na composição morfológica da silagem de milho de planta inteira, tamanho de partícula, perfil de fermentação, composição química, degradação in vitro e estimativa da produção de leite. Um ensaio agronômico de dois anos foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e um silo experimental foi produzido por cada parcela (n = 16). A colheita da tarde aumentou (P < 0,01) o teor de matéria seca em relação à colheita da manhã. A época de colheita não afetou (P ≥ 0,32) a proporção de grãos, colmos e folhas do milho e o tamanho das partículas da silagem. Entretanto, a colheita da manhã aumentou (P = 0,01) a recuperação de matéria seca e não teve efeito (P ≥ 0,10) no pH da silagem e nas concentrações de ácido láctico e acético em comparação à colheita da tarde. Além disso, a colheita da tarde, em vez da colheita da manhã, aumentou (P ≤ 0,05) o amido da silagem, os carboidratos solúveis em água, a lignina detergente ácida e o teor de extrato etéreo e a degradação in vitro da matéria seca. Controversamente, os tratamentos não mostraram efeito (P ≥ 0,14) na concentração de energia da silagem, no conteúdo energético estimado e na produção de leite. Assim, a colheita da manhã produz mais matéria seca da silagem, mas a colheita da tarde melhora o valor nutricional da silagem de milho sem impacto na produção estimada de leite. RESUMO inteira partícula fermentação química leite casualizado n 16. 16 . 16) P 0,01 001 0 01 0,32 032 32 grãos Entretanto 0,10 010 10 disso 0,05 005 05 Controversamente 0,14 014 14 Assim 1 0,0 00 0,3 03 3 0,1 0,

Summary: In different trials have shown that the use of both vermicompost (VC) and plastic mulch has favored the yield and productivity of a large number of crops. The purpose of our study was to compare synthetic fertilization vs the incorporation of VC on the development of triploid watermelon with plastic mulch in the spring-summer 2019 agricultural cycle at the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The treatments evaluated, each with three repetitions, were: exploratory application of VC, at a rate of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1, and as a control, the regional recommendation 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). The sowing was carried out in planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. The sowing of the triploid watermelon seeds of the Crunchy Red variety, was carried out in Styrofoam trays with 200 cavities filled with Peat Moss. When the seedlings had two to three true leaves, they were transplanted 1.0 m apart on planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. For the supply of water, drip irrigation was used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a completely randomized experimental design was used, the DMS0.05 test was applied for comparisons of the means. Due to the effect of the treatments evaluated, five of the variables studied: equatorial and polar diameters, pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit weight presented highly significant differences, while yield registered a significant difference. The highest yield of 29 932 Mg ha-1 was recorded with the incorporation of 60 Mg ha-1 of VC confirming that this natural fertilizer was able to satisfy the nutritional needs of triploid watermelon without synthetic fertilization.

Resumen: En diferentes ensayos se ha evidenciado que el empleo, tanto del vermicompost (VC) como del acolchado plástico ha favorecido el rendimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos. El propósito del estudio fue equiparar la fertilización sintética vs la incorporación del VC sobre el desarrollo de la sandía triploide con acolchado plástico en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2019, en el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los tratamientos evaluados, cada uno con tres repeticiones, fueron: aplicación exploratoria de VC, a razón de 30 y 60 Mg ha-1, y como testigo, la recomendación regional 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). La siembra de semillas de sandía triploide, variedad Crunchy Red, se realizó en bandejas de unicel de 200 cavidades, rellenas con Peat Moss, cuando las plántulas tuvieron de dos a tres hojas verdaderas se realizó el trasplante, colocándolas a 1.0 m, entre éstas, sobre camas de siembra, de 2 × 8 m (ancho y largo, respectivamente) cubiertas con plástico negro. Para el suministro de agua se utilizó riego por cintilla. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, mientras que para las comparaciones de las medias se aplicó la prueba DMS0.05. Debido al efecto de los tratamientos evaluados cinco de las variables estudiadas: diámetros polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pulpa, sólidos solubles y peso del fruto registraron diferencias altamente significativas, mientras que el rendimiento presentó diferencia significativa. El mayor rendimiento de 29 932 Mg ha-1 se registró con la aplicación de 60 Mg ha-1 de VC, confirmándose que este producto logró cubrir la demanda nutritiva de la sandía triploide sin fertilización sintética.

ABSTRACT Maize (Zea mays L.) is highly sensitive to salt stress, which poses a threat to its production, especially with predicted increases in salinity due to climate change. Enhancing salt tolerance in maize is critical to mitigating these adverse effects, sustaining its production, and ensuring global food security. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenously applied lipoic acid or Si, alone or in integration with soil application of vermicompost-tea on physio-biochemical components, antioxidant defense systems, growth, and yield of maize plants exposed to salt stress. The application of vermicompost-tea was carried out as a soil treatment incorporated into irrigation water at a concentration of 200 L ha-1, and administered in three equal doses in irrigation water within the last 10 min of drip irrigation. Silicon was applied at a rate of 6 mM using potassium silicate and lipoic acid was applied at 0.1 mM. Silicon and lipoic acid were applied three times at 25, 40, and 55 d after planting. The results indicated that the integrative application of soil-based vermicompost-tea with exogenously applied Si or lipoic acid significantly enhanced all studied parameters. Specifically, the combination of Si with vermicompost-tea exhibited the highest improvement percentage compared to untreated control in chlorophyll a (60.3%), chlorophyll b (72.7%), carotenoids (69.9%), net photosynthetic rate (111%), transpiration rate (134%), stomatal conductance (129.5%), relative water content (28.4%), membrane stability index (44.3%), N (33.4%), P (71.9%), K (39.7%), Ca (89.9%), K/Na (81.2%), total soluble sugars (63.7%), proline (60.1%), ascorbate (44.4%), glutathione (83.5%), and α-tocopherol (72.1%). These positive effects were reflected in enhancing yield traits under salt-affected soil conditions by enhancing plant height (25.1%), number of grains per row (43.3%), number of rows per ear (26.7%), 1000‐grain weight (25.9%), grain yield (45.4%), and biological yield (42.8%) compared to untreated control.

ABSTRACT While zinc (Zn) is an essential element for plant metabolism, anthropic activities and poor agricultural practices as well as frequent use of pesticides and fertilizers rich in this element can cause toxic levels of Zn to plants. A study was done under greenhouse conditions in Tunja, Colombia in which bulb onion seedlings (Allium cepa L.) were exposed to 0 (control), 20, 40, and 80 mg L-1 of Zn in mixture with a nutrient solution containing macro and micronutrients. The excess Zn in the solution had a rather drastic effect on the accumulation of dry weight and reduced the absolute growth rate, the specific leaf area, the water uptake, the water use efficiency, the leaf area, the length of all roots per plant, and on the contrary, increased the content of total soluble solids in the juice of the bulb. Thus, most growth-related variables were negatively affected from 20 mg L-1 and up of Zn in solution. In addition, the toxic effect of Zn is more drastic on plants growing in nutrient solution compared to those growing in soil. The experiment lasted until 54 days after transplanting, which was the limit for plant survival, especially at higher concentrations of Zn, so it can be inferred that these plants have low tolerance to high Zn contents in the substrate.

RESUMEN A pesar de que el zinc (Zn) es un elemento esencial para el metabolismo de las plantas, las actividades antrópicas y las malas prácticas agrícolas, así como también, el uso frecuente de plaguicidas y fertilizantes ricos en este elemento pueden causar que niveles tóxicos de Zn estén disponibles para las plantas. Se realizó en Tunja, Colombia, un trabajo en invernadero en el que plántulas de cebolla de bulbo (Allium cepa L.) se expusieron a 0 (control), 20, 40, y 80 mg L-1 de Zn en solución nutritiva. El exceso de Zn en la solución tuvo un efecto bastante drástico sobre la acumulación de peso seco, también redujo los valores de la tasa absoluta de crecimiento, del área foliar especifica, del consumo de agua, de la eficiencia en el uso del agua, del área foliar, de la longitud de raíces y, por el contrario, incrementó el contenido de solidos solubles totales en el zumo del bulbo. De este modo, la mayoría de las variables relacionadas con el crecimiento fueron afectadas negativamente a partir de 20 mg L-1 de Zn en la solución. Además, el efecto tóxico del Zn es más drástico cuando las plantas crecen en solución nutritiva en comparación a cuando crecen en suelo. Por otro lado, el experimento duró solo hasta 54 días después del trasplante, dado que fue el momento máximo que pudieron soportar las plantas, especialmente aquellas que se expusieron a contenidos de Zn más elevados, con lo que se puede inferir que estas plantas tienen baja tolerancia a contenidos elevados de Zn en el sustrato.

ABSTRACT The effect of exposure to water-soluble fractions of used automobile crankcase oils (WSF-AUCO) on haematology parameters, immune system, stability of lysosomal membranes of hemocytes and lipid peroxidation in the digestive gland of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata was evaluated in this study. The oysters were exposed to 0, 1, 10 and 20 % v/v of WSF-AUCO during different periods: 3, 5 and 7 d, in static aquaria under controlled conditions (oxygenation 6 mg/L; 25 ± 1°C; pH 8.0 and 36 ‰). During the early period (3d) of exposure, an increase in the total count of hemocytes (TCH) was observed to 10 % of WSF-AUCO. In oyster exposed to 20 % during 7 d significant decreases in immuno-hematological parameters associated with high lysosomal destabilization of hemocytes and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was observed. The oysters showed compensatory cellular responses to the WSF-AUCO low concentrations, but these decreased during acute exposure. Immuno-modulator effects were induced by complex mixtures of compounds of WSF-AUCO. The molecular and immune-cellular responses estimated in P. imbricada offer appropriate information on the change in the normal physiology of organisms that inhabit impacted environments by complex mixtures of xenobiotics.

RESUMEN En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos que ocasiona la exposición a fracciones acuosas de lubricantes usados de motores de automóviles (Faluma) sobre parámetros hematológicos, sistema inmune, estabilidad de la membrana lisosomal de hemocitos y niveles peroxidación lipídica y lisozimas en la glándula digestiva de la ostra perla Pinctada imbricada. Las ostras fueron expuestas a 0, 1, 10 y 20 % v/v de Faluma durante diferentes períodos: 3, 5 y 7 días, en sistema estático de acuarios bajo condiciones controladas (oxigenación 6 mg/L; 25 ± 1°C; pH 8.0 y 36 ‰). Durante el período temprano de exposición fue observado un aumento en el número total de hemocitos (NTH) de ostras expuestas a 10 % de Faluma. En ostras expuestas a 20 % al séptimo día se observó un descenso en los parámetros inmunohematológicos, asociados a una elevada desestabilización de la membrana lisosomal y contenido de malondialdehido (MDA). Las ostras mostraron respuestas celulares compensatorias a bajas concentraciones de Faluma, resultando mermadas durante la exposición aguda. Se evidenciaron efectos immunomodulatorios inducidos por la mezcla de compuestos xenobióticos contentivos en Faluma. Las respuestas moleculares e inmune-celulares estimadas en P. imbricada pueden suministrar información sobre los cambios en la fisiología normal de organismos que habitan ambientes impactados por mezclas complejas de xenobióticos.

Abstracts Non-soluble particlestrapped in natural ice (glaciers, permafrost, hail) provide valuable information about the envi-ronments in which they were formed. The extraction of the particles is usually carried out through the melting of ice and subsequent filtering of the water obtained. Here, a novel methodology for extracting ice particles from the solid phase is presented, which is efficient, lowcost in infrastructure, and minimizes possible sources of contamination. This methodology of adapted sublimation particle separation allows to determine the spatial distribution and concentration of non-soluble particles, as well as their sizes (without the limitations of filtration), their shape, structure and elemental chemical composition. The method is in this case applied to hail collected during the program COSECHEROS, which has a medium-sized particle of 40 pm at its center.

Resumen Las partículas no solubles atrapadas en los hielos naturales (glaciares, permafrost, granizos, etc.) dan información valiosa sobre los ambientes en los que se formaron. La extracción de las partículas habitualmente se realiza a través de la fusión del hielo y el filtrado posterior del agua obtenida. Aquí se presenta una metodología novedosa de extracción de partículas del hielo desde la fase sólida, que resulta eficiente, de bajo costo en infraestructura y que minimiza las posibles fuentes de contaminación. Esta metodología de separación de partículas por sublimación adaptada, permite determinar la distribución espacial y la concentración de partículas, así como sus tamaños (sin las limitaciones de las filtraciones), la forma, estructura y composición química elemental de las mismas. El método se aplica a un granizo recolectado durante el programa COSECHEROS, el cual tiene en su centro una partícula de tamaño mediano de 40 pm.

ABSTRACT The need for studies that allow the use of brackish water in irrigated agriculture and the socioeconomic importance of melon cultivation in Brazil, especially for the Northeast region, which concentrates most of the national production and faces problems with the availability of good quality water for irrigation, motivated the present study. In this context, the objective of present study was to evaluate the growth, production and fruit quality of the ‘Goldex’ (yellow-type hybrid F1) melon under salt stress conditions. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, with two salinity levels of irrigation water (0.8 and 4.0 dS m-1) and eight evaluation times (52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, and 66 days after transplanting). Variables of plant growth and development, production and quality of melon fruits were evaluated throughout the cycle. Plants had delayed growth characteristics and less development with the increase in irrigation water salinity, showing reductions of more than 20% in shoot dry weight, leaf area, number of branches and length of secondary branches and 16.7% in length of the main branch. In addition, salinity caused a delay in fruit development and a 16% reduction in final fruit weight, without significantly modifying carbohydrate and total soluble solids contents. Along the development, there was an increase in the total soluble solids content of the fruits, especially due to the increment of sucrose at the final stages of development. Brazil region context ‘Goldex Goldex yellowtype yellow type F1 F conditions design 0.8 08 0 8 (0. 40 4 4. m1 m 1 m-1 52, 52 (52 54 56 58 60 62 64 6 transplanting. transplanting . transplanting) cycle 20 weight area 167 16 7 16.7 branch addition contents 0. (0 m- 5 (5 2 16. (

RESUMO A necessidade de estudos que possibilitem a utilização de águas salobras na agricultura irrigada e a importância socioeconômica da cultura do melão no Brasil, especialmente para a região Nordeste, que concentra a maior parte da produção nacional e apresenta problemáticas com disponibilidade de água de boa qualidade para irrigação, norteou o presente estudo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o crescimento das plantas, a produção e a qualidade de frutos do híbrido de melão amarelo ‘Goldex’ (híbrido F1 tipo amarelo) sob condições de estresse salino. A pesquisa foi conduzida em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo dois níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,8 e 4,0 dS m-1) e oito épocas de avaliação (52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 e 66 dias após o transplantio). Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, de produção e de qualidade dos frutos de melão ao longo do ciclo. As plantas tiveram as características de crescimento retardadas e menor desenvolvimento em função do aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação, apresentando redução superior a 20% para a o peso seco da parte aérea, área foliar, número de ramos, comprimento de ramos secundários e 16,7% para o comprimento do ramo principal. Além disso, a salinidade provocou atraso no desenvolvimento dos frutos e redução de 16% no seu peso final, sem modificar significativamente os teores de carboidratos e sólidos solúveis totais. Ao longo do desenvolvimento houve aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos, especialmente em função do acréscimo de sacarose nos estádios finais de desenvolvimento. Brasil Nordeste contexto ‘Goldex Goldex F salino casualizado 0,8 08 0 8 (0, 40 4 4, m1 m 1 m-1 52, 52 (52 54 56 58 60 62 6 transplantio. transplantio . transplantio) ciclo 20 aérea foliar 167 16 7 16,7 principal disso final 0, (0 m- 5 (5 2 16, (

Abstract The production of seedlings of the passion fruit tree, usually, is sexual, and the seeds are not uniform in the seedling emergence, and soaking treatments of seeds can provide faster and more uniform germination. It was aimed to study the action of plant growth regulators and the mobilization of reserves in the stages of soaking of yellow passion fruit seeds. The seeds were soaked for five hours in solutions containing plant growth regulators, in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 8 x 4, with four replications. The first factor corresponds to eight plant growth regulators: T1 - distilled water (control); T2 - 6-benzylaminepurine 500 mg L-1; T3 - 4-(3-indolyl) butyric acid 500 mg L-1; T4 - gibberellic acid 500 mg L-1; T5 - spermine 250 mg L-1; T6 - spermine 750 mg L-1; T7 - spermidine 750 mg L-1; T8 - spermidine 1250 mg L-1; and the second factor, to the four soaking times: zero, four, 72 and 120 hours, corresponding, respectively, to the dry seed, and to phases I, II, and III of the imbibition curve. It was evaluated the biochemical composition of seeds (lipids, soluble sugars and starch). The seeds showed accumulation of lipids in phase III; the content of soluble sugars increased in phase I and decreased in phase II. The starch content increased until the phase II and decreased in phase III. Starch is the main reserve in the seeds and the main source of energy used in phase III; soaking the seeds in polyamines generates an accumulation of lipids in the seeds and soaking in plant growth regulators increases the burning of starch. tree usually sexual emergence germination design 4 replications T control (control) 6benzylaminepurine benzylaminepurine 6 50 L1 L 1 L-1 43indolyl indolyl 3 4-(3-indolyl 25 75 125 times zero 7 12 corresponding respectively seed curve lipids, (lipids . starch) (control 5 L- 2

Resumo A produção de mudas de maracujazeiro, geralmente, é sexuada, e as sementes não são uniformes na emergência das plântulas, e tratamentos de embebição das sementes podem proporcionar uma germinação mais rápida e uniforme. Objetivou-se estudar a ação de reguladores vegetais e a mobilização de reservas nas etapas de embebição de sementes de maracujá amarelo. As sementes foram embebidas por cinco horas em soluções contendo reguladores vegetais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 8 X 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator correspondeu a oito reguladores vegetais: T1 - água destilada (testemunha); T2 - 6-benzilaminapurina 500 mg L-1; T3 - ácido 4-(3-indolil)butírico 500 mg L-1; T4 - ácido giberélico 500 mg L-1; T5 - espermina 250 mg L-1; T6 - espermina 750 mg L-1; T7 - espermidina 750 mg L-1; T8 - espermidina 1250 mg L-1; e o segundo fator, aos quatro tempos de embebição: zero, quatro, 72 e 120 horas, correspondendo, respectivamente, à semente seca, e às fases I, II e III da curva de embebição. Foi avaliada a composição bioquímica das sementes (lipídeos, açúcares solúveis e amido). As sementes apresentaram acúmulo de lipídeos na fase III; o teor de açúcares solúveis aumentou na fase I e diminuiu na fase II. O teor de amido aumentou até a fase II e diminuiu na fase III. O amido é a principal reserva nas sementes e a principal fonte de energia utilizada na fase III; a embebição das sementes em poliaminas gera um acúmulo de lipídios nas sementes e a embebição em reguladores de crescimento vegetal aumenta a queima do amido. maracujazeiro geralmente sexuada plântulas uniforme Objetivouse Objetivou se amarelo casualizado 4 repetições T testemunha (testemunha) 6benzilaminapurina benzilaminapurina 6 50 L1 L 1 L-1 43indolilbutírico indolilbutírico 3 indolil butírico 25 75 125 zero 7 12 correspondendo respectivamente seca lipídeos, (lipídeos . amido) (testemunha 5 L- 2

Abstract Anthocyanins are known as an antioxidant, and their water-soluble purple-colored pigments are very nutritive. Therefore, the present study investigated the antioxidant activity of black rice anthocyanins nano-composite against infertility induced by AlCl3 in rats. Anthocyanin silver nanoparticles (An-AgNPs) were prepared by reducing black rice anthocyanin with the metallic ions. Antioxidant activity (DPPH %) of anthocyanin was determined. Also, the morphology of (An-AgNPs) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Albino rats were divided into five groups (negative control (NC): fed on basel diet, positive control (PC): treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) for seventy days, and three other groups treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) + An-AgNPs at 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, b.w/ day, respectively for seventy days. Serum testosterone, LH, FSH, and estradiol were measured. Additionally, Sperm motility, Sperm count (Testicular and Epididymal), fructose in semen, and semen quality were determined. The values of the anthocyanin component and DPPH radical scavenging activity obtained were 3603.82±6.11 mg CCE/g and 84.62±1.98, respectively. An-AgNPs shows tend to agglomerate, particles are uniform in size and shape, and the diameter of the particles ranges between 70nm to 130nm. LH, estradiol and testosterone levels increased significantly in rats treated with An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg b.w+ AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) also exhibited significantly higher sperm motility, sperm count, and daily sperm production, and decreased sperm transit rate than G2. In comparison to G2, animals treated with AlCl3 (34 mg/kg bw) + An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg b.w(G3 to G5) had significantly higher semen and semen quality (P 0.05). We can conclude that the An-AgNPs showed a strong effect against infertility induced by AlCl3; this represents a suitable natural supply of biological substances for medicine and anthocyanins could be considered the ideal ingredients against oxidative stress-induced infertility. watersoluble water soluble purplecolored purple colored nutritive Therefore nanocomposite nano composite AlCl AnAgNPs An AgNPs (An-AgNPs ions % determined Also SEM. SEM . (SEM) negative NC (NC) diet PC (PC) 34 (3 mgkg kg bw days 10 15 2 b w b.w day LH FSH measured Additionally motility Testicular Epididymal, Epididymal , Epididymal) 360382611 3603 82 6 11 3603.82±6.1 CCEg CCE g 8462198 84 62 1 98 84.62±1.98 agglomerate shape nm 130nm production G2 G b.wG3 bwG3 bwG G3 b.w(G G5 P 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) stressinduced stress (SEM (NC (PC 3 ( 36038261 360 8 3603.82±6. 846219 9 84.62±1.9 wG3 wG b.wG 00 0.0 3603826 36 3603.82±6 84621 84.62±1. 0. 360382 3603.82± 8462 84.62±1 36038 3603.82 846 84.62± 3603.8 84.62 3603. 84.6 84.

Resumo As antocianinas são conhecidas como antioxidantes e seus pigmentos roxos solúveis em água são muito nutritivos. A partir dessa importante propriedade, o presente estudo investigou a atividade antioxidante do nanocompósito de antocianinas de arroz-preto contra a infertilidade induzida por AlCl3 em ratos. Nanopartículas de prata antocianina (An-AgNPs) foram preparadas reduzindo a antocianina do arroz-preto com os íons metálicos. A atividade antioxidante (DPPH%) da antocianina foi determinada. Além disso, a morfologia de (An-AgNPs) foi examinada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Ratos albinos foram divididos em cinco grupos: controle negativo (NC) - alimentados com dieta basal (G1); controle positivo (PC) - tratados com AlCl3 (34 mg/kg peso corporal) por setenta dias (G2), e outros três grupos (G3, G4 e G5) - tratados com AlCl3 (34 mg/kg pc) por kg de peso corporal) + An-AgNPs a 10, 15 e 20 mg/kg de peso corporal/dia, respectivamente, durante setenta dias, de testosterona sérica, LH, FSH e estradiol. Além disso, foram medidas a motilidade espermática, a contagem de espermatozoides (testicular e epididimal), a frutose no sêmen e a qualidade do sêmen, sendo todas determinadas. Os valores do componente antocianina e da atividade eliminadora de radicais DPPH obtidos foram 3.603,82±6,11 mg CCE/g e 84,62±1,98, respectivamente, em tamanho e forma, e o diâmetro das partículas variou entre 70 nm e 130 nm. Os níveis de LH, estradiol e testosterona aumentaram significativamente em ratos tratados com An-AgNPs 10, 15, 20 mg/kg de peso corporal + AlCl3 (34 mg/kg de peso corporal), tendo também exibido motilidade espermática, contagem de espermatozoides e produção diária de espermatozoides significativamente maiores, além de diminuição da taxa de trânsito espermático, do que o G2. Em comparação ao G2, os animais tratados com AlCl3 (34 mg/kg pc) + An-AgNPs 5, 10, 20 mg/kg pc (G3 a G5) apresentaram sêmen e qualidade do sêmen significativamente maiores (P 0,05). Podemos concluir que os An-AgNPs apresentaram forte efeito contra a infertilidade induzida por AlCl3, o que representa um fornecimento natural adequado de substâncias biológicas para uso na medicina. Ademais, as antocianinas podem ser consideradas os ingredientes ideais contra a infertilidade induzida pelo estresse oxidativo. nutritivos propriedade arrozpreto arroz preto AlCl AnAgNPs An AgNPs (An-AgNPs metálicos DPPH% (DPPH% determinada disso MEV. MEV . (MEV) NC (NC G1 G (G1) PC (PC 34 (3 mgkg G2 , (G2) G3, G3 G5 10 1 2 corporaldia dia corporal/dia respectivamente sérica LH espermática testicular epididimal, epididimal epididimal) determinadas 360382611 3 603 82 6 11 3.603,82±6,1 CCEg CCE g 8462198 84 62 98 84,62±1,98 forma 7 13 corporal, espermático 5 (G P 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) medicina Ademais oxidativo (DPPH (MEV (G1 ( (G2 36038261 60 8 3.603,82±6, 846219 9 84,62±1,9 00 0,0 3603826 3.603,82±6 84621 84,62±1, 0, 360382 3.603,82± 8462 84,62±1 36038 3.603,82 846 84,62± 3603 3.603,8 84,62 360 3.603, 84,6 36 3.603 84, 3.60 3.6 3.

Abstract Salt stress causes several physiological and biochemical disorders and impairs plant growth. However, adequate fertilization can improve the nutritional status and may reduce significantly the harmful effects caused by salt stress. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of different combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the antioxidant activity and accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes in West Indian cherry leaves, in the second year of production. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 10 × 2 factorial arrangement corresponding to ten fertilization combinations (FC) of NPK (FC1: 80-100-100%, FC2:100-100-100%, FC3:120-100-100%, FC4:140-100-100%, FC5:100-80-100%, FC6:100-120-100%, FC7:100-140-100%, FC8:100-100-80%, FC9:100-100-120%, and FC10:100-100-140% of the recommendation) and two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw) (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1), with three replications. The multivariate analysis showed that irrigation with water of different electrical conductivities (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1) resulted in different responses concerning the enzyme activity, production of organic compounds, and accumulation of inorganic solutes in the leaves. Under irrigation with low salinity water, there was greater accumulation of K+, soluble carbohydrates, and proline, and lower activity of antioxidative enzymes, especially SOD and APX. Under high salinity water, greater enzyme activity and higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were observed. The results indicate that the response of West Indian cherry to salinity was more towards redox homeostasis than osmotic homeostasis through the accumulation of compatible solutes. Fertilization combination FC5 (100-80-100% corresponding to 200, 24 and 80 g plant-1 of NPK) modulates the enzyme activity of SOD and APX attenuating the impacts of salinity, being an efficient combination to preserve redox homeostasis in West Indian cherry plants grown under salt stress. growth However perspective nitrogen leaves blocks 1 FC (FC FC1 (FC1 80100100%, 80100100 100 100%, 80-100-100% FC2100100100%, FC2100100100 FC2 FC2:100-100-100% FC3120100100%, FC3120100100 FC3 120 FC3:120-100-100% FC4140100100%, FC4140100100 FC4 140 FC4:140-100-100% FC510080100%, FC510080100 FC5:100-80-100% FC6100120100%, FC6100120100 FC6 FC6:100-120-100% FC7100140100%, FC7100140100 FC7 FC7:100-140-100% FC810010080%, FC810010080 FC8 80%, FC8:100-100-80% FC9100100120%, FC9100100120 FC9 120%, FC9:100-100-120% FC10100100140% FC10100100140 FC10 140% FC10:100-100-140 recommendation ECw (ECw 0.6 06 0 6 (0. 40 4 4. m1, m1 m , replications m-1 compounds K K+ carbohydrates proline enzymes Na Cl observed 10080100% 10080100 100% (100-80-100 200 8 plant1 plant- 80100100% 8010010 80-100-100 FC2100100100% FC210010010 FC2:100-100-100 FC3120100100% FC312010010 12 FC3:120-100-100 FC4140100100% FC414010010 14 FC4:140-100-100 FC510080100% FC51008010 FC5:100-80-100 FC6100120100% FC610012010 FC6:100-120-100 FC7100140100% FC710014010 FC7:100-140-100 FC810010080% FC81001008 80% FC8:100-100-80 FC9100100120% FC910010012 120% FC9:100-100-120 FC1010010014 FC10:100-100-14 0. (0 m- 1008010 (100-80-10 20 801001 80-100-10 FC21001001 FC2:100-100-10 FC31201001 FC3:120-100-10 FC41401001 FC4:140-100-10 FC5100801 FC5:100-80-10 FC61001201 FC6:100-120-10 FC71001401 FC7:100-140-10 FC8100100 FC8:100-100-8 FC91001001 FC9:100-100-12 FC101001001 FC10:100-100-1 ( 100801 (100-80-1 80100 80-100-1 FC2100100 FC2:100-100-1 FC3120100 FC3:120-100-1 FC4140100 FC4:140-100-1 FC510080 FC5:100-80-1 FC6100120 FC6:100-120-1 FC7100140 FC7:100-140-1 FC810010 FC8:100-100- FC9100100 FC9:100-100-1 FC10100100 FC10:100-100- 10080 (100-80- 8010 80-100- FC210010 FC2:100-100- FC312010 FC3:120-100- FC414010 FC4:140-100- FC51008 FC5:100-80- FC610012 FC6:100-120- FC710014 FC7:100-140- FC81001 FC8:100-100 FC910010 FC9:100-100- FC1010010 FC10:100-100 1008 (100-80 801 80-100 FC21001 FC2:100-100 FC31201 FC3:120-100 FC41401 FC4:140-100 FC5100 FC5:100-80 FC61001 FC6:100-120 FC71001 FC7:100-140 FC8100 FC8:100-10 FC91001 FC9:100-100 FC101001 FC10:100-10 (100-8 80-10 FC2100 FC2:100-10 FC3120 FC3:120-10 FC4140 FC4:140-10 FC510 FC5:100-8 FC6100 FC6:100-12 FC7100 FC7:100-14 FC810 FC8:100-1 FC9100 FC9:100-10 FC10100 FC10:100-1 (100- 80-1 FC210 FC2:100-1 FC312 FC3:120-1 FC414 FC4:140-1 FC51 FC5:100- FC610 FC6:100-1 FC710 FC7:100-1 FC81 FC8:100- FC910 FC9:100-1 FC1010 FC10:100- (100 80- FC21 FC2:100- FC31 FC3:120- FC41 FC4:140- FC5:100 FC61 FC6:100- FC71 FC7:100- FC8:100 FC91 FC9:100- FC101 FC10:100 (10 FC2:100 FC3:120 FC4:140 FC5:10 FC6:100 FC7:100 FC8:10 FC9:100 FC10:10 (1 FC2:10 FC3:12 FC4:14 FC5:1 FC6:10 FC7:10 FC8:1 FC9:10 FC10:1 FC2:1 FC3:1 FC4:1 FC5: FC6:1 FC7:1 FC8: FC9:1 FC10: FC2: FC3: FC4: FC6: FC7: FC9:

Resumo O estresse salino causa distúrbios fisiológicos e bioquímicos que prejudicam o crescimento vegetal. Entretanto, acredita-se que a fertilização mineral adequada pode melhorar o estado nutricional e reduzir os danos causados pelo estresse salino. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os impactos de diferentes combinações de fertilização com nitrogênio, fosforo e potássio sobre o acúmulo de solutos (orgânicos e inorgânicos) e atividade antioxidante em folhas de aceroleira cultivada sob estresse salino no segundo ano de produção. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 10 × 2, correspondendo a 10 combinações de adubação (FC) com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio (FC1: 80-100-100%; FC2:100-100-100%; FC3:120-100-100%; FC4:140-100-100%; FC5:100-80-100%; FC6:100-120-100%; FC7:100-140-100%; FC8:100-100-80%; FC9:100-100-120% e FC10:100-100-140% da recomendação, referente ao segundo ano de cultivo) e dois níveis de condutividade elétrica da água (ECw) utilizada na irrigação (0,6 e 4,0 dS m-1), com três repetições. A análise multivariada mostrou que irrigação com água de diferentes condutividades elétricas (0,6 e 4,0 dS m-1) apresentou processos distintos em relação à atividade enzimática, produção de compostos orgânicos e acúmulo de solutos inorgânicos nas folhas. Sob irrigação com água de baixa salinidade houve maior acúmulo de K+, carboidratos solúveis e prolina, e menor atividade de enzimas antioxidativas, especialmente SOD e APX. Sob alta salinidade se observou maior atividade enzimática e maiores concentrações de Na+ e Cl-. Os resultados indicam que a resposta da acerola à salinidade foi mais no sentido da homeostase redox do que da homeostase osmótica por meio do acúmulo de solutos compatíveis com o metabolismo. A combinação de adubação FC5 (100-80-100% da recomendação correspondente a 200, 24 e 80 g planta-1 de NPK) modula a atividade enzimática da SOD e APX, atenuando os impactos da salinidade, sendo uma combinação eficiente para preservar a sua homeostase redox nas aceroleiras sob estresse salino. vegetal Entretanto acreditase acredita forma nitrogênio 1 2 FC (FC FC1 (FC1 80100100% 80100100 100 100% 80-100-100% FC2100100100% FC2100100100 FC2 FC2:100-100-100% FC3120100100% FC3120100100 FC3 120 FC3:120-100-100% FC4140100100% FC4140100100 FC4 140 FC4:140-100-100% FC510080100% FC510080100 FC5:100-80-100% FC6100120100% FC6100120100 FC6 FC6:100-120-100% FC7100140100% FC7100140100 FC7 FC7:100-140-100% FC810010080% FC810010080 FC8 80% FC8:100-100-80% FC9100100120% FC9100100120 FC9 120% FC9:100-100-120 FC10100100140% FC10100100140 FC10 140% FC10:100-100-140 cultivo ECw (ECw 0,6 06 0 6 (0, 40 4 4, m1, m1 m , repetições m-1 K K+ prolina antioxidativas APX Na Cl. Cl . Cl- metabolismo 10080100% 10080100 (100-80-100 200 8 planta1 planta planta- NPK 8010010 80-100-100 FC210010010 FC2:100-100-100 FC312010010 12 FC3:120-100-100 FC414010010 14 FC4:140-100-100 FC51008010 FC5:100-80-100 FC610012010 FC6:100-120-100 FC710014010 FC7:100-140-100 FC81001008 FC8:100-100-80 FC910010012 FC9:100-100-12 FC1010010014 FC10:100-100-14 0, (0 m- 1008010 (100-80-10 20 801001 80-100-10 FC21001001 FC2:100-100-10 FC31201001 FC3:120-100-10 FC41401001 FC4:140-100-10 FC5100801 FC5:100-80-10 FC61001201 FC6:100-120-10 FC71001401 FC7:100-140-10 FC8100100 FC8:100-100-8 FC91001001 FC9:100-100-1 FC101001001 FC10:100-100-1 ( 100801 (100-80-1 80100 80-100-1 FC2100100 FC2:100-100-1 FC3120100 FC3:120-100-1 FC4140100 FC4:140-100-1 FC510080 FC5:100-80-1 FC6100120 FC6:100-120-1 FC7100140 FC7:100-140-1 FC810010 FC8:100-100- FC9100100 FC9:100-100- FC10100100 FC10:100-100- 10080 (100-80- 8010 80-100- FC210010 FC2:100-100- FC312010 FC3:120-100- FC414010 FC4:140-100- FC51008 FC5:100-80- FC610012 FC6:100-120- FC710014 FC7:100-140- FC81001 FC8:100-100 FC910010 FC9:100-100 FC1010010 FC10:100-100 1008 (100-80 801 80-100 FC21001 FC2:100-100 FC31201 FC3:120-100 FC41401 FC4:140-100 FC5100 FC5:100-80 FC61001 FC6:100-120 FC71001 FC7:100-140 FC8100 FC8:100-10 FC91001 FC9:100-10 FC101001 FC10:100-10 (100-8 80-10 FC2100 FC2:100-10 FC3120 FC3:120-10 FC4140 FC4:140-10 FC510 FC5:100-8 FC6100 FC6:100-12 FC7100 FC7:100-14 FC810 FC8:100-1 FC9100 FC9:100-1 FC10100 FC10:100-1 (100- 80-1 FC210 FC2:100-1 FC312 FC3:120-1 FC414 FC4:140-1 FC51 FC5:100- FC610 FC6:100-1 FC710 FC7:100-1 FC81 FC8:100- FC910 FC9:100- FC1010 FC10:100- (100 80- FC21 FC2:100- FC31 FC3:120- FC41 FC4:140- FC5:100 FC61 FC6:100- FC71 FC7:100- FC8:100 FC91 FC9:100 FC101 FC10:100 (10 FC2:100 FC3:120 FC4:140 FC5:10 FC6:100 FC7:100 FC8:10 FC9:10 FC10:10 (1 FC2:10 FC3:12 FC4:14 FC5:1 FC6:10 FC7:10 FC8:1 FC9:1 FC10:1 FC2:1 FC3:1 FC4:1 FC5: FC6:1 FC7:1 FC8: FC9: FC10: FC2: FC3: FC4: FC6: FC7:

Abstract Excessive salts in irrigation water and water stress have a negative impact on the productive yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, the objective was to evaluate the effect of combined saline and water stress on the agronomic performance of the beet crop. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at the Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, in Redenção, Ceará. The experimental design used was completely randomized with split-plots arrangement. The main plots were formed by the electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.8, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 dS m-1), while the irrigation depths of 50 and 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were the subplots, with 6 replications. Saline stress negatively affected growth, biomass, tuber root length, and productivity, while increasing the soluble solids of the beet crop. Excessive salts in the irrigation water caused reductions in physiological indices of the beet crop, although with less severity under the 100% ETc. crops regard AfroBrasileira, AfroBrasileira Afro Brasileira, Brasileira Afro-Brasileira Redenção Ceará splitplots split arrangement 0.8, 08 0 8 (0.8 15 1 5 1.5 30 3 3.0 45 4 4.5 60 6. m1, m1 m , m-1) 100 ETc (ETc subplots replications growth biomass length productivity 0.8 (0. 1. 3. 4. m-1 10 0. (0 m- (

Resumo O excesso de sais na água de irrigação e o estresse hídrico, afetam negativamente o rendimento produtivo das culturas agrícolas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estresse salino associado ao hídrico no desempenho agronômico da cultura da beterraba. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em área pertencente a Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção, Ceará. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram formadas pelas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (0,8; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1), enquanto os regimes hídricos de 50 e 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura (Etc), foram as subparcelas, com 6 repetições. O estresse salino afetou negativamente o crescimento, a biomassa, o comprimento da raiz tuberosa e a produtividade e aumentou os sólidos solúveis da cultura da beterraba. O excesso de sais da água de irrigação provoca reduções nos índices fisiológicas da cultura da beterraba, porém com menor severidade no regime hídrico de 100% da ETc. agrícolas sentido objetivouse objetivou se beterraba vegetação AfroBrasileira, AfroBrasileira Afro Brasileira, Brasileira Afro-Brasileira Redenção Ceará casualizado subdivididas 0,8 08 0 8 (0,8 1,5 15 1 5 3,0 30 3 45 4 4, 60 6, m1, m1 m , m-1) 100 Etc, Etc (Etc) subparcelas repetições crescimento biomassa ETc 0, (0, 1, 3, m-1 10 (Etc (0 m- (

Resumo O crescimento das plantas é severamente reduzido devido ao estresse hídrico, afetando a fotossíntese, incluindo a atividade do fotossistema II (PSII) e o transporte de elétrons. Este estudo enfatizou as mudanças comparativas e prioritárias na atividade do PSII devido à seca progressiva em sete populações de Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) coletadas no Deserto do Cholistão e regiões fora do Cholistão. Perfilhos de igual crescimento de sete populações de P. antidotale cultivadas em vasos de plástico cheios de solo foram submetidos à seca progressiva, retendo a irrigação com água por três semanas. A seca progressiva reduziu o teor de umidade do solo, teor de água relativo nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e biomassa fresca e seca dos brotos em todas as sete populações. Populações de Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali tiveram maior crescimento do que as de outras populações. As populações de Cholistani, especialmente em Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali, apresentaram maior capacidade de ajuste osmótico, refletido pelo potencial osmótico e maior acúmulo de proteínas solúveis totais. H2O2 máximo sob estresse hídrico foi observado em populações de Muzaffargarh e Khanewal, mas estas foram intermediárias no conteúdo de MDA. Sob estresse hídrico, as populações de Muzaffargarh e Dingarh Fort tiveram maior acúmulo de K+ em suas folhas. Durante a seca progressiva, as populações não cholistanesas mostraram rolagem completa das folhas após 23 dias de seca, e essas populações não conseguiram suportar mais condições de estresse hídrico, enquanto as populações cholistani toleraram mais condições de estresse hídrico por 31 dias. Além disso, a seca progressiva causou danos ao PSII após 19 dias e tornou-se severa após 23 dias em populações não cholistanesas de P. antidotale do que em populações cholistanesas.

Abstract Growth of plants is severely reduced due to water stress by affecting photosynthesis including photosystem II (PSII) activity and electron transport. This study emphasised on comparative and priority targeted changes in PSII activity due to progressive drought in seven populations of Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) collected from Cholistan Desert and non-Cholistan regions. Tillers of equal growth of seven populations of P. antidotale grown in plastic pots filled with soil were subjected progressive drought by withholding water irrigation for three weeks. Progressive drought reduced the soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and fresh and dry biomass of shoots in all seven populations. Populations from Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had higher growth than those of other populations. Cholistani populations especially in Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had greater ability of osmotic adjustment as reflected by osmotic potential and greater accumulation of total soluble proteins. Maximum H2O2 under water stress was observed in populations from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal but these were intermediate in MDA content. Under water stress, populations from Muzaffargarh and Dingarh Fort had greater K+ accumulation in their leaves. During progressive drought, non-Cholistani populations showed complete leaf rolling after 23 days of drought, and these populations could not withstand with more water stress condition while Cholistani populations tolerated more water stress condition for 31 days. Moreover, progressive drought caused PSII damages after 19 days and it became severe after 23 days in non-Cholistani populations of P. antidotale than in Cholistani populations.