ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1. (ET quantity quality timeliness Therefore Surface Land spatiotemporal, spatiotemporal spatio temporal, temporal spatio-temporal nonpunctual non punctual data station ArcGis 102 10 2 10.2 2016 plot Additionally PRE (PRE 0,09, 009 0,09 , 0 09 (0,09) RMSE (RMSE 0,30, 030 0,30 30 (0,30) R 0,92, 092 0,92 92 (0,92) NashSutcliffe Nash Sutcliffe NASH (NASH 0,91 091 91 (0,91 Peru 105 1 05 1,0 779 7 79 7,7 d1. d1 d 1. d-1 10. 201 00 0,0 (0,09 03 0,3 3 (0,30 0,9 9 (0,92 (0,9 1, 77 7, d- 20 0, (0,0 (0,3 (0, (0 (

ABSTRACT Proper waste management is a major worldwide concern; waste is disposed of directly into the environment, affecting water, soil and air quality. The development and production of green energy sources is strongly encouraged in modern society. The aim of this study, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2 and 7 of the 2030 Agenda of the UN, is to combine the correct disposal of animal waste with the generation of energy to mitigate the energy insecurity of families in an extremely vulnerable semi-arid region in the north-east of the country using biodigesters. To this end, a conceptual proposal was drawn up for a low-cost, easy-to-maintain and easy-to-use biodigester. A small-scale prototype was used to assess its operation by evaluating the main factors that affect biogas production (pH, temperature and the biomass properties: total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, concentration of volatile fatty acids and C/N ratio). Evaluation of the test prototype gave satisfactory results that corroborate other studies and make it possible to propose an economically viable and efficient full-scale biodigester for biogas production. concern environment water quality society study SDGs (SDGs 1 203 UN semiarid semi arid northeast north east biodigesters end lowcost, lowcost low cost, cost low-cost easytomaintain easy maintain easytouse use smallscale small scale pH, pH (pH properties solids CN C N ratio. ratio . ratio) fullscale full 20

Even though ammonia is a natural component of aquatic environments, elevated concentrations indicate pollution and environmental degradation. Consequently, efficient analytical methods for monitoring ammonia levels are crucial for preserving water quality. Voltammetry offers a sustainable approach for NH3 quantification, combining good analytical performance with low sample and reagent consumption, minimizing waste generation. However, despite these advantages, the voltammetric determination of ammonia remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the electrochemical behavior of NH3 in alkaline solutions using a non-modified Pt electrode and evaluated the performance of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) for NH3 determination. DPV provided superior performance, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.79 µmol L-1 (0.011 ppmN) and 2.6 µmol L-1 (0.036 ppmN), respectively, which comply with the maximum allowable ammonia concentration in natural waters according to Brazilian and European regulations. The voltammetric method successfully quantified ammonia in tap and river water samples, providing results concordant with the established Berthelot spectrophotometric method, at a 95% confidence level. Additionally, it is simple and fully accessible to non-electrochemist since no sophisticated procedures for electrode modification are needed. Finally, the high analytical performance of the proposed method makes it valuable for pollution monitoring in aquatic environments. environments degradation Consequently quality NH consumption generation However advantages unexplored Therefore nonmodified non modified (DPV SWV (SWV 079 0 79 0.7 L1 L 1 L- 0.011 0011 011 (0.01 ppmN 26 2 6 2. 0.036 0036 036 (0.03 ppmN, , respectively regulations samples 95 level Additionally nonelectrochemist electrochemist needed Finally 07 7 0. 0.01 001 01 (0.0 0.03 003 03 9 0.0 00 (0. (0 (

Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

RESUMO A solução fundamental para o problema do entupimento do emissor é explorar o projeto ideal da estrutura do emissor e melhorar sua capacidade anti-entupimento. O objetivo da pesquisa foi selecionar a forma estrutural ideal do caminho de fluxo do emissor em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento utilizando fontes de água de qualidade inferior, proporcionando suporte teórico para melhorar a capacidade anti-obstrução do próprio emissor e para o projeto de novos produtos de emissores. A seleção da estrutura do caminho do fluxo do emissor não tem sido conduzida com base na determinação do modelo de simulação apropriado com a condição complexa de qualidade da água. Para tanto, determinou-se o modelo de movimento interno do fluido adequado do emissor, e avaliou-se de forma abrangente o desempenho hidráulico e o desempenho anti-entupimento das cinco estruturas representativas da trajetória de fluxo no país e no exterior, e finalmente determinou-se a estrutura ótima da trajetória de fluxo do emissor. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que o modelo RNG k-ε foi o mais adequado para simular a área do fluxo no emissor por meio da análise abrangente da lacuna entre os valores simulados e os valores medidos, da precisão do cálculo e da eficiência computacional. A trajetória de fluxo fractal foi relativamente ótima para o desempenho hidráulico e para o desempenho anti-entupimento. Este estudo pode fornecer suporte teórico para melhorar a própria habilidade anti-obstrução do emissor e o projeto de novo produto de emissor. antientupimento. antientupimento anti entupimento. inferior antiobstrução obstrução emissores tanto determinouse determinou se avaliouse avaliou exterior kε k ε medidos computacional

ABSTRACT The fundamental solution to the problem of emitter clogging is to explore the optimal structure design of emitter and improve its anti-clogging ability. The research objective was to select the optimal structural form of the emitter flow path in drip irrigation systems using inferior water sources, which can provide theoretical support for improving the anti-clogging ability of the emitter itself and designing new emitter products. The selection of the flow path structure of the emitter has not been conducted on the basis of determining the appropriate simulation model with the condition of complex water quality. Therefore, the appropriate internal fluid movement model of the emitter was determined, the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging performance of the five nationally and internationally representative flow path structures were comprehensively evaluated, and finally the optimal structure of the emitter flow path was determined. The research results indicated that RNG k - ε model was the most suitable to simulate the flow field in the emitter by comprehensive analysis of the gap between simulated values and the measured values, the calculation accuracy and computational efficiency. The fractal flow path was relatively optimal for hydraulic performance and for anti-clogging performance. This study can provide theoretical support for improving the anti-clogging ability of the emitter itself and the design of the new emitter product. anticlogging anti sources products quality Therefore determined evaluated efficiency product

RESUMO No clima semiárido, o crescimento de mudas frutíferas é desafiado pelo estresse hídrico característico da região, o que pode restringir seu desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, afetar a produção. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato pirolenhoso nas características de troca gasosa, pigmentos fotossintéticos, crescimento e biomassa de pitangueira sob diferentes intensidades de déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando um delineamento em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com quatro repetições, correspondendo a períodos de déficit hídrico foram de 7 e 14 dias, além do controle (irrigação diária), no substrato sem e com extrato pirolenhoso. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às características de trocas gasosas foliares, índices de clorofila, crescimento e biomassa seca. A aplicação de extrato pirolenhoso aos 7 dias de déficit hídrico elevou a taxa fotossintética, a eficiência de carboxilação e o índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas de pitanga em 40,04, 42,85 e 41,51%, respectivamente, em comparação aos 14 dias de déficit hídrico. O extrato pirolenhoso foi efetivo como um atenuante do estresse hídrico nas mudas de pitanga, especialmente durante os primeiros sete dias de exposição ao estresse. Assim, sua aplicação é recomendada como uma medida preventiva e de curto prazo para mitigar tais efeitos nas mudas de pitanga. semiárido região consequentemente produção contexto gasosa fotossintéticos 2 repetições 1 irrigação diária, diária , diária) foliares clorofila seca fotossintética 4004 40 04 40,04 4285 42 85 42,8 4151 41 51 41,51% respectivamente Assim 400 4 0 40,0 428 8 42, 415 5 41,51 40, 41,5 41,

ABSTRACT In the semi-arid climate, the growth of fruit seedlings is challenged by the water stress characteristic of the region, which can restrict their development and, consequently, affect production. In this context, the aim was to assess the effect of pyroligneous extract on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, growth, and biomass of pitanga under different intensities of water deficit. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, corresponding to water deficit periods (7 and 14 days) and control (daily irrigation), in substrates with and without pyroligneous extract. The plants were evaluated for gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll indices, growth, and dry biomass. Application of pyroligneous extract after 7 days of water deficit increased the photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency and Dickson quality index of pitanga seedlings by 40.04, 42.85 and 41.51%, respectively, compared to 14 days of water deficit. Pyroligneous extract was effective as a water stress attenuator in pitanga seedlings, especially during the first seven days of exposure to stress. Therefore, its application is recommended as a preventive and short-term measure to mitigate such effects on pitanga seedlings. semiarid semi arid climate region consequently production context characteristics pigments scheme replicates ( 1 daily irrigation, irrigation , irrigation) indices rate 4004 40 04 40.04 4285 42 85 42.8 4151 41 51 41.51% respectively Therefore shortterm short term 400 4 0 40.0 428 8 42. 415 5 41.51 40. 41.5 41.

RESUMO: A estrutura do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon tem sido aprimorada ao longo dos anos por meio de propagação e estudos genéticos e agronômicos em resposta às demandas por melhorias no desenvolvimento vegetal, na produção e na sobrevivência da espécie. Entende-se que a pesquisa científica desempenha um papel importante na geração de tecnologias e também na segurança das aplicações. Porém, há necessidade de refinar o código gerado para descobrir descobertas e tendências sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliométrica e análise na base de dados Web of Science (WOS) sobre as principais contribuições de estudos, pesquisadores, organizações e países relevantes nas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o enraizamento de Coffea canephora. Dados da base de dados WOS publicados entre 1982 e 2021 e sistematizados no software VOSviewer, mostraram um conjunto de 92 artigos, em que a maioria teve origem no Brasil e na França, tendo como principais grupos a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o CIRAD. O estudo está dividido em quatro áreas: diversidade genética, propagação assexuada, nematologia, tolerância ao estresse hídrico e micropropagação, porém, destaca-se que no contexto das mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na produção e longevidade da cafeicultura brasileira, podemos ver o surgimento de pesquisas focadas no sistema radicular, integrando-o em linhas que exploram e integram temas como risco climático, gestão hídrica, tolerância à seca e irrigação por gotejamento, incluindo reflexões sobre o desempenho da agronomia cafeeira. RESUMO vegetal espécie Entendese Entende se aplicações Porém assunto sentido (WOS pesquisadores canephora 198 202 VOSviewer 9 artigos França Agropecuária CIRAD áreas genética assexuada nematologia micropropagação porém destacase destaca brasileira integrandoo integrando climático hídrica gotejamento cafeeira 19 20 1 2

ABSTRACT: The structure of the root system of the conilon coffee tree has improved over the years through propagation, genetic, and agronomic studies in response to demands for improvements in plant development, production, and survival of the species. Scientific research plays an important role in generating technologies and the security of applications. However, there is a need to refine the content generated to analyze discoveries and trends on the subject. Therefore, the present study conduct a bibliometric review and analysis on the main contributions of relevant studies, researchers, organizations, and countries in academic research on the rooting of Coffea canephora in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Data from the WOS database published between 1982 and 2021 and systematized in the VOSviewer software showed a set of 92 articles, the majority of which originated in Brazil and France, with the main groups being the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, the Federal University of Viçosa, and CIRAD. The study was divided into five areas: genetic diversity, asexual propagation, nematology, tolerance to water stress, and micropropagation. However, in the context of climate changes and its impact on the production and longevity of Brazilian coffee farming, research focused on the root system has increased significantly, integrating it into lines that explore and integrate topics such as climate risk, water management, drought tolerance, and drip irrigation, including reflections on the performance of coffee agronomy. ABSTRACT propagation development species applications However subject Therefore researchers organizations (WOS 198 202 9 articles France Corporation Viçosa CIRAD areas diversity nematology stress micropropagation farming significantly risk management irrigation agronomy 19 20 1 2

ABSTRACT Beans are a vital component of the human diet, being able to supply a large part of the daily protein requirements of individuals, in addition to containing considerable amounts of iron, calcium, vitamins, carbohydrates, fiber, and lysine. Controlled germination is an accessible and effective technique that aims to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of seeds intended for food consumption. This study aimed to characterize fresh and germinated beans of Phaseolus vulgaris (carioca, branco, preto, gordo varieties) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). The germination process was conducted in trays containing the sand substrate (350 g) in the environmental conditions of the laboratory. The fresh and germinated beans were evaluated for physicochemical variables in triplicate. The germination process increased moisture content, water activity, ash, pH, soluble alcohol acidity, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the content of lipids, starch, and total sugars in bean seeds. With the increase in bioactive compounds, it was found that the germination process is an excellent method for increasing the nutritional quality of beans. diet individuals iron calcium vitamins carbohydrates fiber lysine functional consumption carioca, carioca (carioca branco preto varieties cowpea. cowpea . (cowpea) 350 (35 g laboratory triplicate activity ash pH acidity proteins acid phenols tannins flavonoids anthocyanins carotenoids hand lipids starch compounds (cowpea 35 (3 3 (

RESUMO O feijão é um importante componente da dieta humana, sendo capaz de suprir grande parte das necessidades proteicas diárias dos indivíduos, além de conter quantidades consideráveis de ferro, cálcio, vitaminas, carboidratos, fibras e lisina. A germinação controlada é uma técnica acessível e eficaz que visa melhorar as qualidades nutricionais, funcionais e sensoriais de sementes destinadas ao consumo alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar feijão Phaseolus vulgaris das variedades carioca, branco, preto, gordo e feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) in natura e germinado. O processo de germinação foi realizado em bandejas contendo substrato areia (350 g), em condições ambientais de laboratório. Em seguida, os grãos in natura e germinados foram avaliados quanto às variáveis físico-químicas em triplicata. A germinação do feijão aumentou o teor de umidade, atividade de água, cinzas, pH, acidez álcool solúvel, proteínas, ácido ascórbico, fenóis, taninos, flavonóides, antocianinas e carotenóides. Por outro lado, houve redução no teor de lipídios, amido e açúcares totais nas sementes de feijão. Com o aumento dos compostos bioativos, constatou-se que o processo de germinação é um excelente método para aumentar a qualidade nutricional do feijão. humana indivíduos ferro cálcio vitaminas carboidratos lisina nutricionais alimentar carioca branco preto feijãocaupi caupi Vigna unguiculata germinado 350 (35 g, g , g) laboratório seguida físicoquímicas físico químicas triplicata umidade água cinzas pH solúvel proteínas ascórbico fenóis taninos flavonóides carotenóides lado lipídios bioativos constatouse constatou se 35 (3 3 (

ABSTRACT Orange peel, a physiological disorder, has been reported in Chilean sweet cherries (Prunus avium (L.) L.) after 35-45 d under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The ontogeny of the disorder is unknown, and preharvest factors have not been thoroughly investigated. This study involved two experiments to elucidate the association between environmental factors and the incidence of the orange peel disorder. In the first experiment, plant water potential, fruit position on the tree, relative humidity (RH), and radiation of sweet cherry trees were studied in ‘Regina’, ‘Kordia’, and ‘Lapins’. The second experiment focused on the interaction effect of heat during fruit development and the RH during storage in ‘Lapins’. The first experiment showed no clear response of orange peel incidence to natural variations in air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and transmitted solar radiation (PPFD) within trees. However, significant differences in the incidence, severity, and timing of the disorder detection were observed among cultivars. In ‘Lapins’, orange peel disorder began before harvest in the green stage, 33.7 %, while ‘Regina’ and ‘Kordia’ showed negligible incidences of 1.25% and 0%, respectively. At postharvest, no differences were found among tree sections, either in incidence or severity of the disorder. For the second experiment, no differences in incidence were found in heated fruit during preharvest or postharvest RH treatments. However, it was observed that the higher the RH (100%), the lower the severity index (3.6) was for the orange peel disorder. The high incidence of the disorder during postharvest under natural or induced environmental conditions in the three cultivars evaluated demonstrates that RH mainly affects the orange peel disorder.

Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Summary: The municipality of Medellín, Veracruz, México has a type A landfill, whose operation level has recently increased due to landfill closure in the city of Veracruz. The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the quality of groundwater surrounding the landfill of the municipality of Medellín., such as hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (T), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), nitrates (NO3 -), total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in seven groundwater wells near the landfill during the “north” and dry season. The physicochemical water results from the seven wells analyzed were within the maximum permissible limits of Mexican regulations: turbidity values exceeded international regulations and four wells were found contaminated according to COD levels. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in both seasons were higher than the maximum permissible limits for human consumption in accordance with national and international regulations. Therefore, the results indicated the negative influence of the landfill on groundwater quality.

Resumen: Los rellenos sanitarios se han vuelto una fuente de contaminación de aguas superficiales y subterráneas, debido a la generación de lixiviados que pueden llegar hasta los cuerpos de agua con efectos adversos al ambiente. El municipio de Medellín, Veracruz, México; cuenta con un relleno sanitario tipo A cuyo nivel de operación se ha incrementado recientemente debido a la clausura del relleno sanitario de la ciudad de Veracruz. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la calidad del agua subterránea aledaña al relleno sanitario del municipio de Medellín. Se evaluaron potencial de hidrógeno (pH), conductividad eléctrica (CE), turbidez (T), Demanda Química de Oxigeno (DQO), Fósforo Total (PT), Nitratos, (NO3 -), Sólidos Disueltos Totales (SDT) y metales pesados Plomo (Pb), Cadmio (Cd) y Cobre (Cu) en 7 pozos de agua subterránea próximos al relleno sanitario durante la temporada de “nortes” y estiaje. Los resultados fisicoquímicos del agua de los 7 pozos analizados se encontraron dentro de los límites máximos permisibles de la normatividad mexicana; los valores de turbidez superaron la normatividad internacional y 4 pozos mostraron estar contaminados de acuerdo a los niveles de DQO. Las concentraciones de Pb y Cd en ambas temporadas se encontraron superiores a los límites máximos permisibles para consumo humano de acuerdo con la normatividad nacional e internacional. Los resultados indicaron la influencia negativa del relleno sanitario en la calidad del agua subterránea.

Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

Abstract Introduction: Various anthropic pressures affect the aquatic ecosystems of the foothills of Colombia. The response to environmental stressors is still unknown in bioindicator organisms such as Leptohyphidae. Objective: To determine the diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs of the Quenane-Quenanito river, in two contrasting hydrological periods and its relationship with some physicochemical variables. Methods: In December (2014) and February (2015), organisms were collected with a Surber net at six stations along the current. Alpha and beta diversity was analyzed and redundancy analysis and generalized linear model were applied to establish the relationship between taxa and environmental variables. Results: Were identified 369 organisms belonging to four genera (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis, and Tricorythodes), two species, and eight morphospecies. Amanahyphes saguassu is reported for the first time for the Meta department. High diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs was recorded in the transition to drought season and greater abundance in drought. Beta diversity indicated that the configuration of the assemblage changes spatially and temporally. Conclusions: Leptohyphidae organisms prefer fast habitats, particularly in the dry period where they find food (leaf litter, detritus) and shelter to establish themselves successfully; anthropic activities such as urbanization notably affect diversity. The high diversity recorded in this small river in the foothills of the plains reflects the need to increase this type of works and collection efforts of study material in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Varias presiones antrópicas sufren los ecosistemas acuáticos del piedemonte llanero en Colombia. La respuesta a estresores ambientales aún se desconoce en organismos bioindicadores como Leptohyphidae. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae del río Quenane-Quenanito, en dos periodos hidrológicos contrastantes y su relación con algunas variables fisicoquímicas. Métodos: En diciembre (2014) y febrero (2015) se recolectaron organismos con red Surber en seis estaciones a lo largo del río. Se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta y se aplicó análisis de redundancia y modelos lineales generalizados con el fin de establecer la relación entre los taxones y las variables ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 organismos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis y Tricorythodes), dos especies y ocho morfoespecies. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Meta Amanahyphes saguassu. Se registró la mayor diversidad de ninfas en la transición a la sequía y la mayor abundancia en sequía. La diversidad beta señaló que la configuración del ensamblaje cambia a nivel espacial y temporal. Conclusiones: Los organismos de Leptohyphidae prefieren hábitats de corrientes, particularmente en el periodo de sequía, donde hallan alimento (hojarasca, detritos) y refugio para establecerse exitosamente; actividades antrópicas como la urbanización afectan notablemente la diversidad. La alta diversidad registrada en este pequeño río de piedemonte llanero refleja la necesidad de incrementar este tipo de trabajos y esfuerzos de recolección de material de estudio en la región.

Abstract Introduction: The Mar Muerto lagoon is an ecosystem characterized by high productivity upon which various inhabiting organisms depend. Additionally, it is a system susceptible to environmental impacts. Consequently, indices have been developed to determine the degree of disturbance caused by natural and/or anthropogenic factors. Objective: To assess the degree of disturbance in the Mar Muerto lagoon using a Biotic Integrity Index (BII) based on ichthyofauna. Methods: From December 2019 to March 2021, 12 sampling stations were established in the lagoon. The Biotic Integrity Index was developed by collecting data on hydrological variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, suspended solids, temperature, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, and transparency) and classifying fish species based on their composition and richness. This was followed by a Water and Habitat Quality Index (WHQI) derived from the characterization and classification of sampling stations based on physicochemical variables. The correlation of the two indices allowed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the BII. Results: 65 species were reported for the lagoon, with Lile gracilis, Oligoplites altus, Eucinostomus currani, and Gerres simillimus being the most frequently recorded. Only station 10 exhibited poor biotic integrity (BII = 26), while the rest displayed regular biotic integrity (BII = 30 - 44), with station nine presenting the highest calculated value (BII = 42). The assessment of the lagoon’s BII demonstrated an average biotic integrity considered “regular.” Conclusion: Through this study, the functionality of the modified BII for the Mar Muerto lagoon was verified, allowing for the evaluation of the present conservation status and comparison with previous studies.

Resumen Introducción: La laguna Mar Muerto es un ecosistema caracterizado por una gran productividad, de la cual dependen diversos organismos que la habitan; también es un sistema susceptible a impactos ambientales. Por lo anterior, se han desarrollado índices que permiten conocer el grado de alteración por causas naturales y/o antropogénicas. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de perturbación de la laguna Mar Muerto, mediante un índice de integridad biótica (IBI) basado en la ictiofauna. Métodos: De diciembre 2019 a marzo 2021, se establecieron 12 estaciones de muestreo en la laguna. La elaboración del índice de integridad biótica fue a partir de la recopilación de datos de las variables hidrológicas (salinidad, NO2, NO3, PO4, pH, OD, T, CE, transparencia y SDT) y la clasificación de las especies ícticas según su composición y riqueza; seguido de un índice de calidad de agua y hábitat (ICAH), elaborado a partir de la caracterización y clasificación de las estaciones de muestreo en función de variables fisicoquímicas. La correlación de los dos índices permitió evaluar la efectividad del IBI. Resultados: 65 especies fueron reportadas para la laguna, de las cuales Lile gracilis, Oligoplites altus, Eucinostomus currani y Gerres simillimus se registraron con mayor frecuencia. Sólo la estación 10 presentó una integridad biótica pobre (IBI = 26), el resto presentó un IBI regular (IBI = 30 - 44), siendo la estación nueve la que presentó el valor máximo calculado (IBI = 42). La valoración del IBI de la laguna demostró que ésta presenta una integridad biótica promedio considerada “regular”. Conclusión: A través de este trabajo, se comprobó la funcionalidad del IBI modificado para la laguna Mar Muerto, permitiendo evaluar el grado de conservación presente y compararlo con trabajos previos.

Abstract Introduction: Reservoirs are conceived as a set of interactions in which physical, chemical, and biological instability determines changes in the density of planktonic communities. Objective: To evaluate the instability of phytoplankton and zooplankton, and their interactions with environmental factors in four tropical Andean reservoirs with different trophic status. Methods: Physical and chemical variables and phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were measured between 2010-2018 in the oligotrophic reservoirs Punchiná and San Lorenzo and between 2013 and 2015 in the hypereutrophic reservoir Porce II and in the eutrophic Porce III reservoir (total N = 248). The Factor Shaping Community Assemblages (FCA) was used to calculate environmental and biotic instability as well as their interaction. Results: High environmental and biological instability was observed in the studied reservoirs. Oxygen saturation, pH, total nitrogen, water temperature, nitrites, total phosphorus (only for zooplankton), and total solids were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to planktonic instability, regardless of trophic state. Particularly, Cryptomonas sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Dinobryon sp., Nephrocytium sp., Tetraëdron caudatum and Oscillatoria sp. had the greatest influence on the instability of various rotifer taxa and some copepods. Conclusions: Regardless of trophic state, pH dynamics, nutrients availability, amount of suspended solids and the availability of gases, such as dissolved oxygen, mainly determined the instability of phytoplankton and to a lesser extent that of zooplankton. In the oligotrophic reservoirs, zooplankton instability was mainly influenced by highly palatable algae with no toxicity, and in reservoirs highly enriched, the instability was influenced by algae with low nutritional quality and difficult to ingest and manipulate.

Resumen Introducción: los embalses deben ser concebidos como un conjunto de interacciones, donde la inestabilidad física, química y biológica determinan cambios en la densidad de las comunidades planctónicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la inestabilidad del fitoplancton y zooplancton y su interacción con factores ambientales en cuatro embalses tropicales andinos con diferente estado trófico. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de variables físicas y químicas y de las densidades del fitoplancton y del zooplancton, medidas entre 2010-2018, en los embalses oligotróficos Punchiná y San Lorenzo y, entre 2013 y 2015, en el embalse hipereutrófico Porce II y en el embalse eutrófico Porce III (total N = 248). Se empleó el Factor Shaping Community Assemblages (FCA), para calcular la inestabilidad biótica y ambiental y la interacción entre estas. Resultados: En los embalses estudiados hubo una alta inestabilidad ambiental y biológica. El pH, la saturación de oxígeno, el nitrógeno total, la temperatura del agua, los nitritos, el fósforo total (solo para el zooplancton) y los sólidos totales, son las variables abióticas con mayor aporte a la inestabilidad planctónica, independientemente del estado trófico. Particularmente, Cryptomonas sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Dinobryon sp., Nephrocytium sp., Tetraëdron caudatum y Oscillatoria sp., tuvieron mayor influencia sobre la inestabilidad de diferentes taxones de rotíferos y de algunos copépodos. Conclusión: Independiente del estado trófico, la dinámica del pH, la disponibilidad de nutrientes, la cantidad de sólidos suspendidos y la disponibilidad de gases como el oxígeno disuelto determinaron principalmente la inestabilidad del fitoplancton, y en menor medida la del zooplancton. En los embalses oligotróficos la inestabilidad del zooplancton es influenciada principalmente por algas altamente apetecibles con toxicidad nula, y en embalses altamente enriquecidos la inestabilidad fue influenciada por algas con baja calidad nutricional y de difícil ingestión y manipulación.