In the context of South Africa's water scarcity, desalination has emerged as a possible solution for coastal areas. However, the quality of the intake water for desalination is often problematic, prompting the need for pre-treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) on 4 seawater filtration systems intended for the pre-treatment of a reverse osmosis desalination project. These systems were implemented in a pilot trial and are based on modern water treatment technologies, namely, granular filtration (pressure driven and gravity driven), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and ultrafiltration (UF). For all 4 systems, data were collected for both the construction and operation phases, and LCAs were performed, resulting in environmental scores that allow for comparison based on the pre-treatment of 1 kL of seawater of the same quality. The SimaPro LCA tool and the ReCiPe midpoint method were used and environmental scores were calculated for 18 impact categories, including climate change, acidification, toxicity, eutrophication, resource depletion, etc. This methodology also allowed the identification of the highest environmental burdens/scores within each system. The most significant finding is that local electricity consumption is responsible for the greatest proportion of environmental impacts. Thus, the systems consuming more energy for operating equipment such as blowers, pumps, and mixers were found to have the highest environmental burdens. Hence, the DAF system has the highest environmental scores for most impacts, followed by the single-phase gravity filtration system, then the two-phase partial pressure filtration system and finally the UF system. Therefore, focus should shift towards energy optimisation of process units, especially the rotary ones, as well as energy mitigation and recovery strategies. The use of renewable energy for pre-treatment should also be considered locally.

RESUMEN Hibiscus cannabinus L. es una especie anual cultivada por sus fibras. Se profundizó la descripción morfológica de las semillas de los cultivares 'Endora' y 'Tainung 1', se adecuó y ajustó un procedimiento de prueba de tetrazolio y se clasificaron los embriones según su viabilidad y vigor. En la coloración y ornamentación de las semillas participan células de las capas del episperma. Se identificaron la tapa de imbibición y el istmo y se analizó su función. Se reconocieron lípidos y proteínas en el mesofilo de los cotiledones y la ausencia de aréolas en la epidermis. Mediante la prueba de tetrazolio se establecieron patrones de tinción para clasificar las semillas según su viabilidad. Ambos cultivares presentaron valores de viabilidad aceptables. La prueba de germinación respaldó la metodología propuesta para tetrazolio. Se realizan aportes novedosos sobre la morfología de las semillas y se proponen relaciones estructura-función para el ingreso de agua. Las semillas de ambos cultivares comparten características morfológicas fundamentales para establecer los criterios de evaluación en la prueba bioquímica de tetrazolio. La adaptación del protocolo de la prueba de viabilidad por tetrazolio permitió la clasificación de las semillas como viables en tres categorías (vigor alto, medio y bajo) y no viables.

ABSTRACT Hibiscus cannabinus L. is an annual species cultivated for its fibers. The morphological description of the seeds of the cultivars 'Endora' and 'Tainung 1' was broadened, a tetrazolium test procedure was adapted and adjusted, and the embryos were classified according to their viability and vigor. Cells from the seed coat layers participate in the seed coloration and ornamentation. The imbibition cap and the isthmus were identified, and their function was analyzed. Lipids and proteins were recognized in the mesophyll of cotyledons and the absence of areoles in the epidermis. Using the tetrazolium test, staining patterns were established to classify the seeds according to their viability. Both cultivars presented acceptable viability values. The germination test supported the proposed methodology for tetrazolium. Novel contributions are made to seed morphology, and structure-function relationships for water intake are proposed. The seeds of both cultivars share the morphological characteristics that are fundamental to the establishment of evaluation criteria in the tetrazolium biochemical test. The adapted tetrazolium viability test protocol allowed the seeds classification as either viable into three categories (high, medium, and low vigor) and non-viable seeds.

Abstract Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal failure, needing parenteral nutrition to maintain an energy-protein and water-electrolyte balance. At the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), the formation of two stomas is a technique used for intestinal rehabilitation, where the use of residue through the bypass technique (BT) helps to maintain gastrointestinal functionality, water-electrolyte, and nutritional stability. This study aimed to describe the technique of using intestinal residue through BT as a treatment strategy in intestinal rehabilitation and its effect on the biochemical and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS. Methods: An analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients hospitalized at HIMFG with SBS who underwent BT during their hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 and then followed up for 8 weeks. Results: A total of 10 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 24 months; 50% were female. BT was able to reduce the inflammatory process in the liver caused by the continuous use of parenteral nutrition; enteral caloric intake increased from 25.32 kcal/kg/day to 72.94 kcal/kg/day, but it was insufficient to improve their nutritional status. Conclusions: BT is a safe and effective alternative in intestinal rehabilitation in patients with SBS to stimulate trophism and intestinal functionality, allowing a progression of enteral feeding and a decrease in the hepatic inflammatory process that occurs in these patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia intestinal que requiere del uso de nutrición parenteral para mantener un balance energético-proteico e hidroelectrolítico. En el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) la formación de dos estomas es una técnica empleada para la rehabilitación intestinal, donde con el aprovechamiento de residuo mediante la técnica de puenteo (TP) se ayuda a mantener la funcionalidad gastrointestinal, equilibrio hidro-electrolítico y estabilidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la técnica del aprovechamiento de residuo intestinal mediante TP como estrategia de tratamiento en la rehabilitación intestinal y su efecto en el estado bioquímico y nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con SIC. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico y retrospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en el HIMFG con SIC en quienes se realizó la TP durante su estancia intrahospitalaria entre 2019 y 2020. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes en este estudio, con una edad promedio de 24 meses, y el 50% de sexo femenino. La TP logró disminuir el proceso inflamatorio hepático ocasionado por el uso continuo de nutrición parenteral; la ingesta calórica por vía enteral incrementó de 25.32 kcal/kg/día a 72.94 kcal/kg/día, pero fue insuficiente para mejorar el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: La TP es una alternativa segura y efectiva en la rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con SIC para estimular el trofismo y funcionalidad intestinal, permitiendo una progresión de la alimentación enteral y disminución del proceso inflamatorio hepático que se presentan en estos pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada.

Abstract As a result of intensive anthropogenic impact in the biosphere there is a rapid process of accumulation of heavy metal salts. They have led to the aggravation of problems associated with the pollution of ecosystems and basic food products of plant and animal origin. Environmental pollution by these compounds is caused by their persistence in environmental objects, migration ability, accumulation by plants. This contributes to their accumulation in the human environment. A number of studies have shown that heavy metals have mutagenic, toxic effects and affect the intensity of biochemical processes. Therefore, the presence of heavy metals in the environment is extremely undesirable. Moreover, the ecological state of the environment is directly related to changes in the human internal environment. Deficiency or excess of certain bioelements in soils and drinking water or non-compliance with its stable chemical composition causes the development of dysmicroelementosis. The ecological situation of the Carpathian region is closely related to the state of soils and water resources. In this regard, it is advisable to study and control the level of cadmium compounds in the environment of the region. The study of the effect of cadmium intoxication on the macro- and microelement composition of the brain and myocardium of experimental animals is also worthwhile. Materials and methods. Soils and drinking water of the plain, foothill and mountainous zones of the region, as well as organs and tissues of experimental animals served as the object of research. Cadmium levels in drinking water and myocardial tissues and brain of experimental animals have been measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results and discussion. The study of soils in the Prykarpattia region has revealed an increase in the toxic element cadmium. Its content is 1.1-1.5 times higher than background levels. The analysis of drinking water allowed to establish that a significant number of people living in the plain and foothill zone of the region consume water with a high content of cadmium. The main stages of cadmium intake and accumulation in plants have been analyzed. Significant disorders in the body of experimental animals under conditions of excessive intake of cadmium compounds have been revealed. It was accompanied by the accumulation of cadmium in the myocardium and brain, on the background of redistribution of vital macronutrients calcium and magnesium along with micronutrients copper and zinc. Thus, excessive intake of cadmium salts causes the development of dysmicroelementosis, which is accompanied by a violation of the homeostasis of a living organism. It is suggested to conduct continuous monitoring of the level of toxicants in the ecosystem as an integral component of environmental monitoring. origin objects ability mutagenic processes Therefore undesirable Moreover noncompliance non compliance dysmicroelementosis resources regard macro worthwhile methods research spectroscopy discussion 1.11.5 1115 1.1 1.5 1 5 1.1-1. analyzed zinc Thus organism 11 1.11. 111 1. 15 1.1-1 1.11 1.1-

Resumo Como consequência do intenso impacto antrópico na biosfera, um rápido processo de acúmulo de sais de metais pesados ocorre. Esse processo tem é um agravante para os problemas associados à poluição dos ecossistemas e dos produtos alimentares básicos de origem vegetal e animal. A poluição ambiental por esses compostos é causada por sua persistência em objetos ambientais, capacidade de migração, acúmulo pelas plantas. Isso contribui para o seu acúmulo no ambiente humano. Vários estudos mostraram que os metais pesados têm efeitos mutagênicos, tóxicos e afetam a intensidade dos processos bioquímicos. Portanto, a presença de metais pesados no meio ambiente é extremamente indesejável. Além disso, o estado ecológico do meio ambiente está diretamente relacionado às mudanças no ambiente interno humano. A deficiência ou excesso de certos bioelementos nos solos e na água potável ou o não cumprimento de sua composição química estável provoca o desenvolvimento da dismicroelementose. A situação ecológica da região dos Cárpatos está intimamente relacionada com o estado dos solos e dos recursos hídricos. Nesse sentido, é aconselhável estudar e controlar o nível de compostos de cádmio no ambiente da região. O estudo do efeito da intoxicação por cádmio na composição de macro e microelementos do cérebro e miocárdio de indivíduos experimentais também devem ser analisados. Solos e água potável das zonas plana, sopé e montanhosa da região, bem como órgãos e tecidos de indivíduos experimentais serviram de objeto de pesquisa. Os níveis de cádmio na água potável e nos tecidos do miocárdio e cérebro de indivíduos experimentais foram medidos por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Nesse sentido, o estudo dos solos da região de Prykarpattia revelou um aumento do elemento tóxico cádmio. Seu conteúdo é 1,1-1,5 vezes maior que os níveis de fundo. A análise da água potável permitiu constatar que um número significativo de pessoas residentes na zona de planície e sopé da região consome água com elevado teor de cádmio. As principais etapas da ingestão e acúmulo de cádmio nas plantas foram analisadas. Distúrbios significativos no corpo de indivíduos experimentais sob condições de ingestão excessiva de compostos de cádmio foram revelados, acompanhados pelo acúmulo desse elemento no miocárdio e no cérebro, no contexto da redistribuição dos macronutrientes cálcio e magnésio, juntamente com os micronutrientes cobre e zinco. Assim, a ingestão excessiva de sais de cádmio causa o desenvolvimento de dismicroelementose acompanhada por uma violação da homeostase de um organismo vivo. Sugere-se a realização de monitoramento contínuo do nível de tóxicos no ecossistema como um componente integral do monitoramento ambiental. biosfera ocorre animal ambientais migração humano mutagênicos bioquímicos Portanto indesejável disso hídricos sentido analisados plana pesquisa atômica 1,11,5 1115 1,1 1,5 1 5 1,1-1, fundo analisadas revelados magnésio zinco Assim vivo Sugerese Sugere se 11 1,11, 111 1, 15 1,1-1 1,11 1,1-

Abstract Transporting live fish is a common practice in fish farming, and is certainly one of the main problems that affect fish homeostasis. In this scenario, the use of natural additives has shown promise in improving fish resistance to adverse situations. This study aimed to assess the impact of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil (OGEO) on water quality, hematological parameters, and residue levels in the plasma, fillet, and liver of juvenile piraputanga (Brycon hilarii) during a two-hour transportation period. The fish were divided into plastic bags (4 L) and exposed to three different OGEO concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg L-1), while a control group received no OGEO (three repetitions each). After the two-hour transportation, blood samples were collected, as well as portions of the fillet and liver for quantifying essential oil compounds, which were also measured in the plasma. Oxygen levels remained high throughout the transportation period, in all groups, while the pH decreased. Hemoglobin, MCHC, and MCH increased in fish exposed to OGEO concentrations of 20 and 30 mg L-1, compared to the control group. However, lymphocyte counts and the concentrations of essential oil compounds in plasma, fillet, and liver increased with higher OGEO concentrations. The use of 10 mg L-1 OGEO in the two-hour transport water is promising to ensure the survival and well-being of Brycon hilarii juveniles (weighing 16 g), showing to be safe and effective. The residual concentration of eugenol the major compound of OGEO in the fillet remains below the maximum limit of the recommended daily intake. farming homeostasis scenario situations L (OGEO quality parameters plasma twohour two hour period 4 ( 10, (10 3 L1, L1 1 , L-1) each. each . each) collected groups decreased Hemoglobin MCHC 2 1, However L- wellbeing being weighing g, g g) effective intake (1

Resumo O transporte de peixes vivos é uma prática comum na piscicultura, e é certamente um dos principais problemas que afetam a homeostase dos peixes e neste cenário o uso de aditivos naturais tem-se mostrado promissor para melhorar a resistência dos peixes frente a situações adversas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto do óleo essencial de Ocimum gratissimum L. (OEOG) na qualidade de água, perfil hematológico e níveis de resíduos no plasma, filé e fígado de juvenis de piraputanga (Brycon hilarii) durante um período de transporte de duas horas. Os peixes foram divididos em sacos plásticos (4 L) e expostos a três concentrações diferentes de OE OG (10, 20 e 30 mg L-1) enquanto um grupo não recebeu OEOG. Cada grupo com três repetições. Após o transporte de duas horas, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, bem como de filé e do fígado para a quantificação dos compostos do óleo essencial, que também foram mensurados no plasma. Os níveis de oxigênio permaneceram elevados durante todo o período do transporte, em todos os grupos, enquanto o pH diminuiu. A hemoglobina, CHCM e HCM aumentaram nos peixes dos grupos EOOG 20 e 30 mg L-1, em comparação ao grupo controle. No entanto, a contagem dos linfócitos e as concentrações decompostos no plasma, filé e fígado aumentaram com a concentração mais elevada de OEOG. O uso de 10 mg L-1 de OGEO na água de transporte de duas horas é promissor para garantir a sobrevivência e o bem-estar dos juvenis de Brycon hilarii (pesando 16 g), mostrando-se seguro e eficaz. A concentração residual de eugenol, composto majoritário do OGEO no filé, permanece abaixo do limite máximo da ingestão diária recomendada. piscicultura temse tem se adversas L OEOG (OEOG plasma 4 ( 10, (10 2 3 L1 1 repetições sangue diminuiu hemoglobina L1, 1, controle entanto L- bemestar estar pesando g, g , g) mostrandose mostrando eficaz eugenol recomendada (1

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin extract in simple and complex diets for weaned piglets on performance, faecal consistency and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Eighty-eight female and castrated male piglets were used, weaned at 28 ± 3 days old, with an initial body weight of 8.02 ± 1.21 kg, housed in same-sex pairs and distributed in four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design. The experimental treatments were simple diet (SD), simple diet + tannin (SD+T), complex diet (CD) and complex diet + tannin (CD+T). The simple diets contained lower concentrations of dairy ingredients, inclusion of barley and no addition of zinc oxide, palatant, acidifier and yeast. The diets with tannin were supplemented with 1,850 mg kg-1 of black wattle condensed tannin extract. The feed programme consisted of three diets: Pre-starter I (0-7 days), Pre-starter II (8-21 days) and Starter (22-28 days). Feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate the average daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The faecal consistency score was measured daily to calculate the diarrhoea occurrence percentage. Blood samples for serum haptoglobin concentration were collected at 7 and 14 days after weaning. The addition of condensed tannin had no effect (P > 0.05) on evaluated performance variables for weaned piglets. The diet type also did not affect the piglets’ performance (P > 0.05). The inclusion of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin does not affect piglet performance, reduces the incidence of diarrhoea in the first week after weaning and decreases the haptoglobin inflammatory response. ABSTRACT Acacia mearnsii Eightyeight Eighty eight used old 802 8 02 8.0 121 1 21 1.2 kg samesex same sex design SD, SD , (SD) SD+T, SDT SD+T T (SD+T) CD (CD CD+T. CDT CD+T . (CD+T) ingredients oxide palatant yeast 1850 850 1,85 kg1 kg- Prestarter Pre starter 07 0 (0- days, 821 (8-2 2228 22 (22-2 days. libitum ratio percentage P 0.05 005 05 0.05. response 80 8. 12 1. (SD (SD+T (CD+T 185 85 1,8 (0 82 (8- 222 (22- 0.0 00 18 1, ( (8 (22 0. (2

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de extrato de tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no desempenho, consistência fecal e concentração sérica de haptoglobina em leitões na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 88 leitões desmamados aos 28±3 dias, com peso vivo médio inicial 8,02 ± 1,21 kg, alojados em duplas de mesmo sexo, e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos em um delineamento de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: dieta simples (SD); dieta simples + tanino (SD+T); dieta complexa (CD) e dieta complexa + tanino (CD+T). As dietas simples foram formuladas com menores concentrações de derivados de leite, inclusão de cevada e sem adição de óxido de zinco, palatabilizante e levedura. As dietas com inclusão de tanino foram suplementadas com 1850 mg kg-1 de extrato concentrado de tanino de acácia negra. O programa alimentar foi constituído de três dietas: Pré-inicial I (0 a 7 dias), Pré-inicial II (8 a 21 dias) e Inicial (22 a 28 dias). Ração e água ficaram disponíveis ad libitum. O peso e o consumo de ração dos leitões foram mensurados semanalmente, para calcular a média diária de consumo, o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar. O índice de consistência fecal foi medido diariamente para calcular a porcentagem de ocorrência de diarreia. Amostras de sangue para concentração sérica de haptoglobina foram coletadas aos sete e 14 dias após o desmame. A adição de tanino condensado não teve efeito (P > 0,05) no desempenho de leitões desmamados. O tipo de dieta também não afetou o desempenho dos leitões (P > 0,05). A inclusão do tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) não afetou desempenho, reduziu a incidência de diarreia na primeira semana após o desmame, e diminuiu a resposta inflamatória da haptoglobina. RESUMO acácianegra negra Acacia mearnsii creche 8 283 3 28± 802 02 8,0 121 1 1,2 kg sexo acaso SD (SD) SD+T SDT T (SD+T) CD (CD CD+T. CDT CD+T . (CD+T) leite zinco levedura 185 kg1 kg- Préinicial Pré 0 ( , 22 (2 dias. libitum semanalmente desmame P 0,05 005 05 0,05. 80 8, 12 1, (SD (SD+T (CD+T 18 0,0 00 0,

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrient intake, milk production, and production costs of dairy goats fed diets containing the rations with cactus cladodes (Opuntia stricta or Nopalea cochenillifera) associated with silage (Sorghum bicolor) or Tifton hay (Cynodon spp). Twelve pluriparous Saanen and Anglo Nubiana goats (42.25 ± 5.48 kg) at eight weeks of lactation were used. Treatments lasted 60 days, consisting of four periods of 15 days, distributed in three Latin square (4×4) with four diets. The treatments represented by diets with different associated feed: SSOP (Sorghum Silage + Opuntia); THOP (Tifton hay + Opuntia); SSNO (Sorghum Silage + Nopalea); and THNO (Tifton hay + Nopalea), in addition to concentrate in all diets. There were differences (p < 0.05) for the intakes of DM, OM, with higher values observed for goats fed the diets THNO, THOP, and SSNO, and for CP, NDF and ADF were higher for THNO and SSNO diets. Similar behavior occurred for voluntary and total water intake. The milk production and feed efficiency did not differ (p > 0.05). Costs with food, milk revenue, and gross revenue were not influenced by diets (p > 0.05). The Opuntia or Nopalea cactus cladodes genotypes associated with sorghum silage or tifton hay can be used to feed dairy goats in the semiarid region. ABSTRACT intake cochenillifera Sorghum bicolor Cynodon spp. spp . spp) 42.25 4225 42 25 (42.2 548 5 48 5.4 kg 6 days 1 4×4 44 4 (4×4 Opuntia) Nopalea) Nopalea, , p 0.05 005 0 05 DM OM CP 0.05. food region 42.2 422 2 (42. 54 5. 4× (4× 0.0 00 42. (42 (4 0. (

ABSTRACTS This study was carried out to investigate the effects of adding artichoke vinegar to the drinking water of broilers on their fattening performance and carcass characteristics. In the experiment, 204-day old broiler chickens were used, and the study was continued for 42 days. In the study, 4 different groups were formed, one of which was the control group, and the other 3 were different doses of vinegar (0.5%, 1.0 and 1.5). The experiment was carried out in 3 replications and 17 birds were included in each replication. During the fattening period, the live weight, feed consumption, vinegar water consumption and slaughter weight of the chickens were measured. After slaughter, characteristics such as hot carcass weight, hot carcass yield, internal organ weights and abdominal fat weights were determined. According to the results obtained, in the 0-6 weeks period, the daily average live weight gain, daily average feed intake, total feed intake, feed conversion ratio, average daily water intake and total water intake of the broilers were significantly higher than the values obtained in the treatments with vinegar (P<0.05, P<0.01). It was determined that the groups showed significant differences in terms of traits such as abdominal fat weight and percentage, liver weight, heart weight and percentage, and kidney weight and percentage. As a result, it can be said that the artichoke vinegar added to the drinking water of broilers has significant effects on some performance characteristics and has the best effect when used at 1.5% level. 204day day 204 days formed group 0.5%, 05 0 5 (0.5% 10 1 1. 1.5. 15 1.5 . 1.5) replication period measured yield 06 6 0- gain ratio P<0.05, P005 P (P<0.05 P<0.01. P001 P<0.01 01 P<0.01) percentage result level 20 0.5% (0.5 P<0.05 P00 (P<0.0 P<0.0 2 0.5 (0. P0 (P<0. P<0. 0. (0 (P<0 P<0 ( (P< P< (P

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado para investigar os efeitos da adição de vinagre de alcachofra à água de bebida de frangos de corte no desempenho de engorda e nas características de carcaça. No experimento, foram utilizados frangos de corte com 204 dias de idade, e o estudo foi continuado por 42 dias. No estudo, foram formados quatro grupos diferentes, um dos quais era o grupo controle e os outros três eram diferentes doses de vinagre (0,5%, 1,0% e 1,5%). O experimento foi realizado em três repetições e 17 aves foram incluídas em cada repetição. Durante o período de engorda, foram medidos o peso vivo, o consumo de ração, o consumo de água com vinagre e o peso de abate dos frangos. Após o abate, foram determinadas características como peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça quente, peso de órgãos internos e peso de gordura abdominal. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, no período de 0-6 semanas, o ganho médio diário de peso vivo, o consumo médio diário de ração, o consumo total de ração, a conversão alimentar, o consumo médio diário de água e o consumo total de água dos frangos de corte foram significativamente maiores do que os valores observados nos tratamentos com a aplicação de vinagre (P<0,05, P<0,01). Foi determinado que os grupos apresentaram diferenças significativas em termos de características como peso e porcentagem de gordura abdominal, peso do fígado, peso e porcentagem do coração e peso e porcentagem dos rins. Como resultado, pode-se dizer que o vinagre de alcachofra adicionado à água de bebida dos frangos de corte tem efeitos significativos sobre algumas características de desempenho e apresenta melhor efeito quando utilizado no nível de 1,5%. 20 idade 4 0,5%, 05 0 5 (0,5% 10 1 1,0 15 1,5% . 1,5%) repetição vivo ração quente abdominal obtidos 06 6 0- semanas alimentar P<0,05, P005 P (P<0,05 P<0,01. P001 P<0,01 01 P<0,01) fígado rins resultado podese pode se 2 0,5% (0,5 1, 1,5 P<0,05 P00 (P<0,0 P<0,0 0,5 (0, P0 (P<0, P<0, 0, (0 (P<0 P<0 ( (P< P< (P

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the effect of increasing levels of babassu cake on the ingestive behaviour of dairy heifers in confinement. Twenty-four heifers with an average initial weight of 190.8 ± 40.8 kg were fed diets containing babassu cake (0, 100, 200, 300 mg kg-1 (dry matter basis) as a substitute for sugar cane, in a completely randomised design with four treatments and six replications. Observations were made every five minutes for 24 hours, assessing rumination, feeding, idle time, sleeping and other activities, in addition to the frequency with which the heifers searched for water, urinated and defecated. The time spent on feeding and rumination decreased by 0.1138% and 0.3106%, respectively, for every 10 g kg-1 substitute, while idle time increased by 0.3368% for every 10 g kg-1 substitute. The time spent sleeping and on other activities was not affected. Longer feeding times were seen whenever feed was offered, with more rumination activity at night. There was no effect on the specific activities (urination, defecation or drinking); however, urination and drinking were affected by the period, and was more frequent during the day. There was a linear increase in intake, and in feed and rumination efficiency for dry matter and neutral detergent fibre, with a reduction in total chewing time. Substituting babassu cake for sugar cane affects both the ingestive behaviour of dairy heifers and the rumination process as it does not stimulate chewing. confinement Twentyfour Twenty 1908 190 8 190. 408 40 40. 0, 0 (0 100 200 30 kg1 1 kg- basis replications 2 hours water defecated 01138 1138 0.1138 03106 3106 0.3106% respectively 03368 3368 0.3368 offered night urination, (urination drinking) however period day intake fibre 19 4 ( 20 3 0113 113 0.113 0310 310 0.3106 0336 336 0.336 011 11 0.11 031 31 0.310 033 33 0.33 01 0.1 03 0.31 0.3 0.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this research was to determine the ingestive behavior, volatile fatty acids, and blood biochemical and hormonal variables of goats consuming a diet with 15% glycerin. Feed efficiency (FE) and rumination (ER) of dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) of dairy goats supplemented with glycerin (0 and 15%) were not influenced by treatments (p > 0.05). The specific activities of defecation, urination and drinking had a significant effect (p < 0.05) in relation to the treatments with glycerin in the diet of dairy goats. The occasional activities (defecation, urinating and drinking water) decreased with the addition of 15% of glycerin in the goats’ diet. Lactic acid had a significant effect (p < 0.001) with the addition of 15% glycerin. Diets for dairy goats with 15% glycerin did not change the consumption of dry material, neutral detergent fiber, nor did they change the ingestive behavior of these animals. The levels of globulin, protein, albumin/globulin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, triglycerides, cortisol, and T4 variables were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the addition of glycerin in the diet. ABSTRACT acids 15 FE (FE ER (ER DMI (DMI NDFI (NDFI 0 ( p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 defecation (defecation water 0.001 0001 001 material animals globulin protein albuminglobulin albumin albumin/globulin glucose cholesterol urea triglycerides cortisol T 1 00 0.0 0.00 000 0.

ABSTRACT. Twenty-four lambs between four and five months of age were divided into sex classes: uncastrated males, castrated males and females, eight for each treatment, with an average body weight of 27.00 ± 3.13 kg. dry matter and water intakes were higher for uncastrated males (p < 0.001). final body weight, body weight at slaughter, average daily gain and cold carcass weight were greater for uncastrated, intermediate for castrated and lower for females (p < 0.05). hot and cold carcass yields were higher for castrated males and females, respectively. (p < 0.05). based on principal component analysis, twenty-five variables were selected out of thirty-two, in some of the seven principal components generated, summarizing 21.87% data dimension. Discriminant analysis identified greater discrimination power for body weight at slaughter, thorax width, thorax depth, fatness, dry matter intake and hot carcass weight. All lambs were classified into their respective sex classes. Therefore, uncastrated males have performed better than castrated ones and both showed higher performance than females. Females and castrated males showed higher carcass yield. Discriminant analysis indicated heterogeneity between sex classes. ABSTRACT Twentyfour Twenty classes treatment 2700 27 00 27.0 313 3 13 3.1 kg p 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 0.001) slaughter 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) respectively twentyfive twenty thirtytwo, thirtytwo thirty two, two thirty-two generated 2187 21 87 21.87 dimension width depth fatness Therefore yield 270 2 27. 31 1 3. 000 0.00 0.0 218 8 21.8 0. 21.

ABSTRACT. The aim was to evaluate the correlation and develop regression equations for the body composition of sheep of different sex classes, obtained by the comparative slaughter method, using the composition of the neck region and loin eye area (LEA). Forty-five sheep of three sex classes (15 intact males, 15 castrated males and 15 females) received three feeding levels (ad libitum or restrictions of 70 or 80% of ad libitum intake). Animals were distributed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, with 5 repetitions. The LEA showed: positive correlation with empty body weight, fasting body weight, meat, protein, ether extract and water (p < 0.01), for all sex classes; with bones for intact males and females (p < 0.01); with ash content for intact males and a moderate correlation for castrated males (p < 0.01). The neck was correlated with empty body weight, fasting body weight, meat, protein, ether extract, water and energy in all sex classes (p < 0.01); and moderate correlation with bone (r=0.58) and ash (r=0.67) for intact males. Intact males showed higher R² values in their prediction equations in relation to the other sex classes. ABSTRACT method LEA. . (LEA) Fortyfive Forty five (1 1 7 80 intake. intake intake) 33 3 3× arrangement repetitions weight meat protein p 0.01, 001 0.01 , 0 01 0.01) 0.01. r=0.58 r058 r 58 (r=0.58 r=0.67 r067 67 (r=0.67 R (LEA ( 8 00 0.0 r=0.5 r05 (r=0.5 r=0.6 r06 6 (r=0.6 0. r=0. r0 (r=0. r=0 (r=0 r= (r= (r

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets with two energy levels fed to Ile de France ewes during the last third of gestation on the performance, carcass, and meat traits of their offspring. Treatments were: D0: maternal diet meeting the requirements for the last third of gestation, and D20: maternal diet containing an additional 20% energy requirements. Twenty single-born male lambs, ten from each group of ewes, were weaned at 60 d (18.3 ± 1.4 kg initial BW) and fed a common finishing diet. Animals were slaughtered when they reached 32 kg BW. Dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion, and days on feed were unaffected by treatments (P≥0.09). No effects were observed on hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentage, chilling loss, commercial cuts yields, and loin-eye area (P≥0.17). Meat pH, thawing loss, cooking loss, shear force, and water holding capacity were also not affected by treatments (P≥0.09). Temperature and meat color, as well as centesimal composition were similar between treatments (P≥0.27). Adding 20% energy on top of the requirements of Ile de France ewes during the last third of gestation does not influence the performance, carcass traits, nor meat traits of their offspring. performance offspring D0 D D20 20 singleborn single born lambs 6 18.3 183 18 3 (18. 14 1 4 1. BW intake gain conversion P≥0.09. P009 P P≥0.09 . 0 09 (P≥0.09) weights percentage loss yields loineye loin eye P≥0.17. P017 P≥0.17 17 (P≥0.17) pH force color P≥0.27. P027 P≥0.27 27 (P≥0.27) D2 2 18. (18 P00 P≥0.0 (P≥0.09 P01 P≥0.1 (P≥0.17 P02 P≥0.2 (P≥0.27 (1 P0 P≥0. (P≥0.0 (P≥0.1 (P≥0.2 ( P≥0 (P≥0. P≥ (P≥0 (P≥ (P

ABSTRACT The bioaccumulation of cyanotoxins has been well documented in exposed organisms including fish, which represent a potential route to cyanotoxins transfer to humans by consumption of contaminated food. We determined the bioaccumulation of neurotoxic saxitoxins and hepatotoxic microcystins in muscle and liver/viscera of native (Goodea atripinnis), introduced (Poeciliopsis gracilis), and commercially important (Oreochromis niloticus) fish in Santa Catarina, an anthropized reservoir in Central Mexico. Additionally, we calculated the potential risk of human exposure due to the consumption of the studied species. The Santa Catarina Reservoir showed some physical and chemical water parameters generally associated with cyanobacterial blooms (e.g., high phycocyanin, chlorophyll-a, dissolved phosphorus concentrations, and alkaline pH) with presence of cyanotoxins produced by the cyanobacteria genera Microcystis, Dolichospermum, and Planktothrix, which were found in dissolved and particulate (sestonic) fractions of water. Moreover, we detected the presence of saxitoxins and microcystins in the tissues of all species studied. The risk of intoxication for humans was lower for the consumption of Nile tilapia muscle than for the other analyzed species, whose consumption should be avoided since it exceeds the recommended daily intake of microcystins for a short-term (i.e., two-week exposure time). These findings are remarkable because commercial fishing in reservoirs and the consumption of these fish could represent a route to human exposure to toxins, particularly microcystins. Our results highlight the need for the detection of cyanotoxins and the evaluation of their bioaccumulation by fish in unstudied eutrophic waterbodies, to reduce the potential health risk for humans and the environment.

RESUMEN La bioacumulación de cianotoxinas ha sido ampliamente documentada en organismos acuáticos, incluidos los peces, y representa una ruta potencial para la transferencia de cianotoxinas a los humanos mediante el consumo de alimentos contaminados. Determinamos la bioacumulación de saxitoxinas neurotóxicas y microcistinas hepatotóxicas en músculo e hígado/vísceras de peces nativos (Goodea atripinnis), introducidos (Poeciliopsis gracilis) y comercialmente importantes (mojarra, Oreochromis niloticus) en la presa Santa Catarina, Querétaro, México. Adicionalmente, calculamos el riesgo potencial de exposición humana por consumo de las especies estudiadas. El agua de la presa Santa Catarina mostró algunos parámetros físicos y químicos generalmente asociados con floraciones de cianobacterias, así como la presencia de ambas cianotoxinas (producidas por los géneros Microcystis, Dolichospermum y Planktothrix), que se encontraron disueltas (solo saxitoxinas) y en el seston (ambas cianotoxinas). Además, detectamos la presencia de saxitoxinas y microcistinas en los tejidos de todas las especies de peces estudiadas. El riesgo de intoxicación para humanos fue menor para el consumo de músculo de mojarra que para las otras especies, cuyo consumo debe evitarse ya que excede la ingesta recomendada de microcistinas para una exposición corta (es decir, dos semanas). Estos hallazgos son notables, ya que la pesca comercial en la presa y el consumo de estos peces podrían representar una vía de transferencia (particularmente de microcistinas) a las personas. Nuestros resultados destacan la necesidad de detectar las cianotoxinas y evaluar su bioacumulación en peces en otros cuerpos de agua eutróficos no estudiados, con el fin de reducir el riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente.

ABSTRACT: Local adverse reactions following vaccination, often tied to the adjuvant type, can lead to pain, fever, reduced intake, and weight loss. Infrared thermography (IRT), a non-invasive human and veterinary medicine technique, can assess local inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate such reactions induced by reproductive vaccines with different adjuvants, using IRT alongside cardinal signs, rectal temperature, and haptoglobin concentration. Thirty-five Holstein heifers were grouped by vaccine type: Ah (aluminum hydroxide), Ow (oil-in-water), QAD (amphigen and quil A cholesterol and dimethyl-dioctadecyl ammonium bromide adjuvant), and a Control (saline solution). Assessments were made at 0, 6, 24-, 48-, 72-, and 168 hours post-vaccination for both doses, with an interval of 21 days. The local reactions were evaluated using the inflammatory cardinal signs and surface temperature measurement using IRT. The systemic reactions were identified by rectal temperature and the concentration of haptoglobin. A larger proportion of animals exhibiting local reactions based on scores assigned to the cardinal signs was found in the Vaccine QAD group, as well as the rectal temperature and the frequency of heifers with inflammation (Hp ≥2mg/dL). Nevertheless, Vaccine Ow demonstrated higher temperature at the site after the first vaccination dose for the IRT. Therefore, this approach is a valuable tool in classifying responses and local inflammation following vaccination in heifers with reproductive vaccines. Concurrently evaluating systemic manifestations, facilitates the surveillance of adverse reactions, thereby improving the discernment of the extent of systemic and local effects. ABSTRACT type pain fever intake loss IRT, , (IRT) noninvasive non invasive technique adjuvants Thirtyfive Thirty five aluminum hydroxide, hydroxide hydroxide) oilinwater, oilinwater oil water (oil-in-water) amphigen dimethyldioctadecyl dimethyl dioctadecyl adjuvant, adjuvant) saline solution. solution . solution) 0 6 24, 24 24- 48, 48 48- 72, 72 72- 16 postvaccination post doses 2 days group Hp ≥2mg/dL. 2mgdL mgdL ≥2mg/dL 2mg dL mg ≥2mg/dL) Nevertheless Therefore manifestations effects (IRT (oil-in-water 4 7 1

RESUMO: Reações adversas locais após a vacinação, frequentemente associadas ao tipo de adjuvante, podem levar a dor, febre, redução na ingestão e perda de peso. A termografia infravermelha (IRT), uma técnica não invasiva utilizada na medicina humana e veterinária, oferece um meio de avaliar a inflamação local. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar tais reações induzidas por vacinas reprodutivas com diferentes adjuvantes, utilizando IRT junto com sinais cardinais, temperatura retal e concentração de haptoglobina. Trinta e cinco novilhas Holandesas foram agrupadas por tipo de vacina: Ah (hidróxido de alumínio), Ow (óleo em água), QAD (anfígeno e adjuvante de quil A colesterol e brometo de amônio dimetil-dioctadecil) e Controle (solução salina). As avaliações foram realizadas às 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 e 168 horas pós-vacinação para ambas as doses, com um intervalo de 21 dias. As reações locais foram avaliadas pelos sinais cardinais inflamatórios e pela aferição da temperatura superficial usando IRT. As reações sistêmicas foram identificadas pela temperatura retal e pela concentração de haptoglobina (Hp). Uma proporção maior de animais exibindo reações locais com base nos escores atribuídos aos sinais cardinais foi encontrada no grupo Vacina QAD, assim como na temperatura retal e na frequência de novilhas com inflamação (Hp ≥2mg/dL). No entanto, para a IRT, a Vacina Ow demonstrou temperatura mais elevada no local após a primeira dose de vacinação. Portanto, essa abordagem é uma ferramenta valiosa para classificar as respostas e a inflamação local após a vacinação em novilhas com vacinas reprodutivas. Avaliar simultaneamente as manifestações sistêmicas facilita a vigilância das reações adversas, melhorando assim o discernimento da extensão dos efeitos tanto sistêmicos quanto locais. RESUMO dor febre peso , (IRT) veterinária adjuvantes vacina hidróxido alumínio, alumínio alumínio) óleo água, água água) anfígeno dimetildioctadecil dimetil dioctadecil dimetil-dioctadecil solução salina. salina . salina) 0 6 24 48 7 16 pósvacinação pós doses 2 dias Hp. Hp (Hp) ≥2mg/dL. 2mgdL mgdL ≥2mg/dL 2mg dL mg ≥2mg/dL) entanto Portanto (IRT 4 1