ABSTRACT This study investigates the use of waste plastic (polyethylene and polypropylene) and foundry sand to manufacture eco-friendly paver blocks, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional materials. The project aims to address the challenges of plastic waste disposal and environmental damage caused by sand mining. Twelve paver block samples were prepared with varying proportions of plastic (30%–60%) and foundry sand, with or without coarse aggregate. The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and fire resistance, were tested following ASTM standards. The optimal mix, FPA-2 (40% plastic, 40% foundry sand, 20% coarse aggregate), exhibited a compressive strength of 27 N/mm2 and a flexural strength of 6.7 N/mm2, comparable to traditional paver blocks. Water absorption rates were below 7%, and the blocks met fire resistance criteria. Cost analysis revealed that plastic-based paver blocks are up to 25% cheaper than conventional ones, enhancing their economic feasibility. By repurposing waste materials, this study offers a sustainable solution for reducing natural resource dependency and mitigating environmental harm. The findings highlight the potential for plastic-based paver blocks to promote circular economy practices, maintain performance standards, and provide cost-effective alternatives for the construction industry.

Abstract In this work, a methodology was developed to obtain dietary fiber from agro-industrial fruit and vegetable waste. The resulting raw material was named DF. The physicochemical analysis revealed a high total dietary fiber content, along with an appropriate soluble to insoluble fiber ratio and excellent water and fat retention capacity. Subsequently, its potential protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by valproic acid (VPA) was investigated in Wistar rats, both as preventive and curative treatments. For this purpose, two different trials were conducted. In the preventive trial, VPA (250 mg/kg/day; oral) was administered concomitantly with DF (0.3 and 0.15 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. In the curative trial, VPA was administered for 14 days, followed by DF for an additional 14 days. The results demonstrated that DF supplementation normalized body weight, liver biomarkers and attenuated VPA-induced tissue damage, while normal liver architecture was preserved. These findings suggest that DF obtained from agro-industrial fruit and vegetable waste materials may serve as a functional feedstock to counteract the harmful effects associated with prolonged VPA treatment.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Bovine cattle raising is the most important line of the economy of Caquetá department and El Doncello municipality, according to the figures given by the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen there is a herd of2,175,065 cattle heads in the region, many of the rural families depend on said economic activity to generate their income; To do this, the life analysis methodology examines the assets that communities have which are called community capital, and the approach they use to meet their fundamental human needs. Objective: To assess sustainable means and the application of community capital in cattle rancher families in the municipality of El Doncello, Caquetá (Colombia). Materials and methods: For the collection of information the producer families of the municipality of El Doncello were assessed; based on the sources of the Departmental Committee of Cattlemen, for this purposefamilies were surveyed and participatory workshops were carried out using the livelihood methodology framing the community capitals (human, natural, financial, physical and social) using 36 variables for the assessment of them, and the fundamental human needs (basic of the person, the environment and of action) that grouped 15 analysis variables; Subsequently, the interpretation and analysis of the data was made through aprincipal component analysis-PCA relating the typologies and each of the variables assessed in this study; all the data were run in the InfoStat Program. Results: It was found that 939 families base their economy on livestock production in the municipality of El Doncello, the human capital of these families was distributed in 72 men representing 15.55 %, 81 women (17.49 %), 143 boys (30.89 %)and 167 girls (36.07%), finding three types of families: Typology 1: families with <50 bovines on theirfarms; Typology 2: between 51 and 100 bovines, and Typology 3: >101 bovines, where financial capital is the one that represents the greatest contribution given its characteristics of income generation and well-beingfor families. The principal component analysis-ACP carried out for social capital divided according to the first principal component-PC1 with a contribution of 62.3 % to Family Typology 1 (families with <50 head of cattle) to the positive end of said component strongly associated with the variables greater participation in projects and organizations to which they belong, with the particularity of having a greater number of members at home; from Typology 3 to the negative end of said component associated with the variables greater number of shared spaces in which they participate and greater level of family participation. In the same way, for natural capital, a separation was observed between Family Typology 1, associated with the variables greater number of water sources, mainly due to the fact that a large part of these producers were in the mountain range zone, greater area in stubble, greater number of spaces used and more activities for consumption, such as plantations of plantain, cocoa, cassava and other subsistence crops and Family Typology 2 strongly associated with the variables greater number of trees in pastures and greater percentage of natural products. One of the most important capitals within the producers is the financial one, for which the following was observed: the first principal component-PC1, with a contribution of 43.7%, separates Typology 1 from the positive end of said component associated with the variable income from daily wages and income from subsidies, these families are the ones that generate the least amount of assets and through which they diversify their income that are not only dependent on livestockproduction as such, but also on other types of economic activities, of the Typology 2 to the negative extreme associated with the variables income from transfers, credits, income from formal employment and income from the sale ofprocessed products, such as cheese. The second main component-PC2, with a contribution of 24.4 %, groups Family Typology 3 strongly associated with the highest income from the sale of space-use products, These families, by owning a greater number of cattle heads, base a large part of their economy in said activity, but they diversify it with other types of income such as rubber crops, cocoa, pineapple, plantain, cassava, among others. Finally, the fundamental human needs-FHN can be defined as very similar for the three types of families studied, with slight adjustments in the basic needs for Typology 1, where food, health, shelter and security are classified as bad and regular. Although the situation does not vary much for Typology 2, but it does look better for Typology 3 in which satisfaction is good, except for security, everyone has the same perception, this is mainly due to the presence of certain illegal armed groups in the region. Regarding the needs of the person, the environment and action, there are no variations between the different types. Conclusions: Finally, it was possible to observe a high cultural tie that cattle ranchers have for this economic activity that is evidenced in human capital, where we see the number of people who directly depend on livestock and its derivatives. Also, in terms of financial capital, it can be observed that there is a great diversification of the income of families that not only depend on livestock, but also on income from formal employment, daily wages, loans and sales of other crops such as plantain, cassava, rubber and cocoa; In terms of social and natural capital, a good sustainable appropriation of environmental care and the participation of rural communities are observed. Finally, a low contribution to the fundamental human needs of the producing communities is denoted, this mainly due to the social and economic conditions of the region; In this sense, this study has repercussions as a first diagnosis in the management of the livelihoods of rural cattle-raising communities in the department of Caquetá.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é explorar abordagens mais sustentáveis, substituindo o cimento Portland (OPC) por pó reciclado misto (RMP) derivado de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD), focado na redução das emissões de carbono. O RCD foi submetido à moagem e peneiramento até a obtenção de uma fração < 0,15 mm. Em seguida, as partículas foram termicamente ativadas a 800°C em mufla por 0,5, 1, 2 e 3 horas. Os níveis de substituição de OPC por RMP foram definidos a partir do método de empacotamento de partículas, variando entre 0 e 65%. O estudo foi realizado em pastas com relação água/finos entre 0,07 e 0,14 e aditivo superplastificante (SP), com avaliação da resistência à compressão aos 28, 63 e 91 dias. Quanto ao desempenho mecânico e ambiental das pastas de cimento Portland compostas com RMP a resistência à compressão foi superior à referência, chegando a 37 MPa para um teor de substituição de 45% aos 28 dias, promovendo uma redução de 53% na emissão de CO 2 por m³ de pasta. O estudo indicou que tratar e empacotar as partículas de RMP aumenta o desempenho mecânico e ambiental, tornando-se alternativa para promover a economia circular e reduzir as emissões do cimento. sustentáveis (OPC (RMP RCD, , (RCD) carbono 015 15 0,1 mm seguida 800C C 800 05 5 0,5 1 horas 65 65% águafinos água finos 007 07 0,0 014 14 SP, SP (SP) 6 9 dias referência 45 53 m pasta tornandose tornando se (RCD 01 0, 80 00 (SP 4 8

Abstract The aim of this study is to explore more sustainable approaches by replacing Portland cement (OPC) with recycled mixed powder (RMP) derived from construction and demolition waste (CDW), with a focus on reducing carbon emissions. The CDW was subjected to grinding and sieving until a fraction <0.15 mm was obtained. The particles were then thermally activated at 800°C in a muffle for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours. The OPC replacement levels by RMP were defined based on the particle packing method, ranging from 0 to 65%. The study was carried out on pastes with a water/fines ratio ranging from 0.07 to 0.14 and superplasticizer admixture (SP), evaluating the compressive strength at 28, 63, and 91 days. The mechanical and environmental performance of Portland cement pastes composed with RMP showed compressive strength higher than the reference, reaching 37 MPa for a 45% replacement content at 28 days, reducing the CO2 emissions per m³ of paste by up to 53%. This study suggested that the treatment and packaging RMP particles may potentially increase the mechanical and environmental performance, making it an alternative to promote the circular economy and low-carbon cement. (OPC (RMP CDW, , (CDW) 015 15 <0.1 obtained 800C C 800 05 5 0.5 1 2 hours method 65 65% waterfines water fines 007 07 0.0 014 14 0.1 SP, SP (SP) 63 9 days reference 45 CO m 53 53% lowcarbon low (CDW 01 <0. 80 0. 6 00 (SP 4 <0 8 <

Resumen Las biorrefinerías son actores estratégicos en aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales, que deben considerar las políticas de transición energética y los objetivos de una economía circular y sostenible. A pesar de su potencial para reducir gases de efecto invernadero, el impacto de la tecnología bioenergética en biorrefinerías vinculadas a la caña de azúcar debe evaluarse y abordarse para asegurar su crecimiento sostenible en el medio ambiente, la biodiversidad, los recursos hídricos y el uso de la tierra. Desde el punto de vista de captura de CO2, Colombia ha venido avanzando en las políticas para la implementación de la tecnología de captura, uso, y almacenamiento de carbono. El aprovechamiento de biogás a partir de la biomasa residual abre un abanico de oportunidades y desafíos para el país. Esta revisión contribuye a la implementación de tecnologías de bioenergía con captura de CO2 en biorrefinerías asociadas a la caña de azúcar y que podría ser útil para guiar a los profesionales en la toma de decisiones y las investigaciones futuras sobre biorrefinerías sostenibles.

Abstract Biorefineries are strategic actors in economic, social, and environmental aspects, which must consider energy transition policies and the objectives of a circular and sustainable economy. Despite its potential to reduce greenhouse gases, the impact of bioenergy technology in biorefineries linked to sugarcane must be evaluated and addressed to ensure its sustainable growth on the environment, biodiversity, water resources, and use from the earth. From the point of view of CO2 capture, Colombia has been advancing in policies for the implementation of carbon capture, use, and storage technology. The use of biogas from residual biomass opens a range of opportunities and challenges for the country. This review contributes to the implementation of bioenergy technologies with CO2 capture in biorefineries associated with sugarcane and could be useful to guide professionals in decision-making and future research on sustainable biorefineries.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

SUMMARY: As the economy develops and living standards improve, overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent. Currently, weight-loss medications are primarily administered orally or intravenously, which can result in poor targeting, low bioavailability, frequent administration, and high toxicity and side effects. The study aimed to address these challenges by preparing polylactic acid- polyethylene glycol staple fibers that carry the browning drug pioglitazone hydrochloride using electrostatic spinning and freeze-cutting techniques. Animal experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of these fibers. Additionally, the study investigated the expression of uncoupling protein genes in rats exposed to different water temperatures by measuring changes in serum urea nitrogen and mRNA expression levels of skeletal muscle uncoupling protein genes. The physiological and genetic effects of low-temperature swimming exercise on changes in energy metabolism in rats were also analyzed at both the individual and molecular levels. The results revealed that serum urea nitrogen remained more stable in hypothermic swimming rats compared to rats in the swimming group. Furthermore, the study observed an induced up-regulation of uncoupling proteins in the skeletal muscle of Wistar rats in response to external temperature stimulation, and the expression of mRNA for skeletal muscle uncoupling proteins significantly increased as the temperature decreased. And the prepared short nanofibers also had a significant promotive effect on uncoupling protein gene, COX7A1, while suppressing the expression of lipogenic gene.

RESUMEN: A medida que la economía se desarrolla y los niveles de vida mejoran, el sobrepeso y la obesidad son cada vez más frecuentes. Actualmente, los medicamentos para bajar de peso se administran principalmente por vía oral o intravenosa, lo que puede resultar en una mala focalización, baja biodisponibilidad, administración frecuente y alta toxicidad y efectos secundarios. El estudio tuvo como objetivo abordar estos desafíos mediante la preparación de fibras cortadas de ácido poliláctico y polietilenglicol que transportan el fármaco pardo clorhidrato de pioglitazona mediante técnicas de hilado electrostático y liofilización. Se realizaron experimentos con animales para probar la eficacia de estas fibras. Además, el estudio investigó la expresión de genes de proteínas desacopladoras en ratas expuestas a diferentes temperaturas del agua midiendo los cambios en el nitrógeno ureico sérico y los niveles de expresión de ARNm de genes de proteínas desacopladoras del músculo esquelético. También se analizaron los efectos fisiológicos y genéticos del ejercicio de natación a baja temperatura sobre los cambios en el metabolismo energético en ratas, tanto a nivel individual como molecular. Los resultados revelaron que el nitrógeno ureico sérico permaneció más estable en ratas nadadoras hipotérmicas en comparación con las ratas del grupo de natación. Además, el estudio observó una regulación positiva inducida de las proteínas desacopladoras en el músculo esquelético de ratas Wistar en respuesta a la estimulación de la temperatura externa, y la expresión de ARNm para las proteínas desacopladoras del músculo esquelético aumentó significativamente a medida que disminuía la temperatura. Además, las nanofibras cortas preparadas también tuvieron un efecto promotor significativo sobre el gen de la proteína de desacoplamiento, COX7A1, al tiempo que suprimieron la expresión del gen lipogénico.

RESUMEN: Los envases biodegradables son una alternativa sostenible a los envases convencionales de plástico, pero aún presentan desventajas insalvables. Se evaluó el efecto de la incorporación de hidroxiapatita (HAp) en las propiedades físicas, mecánicas, térmicas e ignífugas de los envases biodegradables a base de cáscara de arroz. La HAp se obtuvo a partir de residuos de la industria avícola. Los envases se obtuvieron por termo-prensado utilizando 10%, 15% y 20% de fibra de cascarilla de arroz (FCA) e incorporando 0%, 1%, 3% y 5% de HAp. Se observó una reducción del 118,84% en la absorción de agua en las bandejas con un 5% de HAp en comparación con el control. Las propiedades mecánicas mejoraron en las bandejas con 1% y 5% de HAp (6,05 y 8,85 kg-f de dureza y resistencia máxima a la tracción, respectivamente). El tiempo de incineración fue de 53,27 s en bandejas con 5% de HAp; mientras que, en las bandejas de control, el tiempo medio fue de 35,16 s, además presentaron mayor estabilidad térmica. Se demostró que la incorporación de HAp en la formulación de bandejas biodegradables reduce su capacidad de absorción de agua y mejora sus propiedades térmicas e ignífugas.

ABSTRACT: Biodegradable packaging is a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging but still has insurmountable disadvantages. The effect of hydroxyapatite (HAp) incorporation on the physical, mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties of rice husk-based biodegradable packaging was evaluated. HAp was obtained from poultry industry waste. The containers were obtained by thermo-pressing using 10%, 15% and 20% rice husk fibre (RHP) and incorporating 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% HAp. A 118.84% reduction in water absorption was observed in the trays with 5% HAp compared to the control. Mechanical properties were improved in the trays with 1% and 5% HAp (6.05 and 8.85 kg-f hardness and maximum tensile strength, respectively). The incineration time was 53.27 s in trays with 5% HAp; whereas, in the control trays, the average time was 35.16 s, and they also presented greater thermal stability. It was demonstrated that the incorporation of HAp in the formulation of biodegradable trays reduces their water absorption capacity and improves their thermal and flame-retardant properties.

Resumen Para abordar de manera efectiva los grandes desafíos de nuestro tiempo, no podemos simplemente hacer pequeños ajustes y arreglar las fallas del mercado. Tenemos que formar activamente los mercados para cumplir el objetivo de generar un crecimiento más sostenible e inclusivo. Este artículo sostiene que una economía orientada a objetivos requiere un enfoque de configuración del mercado; uno que acompañe el concepto de bien público con el enfoque de bien común necesario para diseñar la interfaz para esta colaboración. Se trata de estructurar las condiciones y los mecanismos de gobernanza que den forma a las capacidades, herramientas, instituciones y asociaciones necesarias para tomar medidas concretas. Desarrollar inteligencia colectiva en estas dimensiones ex ante es esencial para maximizar el valor público para todos los actores involucrados. Este artículo expone cómo se puede conceptualizar y combinar un marco de configuración de mercado y de bien común. Es importante destacar que las misiones pueden utilizarse para orientar y coordinar políticas, instituciones, innovación e inversiones en torno a objetivos claros, ambiciosos y mensurables. Además, este documento aborda las implicaciones para los desafíos globales clave, desde el cambio climático hasta las pandemias.

Abstract To effectively address the grand challenges of our time, we cannot simply tinker around the edges by fixing market failures. We must actively shape markets to deliver on the objective of generating more sustainable and inclusive growth. This paper argues that an objective-oriented economy requires a market-shaping approach; one that accompanies the concept of the public good with the common good framing that is needed to design the interface for this collaboration. This is about structuring the conditions and governance mechanisms that shape the capabilities, tools, institutions, and partnerships needed to take concrete action. Building collective intelligence into these dimensions ex-ante is essential for maximising public value for all actors involved. This paper sets out how a market-shaping and common good framing can be conceptualised and brought together. Importantly, missions can be used to orient and coordinate policies, institutions, innovation, and investments around clear, ambitious, and measurable goals. Further, this paper addresses the implications for key global challenges, from climate change to pandemics.

Abstract Introduction: This article presents concerns about the current characteristics of rural territories, the transformations caused by agroextractivist and developmentalist policies in the Aconcagua Valley. Objective: The objective of the research is to make visible the impact on the environment, incorporating public policies and national programs that place women as recipients of strategies to face transformations in rurality, which evidences conflicts linked to the sustainability of life. Methodology: The methodology is an embodied and collaborative ethnography, carried out with women's groups in Pullalli and Olmué, with whom workshop sessions were held using body mapping, body-earth and life history techniques. Open interviews were also conducted with key actors in the Aconcagua Valley. Conclusions: The findings discuss the dispossession of water and the economic tensions on women's bodies and territory based on the neoliberal economic model, intersecting patriarchal and colonial elements in rurality. This threatens human and non-human life from a collective interdependence approached. It concludes that rural transformations are entrenched, which has changed the way in which women collectively deploy strategies for the reproduction of life.

Resumen Introducción : este artículo presenta inquietudes en torno a las características actuales de los territorios rurales, las transformaciones que ha ocasionado la política agroextractivista y desarrollista en el Valle del Aconcagua. Objetivo: el objetivo de la investigación visibiliza el impacto en el medio ambiente, incorporando las políticas públicas y programas nacionales que sitúan a la mujer como receptoras de estrategias para enfrentar las transformaciones en la ruralidad, lo que evidencia conflictos vinculados a la sostenibilidad de la vida. Metodología: la metodología corresponde a una etnografía encarnada y colaborativa, realizada con agrupaciones de mujeres en Pullalli y Olmué, con quienes se realizaron sesiones de talleres utilizando técnicas de cartografías corporales, cuerpo-tierra e historias de vida. También se realizaron entrevistas abiertas a agentes claves del Valle del Aconcagua. Conclusiones: los hallazgos discuten el despojo del agua y las tensiones económicas sobre el cuerpo de las mujeres y el territorio a partir del modelo económico neoliberal, intersectando elementos patriarcales y coloniales en la ruralidad. Ello amenaza la vida humana y no humana desde la interdependencia colectiva. Se concluye que las transformaciones rurales están arraigadas, lo cual ha cambiado la forma en que las mujeres despliegan estrategias colectivamente para la reproducción de la vida.

RESUMEN: En la última década, la subcuenca del río Vilcanota (Cusco, Perú) ha mostrado una alta vulnerabilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático y a las presiones antrópicas propias del modelo económico. En un contexto de crisis pandémica y ecológica, abordar la complejidad del valor del agua se hace pertinente a fin de superar el uso exclusivo de mecanismos para calcular el valor monetario o sostener una gobernanza ambiental basada en el análisis costo-beneficio. El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar las tasas de consumo de agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota para integrar la gestión con una visión desde la economía ecológica. Para ello se analizaron los factores dinámicos, impactos y respuestas de la gobernanza hídrica, y se abordó el problema del valor mediante el análisis de los flujos hidrológicos con el enfoque de la economía ecológica. Se encontró un alto consumo del sector hogares (urbano: 265151,71 m3/h, rural: 163087,50 m3/h), principalmente debido a la expansión urbana, cambio de uso de suelo y otras problemáticas locales sobre una zona principalmente agrícola, donde se hace necesario un análisis del metabolismo social en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota y la inclusión de la gestión de la complejidad en la política pública ambiental.

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, the Vilcanota River sub-basin (Cusco, Peru) has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures typical of the economic model. In a context of pandemic and ecological crisis, addressing the complexity of the value of water becomes pertinent in order to overcome the exclusive use of mechanisms to calculate monetary value or sustain environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of the study was to analyze water consumption rates in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate management with a vision from ecological economics. To do this, the dynamic factors, impacts and responses of water governance were analyzed, and the problem of value was addressed through the analysis of hydrological flows with the ecological economy approach. A high consumption of the household sector was found (urban: 265151.71 m3/h, rural: 163087.50 m3/h), mainly due to urban expansion, change in land use and other local problems in a mainly agricultural area. where an analysis of the social metabolism in the Vilcanota River sub-basin and the inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy is necessary.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a governança da água no Uruguai à luz da sua pior crise hídrica, registrada em 2023, e a partir de uma abordagem de economia política. Para o efeito, reúne dados primários, analisa a regulamentação ambiental e sistematiza os conflitos socioambientais associados aos recursos hídricos. O artigo argumenta que, apesar de a Constituição e a lei consagrarem o direito à água potável e institucionalizarem a participação dos cidadãos na sua gestão, a política hídrica não foi priorizada durante os sucessivos governos. Também argumenta que o fraco funcionamento dos espaços formais de governançã, as dificuldades de ação coletiva dos atores sociais dentro deles e os fracos vínculos entre eles e os partidos políticos, resultam no peso da participação não institucionalizada sobre a participação institucionalizada na canalização dos conflitos socioambientais.

Abstract: This paper analyzes water governance in Uruguay in light of the country’s worst water crisis, registered in 2023, and from a political economy approach. To this end, it gathers primary data, reviews environmental regulations and systematizes socio-environmental conflicts associated with water resources. The paper argues that, although the Constitution and the law enshrine the right to drinking water and institutionalize citizen participation in its management, water policy has not been prioritized during successive governments. It also argues that the weak performance of formal governance bodies, the collective action problems of social stakeholders, and the weak links between them and political parties result in the weighting of non-institutionalized participation over institutionalized participation to channel socio-environmental conflicts.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la gobernanza del agua en Uruguay a la luz de la peor crisis hídrica registrada en el país, en 2023, y desde un abordaje de economía política. Para ello, recoge información primaria, revisa la normativa ambiental y sistematiza los conflictos socioambientales asociados con los recursos hídricos. El trabajo plantea que, aunque la Constitución y la ley consagran el derecho al agua potable e institucionalizan la participación ciudadana en su gestión, la política hídrica no ha sido priorizada durante sucesivos gobiernos. Asimismo, discute que el débil funcionamiento de los espacios formales de gobernanza, las dificultades de acción colectiva de los actores sociales allí insertos y los endebles vínculos entre estos y los partidos políticos derivan en la ponderación de la participación no institucionalizada sobre la institucionalizada para canalizar conflictos socioambientales.

Metals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and dyes constitute contaminants widely detected in aquatic ecosystems. Adsorption is an important technology for addressing these noxious contaminants in water systems. Its widespread employment stems from its uncomplicated design, environmentally benign nature, heightened sensitivity to contaminants, and mechanical robustness. These inherent advantages render it a highly promising solution for such challenges. Within this framework, biochar embodies key physicochemical properties akin to activated carbon, the foremost adsorbent globally recognized for its efficacy in water contaminant removal. Moreover, biochar derives from the repurposing of biomass waste, thereby presenting an opportunity to enhance the value chain of numerous agricultural byproducts across Brazil. Therefore, this review article aims to present the most commonly studied lignocellulosic residues from Brazil as adsorbents, the methods used to convert them into biochar, the factors influencing the adsorption of contaminants on biochar, and their environmental applications. The main results related to lignocellulosic biomass were presented, including sugarcane, soybean, corn, rice, cotton, coffee, açaí, tucumã, coconut, Brazil nut, cupuaçu, nuts, murumuru, orange, cassava, banana, malt, macaúba, and guava. It was concluded that chemical activation is more common than physical activation, especially using ZnCl2. Finally, the materials have been employed for the removal of metals and a few organic contaminants, mainly dyes, from synthetic solutions. Metals pharmaceuticals products pesticides ecosystems systems design nature robustness challenges framework carbon Moreover waste Therefore adsorbents applications presented sugarcane soybean corn rice cotton coffee açaí tucumã coconut nut cupuaçu nuts murumuru orange cassava banana malt macaúba guava ZnCl2 ZnCl Finally solutions

ABSTRACT The sugarcane production is vital for the economy of the Triângulo Mineiro region, in Brazil. However, its is likely to be affected by climate change, due to the increase of gases in the atmosphere. This study aimed to classify the climate suitability of sugarcane for the region, considering the current and future climate change scenarios. Historical series of rainfall and air temperature from 1981 to 2021 were employed, and each location was classified as suitable, restricted or unsuitable, according to the average temperature and annual water deficit. The RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 scenarios were considered to analyze the projections for the end of the 21st century (2081-2100). The region presents an average temperature of 23.2 °C (±1.36 °C) and annual water deficit of 189 mm (±77.54 mm). Currently, 85 % of the area is considered as suitable. The Ituiutaba microregion, located in the west, shows a pronounced water deficit, which restricts the sugarcane cultivation. The results from the projections indicate a reduction in the suitability for sugarcane production in the tested scenarios, with the effects on the water regime being more pronounced than those on temperature. For example, the area classified as suitable would decrease to 44.35 and 9.87 %, respectively, in the RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Brazil However atmosphere 198 202 employed unsuitable 26 2 6 2.6 45 4 5 4.5 60 0 6. 8 8. st 20812100. 20812100 2081 2100 . (2081-2100) 232 23 23. C ±1.36 136 1 36 (±1.3 18 ±77.54 7754 77 54 (±77.5 mm. mm) Currently microregion west cultivation example 4435 44 35 44.3 987 9 87 9.8 respectively 19 20 2. 4. 2081210 208 210 (2081-2100 ±1.3 13 3 (±1. ±77.5 775 7 (±77. 443 44. 98 9. 208121 21 (2081-210 ±1. (±1 ±77. (±77 20812 (2081-21 ±1 (± ±77 (±7 (2081-2 ± ( ±7 (2081- (2081 (208 (20 (2

RESUMO A produção de cana-de-açúcar é importante para a economia do Triângulo Mineiro. No entanto, é provável que seja afetada por mudanças climáticas, devido ao aumento de gases na atmosfera. Objetivou-se classificar a aptidão climática da cana-de-açúcar para a região, considerando-se os cenários de mudanças climáticas atual e futuros. Foram utilizadas séries históricas de precipitação e temperatura do ar entre 1981 e 2021, e cada localidade foi classificada como apta, restrita ou inapta, de acordo com a temperatura média e o déficit hídrico anual. Foram utilizados os cenários RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 e RCP 8.5 para analisar as projeções do final do século XXI (2081-2100). A região apresenta temperatura média de 23,2 °C (±1,36 °C) e 189 mm (±77,54 mm) de déficit hídrico. Atualmente, 85 % da área é considerada apta. A microrregião de Ituiutaba, localizada a oeste, possui déficit hídrico acentuado, apresentando restrição ao cultivo da cultura. Os resultados derivados das projeções indicam redução na aptidão do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar nos cenários testados, sendo os efeitos no regime hídrico mais pronunciados do que na temperatura. A área ocupada pela classe apta, por exemplo, decresceria para 44,35 e 9,87 %, respectivamente, nos cenários RCP 6.0 e RCP 8.5. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar Mineiro entanto atmosfera Objetivouse Objetivou se considerandose considerando futuros 198 2021 apta inapta anual 26 2 6 2.6 45 4 5 4.5 60 0 6. 8 8. 20812100. 20812100 2081 2100 . (2081-2100) 232 23 23, C ±1,36 136 1 36 (±1,3 18 ±77,54 7754 77 54 (±77,5 Atualmente Ituiutaba oeste acentuado cultura testados exemplo 4435 44 35 44,3 987 9 87 9,8 respectivamente 19 202 2. 4. 2081210 208 210 (2081-2100 ±1,3 13 3 (±1, ±77,5 775 7 (±77, 443 44, 98 9, 20 208121 21 (2081-210 ±1, (±1 ±77, (±77 20812 (2081-21 ±1 (± ±77 (±7 (2081-2 ± ( ±7 (2081- (2081 (208 (20 (2