Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

RESUMO Compostos derivados de petróleo presentes no solo podem comprometer o crescimento das plantas e inibir o desenvolvimento da população microbiana. Esses contaminantes diminuem a porosidade do solo, dificultam a absorção de água e podem interromper processos metabólicos das plantas. Assim, nesta pesquisa buscou-se avaliar os efeitos da presença no solo de três hidrocarbonetos no solo sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento de espécies forrageiras e nos indicadores microbiológicos do solo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em fatorial de 5×4, sendo o primeiro fator constituído pelas espécies avaliadas (Pennisetum glaucum, Zea mays, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum e Sorghum bicolor), e o segundo fator correspondendo a presença dos contaminantes: benzeno, tolueno ou xileno e solo sem contaminante. As espécies foram cultivadas por 42 dias. A tolerância das espécies dependeu do tipo de contaminante presente no solo. A massa seca total da P. glaucum foi reduzida em 26%, 10% e 32% para o tolueno, benzeno e xileno, respectivamente. Z. mays teve o crescimento reduzido na presença do tolueno (13%) e do benzeno (21%). S. bicolor teve sua matéria seca aumentada em 58% com o xileno. B. ruziziensis e P. maximum foram tolerantes para todos os contaminantes. A magnitude dos efeitos dos contaminantes nos indicadores microbiológicos do solo dependeu da espécie cultivada. A tolerância das plantas e da comunidade microbiana do solo aos contaminantes depende da espécie forrageira utilizada e deve ser aspecto importante para a seleção de plantas para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Assim buscouse buscou se casualizados repetições 54 5 4 5×4 Pennisetum bicolor, , bicolor) dias P 26 26% 10 32 respectivamente Z 13% 13 (13% 21%. 21 21% . (21%) S 58 B cultivada degradadas 5× 2 1 3 (13 (21% (1 (21 ( (2

ABSTRACT Oil-derived compounds present in the soil can compromise plant growth and inhibit the development of the microbial population. These contaminants reduce soil porosity, hinder water absorption, and can disrupt plant metabolic processes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the presence of three hydrocarbons in the soil on the growth and development of forage species and on soil microbiological indicators. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a 5×4 factorial, with the first factor consisting of the species evaluated (Pennisetum glaucum, Zea mays, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum and Sorghum bicolor) and the second factor corresponding to the presence of contaminants: benzene, toluene or xylene and soil without contaminants. The species were grown for 42 days. The tolerance of the species depended on the type of contaminant present in the soil. The total dry matter of P. glaucum was reduced by 26%, 10% and 32% for toluene, benzene and xylene, respectively. Z. mays had its growth reduced in the presence of toluene (13%) and benzene (21%). S. bicolor had its dry matter increased by 58% with xylene. B. ruziziensis and P. maximum were tolerant to all contaminants. The magnitude of the effects of contaminants on soil microbiological indicators depended on the species grown. The tolerance of plants and soil microbial community to contaminants depends on the forage species used and should be an important aspect when selecting plants to restore degraded areas. Oilderived Oil derived population porosity absorption processes replications 54 5 4 5× factorial Pennisetum days P 26 26% 10 32 respectively Z 13% 13 (13% 21%. 21 21% . (21%) S 58 B areas 2 1 3 (13 (21% (1 (21 ( (2

Resumen: La presencia de bacterias coliformes en el agua presenta una amenaza potencial a la salud pública, ya que puede incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas en la población más vulnerable. El asunto resulta más complicado cuando se desconoce la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua que se consume. El presente estudio tiene la finalidad de evaluar el estado actual de la calidad de agua de consumo en tres Organizaciones Territoriales de Base (OTB’s) del Municipio de Vinto-Cochabamba y la relación de dependencia de los parámetros microbiológicos con las OTB’s. Los análisis de laboratorio de 30 muestras tomadas en los diferentes domicilios (10 muestras por OTB) muestran el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permisibles de los parámetros fisicoquímicos (pH, conductividad, alcalinidad y dureza) según la Norma Boliviana 512 (NB 512). Respecto a los parámetros microbiológicos para coliformes totales, de las 30 muestras analizadas solo 11 cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible, a diferencia del parámetro de coliformes termorresistentes, donde 25 de las 30 muestras cumplieron con el límite máximo permisible. Los parámetros microbiológicos fueron sometidos al análisis de chi-cuadrado, dando evidencia suficiente para afirmar con un 95% de confianza que los resultados de coliformes totales y termorresistentes no depende de la OTB (p=0.36). Al contrastar los resultados de agua de consumo domiciliario con la del agua suministrada, puede especularse que la contaminación de origen microbiológico ocurre ya sea en las tuberías de distribución, tanques domiciliarios y/o las prácticas de uso del agua de cada domicilio

Abstract:The presence of coliform bacteria in water presents a potential threat to public health, as it can increase the risk of infectious diseases in the most vulnerable population. The matter is more complicated when the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water consumed is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of the quality of drinking water in three Territorial Base Organizations (OTB’s) of the Municipality of Vinto-Cochabamba and the relationship of dependence of the microbiological parameters with the OTB’s. Laboratory analyzes of 30 samples taken from different homes (10 samples per OTB) show compliance with the maximum permissible limits of physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, alkalinity and hardness) according to Bolivian Standard 512 (NB 512). Regarding the microbiological parameters for total coliforms, of the 30 samples analyzed, only 11 met the maximum permissible limit, unlike the total coliform parameter, where 25 of the 30 samples met the maximum permissible limit. The microbiological parameters were subjected to chi-square analysis, providing sufficient evidence to affirm with 95% confidence that the results of total and heat-resistant coliforms do not depend on the OTB (p=0.36). By contrasting the results of household water consumption with that of water supplied, it can be speculated that contamination of microbiological origin occurs either in the distribution pipes, household tanks and/or the water use practices of each household.

Resumen La corrosión es un problema recurrente en la industria del gas natural, debido a la presencia de gases corrosivos como el CO2 y el H2S que en presencia de agua pueden atacar el acero y producir daños y fugas que generen accidentes y contaminación, es por ello que la predicción de la tendencia del gas natural hacia la corrosión es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de inhibición y mitigación de este proceso. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar una Red Neuronal Artificial (RNA) entrenada con datos de composición de muestras de gas natural para predecir la tendencia corrosiva, como método alternativo que pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta predictiva eficiente. La RNA se entrenó con una muestra de 46 gases naturales y 11 componentes por cada una, además de la presión y la temperatura como condiciones operacionales, lo que representa un total de 598 datos de entrenamiento de la RNA, además se utilizaron 8 muestras adicionales para la validación externa del modelo. La RNA que desarrolló fue dentro de los principios de la estadística Bayesiana, con una arquitectura de Perceptrón Multicapa. Se obtuvo que la RNA es capaz de clasificar correctamente el 95,65% de la tendencia corrosiva de las muestras, siendo aquellas con tendencia no corrosiva las que presentaron el menor porcentaje de predicción (75%). La predicción de las muestras externas siguió la tendencia esperada, con menor capacidad para clasificar a las no corrosivas, y las muestras con posible corrosión y corrosivas fueron predichas en 80%. Se concluye que la RNA es una herramienta eficiente para la predicción de la tendencia corrosiva del gas natural en presencia de CO2 y su efectividad depende de que se utilicen muestras con todos los componentes necesarios para entrenar la misma, además puede ser mejorada al introducir otros parámetros como la cantidad de agua presente.

Abstract Corrosion is a recurrent problem in the natural gas industry, due to the presence of corrosive gases such as CO2 and H2S that in the presence of water can attack steel and produce damages and leaks that generate accidents and contamination, that is why the prediction of the tendency of natural gas towards corrosion is essential to develop strategies to inhibit and mitigate this process. The objective of the study was to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with composition data of natural gas samples to predict the corrosive tendency, as an alternative method that can be used as an efficient predictive tool. The ANN was trained with a sample of 46 natural gases and 11 components for each one, in addition to pressure and temperature as operational conditions, representing a total of 598 training data of the ANN, also 8 additional samples were used for external validation of the model. The ANN that developed was within the principles of Bayesian statistics, with a Multilayer Perceptron architecture. It was obtained that the ANN is able to correctly classify 95.65% of the corrosive tendency of the samples, being those with non-corrosive tendency the ones that presented the lowest prediction percentage (75%). The prediction of the external samples followed the expected trend, with lower capacity to classify the non-corrosive ones, and the samples with possible corrosion and corrosive were predicted in 80%. It is concluded that ANN is an efficient tool for predicting the corrosive tendency of natural gas in the presence of CO2 and its effectiveness depends on using samples with all the necessary components to train it, and it can be improved by introducing other parameters such as the amount of water present.

Resumen La degradación del suelo, el cambio climático y la contaminación del suelo y el agua han suscitado un mayor interés por una agricultura más sostenible. La mayoría de las prácticas agrícolas se centran en cultivos anuales, que requieren grandes cantidades de fertilizantes sintéticos, contribuyen a un aumento en las emisiones de CO2 y perturban los procesos biológicos naturales. El “Natural Systems Agriculture” se ha desarrollado con el objetivo de revertir este paradigma mediante la imitación de la naturaleza a través de cultivos de granos perennes. El Kernza® intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) es un cultivo perenne muy prometedor porque produce grano para consumo humano, forraje para el ganado y proporciona múltiples servicios ecosistémicos. Por ello, es relevante considerar su cultivo en Argentina. El objetivo fue predecir la aptitud de Kernza mediante la modelización de diferentes escenarios climáticos y de densificación del suelo en el partido de Azul, Argentina. El modelo demostró que el Kernza puede ser cultivado en Azul, siendo las zonas del sur las más aptas. El Kernza es un cultivo muy prometedor y este modelo permitió generar información para que los planificadores del uso de la tierra y los agricultores consideren su plantación en Azul, y en Argentina.

Abstract Land degradation, climate change, soil and water contamination have led to increased interest in sustainable agricultural practices. Most agricultural practices are focused on growing annual crops, which require significant amounts of synthetic fertilizers, contribute to CO2 emissions and disrupt natural biological processes. Natural Systems Agriculture has been developed to reverse this paradigm by imitating nature through perennial grain crops. Kernza® intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) is a promising perennial crop producing healthy grain for direct human consumption and forage for livestock while providing multiple ecosystemic services. Given these reasons, consider its cultivation in Argentina is relevant. This research aimed to predict Kernza crop suitability in the Azul district by modeling different climatic and soil densification scenarios. The model showed that Kernza can be grown in Azul, and that southern areas were most suitable. This model allowed generating information for land use planners and farmers to consider planting in Argentina, particularly, in Azul.

ABSTRACT In the Jobabo municipality (Las Tunas), there is the most productive gold mine in Cuba, the main extraction enclave in the country. The cyanide leaching method is used to extract the gold, which increases the risk of contamination in nearby waters, and raises the need for monitoring due to the public health risks implicit in this process. The objective of this study was quantify the concentration of cyanide in bodies of water to determine if there is any risk to the public health of the local population. A study with a quantitative exploratory approach was carried, to evaluate the cyanide content in 17 water bodies selected as sampling stations. The spectrophotometric method was used to quantify, and statistical tests (normality, homoscedasticity, Kruskal-Wallis, Game-Howell) were used to evaluate the data obtained. Cuban standards for supply sources and drinking water were used to determine their suitability. The results of the 17 stations analyzed showed cyanide concentrations lower than the maximum admissible limit established by Cuban standards, so these bodies pose a low risk to the health of the local population. There were significant differences between the cyanide contents in the stations, indicating the influence of several factors on its concentration. The cyanide levels found in the water bodies analyzed do not represent a significant risk to the public health of the inhabitants of the studied area.

RESUMEN En el municipio Jobabo (Las Tunas), se encuentra la mina de oro más productiva de Cuba, el principal enclave de extracción del país. En ella, se utiliza el método de lixiviación con cianuro para extraer el oro, lo que aumenta el riesgo de contaminación en las aguas cercanas, y plantea la necesidad de un monitoreo por los riesgos para la salud pública implícitos en este proceso. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la concentración de cianuro en los cuerpos de agua para determinar si existe algún riesgo para la salud pública de la población local. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo exploratorio, para evaluar el contenido de cianuro en 17 cuerpos hídricos seleccionados como estaciones de muestreo. Se utilizó el método espectrofotométrico para cuantificar, y pruebas estadísticas (normalidad, homocedasticidad, Kruskal-Wallis, Game-Howell) para la evaluación de los datos obtenidos. Se usaron las normas cubanas de fuentes de abasto y agua potable para determinar su idoneidad. Como resultado, las 17 estaciones analizadas mostraron concentraciones de cianuro inferiores al límite máximo admisible establecido por las normas cubanas, por lo que estos cuerpos poseen un bajo riesgo para la salud de la población local. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los contenidos de cianuro en las estaciones, lo que indica la influencia de varios factores en su concentración. Los niveles de cianuro encontrados en los cuerpos de agua analizados no representan un riesgo significativo para la salud pública de los habitantes de la zona estudiada.

Resumen Introducción. La percepción de que las plantas nativas de campos agrícolas no aportan nada bueno a los sistemas productivos y deben ser eliminadas en su totalidad ha provocado múltiples problemas agronómicos, ambientales y sociales en los agroecosistemas alrededor del mundo, tales como selección de plantas resistentes a herbicidas, contaminación de cuerpos de agua, pérdida de biodiversidad, aumento en las poblaciones de insectos plaga y afectación de la salud de trabajadores agrícolas debido al uso intensivo de herbicidas. Objetivo. Analizar el origen de las malezas en la agricultura, las características biológicas que las hacen perjudiciales para las actividades del ser humano y sus funciones ecológicas en el agroecosistema, así como proponer la aplicación del concepto de biodiversidad funcional para el manejo agroecológico de la vegetación en campos agrícolas. Desarrollo. En este momento de cambio hacia una producción agrícola con un menor uso de plaguicidas, el manejo de las malezas sigue siendo un gran reto. Para lograr que el manejo integrado de malezas avance hacia estrategias agroecológicas que permitan una reducción del uso de herbicidas es necesario promover las interacciones bióticas benéficas que regulan de forma natural a las malezas. El estudio y aplicación de la biodiversidad funcional en los agroecosistemas surge entonces como una necesidad para manejar la vegetación de forma tal que se minimicen los efectos negativos de las malezas en los cultivos y se maximicen los servicios agroecosistémicos de las arvenses. Conclusión. La diferenciación entre malezas y arvenses como parte de un manejo agroecológico de los sistemas de cultivo permitiría mantener un balance positivo entre productividad y biodiversidad en los agroecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction. The perception that native plants in agricultural fields do not contribute positively to productive systems and should be eliminated in their entirety has caused multiple agronomic, environmental and social problems in agroecosystems around the world, such as selection of herbicide-resistant plants, contamination of water bodies, loss of biodiversity, increase in pest insect populations, and impact on the health of agricultural workers due to the intensive use of herbicides. Objective. To provide basic information on the origin of weeds in agriculture, the biological characteristics that make them harmful to human activities, and their ecological functions in the agroecosystem, as well as to propose the application of the concept of functional biodiversity for the agroecological management of weeds in crop fields. Development. In this moment of change towards agricultural production with less use of pesticides, weed management is still a great challenge. To ensure that integrated weed management advances towards agroecological strategies that allow a reduction in the use of herbicides, it is necessary to promote the beneficial biotic interactions that naturally regulate weeds. The study and application of functional biodiversity in agroecosystems then emerges as a need to manage vegetation in such a way that the negative effects of weeds on crops are minimized and the agroecosystem services of weeds are maximized. Conclusion. The differentiation between weeds and segetal vegetation as part of an agroecological management of cropping systems would allow maintaining a positive balance between productivity and biodiversity in agroecosystems.

Remote areas that lack conventional water-provisioning infrastructure often rely on rainwater harvesting, rivers, pans, reservoirs and borehole-extracted water to meet domestic water requirements. These water sources often have poor microbial quality and chemical composition, the quality of which is not routinely monitored. This study explored citizen science as a tool for Engaged Research and Responsible Research and Innovation, detailing the co-creation of a sustained community-based water quality monitoring program in collaboration with communities in villages in Amakhala Game Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa). Without access to other water sources, participants predominantly used rainwater for drinking and cooking (80%), while borehole water was mainly used for cleaning and gardening due to its salty or bitter taste. A hydrogen sulfide (H2S) water testing kit was used by the citizen scientists to monitor the water quality. The H2S kits were effective in estimating bacterial contamination, showing a proportional relationship with Colilert® test results conducted in a laboratory. The alignment observed between community-based monitoring results and those derived from scientist-led testing underscores the value of data produced through citizen science initiatives. Sustained participant engagement throughout this research reflected a sense of community empowerment through access to tools that inform their decision-making around water use and treatment as well as investment in the research, indicative of the perceived relevance of the research to community interests. This integration of transdisciplinary data sources holds promise for informing evidence-based decision-making processes, facilitating more effective and contextually informed water management strategies that value and integrate community perspectives alongside scientific insights. SIGNIFICANCE: Drawing on the principles of Engaged Research and Responsible Research and Innovation, we applied citizen science tools to engage researchers and communities in the co-development of a water quality monitoring program. In addressing a specific area of concern, raised by the remotely situated community around the need for knowing their water quality, the project successfully trained communities in applying water testing tools and fostered agency in decision-making around water treatment. Combined with continuous feedback and communication loops, a high rate of continuity was sustained among the participants.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. El índice de calidad del agua (ICA) es una herramienta práctica y útil para estimar la calidad de los cuerpos de agua, este método se ha utilizado en muchos países. Objetivos. Evaluar la calidad del agua de la cuenca del río Ayuquila-Armería, con base en dos categorías de posible uso del recurso agua, uso en riego agrícola, protección de la vida acuática y uso potable. Métodos. Se realizó el análisis de variables físicas y químicas, análisis de metales pesados y nutrientes y la caracterización de aniones y cationes; además se complementaron las variables con la utilización de un índice de integridad biótica basado en familias de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, para estimar la contaminación orgánica y la determinación de coliformes fecales, en los cuarenta sitios de muestreo a lo largo de la parte alta, media y baja de la cuenca. Resultados. De los cuarenta sitios, la calidad del agua para uso en riego agrícola presento rangos del ICA de condiciones regulares (35%), buenas (27.5%) y excelentes (37.5 %). En cuanto a la comparación realizada para la calidad del agua para protección de la vida acuática y uso potable, se encontró que ocho sitios (44.4%) presenta condiciones de mala calidad, otros ocho sitios (44.4%) presentan buena calidad y solo dos sitios (11.11%) una condición de calidad excelente. Conclusiones. Para el uso de agua en riego agrícola no se encuentra ningún sitio que presente mala calidad del recurso, además mediante la utilización de diferentes parámetros relacionados con la agricultura se puede asegurar que no existe riesgo de pérdida o daño en cultivos por utilizar el agua para irrigación. Para el caso de la calidad del agua en cuanto a la protección de la vida acuática y uso potable, en general la cuenca presenta malas condiciones. En este sentido los organismos acuáticos están sufriendo afectaciones tanto en su hábitat como en las condiciones fisicoquímicas que pueden menguar sus poblaciones, por otra parte, las comunidades humanas cercanas a los cauces hídricos serán más susceptibles a tener problemas relacionados con la salud.

ABSTRACT Background. The water quality index (ICA) is a practical and useful tool to estimate the quality of water bodies, this method has been used in many countries. Goals. Evaluate the water quality of the Ayuquila-Armería river basin, based on two categories of possible use of the water resource, use in agricultural irrigation, protection of aquatic life and drinking use. Methods. The analysis of physical and chemical variables, analysis of heavy metals and nutrients and the characterization of anions and cations were carried out; In addition, the variables were complemented with the use of a biotic integrity index based on families of aquatic macroinvertebrates, to estimate organic contamination and the determination of fecal coliforms, in the forty sampling sites along the upper, middle, and lower part. of the basin. Results. Of the forty sites, the quality of the water for use in agricultural irrigation presented ICA ranges of regular (35%), good (27.5%) and excellent (37.5%) conditions. Regarding the comparison made for the quality of water for the protection of aquatic life and drinking use, it was found that eight sites (44.4%) present poor-quality conditions, another eight sites (44.4%) present good quality and only two sites (11.11%) an excellent quality condition. Conclusions. For the use of water in agricultural irrigation, there is no site that presents poor quality of the resource, in addition, by using different parameters related to agriculture, it can be ensured that there is no risk of loss or damage to crops by using water for irrigation. In the case of water quality in terms of the protection of aquatic life and potable use, in general the basin presents poor conditions. In this sense, aquatic organisms are suffering effects both in their habitat and in the physicochemical conditions that can decrease their populations, on the other hand, human communities near watercourses will be more susceptible to health-related problems.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: los manantiales son una buena opción como suministro de agua, ante esto, su explotación lleva a una disminución de las aguas subterráneas, afectando la cantidad y calidad del recurso. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del agua de manantiales y determinar el índice de integridad biótica asociado a macroinvertebrados acuáticos, para evaluar el grado de conservación de los manantiales. Método: se evaluaron ocho manantiales en épocas de estiaje (mayo) y post lluvias (diciembre) a partir de un muestreo selectivo. De acuerdo a diversas Normas Mexicanas se determinaron algunos parámetros físico-químicos y bacteriológicos; simultáneamente se realizó la colecta de macroinvertebrados acuáticos. Posterior a esto, se determinó el índice de calidad del agua mediante tres métodos. Se realizaron análisis de correspondencia sin tendencia y, por último, se determinó el índice de integridad biótica asociado a macroinvertebrados acuáticos (IIBAMA). Resultados: los valores de los parámetros físico-químicos y bacteriológicos analizados indican contaminación mostrando valores más altos en la época de post lluvias. De acuerdo al IIBAMA, siete de ocho sitios (87.5 %) se valoran como impactados, al clasificarse en las categorías de “pobre y regular”, sólo el sitio Arroyo Guajolote está en la categoría de bueno (12.5 %). Conclusiones: Los manantiales de estudio se encuentran en cierta medida impactados debido a actividades antropogénicas relacionadas con el abastecimiento de agua para la población y actividades recreativas, esto compromete el buen funcionamiento del ecosistema y por consecuencia la calidad de los servicios ecosistémicos brindados.

ABSTRACT Background: springs are a good option for water supply, but their exploitation leads to a decrease in groundwater, affecting the quantity and quality of the resource. Aim: to evaluate the quality of spring water and determine the index of biotic integrity associated with aquatic macroinvertebrates to determine the degree of conservation of the springs. Methods: eight springs were evaluated during low water (May) and post rainfall (December) periods based on selective sampling. In accordance with various Mexican Standards, some physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were determined; simultaneously, aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected. Subsequently, the water quality index was determined using three methods. Correspondence analyses were performed without trend and finally, the index of biotic integrity associated with aquatic macroinvertebrates (IIBAMA) was determined. Results: the values of the physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed indicate contamination, showing higher values in the post-rainy season. According to IIBAMA, seven of eight sites (87.5 %) are rated as impacted, being classified in the “poor and fair” categories; only the Arroyo Guajolote site is in the “good” category (12.5 %). Conclusions: the springs studied are impacted due to anthropogenic activities related to water supply for the population and recreational activities, this compromises the proper functioning of the ecosystem and consequently the quality of ecosystem services provided.

Abstract This research allowed us to understand the physical-chemical and microbiological quality of rainwater collected in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó. This population has a high precipitation rate which ranges from 1500mm/year and 8500mm/year, both currently and in the future, although this situation contrasts with the low drinking water coverage, which is only 28.5%. To carry out this study, 5 sampling points were identified, and 4 samples were collected at each point with a periodicity of 1 weekly sampling for 4 weeks, for a total of 20 representative samples. The selected roof tops coverings were made of zinc, asbestos cement, and mantle, and are located in areas of high vehicular and pedestrian activity. The collected samples were analyzed in an accredited laboratory for this purpose. The parameters evaluated for rainwater quality were: apparent color, real color, conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, nitrites, nitrates, total coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The result of the microbiological analyzes was POSITIVE in 100% of the cases, while 15% of the physical analyses and 34% of the chemical analyses also yielded negative results. Due to the presence mainly of colony-forming units of Escherichia Coli and total coliforms, it was concluded that rainwater in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó, does 5not meet the standards established in the evaluated parameters and required by the regulations, which means that it is not safe for human consumption due to its level of contamination.

Resumen Esta investigación permitió conocer la calidad físico - química y microbiológica del agua lluvia recolectada en la Zona Centro y barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó. Esta población presenta una alta tasa de precipitación la cual oscila entre 1500mm/año y 8500mm/año, tanto en la actualidad como en el futuro, aunque esta situación contraste con la baja cobertura de agua potable que tan solo es del 28,5%. Para realizar dicho estudio se identificaron 5 puntos de muestreo, en cada punto se recolectaron 4 muestras con una periodicidad de 1 muestreo semanal durante 4 semanas, para un total de 20 muestras representativas; las cubiertas seleccionadas fueron de zinc, asbesto cemento y manto; además, están ubicadas en zonas de alta actividad vehicular y peatonal. Las muestras recolectadas fueron analizadas en un laboratorio acreditado para tal fin. Los parámetros evaluados de la calidad del agua lluvia fueron; color aparente, color real, conductividad, pH, alcalinidad total, nitritos, nitratos, Coliformes totales y Escherichia Coli. El resultado de los análisis microbiológicos fue negativo en el 100% de los casos, mientras que el 15% de los análisis físicos y el 34% de los análisis químicos también arrojaron resultados negativos. Debido a la presencia principalmente de unidades formadoras de colonia de Escherichia Coli y Coliformes totales, se concluyó que el agua lluvia en la zona centro y el barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó, no cumple con los estándares establecidos en los parámetros evaluados y requeridos por la norma, lo que significa que no es segura para el consumo humano debido al nivel de contaminación que presenta.

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos metodológicos, operacionais e atravessamentos políticos do projeto ‘Avaliação da contaminação ocupacional, ambiental e em alimentos por agrotóxicos na Bacia do Juruena, Mato Grosso (MT)’, realizado entre 2015 e 2019, em municípios de elevada produção agrícola voltada para o agronegócio: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio. Fundamentada na epidemiologia crítica, na vigilância popular e do desenvolvimento, a pesquisa participativa envolveu a população por meio de articulações com prefeituras, sindicatos e escolas públicas e trabalhadores(as) rurais e urbanos. Coletaram-se amostras de matriz ambiental (água, ar, sedimento), alimentar (hortaliças, commodities e animais) e humanas (sangue e urina) e realizou-se um inquérito populacional das condições de saúde autorreferidas, exposição ambiental, alimentar e ocupacional de trabalhadores(as) e moradores(as). Os dados revelaram um processo de contaminação impositiva em todo o território da bacia do rio Juruena, no ambiente, em alimentos, e o adoecimento agudo e crônico supostamente relacionado com a exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. O processo participativo na pesquisa almejou fortalecer a luta por territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis mediante redes cooperativas, vigilância popular de base territorial e das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, além de outros desdobramentos que modifiquem legislações e processos destrutivos do atual modelo de desenvolvimento. Objetivouse Objetivou se metodológicos Avaliação Juruena MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 2019 agronegócio Parecis Júlio crítica desenvolvimento prefeituras trabalhadoresas trabalhadores as trabalhadores(as urbanos Coletaramse Coletaram água, água (água ar sedimento, sedimento sedimento) hortaliças, hortaliças (hortaliças animais sangue urina realizouse realizou autorreferidas moradoresas. moradoresas moradores . moradores(as) ambiente cooperativas (MT) 20 moradores(as (MT 2

ABSTRACT The aim was to describe the methodological, operational, and political aspects of the project ‘Assessment of occupational, environmental and food contamination by pesticides in the Juruena Basin, Mato Grosso (MT)’, carried out between 2015 and 2019 in municipalities with high agricultural production geared towards agribusiness: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal, and Campos de Júlio. Based on critical epidemiology, popular and developmental surveillance, the participatory research involved the population through links with town halls, unions public schools, and rural and urban workers. Environmental (water, air, sediment), food (vegetables, commodities, and animals), and human (blood and urine) samples were collected, and a population survey was carried out on self-reported health conditions, environmental, food, and occupational exposure of workers and residents. The data revealed a process of imposing contamination throughout the territory of the Juruena River basin, in the environment, in food, and in acute and chronic illnesses supposedly related to environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides. The participatory process in the research aimed to strengthen the struggle for healthy and sustainable territories through cooperative networks, grassroots territorial surveillance, and populations exposed to pesticides, as well as other developments that modify legislation and destructive processes of the current development model. methodological operational Assessment Basin MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 agribusiness Parecis Sapezal Júlio epidemiology surveillance halls schools water, water (water air sediment, sediment sediment) vegetables, vegetables (vegetables commodities animals, animals animals) blood urine collected selfreported self reported conditions residents basin environment networks model (MT) 20 (MT 2

The Groot Aub (GA) settlement depends entirely on groundwater for domestic purposes and other development activities. Development activities are mainly agriculture, such as animal husbandry, chicken farming and crop farming using irrigation. However, these activities have the potential to contaminate the groundwater system. A total of 87 groundwater samples were collected from the boreholes in the study area during the dry and wet season. Water quality parameters (pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and hydrochemistry (Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3- > SO4(2-) > Cl-) of 5 boreholes and 1 reservoir tank were analysed. The dominant cations were attributed to cation exchange processes as a coupled exchange of Na+ + K+ replacing Ca2+; and Na+ replacing Mg²+ ions in the rock-water interactions. The HCO3- anion is attributed to underlying rich carbonate rocks in the study area and chemical reactions between groundwater and silicate minerals. TDS ranged from 639.01 to 1 998.96 mg/L. The microbial levels as indicated by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) values exceed the limits imposed by the local Namibian and WHO drinking water regulations. The Piper diagrams showed a mixed water type of mainly HCO3- and SO4(2-)anions and Na+ and Ca2+ > Mg2+ cations. The study shows that the elemental composition of the groundwater is impacted significantly by primarily anthropogenic activities and secondarily geogenic processes. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that a buffer zone be created between human activities and production boreholes to avoid further groundwater contamination.

ABSTRACT Andean and Bolivian Indigenous Communities of Titicaca often depend on their natural resources to ensure their food security, making them especially vulnerable to environmental fluctuations and changes in the ecosystem. Under this criterion, this study applies a qualitative methodology to analyze the relationship between the food security of the communities of the Cohana Bay region (taking the Chojasivi community as a case study) and water pollution in the Katari basin. The results reveal that such contamination has generated a potential effect on access, availability, use and stability over time of the food that makes up the basic food basket of the community.

RESUMEN Las comunidades Indígenas Andino-bolivianas del Titicaca dependen a menudo de sus recursos naturales para garantizar su seguridad alimentaria, lo que las hace especialmente vulnerables a fluctuaciones ambientales y cambios en el ecosistema. Bajo ese criterio, el presente estudio aplica una metodología cualitativa para analizar la relación existente entre la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades de la región de la bahía de Cohana (tomando como caso de estudio a la comunidad de Chojasivi) y la contaminación hídrica presente en la cuenca Katari. Los resultados revelan que dicha contaminación ha generado un efecto potencial en el acceso, disponibilidad, uso y estabilidad en el tiempo de los alimentos que componen la canasta básica de los comunarios.

Abstract The progress of economic regulation and the environmental impact of large-scale mining copper concessions are analyzed using the expo facto and correlational methodology. It was found that large-scale mining contributes 94 percent of Peru’s annual copper production; copper exports from large-scale mining and mining income are positively correlated (20002019). Given the contamination of water, air, and agricultural land and the violation of the collective rights of mining territories' inhabitants in Peru, it is necessary to implement a comprehensive mining regulation with citizen participation and insertion into sustainable development.

Resumen En esta investigación se analiza el avance de la regulación económica e impacto ambiental de las concesiones cupríferas de la gran minería, para ello se utiliza la metodología expo facto y correlacional. Se encontró que la gran minería aporta 94% de la producción anual de cobre peruano, las exportaciones de cobre de la gran minería y la renta minera están positivamente correlacionadas (2000-2019). Ante la contaminación del agua, aire, tierras agrícolas y vulneración de los derechos colectivos de los pobladores en los territorios mineros en Perú, es necesario implementar una regulación minera integral con participación ciudadana e inserción al desarrollo sustentable.