Resumen Introducción. La enfermedad de la necrosis aguda del hepatopáncreas (AHPND, por sus siglas en inglés) es producida por bacterias Vibrio parahaemolyticus que poseen un plásmido con genes que codifican las toxinas pirA y pirB. La enfermedad se caracteriza por descamación masiva de las células epiteliales del hepatopáncreas, así como la atrofia y decoloración de ese órgano. Los camarones enfermos presentan anorexia y muestran un intestino vacío, debilidad, decoloración del cuerpo y altas mortalidades. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus causante de AHPND en fincas de camarones en la zona del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Durante los años 2019 y 2020, se recolectaron camarones (Penaeus vannamei) y agua de estanques de 32 fincas localizadas en la costa occidental del golfo de Nicoya (noroeste del país) y la costa del Pacífico Central (Puntarenas-Parrita). Los camarones recolectados en los muestreos tenían un peso de entre 7 y 15 g. El diagnóstico de la presencia de la enfermedad se analizó a nivel molecular con la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) punto final, y diferentes protocolos e iniciadores para detectar los genes de las toxinas pirA y pirB. Además, se hizo una correlación lineal entre la presencia de AHPND y la calidad del agua con el programa estadístico R. Resultados. La presencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus causante de AHPND ocurrió en 93,75 % (30/32) de los estanques muestreados en ambas zonas de cultivo. Conclusiones. Este trabajo confirma la presencia y amplia distribución de AHPND en agua y camarones en treinta fincas camaroneras en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.

Abstract Introduction. The acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing a plasmid encoding the toxin genes pirA and pirB. The disease is characterized by massive sloughing of epithelial cells in the hepatopancreas, also showing atrophy and discoloration of that organ. Diseased shrimp display anorexia with empty guts, weakness, body discoloration and high mortality. Objective. To determine the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND in farms that grow shrimp in the Pacific zone of Costa Rica. Materials and methods. During the years 2019 and 2020, water and shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) samples were obtained from 32 farms located on the western coast of the Nicoya Gulf (Northwest Costa Rica) and the Central Pacific coast (Puntarenas-Parrita). The samples were analyzed by endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different protocols and primers to detect the toxins pirA and pirB. Further, a linear correlation between the presence of AHPND and water quality was done using the R statistical program. Results. The presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND occurred in 93.75 % (30/32) of sampled ponds in both farming areas. Conclusion. This work confirms the presence and wide distribution of AHPND in water and shrimp from thirty shrimp farms in the Costa Rican Pacific.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de palto es susceptible al estrés hídrico durante la etapa de floración y el crecimiento inicial de los frutos. Este estrés puede ocasionar la caída prematura de los frutos y acentuar la alternancia en la producción. Objetivo. Determinar el índice de estrés hídrico del cultivo (IEHC) en tres cultivares de palto (Hass, Fuerte y Zutano) bajo diferentes condiciones de riego, mediante el empleo de termografía infrarroja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la temporada de otoño del 2023, en la Estación Experimental Agraria Canaán, Ayacucho, Perú. Se seleccionaron 170 árboles de palto de cuatro años en fase reproductiva. Se llevaron a cabo cinco evaluaciones bajo diferentes condiciones de riego, donde se recopiló información después de 14 y 7 días sin riego (SR-14d y SR-7d) y 12, 2 y 1 hora posterior al riego (DR-12h, DR-2h y DR-1h, respectivamente). Se registró la temperatura de las hojas (Th), la conductancia estomática (gs), la humedad del suelo (θ) y el IEHC. Resultados. Los tres cultivares evaluados en este estudio presentaron diferencias significativas de la Th según manejo del riego. Estas variaciones, influenciadas por la temperatura y humedad ambiental, establecieron umbrales de estrés que definieron el IEHC en un rango de 0,34 a 0,96. Al relacionar el IEHC con la gs y θ se obtuvieron valores de R2 = 0,51 y R2 = 0,61, respectivamente. El cultivar Zutano mostró el valor más alto de IEHC en períodos prolongados de restricción de riego y tuvo una baja capacidad para reducir estos valores tras la rehidratación, a diferencia de los otros cultivares. Conclusiones. Se demostró que la termografía infrarroja puede medir eficazmente el IEHC en cultivares de palto, con variaciones significativas observadas en la Th, según la condición de riego. Además, el cultivar Zutano fue el que presentó la menor capacidad de recuperación ante el estrés hídrico.

Abstract Introduction. Avocado cultivation is susceptible to water stress during the flowering stage and initial fruit growth. This stress can cause premature fruit drop and accentuate the alternation in production. Objective. To determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) in three avocado cultivars (Hass, Fuerte, and Zutano) under different irrigation conditions using infrared thermography. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the autumn of 2023, at the Estación Experimental Agraria Canaán, Ayacucho, Peru. A total of 170 four-year-old avocado trees in the reproductive phase were selected. Five evaluations were carried out under different irrigation conditions, where data was collected after 14 and 7 days without irrigation (WI-14d and WI-7d) and at 12, 2, and 1 hour post-irrigation (AI-12h, AI-2h, and AI-1h, respectively). Leaf temperature (Th), stomatal conductance (gs), soil moisture (θ), and CWSI were recorded. Results. The three evaluated cultivars showed significant differences in Th depending on the irrigation management. These variations, influenced by ambient temperature and humidity, established stress thresholds that defined the CWSI within a range of 0.34 to 0.96. By correlating the CWSI with gs and θ, values of R2 = 0,51 y R2 = 0,61 were obtained, respectively. The Zutano cultivar exhibited the highest CWSI values during prolonged water restriction periods and showed a limited ability to reduce these values after rehydration, differing from the other cultivars. Conclusions. Infrared thermography proved to be an effective too for measuring the CWSI in avocado cultivars, reveling significant variations in Th based on irrigation conditions. Adicionally, the Zutano cultivar was the lest resilient to water stress.

Resumen (Introducción): El agua es esencial para todos los seres vivos, ya que facilita el transporte de nutrientes, la eliminación de desechos y la regulación de la temperatura corporal. El agua subterránea es la principal fuente para el consumo de ganado bovino y la falta de aquella de buena calidad puede impactar negativamente en su salud, reproducción y productividad. En Argentina, la ganadería bovina para la producción de carne y leche es una actividad económica clave, por lo que resulta crucial garantizar un suministro de agua adecuado en cantidad y calidad. (Objetivo): Evaluar la calidad del agua subterránea para el ganado en la cuenca lechera de Santa Fe, Argentina, utilizando un índice de calidad de agua adaptado para bovinos. (Metodología): Durante el periodo 2023-2024, se recolectaron muestras de agua subterránea en una de las principales cuencas lecheras del país. Se analizaron parámetros significativos para la calidad del agua destinada al consumo bovino, tales como pH, sólidos disueltos totales, sulfato, cloruro, nitrato y arsénico. Cada parámetro recibió una valoración basada en sus efectos perjudiciales para los animales y, mediante una ecuación matemática, se clasificó la calidad del agua desde muy buena hasta extremadamente pobre. (Resultados): El estudio reveló que un alto porcentaje de las muestras de la cuenca lechera presentan una calidad buena o muy buena, aunque también se identificaron pozos con calidad deficiente. (Conclusiones): Los resultados subrayan la importancia de monitorear y gestionar la calidad del agua subterránea, para asegurar una ganadería bovina sostenible en la cuenca lechera de Santa Fe.

Abstract (Introduction): Water is essential for all living beings as it facilitates nutrient transfer, waste elimination, and body temperature regulation. Groundwater is the primary source for bovine livestock consumption, and poor-quality water can negatively affect their health, reproduction, and productivity. In Argentina, bovine farming for meat and milk production is a significant economic activity, making it crucial to ensure an adequate supply of water in both quantity and quality. (Objective): This study aims to evaluate groundwater quality for cattle in the Santa Fe dairy basin, Argentina, using a water quality index adapted for bovines. (Methodology): During the 2023-2024 period, groundwater samples were collected from one of the main dairy basins in the country. Parameters significant to water quality for bovine consumption, such as pH, total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and arsenic, were analyzed at each monitored well. Each parameter was assigned a score based on its harmful effects on livestock, and a mathematical equation was applied to classify water quality from very good to extremely poor. (Results): The study revealed that a high percentage of samples in the dairy basin are of good or very good quality, although wells with poor water quality were also identified. (Conclusions): The findings highlight the importance of monitoring and managing groundwater quality to ensure sustainable bovine farming in the Santa Fe dairy basin.

Resumen Introducción. El girasol silvestre o polocote (Helianthus annuus L.) es la principal maleza anual en el cultivo de sorgo y maíz en el norte de Tamaulipas, México. Existe escasa información sobre esta especie para realizar bioensayos con herbicidas. Objetivo. Establecer una metodología para la obtención de plántulas de polocote para bioensayos con herbicidas, desde la semilla hasta la multiplicación en vivero. Materiales y métodos. La semilla de polocote se recolectó en enero del año 2023, en el Campo Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), en Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. Después, se ejecutó la prueba de germinación inicial sobre papel filtro y viabilidad con tetrazolio. Se comprobó latencia por baja germinación (12 %) y alta viabilidad (86 %). Se usaron doce tratamientos para romper la latencia, mediante etanol (70 %) y agua (75, 25). Como control se utilizó solamente agua. Los tratamientos se aplicaron a temperaturas de 5 °C y 20 °C, sobre papel filtro, algodón y peat moss, en cajas Petri durante siete días. Posteriormente, se mantuvieron a una temperatura de ±25 °C. Con los resultados anteriores, se estableció la fase de vivero con cuatro esquemas con trasplante de semilla pregerminada y dos con siembra directa. Resultados. El mejor tratamiento para romper latencia fue inmersión en agua a 5 °C por siete días sobre algodón, con una germinación del 73 %. Los mejores métodos para obtener plantas fueron charolas con plántulas y trasplante en macetas negras con 75 % y 50 % de supervivencia, respectivamente. La sombra inhibió el crecimiento de las plantas. La siembra directa, con o sin prehidratación de la semilla, fue desfavorable para la germinación y emergencia. Conclusión. La obtención de plántulas de girasol silvestre fue superior cuando la semilla se sometió a pretratamiento hídrico y trasplante posterior a charolas o a bolsas.

Abstract Introduction. The wild sunflower or polocote (Helianthus annuus L.) is the main annual weed in the cultivation of sorghum and corn in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. To date, there is little information about this species to carry out bioassays with herbicides. Objective. Establish a methodology for obtaining polocote seedlings for bioassays with herbicides, from seed to multiplication in the nursery. Materials and methods. The polocote seed was collected in January 2023, within the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) Experimental Field, in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. Afterwards, the initial germination test was carried out on filter paper and viability with tetrazolium. Latency was confirmed due to low germination (12 %) and high viability (86 %). Twelve treatments were used to break dormancy using ethanol (70 %) and water (75, 25). As a control only water were used. The treatments were applied at temperatures of 5 °C and 20 °C, on filter paper, cotton, and peat moss in Petri dishes for seven days. Subsequently, they were kept at a temperature of ±25 °C. With the previous results, the nursery phase was established with four schemes with pre-germinated seed transplantation and two with direct sowing. Results. The best treatment to break dormancy was immersion in water at 5 °C for seven days on cotton, with 73 % germination. The best methods to obtain plants were trays with seedlings and transplanting into black open-air pots, with 75 % and 50 % survival, respectively. Shade inhibited plant growth. Direct sowing, with or without seed prehydration, was unfavorable for germination and emergence. Conclusion. Obtaining wild sunflower seedlings was higher when the seed was subjected to water pre-treatment and subsequent transplanting into trays or open-air bags.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características produtivas e a eficiência do uso da terra e da água em monocultivo e consórcio de rúcula com jambu sob regimes hídricos em dois ciclos de cultivo em região semiárida do Ceará. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 20 tratamentos e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram as irrigações, com 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% de ETc. As subparcelas foram os sistemas consorciado e solteiro. Em cada ciclo foram avaliadas as características de crescimento das plantas e a eficiência do uso da água e da terra. Os maiores valores foram obtidos para número de folhas, altura, e massa fresca e seca das partes aéreas e raízes das plantas de rúcula quando consorciadas. Os melhores resultados para as variáveis de crescimento do jambu foram obtidos para as plantas cultivadas em monocultivo. Os valores de produtividade foram maiores no sistema solteiro; entretanto, os valores médios de eficiência do uso da terra no sistema consorciado foram de 1,23 e 1,28 em 2018 e 2019, respectivamente. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com 75% ETc (DI75) para rúcula e irrigação total com 100% ETc (TI100) e irrigação em excesso com 125% ETc (EI125) para jambu. A eficiência do uso da água foi maior no sistema solteiro. Os índices de produtividade obtidos com o sistema consorciado rúcula-jambu e DI75 confirmam a maior eficiência biológica. Com base no exposto, conclui-se que rúcula e jambu são promissores para o consórcio em condições semiáridas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the production characteristics and the efficiency of land and water use in monoculture and intercropping of arugula with jambu under water regimes in two crop cycles in the semi-arid region of Ceará, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with 20 treatments and four replicates. The plots were irrigation, corresponding to 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of ETc. The subplots were the intercropping and single systems. In each cycle, the growth characteristics of the plants and the efficiency of water and land use were evaluated. The highest values were obtained for number of leaves, height, and fresh and dry mass of aerial parts and roots of arugula plants when intercropped. The best results for the growth variables of jambu were obtained for plants grown in monoculture. The productivity values were higher in the single-cropping system; however, the average land use efficiency values in the intercropped system were 1.23 and 1.28 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The best results were obtained with 75% ETc (DI75) for arugula and full irrigation with 100% ETc (TI100) and excess irrigation with 125% ETc (EI125) for jambu. Water use efficiency was higher in the single system. The productivity indices obtained with the arugula-jambu intercropped system and DI75 confirm the higher biological efficiency. Based on the above, it is concluded that arugula and jambu are promising for intercropping under semi-arid conditions.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência de diferentes épocas de plantio e variáveis meteorológicas no desempenho produtivo da mandioca industrial na região do Agreste de Alagoas. Os tratamentos foram cinco datas de plantio, com espaçamento temporal de 25 dias entre elas: D1 - 10 de abril, D2 - 05 de maio, D3 - 30 de maio, D4 - 24 de junho e D5 - 19 de julho. O período experimental foi de abril de 2021 a setembro de 2023, dois ciclos de cultivo. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: dados agrometeorológicas e de crescimento e produção da cultura. Na região do Agreste de Alagoas, entre as estações chuvosa e seca, a ET0 média diária varia de 2,9 a 4,7 mm, respectivamente. A temperatura média do ar é 24,3 °C e atende as demandas térmicas da cultura da mandioca. A precipitação anual é suficiente para garantir a produção de mandioca, porém, há sazonalidade nas chuvas, com período seco da primavera ao verão, o que prejudica plantios mais tardios. Na região do Agreste de Alagoas, o melhor período para o plantio da mandioca é de 10 de abril a 5 de maio, que é o início do período chuvoso da região e garante melhores resultados em: altura do dossel vegetativo (3,2 m), diâmetro do caule (2,8 cm), índice de área foliar (3,0), comprimento máximo (43,1 cm), número (6,6) e rendimento de raízes (72,8 t ha-1), biomassa total (145 t ha-1) e teor de amido (34,3%).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different planting times and meteorological variables on the productive performance of industrial cassava in the Agreste region of Alagoas state, Brazil. The treatments were five planting dates, 25 days apart: D1 - April 10, D2 - May 5, D3 - May 30, D4 - June 24 and D5 - July 19. The experiment was conducted from April 2021 to September 2023 (two cultivation cycles), using randomized blocks, with four replicates. The variables analyzed were agrometeorological data, crop growth and yield. In the Agreste region of Alagoas, the average daily ET0 varies from 2.9 to 4.7 mm between the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The average temperature of 24.3 °C meets the thermal demands of cassava cultivation. Although annual rainfall is sufficient to guarantee cassava production, it is seasonal, with a dry period from spring to summer, which compromises subsequent plantings. In the Agreste region of Alagoas, the best time to plant cassava is from April 10 to May 5, which is the beginning of the rainy season and ensures better vegetative canopy height (3.2 m), stem diameter (2.8 cm), leaf area index (3.0), maximum root length (43.1 cm), number (6.6) and yield (72.8 t ha-1), total biomass (145 t ha-1) and starch content (34.3%).

RESUMO A cultura do tomate cereja é sensível ao déficit hídrico, sendo necessário um adequado manejo da irrigação, principalmente em regiões, cujo regime pluviométrico é irregular. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a viabilidade do índice térmico para determinação do déficit hídrico em tomate cereja sob diferentes estratégias de irrigação com déficit controlado e uso de condicionador de solo tipo hidrogel. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com arranjo fatorial 5 × 2, em parcelas subdivididas, referentes às cinco estratégias de irrigação (FI - Irrigação plena, RD - Irrigação com déficit hídrico regular, S3 - Irrigação com déficit controlado na fase vegetativa, S4 - Irrigação com déficit controlado na fase de florescimento e frutificação, S5 - Irrigação com déficit controlado na fase de maturação e colheita) com déficit hídrico estabelecido em 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura, e uso do hidrogel (WiH - Com hidrogel, WoH - Sem hidrogel), com quatro repetições, totalizando 40 parcelas experimentais. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número total de flores e frutos, peso total dos frutos e índice térmico do dossel. Aos 60 dias após o transplantio, as estratégias de déficit hídrico regular e déficit hídrico controlado na fase de florescimento e frutificação, sem hidrogel, evidenciaram as maiores médias de índice térmico (0,98; 1,03 e 0,70 °C, respectivamente) e menor potencial hídrico foliar (-0,70; -0,48 e -0,50 MPa, respectivamente). O índice térmico obtido por imagens termográficas é viável para determinação dos efeitos do déficit hídrico no tomate cereja.

ABSTRACT Tomato cultivation is highly demanding on the supply of water throughout its phenological cycle, especially in regions where rainfall is irregular or scarce. Given the above, the objective of this study was to analyze the viability of thermal index for determining water deficit in cherry tomato under different strategies of controlled deficit irrigation and use of a hydrogel-type soil conditioner. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 split-plot arrangement, referring to the irrigation strategies (FI - Full irrigation, RD - Regular deficit irrigation, with a continuously applied water deficit, S3 - Irrigation with controlled deficit in the vegetative stage, S4 - Irrigation with controlled deficit in the flowering and fruiting stages and S5 - Irrigation with controlled deficit in the maturation and harvest stages), with water deficit established at 50% of crop evapotranspiration, and use of hydrogel (WiH - With hydrogel, WoH - Without hydrogel), with four replicates, and with three plants per plot. The variables tested were: total number of flowers and fruits, total fruit weight and canopy thermal index. At 60 days after transplanting, the regular deficit irrigation and irrigation with controlled water deficit in the flowering, without hydrogel, showed the highest means of thermal index (0.98, 1.03 and 0.70 °C, respectively) and lowest leaf water potential (-0.70, -0.48 and -0.50 MPa, respectively). The thermal index obtained by thermographic images is viable for determining the effects of water deficit on cherry tomato.

RESUMO O conteúdo de água no solo é um fator-chave na avaliação nas áreas agrícola e ecológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar a combinação de informações multisatélites para abordar a questão da baixa precisão na recuperação do conteúdo de água do solo a partir de informações de banda única e fonte única, e estabelecer um modelo para estimativa do conteúdo de água do solo baseado no método multiespectral simulado. Foi realizado um experimento de determinação hiperespectral de amostras de solo (Latossolos) com valores variáveis de teor de água. A reflectância de oito sensores de satélite multiespectral foi remapeada com base nas funções de resposta espectral. Os índices de vegetação (VIs) foram estabelecidos combinando todas as bandas de sensores disponíveis. Os VIs significativos e a reflectância da banda foram extraídos pelos métodos de coeficiente de correlação e análise de importância de dados out-of-bag (OOB), e em seguida modelos lineares e não lineares foram estabelecidos para a estimativa do conteúdo de água no solo. Correlação significativa foi obtida entre refletância multiespectral simulada, VIs e teor de água no solo. Os modelos não lineares apresentaram melhor desempenho que o modelo linear. A combinação do modelo OOB e Random Forest (OOB-RF) obteve a maior acurácia de predição, com R2 calibração e R2 predição de 0,852 e 0,834, respectivamente. De forma geral, verificou-se que o método de modelagem OOB-RF baseado em sensoriamento remoto multiespectral foi viável para estimar o teor de água no solo.

ABSTRACT The soil water content is a key evaluation factor in the agricultural and ecological fields. The objective of this study was to explore the combination of multi-satellite information to address the issue of low accuracy in soil water content retrieval from single-band, single-source information and to establish a model for the estimation of the soil water content based on a simulated multi-spectral method. An experiment involving the hyperspectral determination of soil samples (Oxisols) with varying values of the water content was conducted. The reflectance of eight multi-spectral satellite sensors was resampled based on the spectral response functions. The vegetation indices (VIs) were established by pairing all available sensor bands. The significant VIs and band reflectance were extracted using the correlation coefficient and out-of-bag (OOB) data importance analysis methods, and then linear models and nonlinear models were established for soil water content estimation. A significant correlation was achieved between the simulated multi-spectral reflectance, VIs, and soil water content. The nonlinear models had a better performance than the linear model. The combined OOB and random forest (OOB-RF) model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with R2 calibration and R2 prediction values of 0.852 and 0.834, respectively. Overall, it was verified that the OOB-RF modeling method based on multi-spectral remote sensing was feasible for estimating the soil water content.

RESUMO O uso de águas com alta concentração de sais no cultivo do cajueiro se faz necessário na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro, devido à escassez hídrica e à má distribuição das chuvas. O excesso de sais na água é um fator limitante para a produção agrícola. Nesse cenário, estratégias têm sido empregadas para mitigar os efeitos nocivos do estresse salino sobre as plantas, destacando-se o uso do ácido salicílico. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico sobre os aspectos fisiológicos e crescimento do cajueiro anão precoce cultivado sob estresse salino na fase de pré-floração. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 5 × 4, com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa - 0,4; 1,2; 2,0; 2,8 e 3,6 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de ácido salicílico - AS (0, 1, 2 e 3 mM), com três repetições. O ácido salicílico, aplicado na concentração de 1 mM, atenuou os efeitos do estresse salino na morfofisiologia do cajueiro durante a fase de pré-floração, especialmente em plantas irrigadas com CEa de até 1,2 dS m-1. Por outro lado, a concentração de 3 mM AS elevou os efeitos negativos do estresse salino no teor relativo de água, extravasamento de eletrólitos, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas e crescimento de cajueiro anão precoce, particularmente em CEa de 3,6 dS m-1.

ABSTRACT The use of water with high concentration of salts in cashew cultivation is a necessity in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil, due to water scarcity and poor rainfall distribution. Excess salts in water are a limiting factor for agricultural production. In this scenario, strategies have been employed to mitigate the harmful effects of salt stress on plants, and the use of salicylic acid stands out. With this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on the physiology and growth of early dwarf cashew grown under salt stress in the pre-flowering stage. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized block design, in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw - 0.4, 1.2, 2.0, 2.8, and 3.6 dS m-1) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (SA - 0, 1, 2, and 3 mM), with three replicates. Salicylic acid, applied at a concentration of 1 mM, mitigated the negative impacts of salt stress on the morphophysiology of cashew during the pre-flowering phase, especially in plants irrigated with ECw of up to 1.2 dS m-1. On the other hand, the concentration of 3 mM SA exacerbated the effects of salt stress on the relative water content, electrolyte leakage, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, and growth of early dwarf cashew, particularly at ECw of 3.6 dS m-1.

RESUMO A germinação controlada é um procedimento simples e de baixo custo que busca melhorar a qualidade nutricional, funcional e sensorial de sementes destinadas à alimentação. As condições de germinação influenciam diretamente na composição final do broto, sendo função principalmente do tempo de processo. Assim, objetivou-se examinar os efeitos de períodos de germinação nas propriedades nutricionais de sementes de feijão lima das variedades ‘Orelha-de-Vó Preta’, ‘Raio-de-Sol’, ‘Branca’ e ‘Raio-de-Sol Grande’. Foram avaliados os teores de água, proteínas, amido, açúcares totais e redutores, compostos fenólicos totais, taninos, flavonoides e antocianinas nos tempos 0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Os dados foram processados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e dispostos em esquema fatorial (4 × 5), com três repetições. O processo de germinação aumentou o teor de proteína e reduziu o teor de amido; promovendo o aumento parcial dos açúcares redutores e dos açúcares totais. Os compostos fenólicos totais, taninos, flavonóides e antocianinas aumentaram com o tempo de processo, atingindo valores máximos absolutos entre 72 e 96 horas. A variedade ‘Orelha-de-Vó Preta’ apresentou os maiores valores de compostos fenólicos totais e antocianinas; o teor de flavonóides foi maior na ‘Orelha-de-Vó Preta’ e no ‘Raio-de-Sol Grande’, enquanto a variedade ‘Branca’ apresentou o maior teor de taninos totais. Portanto, conclui-se que a germinação demonstrou ser um processo capaz de aprimorar a composição nutricional e funcional do feijão lima.

ABSTRACT Controlled germination is a simple low-cost procedure to improve the nutritional, functional and sensory quality of seeds intended for food. Germination conditions directly influence the final composition of the sprout, being mainly a function of the process time. Thus, the aim was to examine the effects of germination periods on the nutritional properties of lima bean seeds of the varieties ‘Orelha-de-Vó Preta’, ‘Raio-de-Sol’, ‘Branca’, and ‘Raio-de-Sol Grande’. The water content, proteins, starch, total and reducing sugars, total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were evaluated at times 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The data was processed in a completely randomized design and arranged in a factorial scheme (4 × 5), with three replicates. The germination process increased the protein content and reduced the starch content, promoting a partial increase in reducing sugars and total sugars. The total phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins increased with the process time, reaching absolute maximum values between 72 and 96 hours. The variety ‘Orelha-de-Vó Preta’ presented the highest values of total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins; the flavonoid content was higher in ‘Orelha-de-Vó Preta’ and ‘Raio-de-Sol Grande’, while the variety ‘Branca’ presented the highest of total tannins content. Therefore, it is concluded that germination has proven to be a process capable of enhancing the nutritional and functional composition of lima beans.

Abstract Using the multilevel and multi-stakeholder governance approach, this article investigates the effective promotion of sustainable development in the Northeast of Uruguay in the departments of Tacuarembó, Rivera and Cerro Largo. This development is approached from the perspective of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and waste management (WRM), through a case study that includes participant observation and interviews with key actors within the territory. Although the three departments share a territorial and human development backlog, what really differentiates them are the weaknesses and tensions to generate agreements and resolutions, as well as the different levels of multi-stakeholder articulation with regulations, plans, public policies and the respective instances. The conclusions warn that these internal dynamics affect the response capacity and decision making of the three departments with a view to IWRM and WRM.

Resumen Empleando el enfoque de la gobernanza multinivel y multiactoral, este artículo indaga por la efectiva promoción del desarrollo sostenible en el Noreste de Uruguay, específicamente en los departamentos de Tacuarembó, Rivera y Cerro Largo. Este desarrollo se aborda desde la gestión integrada de recursos hídricos (GIRH) y de residuos (GIR), mediante un estudio de caso que incluye observación participante y entrevistas a actores clave. Aunque los tres departamentos comparten un rezago territorial y de desarrollo humano, lo que realmente los diferencia son las debilidades y tensiones para generar acuerdos y resoluciones, así como los diferentes niveles de articulación multiactoral con la normativa, los planes, las políticas públicas y las instancias respectivas. Las conclusiones advierten que estas dinámicas internas afectan la capacidad de respuesta y la toma de decisiones de los tres departamentos en relación con la GIRH y la GIR.

Abstract: The present research is carried out for the improvement of the availability of a hydroelectric power plant through a wear-sediment quantity correlation model for the scheduling of its preventive maintenance, the data is based on the measurement of blade thicknesses, as well as visual inspection to identify discontinuities in the water equipment, once the data has been collected, data analysis techniques can be used to evaluate the condition of the Francis turbine and determine the need for preventive maintenance under working condition. The data analysis detailed is the least squares method where the independent variables considered are power and suspended particles with their nephelometric unit of measurement of turbidity in parts per million (PPM). By means of the aforementioned analysis, it is possible to complete the results with the projection of the wear to years after the data obtained from the inspection point, and it also allows taking preventive measures before a failure occurs, which helps to reduce downtime and maintenance costs. Thus, the hydroelectric power plant under study has an annual average availability of 97.21 %, reduced by the suspension of power generation due to reservoir flushing and scheduled maintenance shutdowns. While the annual average reliability is 99.89 %, it is reduced by unscheduled failures. The result of the correlation statistical model determined the preventive maintenance for improvement conditions of 98 % of the availability in the hydroelectric power plant and is reflected in the reduction of days of no electricity generation.

Resumen: La presente investigación se realiza para la mejora de la disponibilidad de una Central Hidroeléctrica a través de un modelo de correlación desgaste-cantidad de sedimentos para la programación de su mantenimiento preventivo, los datos se basan en la medición de espesores de los alabes, así como la inspección visual para identificar discontinuadas en los equipos hídricos, una vez que se han recopilado los datos, se pueden utilizar técnicas de análisis de datos para evaluar el estado de la turbina Francis y determinar la necesidad de mantenimiento preventivo bajo condición de trabajo. El análisis de datos que se detalla es el método de mínimos cuadrados donde las variables independientes que se consideran son potencia y partículas de suspensión con su unidad de medida nefelométricas de turbidez en partes por millón (PPM). Mediante el análisis mencionado se logra culminar los resultados con la proyección del desgaste a años posteriores a los datos obtenidos del punto de inspección, además que permite tomar medidas preventivas antes de que se produzca una falla, lo que ayuda a reducir el tiempo de inactividad y los costos de mantenimiento. Es así como la Central Hidroeléctrica en estudio tiene un promedio anual del 97.21 % de disponibilidad, se reduce por la suspensión de la generación eléctrica, debido al lavado del embalse y las paradas por mantenimiento programado. Mientras que, la confiabilidad promedio anual es el 99.89 %, se reduce por fallas no programadas. El resultado del modelo estadístico de correlación determino el mantenimiento preventivo por condiciones de mejora del 98 % de la disponibilidad en la Central Hidroeléctrica y se refleja en la disminución de días de no generación eléctrica.

Abstract: This study has examined the design proposal for a support structure for a rainwater storage tank, utilizing CAD/CAE software with computational numerical analysis. These tools predict how elements will behave under specific conditions without physical construction. The necessity arises from the importance of developing the entire rainwater harvesting system to offer a sustainable water supply alternative. To this end, a storage capacity of 500 liters was determined based on locally available plastic tanks, considering the dimensions and weight the structure needs to support. 3D modeling utilized a 50 mm (2 in) square steel pipe discretized through meshing. Validation of this process achieved a skewness of 0.2401 with 414 651 elements and 601 334 nodes, defining the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. Von Mises stress measured 189.5 MPa, below the yield limit for structural steel, with structural element deformation not exceeding 0.83 mm. Design validation was accomplished through safety factor analysis, yielding a value of 1.746, closely aligning with recommended values for support structures.

Resumen: Esta investigación ha evaluado la viabilidad de un diseño para una estructura de soporte destinada a un tanque de almacenamiento de agua pluvial. Se utilizó software CAD/CAE para llevar a cabo un análisis numérico computacional debido a que estas herramientas permiten predecir comportamientos de elementos sometidos a condiciones específicas, sin necesidad de construcción. La necesidad de este diseño surge de la importancia de desarrollar un sistema integral para la captación de agua de lluvia, como una alternativa sostenible para el suministro de agua. Se estableció una capacidad de almacenamiento de 500 litros, considerando los tanques plásticos disponibles en el mercado local, para determinar las dimensiones y la carga que la estructura debe soportar. El modelado tridimensional se realizó utilizando una tubería cuadrada de acero estructural de 50 mm (2 plg), la cual fue discretizada mediante un mallado. Este proceso se validó alcanzando skewness de 0.2401, con un total de 414 651 elementos y 601 334 nodos, y se definieron las condiciones iniciales y de contorno correspondientes. El esfuerzo de Von Mises obtenido fue de 189.5 MPa, lo cual está por debajo del límite de fluencia para el acero estructural. Además, la deformación en los elementos estructurales no superó los 0.83 mm. El diseño se validó mediante un análisis del factor de seguridad, el cual fue de 1.746, aproximándose al valor recomendado para estructuras de soporte.

Abstract This study investigates the thermal behavior of three lithium-ion battery configurations under thermal runaway conditions, focusing on cooling systems based on air, water, and phase change materials (PCM). The analysis was conducted using sixteen cylindrical 18650 cells, each with a capacity of 2.15 Ah. The battery arrangements include Geometry 1, characterized by an irregular rhomboid shape, and Geometry 2, which adopts an irregular octagonal shape. Numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools in ANSYS Fluent, employing a thermal abuse model rooted in a multidimensional, multiscale approach, and incorporating the empirical Newman-Tiedemann-Gauthier-Kim (NTGK) model. Transient simulations were performed under forced and natural convection scenarios to capture dynamic thermal behavior. The findings reveal that natural air cooling fails to prevent thermal runaway under the studied conditions. In contrast, water and PCM-based cooling systems effectively mitigate thermal runaway risks. Furthermore, forced convection with air and water significantly enhances thermal management and successfully prevents thermal runaway.

Resumen En este estudio se evalúa el comportamiento térmico ante condiciones de fuga térmica de tres arreglos de celdas de iones de litio con distintos sistemas de enfriamiento: aire, agua y material de cambio de fase (PCM). Se utilizaron 16 celdas cilíndricas de tipo 18650 con una capacidad de 2.15 Ah. La geometría 1 tiene una forma de rombo irregular, mientras que las geometrías 2 y 3 tienen una forma de un octágono irregular. Se implementaron simulaciones numéricas CFD empleando el software ANSYS Fluent mediante la aplicación del modelo de abuso térmico basado en un enfoque multidimensional multiescala y el modelo empírico NTGK. Se ejecutaron simulaciones transientes considerando convección forzada y natural. Los resultados muestran que, para las condiciones dadas en el estudio, el enfriamiento natural por aire no previene la fuga térmica, mientras que el agua y PCM sí la previenen, al igual que la convección forzada con aire y agua.

ABSTRACT Tidal swamp lands offer potential for expanding rice cultivation, but developing hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in these areas faces significant challenges. Key obstacles include seed availability, fertilizer requirements, water management infrastructure, capital constraints, farmers’ technical skills, pest and disease pressures, consumer preferences, and institutional complexities. Addressing these challenges requires technological interventions and institutional support. Proposed technological solutions cover variety selection, water management, land preparation, seedling practices, amelioration techniques, transplanting methods, fertilization strategies, and pest and disease control measures. These solutions aim to overcome limited seed availability, nutrient deficiencies, suboptimal water management, and pest infestations, maximizing hybrid rice productivity in tidal swamp areas. Institutional strengthening is crucial to tackle systemic barriers like ineffective farmer associations, inadequate extension services, and limited market access. Collaborative efforts involving government agencies, research institutions, farmer groups, and market stakeholders are essential to unlock the full potential of hybrid rice cultivation in tidal swamp lands. By addressing these challenges and implementing targeted interventions, Indonesia can enhance its production sustainably, contributing to national food security and agricultural development goals in line with its vision to become a global food granary by 2045. The development of hybrid rice in swamp areas requires in-depth, on-site research to identify suitable varieties, taking into account soil fertility, hydrological conditions, and seasonal variations. By utilizing local or well-adapted genetic resources, it is possible to ensure the timely and cost-effective production of seeds in large quantities.