The standardisation process of a language is always a polemic undertaking, and Tshivenda is no exception. This article explores the Tshivenda dialects and the standardisation process that this language went through. The importance of language as a primary resource for an individual, social identification, and also as a means of learning and communication, cannot be overemphasised. Moreover, when different language varieties come into contact, acculturation is inevitable, i.e., linguistic and cultural elements from both sides will diffuse and "contaminate" each other's languages and culture. However, this phenomenon is not fully researched, especially among the Tshivenda dialects. The lexicographers and terminographers, who are tasked with the development and maintenance of the Tshivenda language, seem to be "trapped" in the colonial and apartheid era, i.e., of selecting and elevating one dialect over others to represent a language. Since 1994, the year of the dawn of a democratic dispensation in South Africa, this process has proceeded at a snail's pace. In this study, a qualitative, ethnographic approach was adopted, and data were collected through telephonic interviews, where six participants were purposefully and conveniently sampled. The findings of this study may benefit speakers of Tshivenda, lexicographers, terminographers, and all language practitioners, teachers, and learners. When people value their language and heritage, use it often without prejudice or hesitancy, and practice their culture and traditions, their identity, history, dignity, and heritage become preserved. Tshivenda, at the official level, may have many lexical items in its endeavour to carry out its function as an official language in different domains.

Abstract During the last decades, the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an strategic tool for diagnosis, staging and surveillance in patients with rectal cancer. To differentiate patients with locally advanced rectal tumors from those who do not, determinate neoadjuvant therapy or total mesorectal excision, respectively. After neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, those who achieve complete clinical response may be considered for inclusion in an active surveillance scheme known as “watch and wait” (WW). WW strategy consists of three pillars, rectal digital exam, endoscopy and the MRI, and the main purpose is to reach the early detection of tumoral regrowth. Regarding MRI, the high-resolution T2-weighted images in conjunction with DWI, and the ADC map plays a key role in this instance. WW leads to avoid resective surgeries with high morbidity rates. The rectal digital exam and endoscopy are complementaries to MRI, whose main limitation is the detection of lesions with no mucosal involvement. This reason places the MRI as a cornerstone in tumoral regrowth, detecting not only luminal regrowth, but those in which the rectal wall is not involved, and thus, not accessible for the other surveillance methods. To our knowledge, this is the first pictorial essay in which imaging regrowth patterns are described. The purpose of this is to emphasize the MRI protocol study and to describe the different forms of tumoral regrowth in order to reach the early tumoral regrowth detection.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, la resonancia magnética (RM) ha cobrado un rol fundamental en el diagnóstico, la estadificación y el seguimiento de los pacientes con cáncer de recto. En la estadificación inicial, que sean o no tumores localmente avanzados es lo que determina el tratamiento neoadyuvante o quirúrgico, respectivamente. Posterior a la neoadyuvancia, los pacientes que logren una respuesta clínica completa pueden ser considerados para la inclusión dentro de un esquema de vigilancia activa, comúnmente conocido como watch and wait (WW). La estrategia WW se basa en tres pilares, que son el examen digital rectal, la endoscopía y la RM, buscando detectar la presencia temprana de recrecimiento tumoral. En relación a la RM, la secuencia potenciada en T2 de alta resolución, junto con la de difusión (DWI) y el mapa de ADC, son las piezas clave para la detección temprana de recrecimiento. La estrategia de WW lleva a evitar cirugías resectivas con una alta morbilidad y deterioro de la calidad de vida. El examen digital rectal y la endoscopía son métodos de vigilancia complementarios a la RM, con su principal limitación en lesiones sin compromiso mucoso. Esta razón posiciona a la RM como un pilar indispensable para su implementación, detectando no solo áreas de recrecimiento parietal, sino también aquellas extramurales no accesibles por los otros métodos de vigilancia. En nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer ensayo iconográfico que se centra en el análisis estricto del recrecimiento tumoral en pacientes bajo esquema de WW por RM. El objetivo es enfatizar el protocolo de estudio en estos pacientes y mostrar las distintas formas de recrecimiento tumoral con el fin de lograr su detección temprana.

Abstract Introduction After the diagnosis of neoplasm of the middle and distal rectum, patients are often submitted to oncological treatment by neoadjuvant therapy. At the end of this treatment, those patients who show complete clinical response can choose, together with their physician, to adopt the watch-and-wait strategy; although it implies lower morbidity for the patient, this strategy is dependent on strict adherence to treatment follow-up for the early identification of any future local injury. Materials and Methods Survey of data from medical records and description, and discussion of case reports with a literature review in books and databases. Results We report the case of a 73-year-old patient diagnosed with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the middle rectum, Stage II (cT3bN0M0), who presented complete clinical response after undergoing treatment with neoadjuvant therapy. Together with the assistant team, the watch-and-wait strategy was chosen. During the follow-up, an endoscopic examination showed a vegetating at the proximal limit of the tumor scar. We chose to perform submucosal endoscopic dissection. The report of the anatomopathological examination evidenced a serrated adenoma with narrow margins free of neoplasia. Conclusion Patient adherence to cancer treatment using the watch-and-wait strategy is essential for the early identification of new local lesions. After resection of the lesion identified in the tumor scar site as a neoplasm-free lesion, it is consistent to think that this lesion would be the origin of the neoplasm, given the adenomatous origin. rectum therapy choose physician watchandwait watch wait followup follow up injury description databases 73yearold yearold 73 year old cT3bN0M0, cT3bN0M0 cTbNM , cT bN M (cT3bN0M0) team chosen followup, up, dissection neoplasia lesions neoplasmfree 7 cT3bN0M (cT3bN0M0 (cT3bN0M

BACKGROUND: Lexical properties such as orthographic neighbours have been shown to have an influence on reading and writing; however, this phenomenon is yet to be explored in the Southern Bantu languages. OBJECTIVES: We investigate the role of orthographic neighbourhood density and neighbourhood frequency in reading and spelling in Grade 3 isiXhosa home-language learners. The aim is to establish whether orthographic neighbours facilitate or hinder reading and spelling. The dual-route model of orthographic processing is used to interpret our findings. METHOD: Data were collected from 97 Grade 3 isiXhosa home-language learners. Lexical decision, word reading, and spelling tasks were administered. Tasks included both real and pseudowords varying in orthographic neighbourhood density and neighbourhood frequency, while controlling for word length and word frequency. RESULTS: Findings show a significant inhibitory effect of orthographic neighbourhood frequency and word length for spelling accuracy. Longer words with higher frequency neighbours were more likely to be spelt incorrectly. No effect was recorded for the lexical decision and word reading tasks. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that spelling in isiXhosa relies partially on lexical processing strategies, which allows for the inhibitory effects of orthographic neighbours to be observed. While in reading, sublexical processing is more prominent, therefore mitigating the effect of orthographic neighbours. CONTRIBUTION: Empirical evidence for the effects of orthographic neighbours, specifically in a Southern Bantu language, provides a clearer picture of the underlying cognitive-linguistic processes involved in reading and writing. This evidence may contribute to the development of targeted pedagogical practices to address spelling errors.

BACKGROUND: Although numerous researchers have discovered a negative association between stock-market returns and changes in exchange rates, the literature does not address how external shocks may alter these correlations. AIM: This article investigates the risk synchronisation between stock returns, exchange-rate returns, geopolitical risk (GPR), and global economic policy uncertainty (GEPU) concerning countries within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). SETTING: The SADC countries over the period February 2005-August 2021. METHODS: The wavelet techniques were used to address the study's objectives. RESULTS: The bivariate results show that there was a positive interdependence between the stock market and the currency market in Botswana and Mauritius from 2007 to 2012. In South Africa, there is always significant co-movement between the two markets. The partial wavelet shows that, while both increasing GPR and GEPU influence the correlation between stock returns and exchange-rate returns, GPR has a greater impact than GEPU. Finally, the wavelet multiple correlations analysis reveals that the Botswana exchange-rate reaction to shocks is indeterminate, with the ability to lead or lag in terms of how the SADC economies respond to shocks across all-time scales. CONCLUSION: The findings from the study imply that investors should watch for changes in the GEPU, particularly the GPR, if they are concerned about the stock markets in Botswana, Mauritius, and South Africa. CONTRIBUTION: This is the first study to evaluate the conditional effect of external shocks on the co-movement of currency returns and stock returns in SADC countries using wavelet techniques.

Abstract Introduction: Until today, the fishing effort by foreign fleets in the Costa Rican Pacific has not been analyzed. Objective: To determine the spatial distribution of the fishing effort of those fleets, variables that shape that distribution, and if they interact with management figures and highly fragile ecosystems. Methods: Using fishing effort data from 2012 to 2020, obtained from Global Fishing Watch, an Index of Fishing Effort (IEP) was calculated to apply geospatial and multivariate statistics, as well as multiple regression models. A grid with 55 905 cells of 0.10 degrees was used to apply Hot Spot Analysis, and another grid with 24 176 cell-year-month analysis units of 0.25 degrees was used to apply a Linear Regression Model. Results: The data reveals the fishing activity of international fleets associated with four types of fishing gear, and a wide coverage of a high IEP by two fleets throughout the nine years analyzed. The IEP is primarily associated with location and varies by month and year. There is also relative evidence that its influenced by the concentration of oxygen and nitrates. Conclusions: International fleets come into direct conflict with officially defined zones for national fleets and disrespect protected oceanic areas and a declared non-fishing zone to protect marine resources in the Costa Rican Pacific. Their activities in the Dome may affect a national yellowfin tuna fishery.

Resumen El presente artículo recoge las concepciones construidas a través de las caricaturas periodísticas publicadas en medios de comunicación masivos colombianos, y la manera en la que estudiantes universitarios resignifican o apropian dicho producto comunicativo. Luego de revisar los elementos conceptuales acerca de este producto del género periodístico de opinión en el que se definen sus tipos, categorías, usos, recursos gráficos utilizados y el impacto que tienen en la construcción de realidad, se aplicó una encuesta a ciento cincuenta universitarios, con quienes se analizó la forma de lectura de caricaturas para identificar los cambios de comprensión, estado de ánimo y tipo de recibimiento a la información icónica allí consignada, todo ello a través de un instrumento de medición basado en aspectos de la escala de Likert para que los participantes pudieran calificar un grupo de diez caricaturas publicadas. Se buscó comprender la manera en la que el público objeto resignifica o apropia dicho producto periodístico y el impacto que tiene en la forma de leer los acontecimientos. Se concluye que el género periodístico de opinión y la caricatura -como una de sus expresiones- mantiene una relación estrecha con la forma en la que los universitarios entienden su contexto, pero se confirma la brecha existente entre la información y este grupo etario. Se encontró que los jóvenes que consumen caricaturas las utilizan para reafirmar sus convicciones, pero poco para hacer lecturas de realidad disímiles a las propias.

Resumo Este artigo recolhe as concepções construídas através das caricaturas jornalísticas publicadas nos meios de comunicação colombianos e a forma como os estudantes universitários re-significam ou se apropriam desse produto comunicativo. Após revisar os elementos conceituais sobre ese produto do gênero jornalístico de opinião em que são definidos seus tipos, categorias, usos, recursos gráficos utilizados e o impacto que têm na construção da realidade, foi aplicado um instrumento a 150 estudantes universitários, com os quais analisaram a forma de ler cartuns para identificar mudanças na compreensão, humor e tipo de recepção às informações icónicas ali registradas por meio de um instrumento de medida baseado em aspectos da escala Likert para que os participantes pudessem qualificar um grupo de 10 cartuns publicados em diferentes mídias. Procuramos compreender a forma como o público objeto re-significa ou se apropria do referido produto jornalístico e do impacto que ele tem na forma de ler os acontecimentos. Conclui-se que o gênero jornalístico de opinião e caricatura, como uma de suas expressões, mantém estreita relação com a forma como os universitários compreendem seu contexto, mas confirmase a lacuna existente entre a informação e essa faixa etária. Constatou-se que os jovens que assistem desenhos animados os utilizam para reafirmar suas convicções, mas pouco para fazer leituras da realidade diferentes das suas.

Abstract This article collects the conceptions built through the journalistic caricatures published in Colombian mass media, and the way in which university students re-signify or appropriate said communicative product. After reviewing the conceptual elements about this product of the journalistic genre of opinion in which its types, categories, uses, graphic resources used and the impact they have on the construction of reality are defined, an instrument was applied to 150 university students, with whom the study analyzed the way of reading cartoons to identify changes in understanding, mood, and type of reception to the iconic information recorded there through a measurement instrument based on aspects of the Likert scale so that the participants could qualify a group of 10 cartoons published in different media. We sought to understand the way in which the public object re-signifies or appropriates said journalistic product and the impact it has on the way of reading events. It is concluded that the journalistic genre of opinion and caricature, as one of its expressions, maintains a close relationship with the way in which university students understand their context, but the existing gap between information and this age group is confirmed. It was found that young people who watch cartoons use them to reaffirm their convictions but little to make interpretations of reality that are dissimilar to their own.

Abstract The article is a synthesis effort to present a sub-area of sports studies in social sciences in Brazil, called Anthropology of Sportives Practices. It is an expression that articulates the uses of some notions that define the vast field of playful experiences with the contextual production of empirical data. Broad spectrum sociological models that operate notions such as games and sports are put to the test of experiments and extensions of ethnographic models. In this case, the objective is to achieve more discontinuous landscapes in which the meanings of what we define by “to play” and “to watch” - sensitives faculties that orders expressive corporealities - assume a more universal symbolic nexus than properly historical phenomena, such as games, hobbies and sports. The examination of the dialectic between watch and play allows different sportive practices, such as football and a specific Xingu wrestling, analyzed from the point of view of the category “cheers” (fans), to maintain their comparative properties in the difference.

Resumo O artigo é um esforço de síntese para apresentar uma subárea dos estudos sobre esportes nas ciências sociais no Brasil, denominada de Antropologia das Práticas Esportivas. Trata-se de descritor acadêmico que visa articular os usos de algumas noções que definem o vasto campo de experiências lúdicas com a produção contextual de dados empíricos. Modelos sociológicos de amplo espectro, que operam noções como jogo e esporte, são colocados à prova das experimentações etnográficas. Objetiva-se alcançar paisagens mais descontínuas por intermédio da relação entre duas faculdades sensíveis, jogar e olhar, constitutivas de um modelo denominado de modelo das relações. O exame da dialética entre olhar e jogar permite que fenômenos esportivizados distintos, desde a ubíqua prática do futebol a uma determinada luta corporal xinguana, ambas analisadas do ponto de vista da categoria torcer, mantenham as possibilidades analíticas comparativas na diferença.

Resumen El presente volumen, tercera entrega relacionada a lo difuso en las disciplinas del diseño objetual y virtual, plantea una mirada a la vez local y global. Los posibles escenarios inter y multidisciplinarios que han derivado de la formación a la profesionalización del diseño, dan cuenta de una práctica en permanente metamorfosis; atenta a las tendencias, como así también a los (no) materiales y tecnologías, que corren permanentemente los límites impuestos. A su vez, las ramificaciones de posibilidades que el diseño permite -partiendo de su endogamia pero siempre en relación con lo exogámico- demuestran cómo la práctica profesional puede ser inabarcable; esto, desde una perspectiva prospectiva de múltiples posibilidades.

Abstract The present volume, the third installment related to the diffuse in the disciplines of object and virtual design, presents a view that is both local and global. The possible inter and multidisciplinary scenarios that have derived, from training to professionalization, of design account for a practice in permanent metamorphosis; watch out for trends, as well as (non) materials and technologies, which are constantly running the imposed limits. In turn, the ramifications of possibilities that the design allows -based on its inbreeding but always in relation with the exogamous- demonstrate how professional practice can be endless; this, from a prospective perspective of multiple possibilities.

Resumo O presente volume, a terceira parcela relacionada à difusão nas disciplinas de objeto e design virtual, apresenta uma visão local e global. Os possíveis cenários inter e multidisciplinares que derivaram, do treinamento à profissionalização, do design são responsáveis por uma prática em metamorfose permanente; atente para as tendências, bem como para os (não) materiais e tecnologias, que estão constantemente executando os limites impostos. Por sua vez, as ramificações de possibilidades que o projeto permite -com base em sua consanguinidade, mas sempre em relação com o exogâmico- demonstram como a prática profissional pode ser infinita; isso, de uma perspectiva prospectiva de múltiplas possibilidades.

ABSTRACT Objective: this research aims to identify the key characteristics that influence viewers to watch and share ads. Theoretical approach: by exploring both technical and subjective attributes, this study provides valuable insights for advertisers to enhance their video performance. It farsighted to study the attributes that motivate the sharing video ads behavior using the characteristics present in the videos altogether. Method: the research employed a multi-method approach. The qualitative study analyzed 35 YouTube ads to identify potential attributes for evoking sharing behavior. Subsequently, an experimental study was conducted based on the derived qualitative propositions. Result: the propositions produced the attributes: narrative, purpose, interaction, real characters, celebrities, technical themes, humor, and market. With them, we formed 16 bundles, converted into ad visual scripts analyzed by a conjoint. Conclusions: the study highlighted that congruency of service announcements from service companies, addressing real problems with non-technical themes, have the highest potential for sharing, while ads focusing on technical topics with elements of humor performed poorly. This research sheds light on the discussion of two goals established by the United Nations - SDG 9 and SDG 12, providing valuable insights for advertisers. Objective approach performance altogether Method multimethod multi method 3 Subsequently Result narrative purpose interaction characters celebrities themes market them 1 bundles conjoint Conclusions companies nontechnical non poorly 12

RESUMO Objetivo: esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as principais características que influenciam os espectadores a assistir e compartilhar anúncios. Marco teórico: ao explorar atributos técnicos e subjetivos, este estudo fornece insights valiosos para anunciantes aprimorarem o desempenho de seus vídeos. É previdente estudar os atributos que motivam o comportamento de compartilhamento de anúncios de vídeo usando as características presentes nos vídeos em conjunto. Método: um estudo multimétodo foi realizado. O estudo qualitativo analisou 35 anúncios do YouTube para identificar os atributos que poderiam evocar compartilhamento. Então, um estudo experimental utilizou as proposicoes vindas da pesquisa qualitativa. Resultado: as proposições produziram os atributos: narrativa, propósito, interação, personagens reais, celebridades, temas técnicos, humor e mercado. Com eles formamos 16 bundles, convertidos em 16 roteiros visuais de anúncios analisados por um conjunto. Conclusões: o estudo destacou que a congruência de anúncios de serviços de empresas de serviço, abordando problemas reais com temas não técnicos, tem o maior potencial de compartilhamento, enquanto os anúncios que se concentram em tópicos técnicos com elementos de humor tiveram um desempenho ruim. Esta pesquisa traz luz à discussão de duas metas estabelecidas pelas Nações Unidas - ODS 9 e ODS 12, fornecendo informação para quaisquer anunciantes. Objetivo teórico subjetivos conjunto Método realizado 3 Então qualitativa Resultado narrativa propósito interação celebridades mercado 1 bundles Conclusões serviço ruim 12

ABSTRACT This article discusses child labor in North American agriculture from the perspective of a critique of the culture of work as something that educates and dignifies migrant working-class children. It is part of the postdoctoral research carried out between March 2020 and February 2021 at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. The research was conducted through analysis of Human Rights Watch reports and field research in North Caroline and Virginia during the tobacco harvest. The analysis was carried out from the dialectical historical materialism (MARX, 2013; WILLIAMS, 1958; 1980) and the Transformative Activist Positioning, developed by Stetsenko (2016; 2017; 2019), as an unfolding of the cultural historical theory and the philosophy of praxis. We denounce that the culture of precocious work is not an innate characteristic and so little educational or dignifying, as liberals and conservatives claim. But it stems from the social context/class in which the human being is inserted and, therefore, from the needs and forms of production of existence. In this sense, culture and education are not fixed/inert/innate, but arise both from contexts and needs and from our agencies and intentions that can be transformative and directed against all exploitation and social oppression that affects immigrant children and adults in this society. workingclass working class 202 York harvest MARX, MARX (MARX 2013 WILLIAMS 1958 1980 Positioning 2016 (2016 2017 2019, 2019 , 2019) praxis dignifying claim contextclass context therefore existence sense fixedinertinnate fixed inert fixed/inert/innate society 20 201 195 198 (201 2 19 (20 1 (2 (

RESUMO Este artigo discute o trabalho da criança na agricultura norte-americana a partir da problematização da cultura do trabalho como algo que educa e dignifica as crianças da classe trabalhadora migrante. É parte de pesquisa de pós-doutorado desenvolvida entre março de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021 no Graduate Center da City University of New York. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da análise de relatórios da Human Rights Watch e de pesquisa de campo nos estados da Carolina do Norte e da Virginia durante a colheita de tabaco (julho/agosto, 2020). A análise foi realizada a partir do materialismo histórico-dialético (MARX, 2013; WILLIAMS, 1958; 1980) e do Posicionamento Ativista Transformador, desenvolvido por Stetsenko (2016; 2017; 2019) como um desdobramento da Teoria Histórico-Cultural e da filosofia da práxis. Denunciamos que a cultura do trabalho precoce não é uma característica inata, tampouco educativa ou dignificante, como liberais e conservadores afirmam. Decorre do contexto/classe social em que o ser humano está inserido e, portanto, das necessidades e formas de produção da existência. Nesse sentido, a cultura e a educação não são fixas/inertes/inatas, mas surgem tanto dos contextos e das necessidades quanto de nossas agências e intencionalidades, que podem ser transformadoras e direcionadas contra toda exploração e opressão social que atinge crianças e adultos migrantes nessa sociedade. norteamericana norte americana migrante pósdoutorado pós doutorado 202 York julho/agosto, julhoagosto julho agosto (julho/agosto 2020. . 2020) históricodialético histórico dialético MARX, MARX (MARX 2013 WILLIAMS 1958 1980 Transformador 2016 (2016 2017 2019 HistóricoCultural Histórico Cultural práxis inata dignificante afirmam contextoclasse contexto portanto existência sentido fixasinertesinatas fixas inertes inatas fixas/inertes/inatas intencionalidades sociedade 20 julho/agosto 201 195 198 (201 2 19 (20 1 (2 (

Abstract: The popularization of streaming platforms favors other ways of consuming audiovisual content, such as the marathon of TV series (binge-watching). This practice was explored among 457 young Mexican university students between 18 and 25 years old, to ascertain the factors that motivate it, as well as their perceptions on the possible effects on their well-being and academic performance. The project approach is mixed. Initially, there were six discussion groups, with a total of 30 participants, followed by an online survey. It was found that participants watch on mobile devices, prefer to watch on weekends and holidays, whenever they “have time”, or at night. Ideally, they watch marathons alone but sometimes they do it with family, friends, or romantic partners, either in person or remotely. The reasons are relaxing, socializing, and learning new things. They also conceive it as an escape to face difficult emotional situations, such as those experienced during the lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were aware of the potential physical effects of marathon watching, but only a minority reported experiencing them. The effects of bingewatching on their academic life are perceived as limited, since they keep the practice under control, with some eventual oversight.

Resumen: La popularización de las plataformas de streaming favorece otras maneras de consumir contenidos audiovisuales, como el maratón de series televisivas (binge-watching). Se exploró esta práctica entre 457 jóvenes universitarios mexicanos entre 18 y 25 años de edad para aclarar los factores que la motivan, así como sus percepciones sobre los posibles efectos en su bienestar y desempeño académico. El enfoque del proyecto es mixto. Se realizaron seis grupos de discusión iniciales, con 30 participantes en total, y una encuesta en línea posterior. Se halló que los participantes miran en dispositivos móviles, prefieren ver durante los fines de semana y vacaciones, cuando “tienen tiempo”, o por la noche. Idealmente, miran los maratones a solas, pero en ocasiones lo hacen con familiares, amigos o parejas sentimentales, ya sea de manera presencial o remota. Los motivos son relajarse, socializar y aprender cosas nuevas. También lo conciben como un escape para afrontar situaciones emocionales difíciles, como las vividas durante el confinamiento causado por la pandemia por COVID-19. Los participantes se mostraron conscientes de los posibles efectos físicos de ver maratones, pero solo una minoría indicó haberlos experimentado. Los efectos del binge-watching en su vida académica son percibidos como limitados, pues mantienen la práctica bajo control, con algún eventual descuido.

Resumo: A popularização das plataformas de streaming favorece outras formas de consumo de conteúdo audiovisual, como a maratona de sérias televisivas (binge-watching). Esta prática foi explorada entre 457 jovens universitários mexicanos entre 18 e 25 anos para esclarecer os fatores que a motivam, bem como suas percepções sobre os possíveis efeitos em seu bem-estar e desempenho acadêmico. A abordagem do projeto é mista. Foram realizados seis grupos de discussão iniciais, com 30 participantes no total, e uma pesquisa online posterior. Verificou-se que os participantes que assistem em dispositivos móveis, preferem fazê-lo nos finais de semana e feriados, sempre que “têm tempo” ou à noite. Idealmente, eles assistem as maratonas sozinhos, mas às vezes o fazem com familiares, amigos ou parceiros românticos, de forma presencial ou remota. As razões são para relaxar, socializar e aprender coisas novas. Eles também o concebem como uma saída para enfrentar situações emocionais difíceis, como as vivenciadas durante o confinamento causado pela pandemia do COVID-19. Os participantes estavam cientes dos possíveis efeitos físicos do binge-watching, mas apenas uma minoria relatou experimentá-los. Os efeitos do binge-watching em sua vida acadêmica são percebidos como limitados, pois mantêm a prática sob controle, com algum eventual descuido.

Resumen: Introducción: lograr la interacción entre los equipos de salud y la educación, es fundamental para generar futuras generaciones con conocimientos y destrezas que les permitan cuidar su salud, la de sus familias y comunidades. Durante la edad escolar se desarrollan gran parte de las preferencias, costumbres y estilos personales. Objetivo: conocer los hábitos, conductas y prácticas de las niñas, niños y adolescentes de quinto y sexto año de tres instituciones educativas públicas y tres privadas de Montevideo para realizar un diagnóstico de situación que permita planificar una intervención posterior. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal entre octubre y diciembre 2017. Se aplicó una encuesta anónima a escolares de quinto y sexto año de tres instituciones públicas y tres privadas de los barrios Paso de la Arena, Prado y Colón. Se solicitó consentimiento informado y autorización al comité de investigación institucional. Se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Resultados: participaron 331 escolares, 73,1% del sector público y el 26,9% del privado. En la merienda escolar, 46% consume merienda casera y 75% comprada. El 53% no consume alimentos UP en el recreo. En el hogar un 50% come frutas y un 35% come verduras todos los días, un 64,3% consume carne UP hasta 3 veces por semana. Si bien un 48,3% refiere correr todos los días, casi cuatro de cada diez nunca bailan, patinan o andan en bicicleta y dos de cada diez nunca practican deportes. El 65% destina más de 2 horas a las pantallas, 2 de cada 10 duermen menos de 6 horas y más del 50% usan el celular o miran televisión antes de dormir. Se encontraron diferencias entre el sector público y privado en la merienda casera, consumo de UP, carne y agua. Conclusiones: se realizó un diagnóstico de los hábitos, conductas y prácticas de los escolares de esas 3 zonas que permitió elegir los temas prioritarios de salud para trabajar con esas escuelas. La situación es inquietante y debe trabajarse con celeridad a nivel interinstitucional generando cambios en los hábitos de vida de los escolares, sus familias y la comunidad. Se determinó un punto de partida para poder evaluar y medir el impacto de las acciones.

Summary: Introduction: promoting interaction between health and educational teams is essential to build the necessary skills and knowledge in future generations that would enable them to take care of their health, their families’ and their communities’. Most preferences, habits and personal styles are developed at school age. Objective: to get to know the habits, behaviors and practices of children and adolescents of fifth and sixth grade attending three public and three private educational institutions in Montevideo and make a diagnosis of the situation to able to plan a subsequent intervention. Material and Methods: descriptive, observational and crosssectional study between October and December 2017. An anonymous survey was applied to fifth and sixth grade students from three public and three private institutions in the Paso de la Arena, Prado and Colón neighborhoods. Informed consent and authorization were obtained from the institutional research committee. Absolute frequencies and percentages were used. Results: 331 school children participated, 73.1% from the public sector and 26.9% from the private sector. Regarding school snacks, 46% of them consume homemade snacks and 75% consume processed snacks. 53% do not consume food during recess. At home 50% eat fruits and 35% eat vegetables every day, 64.3% consume UP meat up to 3 times a week. While 48.3% report running every day, almost four out of ten have never danced, skated or ridden a bike and two out of ten have never played sports. 65% spend more than 2 hours watching screens, 2 out of 10 sleep less than 6 hours and more than 50% use the cell phone or watch television before bed. We found significant differences between the public and private sectors regarding homemade snacking, meat and water consumption. Conclusions: we carried out a diagnosis of the habits, behaviors and practices of schoolchildren in these 3 areas, which enabled us to choose priority health topics to work with these schools. The situation is disturbing and it must be addressed quickly at interinstitutional level in order to generate changes in the schoolchildren habits, their families and their communities. We have set up a starting point in order be able to evaluate and measure the impact of actions taken.

Resumo: Introdução: alcançar a interação entre as equipes de saúde e de educação é essencial para gerar conhecimentos e habilidades nas gerações futuras que lhes permitam cuidar de sua saúde, a de sua família e a de suas comunidades. A maior parte das preferências, costumes e estilos pessoais são desenvolvidos durante a idade escolar. Objetivo: conhecer os hábitos, comportamentos e práticas de crianças e adolescentes do quinto e sexto ano de ensino fundamental de três instituições de ensino público e três de ensino privado de Montevidéu para fazer um diagnóstico da situação que permita planejar uma intervenção posterior. Material e Métodos: estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal entre outubro e dezembro de 2017. Uma pesquisa anónima foi aplicada a alunos do quinto e sexto ano do ensino fundamental de três instituições públicas e três privadas dos bairros Paso de la Arena, Prado e Colón. Consentimento informado e autorização foram solicitados ao comitê de pesquisa da instituição. Foram utilizadas frequências absolutas e porcentagens. Resultados: participaram 331 escolares, sendo 73,1% do setor público e 26,9% do setor privado. Na merenda escolar, 46% consomem lanche caseiro e 75% compram. 53% não consomem alimentos UP no recreio. Em casa 50% comem frutas e 35% comem vegetais todos os dias, 64,3% consomem carne UP até 3 vezes por semana. Enquanto 48,3% relatam correr todos os dias, quase quatro em cada dez nunca dançam, patinam ou andam de bicicleta e dois em cada dez nunca praticam esportes. 65% passam mais de 2 horas assistindo a telas de computador ou telefones, 2 em cada 10 dormem menos de 6 horas e mais de 50% usam o celular ou assistem à televisão antes de dormir. Foram encontradas diferenças entre os setores público e privado no consumo de lanches caseiros, UP, carne e água. Conclusões: um diagnóstico dos hábitos, comportamentos e práticas dos escolares das 3 zonas que permitiram escolher os temas prioritários de saúde para trabalhar com estas escolas. A situação é preocupante e deve ser trabalhada rapidamente no nível interinstitucional, com o fim de gerar mudanças nos hábitos de vida dos escolares, de suas famílias e da comunidade. Determinouse um ponto de partida para poder avaliar e mensurar o impacto das ações realizadas.

In this paper I investigate the state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria to ascertain whether they (folktales and play-songs of children) are still alive and active in this culturally important town in northern Nigeria. My specific objectives are to examine how much parents and their children know of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs and argue that folktales and play-songs are to some extent infused with modern technologies because of globalisation and that mass media has taken over the dissemination of such cultures. To achieve this aim, I employ questionnaires as the instrument of data collection. The subjects for the research are 150 parents and their school-going and out-of-school children aged 20-above and 0-10 respectively. Arguing that globalisation impacts the oral transmission of cultural knowledge more than ever, I adopt technauriture and cultauriture as the theoretical models. Analysis of the data reveals a more than 90% awareness of folktales and play-songs from all respondents. However, some school-going children prefer to watch such oral traditions via satellite rather than listening to a narration as it enhances their language development and nurtures and preserves culture using the paradigm of technology with audio-visual media. The out-of-school children, on the other hand, listen to the narration but are not captivated by it because it only uses the oral means of dissemination. They prefer to watch television and play video games as this educates and entertains using technology, orality, and visuals.