Abstract The work shows the use of wastewater by farmers for agricultural activities, its lack of treatment generates unhealthiness problems. Under this perspective, the objective of the research was to design the wastewater treatment system in the rural area of the La Pampa neighborhood of the Auquimarca annex. It is a purposeful investigation, using the Gauge Method to analyze gravity discharges and the Triangular Weir Method to determine the flow of wastewater. The composition of the wastewater for the treatment system was verified, including: hydrogen potential, resulting in 8.4 (acidic pH < 7, and basic medium pH > 7 alkaline), as a product of the study it is recommended to implement the design of treatment, based on the Imhoff tank sizing.

Resumen El trabajo muestra el uso de aguas residuales por campesinos para actividades agrícolas, su tratamiento nulo genera problemas de insalubridad. Bajo esta mirada el objetivo de la investigación fue diseñar el sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales en la zona rural del barrio la Pampa del anexo de Auquimarca. Es una investigación propositiva, empleando el Método de aforo para analizar las descargas por gravedad y Método del Vertedero-Triangular para determinar el caudal del agua residual. Se verificó la composición del agua residual para el sistema de tratamiento entre ellos: potencial de hidrógeno, dando como resultado 8.4 (acido pH < 7, y medio básico pH > 7 alcalino), como producto del estudio se recomienda implementar el diseño de tratamiento, tomando como base el dimensionamiento de tanque Imhoff.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The fish processing industry generates large volumes of wastewater, which are generally treated in lagoons, generating bad odors and emitting polluting gases into the atmosphere. According to their organic matter content, these can be treated in anaerobic reactors with a microalgae coupling for the bioremediation of the effluent, due to their high N, P and CO2 removal capacity. Objective: To determine the potential of fish processing wastewater from the fishing industry in Sancti Spíritus for biogas and microalgae production. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater are taken as a starting point and mass balances are performed using indexes from the literature to determine the volumes of biogas and the amount of biomass harvested from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Results and Discussion: The analyzed waters represent a potential for obtaining biogas and for the development of microalgae cultures as a promising alternative to improve process performance, which allows obtaining energy and high value-added products. Conclusions: The wastewater from the Pescaspir fishing company produces 21.8 m3 of biogas per day and 0.58 kg/d of dry microalgal biomass, so the proposed treatment system allows the generation of renewable energy, the production of biomass, obtaining a purified effluent and reducing the environmental impact on natural aquatic systems, in addition to other possible technological applications.

RESUMEN Introducción: La industria de procesamiento del pescado genera grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales, que generalmente son tratadas en lagunas, generando malos olores y emitiendo gases contaminantes a la atmósfera. De acuerdo a su contenido de materia orgánica estas pueden ser tratadas en reactores anaerobios con un acople de microalgas para la biorremediación del efluente, debido a su alta capacidad de remoción de N, P y CO2. Objetivo: Determinar el potencial de las aguas residuales del procesamiento de pescado de la industria pesquera en Sancti Spíritus para la producción de biogás y microalgas. Materiales y Métodos: Se toma como punto de partida las características fisicoquímicas de las aguas residuales y se realizan balances de masa empleando índices de la literatura, para determinar los volúmenes de biogás y la cantidad de biomasa cosechada de la microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Resultados y Discusión: Las aguas analizadas, representan un potencial para la obtención de biogás y para el desarrollo de cultivos de microalgas como alternativa prometedora para mejorar el rendimiento de los procesos, lo que permite obtener energía y productos de alto valor añadido. Conclusiones: Las aguas residuales de la empresa pesquera Pescaspir, permiten obtener 21,8 m3 de biogás al día y 0,58 kg/d de biomasa microalgal seca, por lo que el sistema de tratamiento propuesto permite la generación de energía renovable, la producción de biomasa, la obtención de un efluente depurado y la reducción del impacto ambiental que causan en los sistemas acuáticos naturales, además de otras posibles aplicaciones tecnológicas.

Resumo O conceito One Health reconhece que a saúde humana está claramente ligada à saúde dos animais e do ambiente. As infecções causadas por bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos carbapenêmicos tornaram-se um grande desafio nos hospitais devido às opções terapêuticas limitadas e consequente aumento da mortalidade. Neste estudo, investigamos a presença de Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenêmicos em 84 amostras de efluentes (42 hospitalares e 42 não hospitalares) de Campo Grande, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Primeiramente, amostras de esgoto foram inoculadas em meio de cultura seletivo. As bactérias com susceptibilidade reduzida ao meropenem e ao ertapenem foram então identificadas e a sua susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foi determinada utilizando o sistema Vitek-2. Os genes blaKPC foram detectados por PCR e posteriormente confirmados por sequenciamento. Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenêmicos (CRE) foram identificadas em efluentes hospitalares (n=32) e não hospitalares (n=16), sendo as mais comuns Klebsiella pneumoniae e espécies do complexo Enterobacter cloacae. Este é o primeiro estudo a indicar a presença do gene blaKPC-2 em Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenêmicos, classificadas como prioridade crítica pela OMS, em esgoto hospitalar desta região. A disseminação de genes resistentes a antibióticos carbapenêmicos pode estar associada a patógenos clínicos. Sob condições favoráveis e cargas microbianas, bactérias resistentes e genes de resistência antimicrobiana encontrados no esgoto hospitalar podem se disseminar no meio ambiente, causando problemas de saúde. Portanto, devem ser implementadas regulamentações sobre tratamento de esgotos para minimizar a transferência de resistência antimicrobiana dos hospitais. ambiente tornaramse tornaram mortalidade 8 (4 4 Grande CentroOeste Centro Oeste Brasil Primeiramente seletivo Vitek2. Vitek2 Vitek 2. 2 Vitek-2 sequenciamento CRE (CRE n=32 n32 n 32 (n=32 n=16, n16 n=16 , 16 (n=16) cloacae blaKPC2 blaKPC- OMS região clínicos microbianas Portanto ( Vitek- n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n1 n=1 1 (n=16 n= (n= (n=1 (n

Abstract The One Health concept recognizes that human health is clearly linked to the health of animals and the environment. Infections caused by bacteria resistant to carbapenem antibiotics have become a major challenge in hospitals due to limited therapeutic options and consequent increase in mortality. In this study, we investigated the presence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 84 effluent samples (42 from hospital and 42 from non-hospital) from Campo Grande, midwest Brazil. First, sewage samples were inoculated in a selective culture medium. Bacteria with reduced susceptibility to meropenem and ertapenem were then identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Vitek-2 system. The blaKPC genes were detected using PCR and further confirmed by sequencing. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were identified in both hospital (n=32) and non-hospital effluent (n=16), with the most common being Klebsiella pneumoniae and of the Enterobacter cloacae complex species. This is the first study to indicate the presence of the blaKPC-2 gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, classified as a critical priority by the WHO, in hospital sewage in this region. The dissemination of carbapenem antibiotic-resistant genes may be associated with clinical pathogens. Under favorable conditions and microbial loads, resistant bacteria and antimicrobial-resistance genes found in hospital sewage can disseminate into the environment, causing health problems. Therefore, sewage treatment regulations should be implemented to minimize the transfer of antimicrobial resistance from hospitals. environment mortality carbapenemresistant 8 (4 4 nonhospital non Grande Brazil First medium Vitek2 Vitek 2 Vitek- system sequencing Carbapenemresistant Carbapenem CRE (CRE n=32 n32 n 32 (n=32 n=16, n16 n=16 , 16 (n=16) species blaKPC2 blaKPC- WHO region antibioticresistant antibiotic pathogens loads antimicrobialresistance problems Therefore ( n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n1 n=1 1 (n=16 n= (n= (n=1 (n

Abstract Brazil is considered a world leader in paper production. It is estimated that the sector contributes 46.5% of the national gross domestic product, and its effluents have high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds which can cause coloration and ecotoxicity, generating impact if not properly treated. A potential strategy for the treatment of this wastewater is bioaugmentation with native bacteria isolated from the industrial sludge and effluent, which, due to their potential metabolism adapted to adverse environmental conditions, may favor the removal of specific compounds. When associated with immobilization techniques, the inoculum can develop as a biofilm adhered to a support medium, which provides surfaces for adhesion, growth and survival of bacteria. We therefore investigated the treatment of Kraft pulp effluent by bioaugmentation with the autochthonous bacterium Advenella kashmirensis both immobilized in a spongy support medium - Aqua Porous Gel (APG) - and in free-swimming (planktonic) form, denominated Phase I and II, respectively. The investigation was performed in a bench-scale aerated lagoon system with untreated industrial effluent. The effect of the use of bacteria in bioaugmentation was assessed by the removal parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Color, Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Lignin Compounds (LC). The results indicate that both Phases I and II were efficient for the treatment of COD, BOD5 and color parameters. However, the biofilm form provided better stability to the biological system in the treatment of the Kraft pulp effluent. production 465 46 5 46.5 product ecotoxicity treated conditions techniques adhesion APG (APG freeswimming free swimming planktonic (planktonic respectively benchscale bench scale COD , (COD) BOD5, BOD (BOD5) Color TPC (TPC LC. LC . (LC) However 4 46. (COD (BOD5 (LC (BOD

Resumo O Brasil é considerado referência mundial na produção de papel, se estima que o setor contribui com 46,5% do produto interno bruto nacional, configurando uma manufatura extensiva cujos efluentes possuem concentrações elevadas de matéria orgânica e compostos recalcitrantes, que podem introduzir cor e ecotoxicidade, gerando impacto caso não se proceda o adequado tratamento do mesmo. Uma estratégia potencial para o tratamento desta água resíduária é a bioaumentação com bactérias nativas isoladas do lodo e efluente da indústria, estas devido ao potencial metabolismo adaptado às condições adversas do ambiente, podem favorecer a remoção de compostos específicos. Quando associada a técnicas de imobilização, o inóculo pode se desenvolver como biofilme aderido a um meio suporte, que proporciona superfícies para adesão, crescimento e sobrevivência das bactérias. Desta forma, foi avaliado o tratamento de efluente de celulose kraft por bioaumentação com bactéria autóctone Advenella kashmirensis imobilizada em meio suporte esponjoso do tipo aquaporousgel (APG), e sobre a forma de vida planctonica/livre, denominadas de fase I e II respectivamente, em sistema de lagoa aerada de escala de bancada com efluente industrial não tratado. O efeito do uso da bactéria na bioumentação foi avaliado com efluente industrial não tratado. O efeito do uso da bactéria na bioumentação foi avaliado pelos parâmetros de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO5), Cor, Compostos Fenólicos Totais (CFT) e Compostos Ligninicos (CL). Os resultados apontam que ambas as fases I e II, foram eficientes para tratamento dos parâmetros DQO, DBO5 e cor. Entretanto, a forma de biofilmes conferiu melhor estabilidade ao sistema biológico no tratamento do efluente de celulose kraft. papel 465 46 5 46,5 nacional recalcitrantes ecotoxicidade mesmo indústria ambiente específicos imobilização adesão APG, APG , (APG) planctonicalivre planctonica livre planctonica/livre respectivamente tratado DQO (DQO) DBO5, DBO (DBO5) Cor CFT (CFT CL. CL . (CL) Entretanto 4 46, (APG (DQO (DBO5 (CL (DBO

With the increase in industrial production, there is a direct increase in waste generation. Milk processing industries are one of these cases that results in a complex effluent with a high organic load. If the effluent is discarded without proper treatment, it can compromise the survival of biota in water courses. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are one of the main technologies used in the treatment of effluents, especially the Photocatalysis-Self-Fenton System (PF) type. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the PF process and to optimize the parameters of dairy effluent treatment. The raw effluent was characterized considering the parameters: conductivity, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), solids, and oils and greases. Through an experimental design, the variation of the concentrations of Fe2+, H2O2 and the reaction time were optimized, and the influence of these three variables on the removal of COD was evaluated. Statistical analysis showed that all variables were statistically significant, and the model used had a coefficient of determination of 0.97, confirming that the model was well adjusted. The ideal conditions for COD removal, reaching 79%, were obtained in 60 min, 0.625 g L-1 of Fe2+ and 0.829 mL L-1 of H2O2. production generation load courses AOP (AOP effluents PhotocatalysisSelfFenton Photocatalysis Self Fenton (PF type conductivity pH COD, , (COD) solids greases design Fe2 Fe HO H O H2O optimized evaluated significant 097 0 97 0.97 adjusted 79 79% 6 min 0625 625 0.62 L1 L 1 L- 0829 829 0.82 (COD 09 9 0.9 7 062 62 0.6 082 82 0.8 0. 06 08 8

ABSTRACT We present the first report of plastic biomedia contamination on Brazilian beaches based on evidence collected from 14 beaches of the Paraná state coastline (southern Brazil). Plastic biomedia, also called biocarriers, are small, perforated plastic pieces used worldwide in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that apply the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) process. Accidental release of these particles into the environment adds to Ocean’s long-term plastic pollution problem. A high amount of plastic biomedia presence in the coastal areas of Paraná was first noticed by a community member, who found 411 plastic particles on a beach located in Pontal do Paraná, bringing this issue to our attention. In this study, plastic biomedia was retrieved from drift line alongshore transects (0.3 to 1 km long) and cross-shore transects (5 m wide) from the water line to the backshore zone. A total of 749 items were collected from 11 of the 14 sampled beaches, including the Mel and Superagui Islands nature reserves. The decreasing trend in plastic biomedia abundance with the increase in distance of the PEC southern outlet suggests that these particles probably originate from a WWTP in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC). Once in the water, these floating plastic particles that followed the suspended sediment transport pattern were exported to coastal waters and were transported by longshore currents. Highlighting the potential role of the PEC as a substantial vector for marine debris to the Paraná coastline. The most likely source of this novel plastic contaminant to the Brazilian coastline are WWTP with MBBR systems. Therefore, stakeholders need to discuss and establish a reporting system so that plastic biomedia spillovers or losses are reported, and its dispersal in the environment is reduced. Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) biocarriers small (WWTP (MBBR process Oceans Ocean s longterm long term problem member 41 attention study 0.3 03 0 3 (0. crossshore cross shore 5 ( wide zone 74 reserves PEC. (PEC) currents systems Therefore reported reduced 4 0. (0 7 (PEC

ABSTRACT Biopolymers can be recovered from aerobic sludge and used for environmental applications, such as phosphorus adsorbent material, instead being sent to sanitary landfills. In this resource recovery perspective, this work aimed to study the recovery of alginate-like exopolymer (ALE) from activated sludge (AS) compared to aerobic granular sludge (AGS). ALE-based biosorbent was prepared and tested to remove phosphorus from aqueous solutions, and the adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were studied. The recovery yield of ALE from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) AS (18.7%) was close to that obtained from a pilot-scale AGS (22%). ALE recovered from AS presented hydrogel properties and humic substances in its composition, which are important features for future applications. The equilibrium of the adsorption was reached after 10 minutes. The Langmuir isotherm model and the PFO kinetic model best fitted to the experimental data, resulting in maximum adsorption capacity of 8.164 mgP·gALE. Thus, ALE recovered from AS has the potential to be used as a phosphorus biosorbent from effluents and further used as a nutrient delivery system with hydrogel properties. applications material landfills perspective alginatelike alginate like (ALE (AS AGS. . (AGS) ALEbased based solutions studied fullscale full scale WWTP (WWTP 18.7% 187 18 7 (18.7% pilotscale pilot 22%. 22 22% (22%) composition 1 minutes data 8164 8 164 8.16 mgPgALE mgP gALE mgP·gALE Thus (AGS 18.7 (18.7 2 (22% 816 16 8.1 18. (18. (22 81 8. (18 (2 (1 (

RESUMO Biopolímeros podem ser recuperados do lodo biológico e utilizados em aplicações ambientais, como adsorvente de fósforo. O fósforo é um nutriente abundante em efluentes, que pode ser adsorvido para posterior aplicação na agricultura. Nesta ótica, este trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo da recuperação do biopolímero alginate-like exopolymer (ALE) de lodo ativado (LA) e lodo granular aeróbio (LGA), e posterior aplicação como adsorvente de fósforo de efluente. O rendimento de recuperação de ALE do LA (18,7%) foi próximo ao obtido com o LGA (22%), ressaltando que o primeiro é um processo amplamente difundido em comparação ao último. A proporção da mistura mais adequada (ALE e alginato de sódio) foi de 2,5% de alginato (m/m). O local de coleta de LA na ETE não apresentou influência nas capacidades de adsorção ou na característica microbiológica do LA; o lodo centrifugado foi selecionado como a melhor opção. O ALE extraído de LA apresentou-se com características de hidrogel e substâncias húmicas em sua composição, que são importantes para a agricultura. O equilíbrio do processo de adsorção foi atingido após 10 minutos, o modelo de isoterma de Langmuir e o modelo cinético de pseudoprimeira ordem (PPO) foram os que apresentaram os melhores ajustes aos dados experimentais, resultando na capacidade de adsorção (qmax) de 8,164 mg/gALE. Os resultados obtidos apontam que o ALE recuperado de LA tem potencialidade para ser utilizado como biossorvente de fósforo de efluentes, para sua posterior aplicação na agricultura, tanto como fonte deste nutriente, como devido à sua composição de hidrogel. ambientais efluentes agricultura ótica alginatelike alginate like (LA LGA, , (LGA) efluente 18,7% 187 18 7 (18,7% 22%, 22 22% (22%) último sódio 25 2 5 2,5 m/m. mm m/m . m (m/m) opção apresentouse se 1 minutos PPO (PPO experimentais qmax (qmax 8164 8 164 8,16 mggALE mg gALE mg/gALE (LGA 18,7 (18,7 (22% 2, (m/m 816 16 8,1 18, (18, (22 81 8, (18 (2 (1 (

Azo dyes are widely used in various industries. However, many of these dyes are carcinogenic and reduce light penetration into aqueous systems, posing a threat to human health and hampering photosynthesis in aquatic environments. In this study, guava seeds were used to produce activated carbon by chemical activation with ZnCl2. The carbon was characterized and used as an adsorbent to remove tartrazine dye in aqueous medium. X-ray diffraction showed the formation of a material with disordered graphitic planes, typical of activated carbons. The equilibrium time for the dye-activated carbon system was found to be 80 min by the Southwell plot method. The adsorbent removed 97.6% of the dye, representing an adsorbed concentration of 1.62 mg g-1 for an adsorbent dosage of 12 g L-1. The pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models provided the best fit to experimental data, suggesting that chemisorption is the predominant mechanism, combined with the effect of surface heterogeneity. From an environmental point of view, the results suggest that the activated carbon produced is an efficient material for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing azo dyes. industries However systems environments study ZnCl2 ZnCl medium Xray X ray planes carbons dyeactivated 8 method 976 97 6 97.6 162 1 62 1.6 g1 g- L1. L1 L 1. L-1 pseudosecondorder pseudo second order data mechanism heterogeneity view 9 97. 16 L-

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their discharge into the surface water are existing global challenges. However, such challenges are more detrimental in developing countries due to the aging infrastructure and its vandalism influenced by poverty, resulting in the illegal breakdown of the WWTPs. This study investigated the presence of efavirenz, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim in WWTPs. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract these pharmaceuticals in sludge samples, with wastewater extracted with only the latter. This was followed with analysis using a high-performance liquid chromatography-photo-diode array detection system. Recoveries found after spiking the samples with analytes at different concentrations ranged from 56 to 117%. An antibiotic, sulfamethoxazole, was among the prominent drugs in untreated wastewater with its concentration reaching 77 ug L-1. All the analytes were detected in sludge samples, with naproxen having the highest concentration of 13.35 ng g-1. The pharmaceutical with the lowest removal efficiency (2-12%) in WWTPs was efavirenz, while other drugs were fairly removed from wastewater. Overall, the findings of this study indicate the dysfunctionality of selected WWTPs in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa due to the release of high amounts of pharmaceuticals into the surface water which can be detrimental to humans, animals, and aquatic life.

Abstract (Objective) The variation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in air was studied in a wastewater treatment system in Costa Rica to obtain information about the dispersion of odors produced using on-site measurements and an air dispersion model. (Methodology) Thirteen samples were taken in periods of 12 hours and 24 hours between October 2016 and February 2017, and the measurements taken in the field were entered into a dispersion model. Meteorological parameters including direction and wind speed, global radiation, temperature, percentage of relative humidity, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure were recorded. Dispersion of gases around the selected emission points in the treatment plant was determined using the Aermed View and AERMOD programs. Data on roughness parameters, Bowen ratio and albedo for a rural area were incorporated into the Aermet View and the data collected was incorporated into the AERMOD model. (Results) The concentrations of gases emitted by the plant were below the perception values of these substances, 0.70 µg/m3 (< 0.50 ppb) for H2S and 26.6 µg/m3 (< 35.5 ppb) for NH3. The discharge channel is the main source of emissions; the gases emitted were dispersed to the neighboring communities of La Carpio, María Auxiliadora and Rincón Grande to the Northwest; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría and Lagunilla to the Northeast, and the National Emergency Commission to the South. Error values ranged between 5% and 48% for H2S and between 8% and 75% for NH3. The concordance index (CI) showed agreement between the predicted and observed values for both H2S and NH3. (Conclusions) H2S and NH3 emissions from the wastewater treatment system do not represent a risk to health or the environment for nearby populations.

Resumen (Objetivo) Se estudió la variación de las concentraciones del sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) y del amoniaco (NH3) en aire, en un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Costa Rica, para conocer el posible alcance de los olores producidos, con mediciones en el lugar y un modelo de dispersión de sustancias en el aire. (Metodología) Fueron realizados 13 muestreos en periodos de 12 horas y 24 horas, entre octubre del 2016 y febrero del 2017; con las mediciones de campo, se alimentó un modelo de dispersión. Se midieron los parámetros meteorológicos: dirección y velocidad de viento, radiación global, temperatura, porcentaje de humedad relativa, precipitación y presión atmosférica. Mediante el uso de los programas Aermed View y AERMOD, se demostró la dispersión de los gases alrededor de los puntos de emisión seleccionados en la planta de tratamiento. Al Aermet View se le incorporaron los parámetros de rugosidad superficial, la proporción de Bowen y el albedo para una zona rural. Los datos recolectados se incluyeron en AERMOD. (Resultados) La concentración de los gases emitidos por la planta se encuentra por debajo de los valores de percepción de estas sustancias, 0,70 µg/m3 (< 0,50 ppb) para el H2S y 26,6 µg/m3 (< 35,5 ppb) para el NH3. Se determinó que el canal de vertido es la fuente principal de emisión. Los gases generados se dispersaron hacia las comunidades vecinas de La Carpio, María Auxiliadora y Rincón Grande, en dirección noroeste; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría y Lagunilla, en dirección noreste, y la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, en dirección sur. Los valores de error se encontraron en un ámbito entre el 5 % y el 48 % para el H2S y entre el 8 % y el 75 % para el NH3. El índice de concordancia (IC) mostró una similitud entre los valores predichos y los valores observados, tanto para el H2S como para el NH3. (Conclusiones) Las emisiones gaseosas de H2S y NH3 provenientes del sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales no representan un riesgo para la salud ni el medio ambiente, en las poblaciones cercanas.

Resumo (Objetivo) A variação nas concentrações de sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) e amoníaco (NH3) no ar, em um sistema de tratamento de águas residuais na Costa Rica, para conhecer a possível extensão dos odores produzidos, com medições no local e um modelo de dispersão de substâncias no ar. (Metodologia). Foram realizadas treze amostragens em períodos de 12 horas e 24 horas, entre outubro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017; com as medidas de campo, um modelo de dispersão foi alimentado. Os parâmetros meteorológicos foram medidos: direção e velocidade do vento, radiação global, temperatura, porcentagem de umidade relativa, precipitação e pressão atmosférica. Usando o Aermed View e o software AERMOD, foi demonstrada a dispersão de gases em torno dos pontos de emissão selecionados na estação de tratamento. Os parâmetros de rugosidade superficial, razão de Bowen e albedo para uma área rural foram incorporados na Aermet View. Os dados coletados foram incluídos no AERMOD. (Resultados) A concentração dos gases emitidos pela planta está abaixo dos valores de percepção para estas substâncias, 0,70 µg/m3 (< 0,50 ppb) para H2S e 26,6 µg/m3 (< 35,5 ppb) para NH3. O canal de deposição de descarte foi identificado como a principal fonte de emissões. Os gases gerados foram dispersos para as comunidades vizinhas de La Carpio, María Auxiliadora e Rincón Grande, na direção noroeste; Carvajal Castro, Rossiter Carballo, Residencial Real Santamaría e Lagunilla, na direção nordeste, e a Comissão Nacional de Emergência, na direção sul. Foram encontrados valores de erro entre 5% e 48% para o H2S e entre 8% e 75% para o NH3. O índice de concordância (CI) mostrou uma semelhança entre os valores previstos e observados tanto para o H2S quanto para o NH3. (Conclusões) As emissões gasosas de H2S y NH3 do sistema de tratamento de águas residuais não representam um risco sanitário e ambiental para as populações próximas.

Abstract. The transformation of agricultural waste into activated carbon represents an attractive approach as new and alternative source, but also as a reduction of pollution associated to the degradation of precursors. The organic residues sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse-shell, orange (Citrus sinensis) peel-bagasse, and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) leaves, obtained from a biodrying process were transformed into activated carbons using phosphoric acid as activating agent. The resulting materials were physicochemically characterized and after that, carbonaceous electrodes were prepared to test the feasibility of using them in a discoloration electro-Fenton wastewater treatment process. Orange peel-bagasse biodried precursor transformed into activated carbon showed the highest efficiency when used as the modifier in a carbon paste electrode due to its highest porosity, electroactive area (24.9x10-2 cm2), and roughness (1.21 a.u.), also to its chemical affinity for anionic molecules. These properties, in addition to the capability of electro-sorb iron ions on the surface during the Fenton reaction, allowed a 44 % methyl orange discoloration efficiency. Sugarcane bagasse-peel and eucalyptus leaves biodried residues were also evaluated with efficiencies under 30 %, mainly attributed to intrinsic composition of the precursor materials.

Resumen. La transformación de los residuos agrícolas en carbón activado representa un enfoque atractivo y novedoso, además de que representa una alternativa a la reducción de la contaminación asociada a la degradación de residuos orgánicos. Los residuos orgánicos de bagazo de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum), bagazo y cáscara de naranja (Citrus sinensis), y hojas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus), que fueron obtenidos de un proceso de biosecado, se transformaron en carbón activado utilizando ácido fosfórico como agente activante. Los materiales resultantes se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente y después de eso, se prepararon electrodos de pasta de carbón modificados con estos materiales, para estudiar la viabilidad de utilizarlos en un proceso de tratamiento de aguas residualesmediante electro-Fenton. El precursor biosecado de bagazo y cáscara de naranja transformado en carbón activado mostró la mayor eficiencia cuando se usó como modificador en un electrodo de pasta de carbón, debido a su mayor porosidad, área electroactiva (24.9x10-2 cm2) y rugosidad (1.21), también debido a su mayor afinidad química por moléculas aniónicas. Estas propiedades, aunadas a la capacidad de electro-sorber iones de hierro en la superficie durante la reacción de Fenton, permitieron una eficiencia de decoloración del naranja de metilo del 44 %. También se evaluaron residuos biosecados de bagazo de caña de azúcar y hojas de eucalipto, con eficiencias inferiores al 30 %, atribuidas principalmente a la composición intrínseca de los materiales precursores.

Resumen Se estudió la remoción de metales pesados (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu y Cr) en aguas residuales no domésticas (ARnD) reales de la industria de galvanoplastia (Medellín, Colombia) en un sistema discontinuo usando biomasa de cáscara (BCB) y pseudotallo de banano (BPT) obtenidos mediante procesos físicos simples. Los resultados fueron comparados con un carbón activado comercial (CAC). Los adsorbentes fueron caracterizados a través de FTIR, BET, Punto isoeléctrico, Boehm y DRX, mostrando poca variación hacia los materiales BCB y BPT en términos de composición química, morfología y estructura. También se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas del ARnD previamente al tratamiento de adsorción encontrando una concentración inicial de 18,73 mg/L, 10,1 mg/L, 11,2 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L y 0,44 mg/L por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para el Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu y Cr, respectivamente. Estos valores se compararon con la normatividad Colombiana la Resolución 0631 de 2015, donde se evidenció que sobrepasan los límites máximos permisibles establecidos. Las pruebas de adsorción se llevaron a cabo a temperatura ambiente, pH de 3,65 y 200 rpm variando la cantidad de adsorbente (1 - 5 mg) para un tiempo de 2 h. Los porcentajes máximos de remoción fueron de 42,69 %, 83,10 %, 95,17 %, 81,90 % y 99,82 % para Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn y Cr, respectivamente. Se observa que los valores alcanzados con los bioadsorbentes son similares al carbón comercial, lo que sugiere que los residuos de banano podrían ser una alternativa de bajo costo para el tratamiento de este tipo de efluentes.

Resumo A remoção de metais pesados (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu e Cr) em águas residuais não domésticas reais (NDWW) da indústria de electrodeposição (Medellín, Colômbia) foi estudada num sistema descontínuo utilizando biomassa de casca (BCB) e pseudostem de banana (BPT) obtidos por processos físicos simples. Os resultados foram comparados com um carvão activado comercial (CAC). Os adsorventes foram caracterizados através de FTIR, BET, Isoelectric point, Boehm e XRD, mostrando pouca variação em relação aos materiais BCB e BPT em termos de composição química, morfologia e estrutura. As propriedades físico-químicas da ARnD antes do tratamento de adsorção foram também determinadas, encontrando-se uma concentração inicial de 18,73 mg/L, 10,1 mg/L, 11,2 mg/L, 36,7 mg/L e 0,44 mg/L por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica para Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu e Cr, respectivamente. Estes valores foram comparados com a Resolução 0631 de 2015 dos regulamentos colombianos, onde era evidente que excediam os limites máximos admissíveis estabelecidos. Foram efectuados testes de adsorção à temperatura ambiente, pH de 3,65 e 200 rpm variando a quantidade de adsorvente (1 - 5 mg) durante um tempo de 2 horas. As percentagens máximas de remoção foram de 42,69 %, 83,10 %, 95,17 %, 81,90 % e 99,82 % para Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn e Cr, respectivamente. Observa-se que os valores obtidos com os bioadsorventes são semelhantes aos do carvão vegetal comercial, sugerindo que os resíduos de banana poderiam ser uma alternativa de baixo custo para o tratamento deste tipo de efluente.

Abstract The removal of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr) in real non-domestic wastewater (NDWW) from the electroplating industry (Medellín, Colombia) was studied in a batch system using peel biomass (BCB) and banana pseudostem (BPT) obtained by simple physical processes. The results were compared with a commercial activated carbon (CAC). The adsorbents were characterized through FTIR, BET, Isoelectric point, Boehm and XRD, showing little variation towards BCB and BPT materials in terms of chemical composition, morphology and structure. The physicochemical properties of ARnD were also determined prior to adsorption treatment, finding an initial concentration of 18.73 mg/L, 10.1 mg/L, 11.2 mg/L, 36.7 mg/L and 0.44 mg/L by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr, respectively. These values were compared with the Colombian regulations Resolution 0631 of 2015, where it was evidenced that they exceed the maximum permissible limits established. Adsorption tests were carried out at room temperature, pH of 3.65 and 200 rpm varying the amount of adsorbent (1 - 5 mg) for a time of 2 h. The maximum removal percentages were 42.69 %, 83.10 %, 95.17 %, 81.90 % and 99.82 % for Fe, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cr, respectively. It is observed that the values achieved with the bioadsorbents are similar to commercial charcoal, suggesting that banana residues could be a low-cost alternative for the treatment of this type of effluent.

ABSTRACT Wastewater treatment system by activated sludge, the purification of the organic matter by specific heterogeneous microorganisms, occurs in the presence of oxygen in aeration tanks. The analysis of the microfauna present in the sludge is an important indicator of the performance and efficiency of the activated sludge system. Considering this importance, the objective of this work was to identify the microorganisms which are part of the microfauna present in the aeration tank of the effluent treatment plant of a soybean processing industry in the state of Mato Grosso, evaluating the biological activity of the sludge and the efficiency of the process. Protozoa and bacteria were identified through electronic microscopy and physical-chemical analyses such as pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, BOD, COD, suspended solids, and SVI. During the study, it was possible to identify bacteria related to flake formation, organic matter degradation, nitrification and denitrification, and also microorganisms such as thecamoebas, micrometazoa, fixed ciliates and ciliates free natantes, characterizing the process with good purification and the structure of the sludge flakes between ideal and filamentous bulking with a high sludge age. The identification of the microfauna present was efficient as a bioindicator of the treatment system condition with removal of BOD and COD of 59.75 and 67.09%, respectively. tanks importance Grosso physicalchemical physical chemical pH nitrogen phosphorus solids SVI study formation degradation denitrification thecamoebas micrometazoa natantes age 5975 59 75 59.7 6709 67 09 67.09% respectively 597 5 7 59. 670 6 0 67.09 67.0 67.

RESUMO No sistema de tratamento de efluentes por lodo ativado ocorre a depuração da matéria orgânica por microrganismos heterogêneos específicos, em presença de oxigênio nos tanques de aeração. A análise da microfauna presente no lodo é um importante indicador do desempenho e da eficiência do sistema de lodos ativados. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi identificar os microrganismos que compõem a microfauna do tanque de aeração da estação de tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria alimentícia processadora de soja do estado de Mato Grosso, avaliando a atividade biológica do lodo e a eficiência do processo. Foi realizada a identificação dos protozoários e das bactérias pela microscopia eletrônica, e fizeram-se as análises físico-químicas de pH, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrogênio, fósforo, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, demanda química de oxigênio, sólidos suspensos e índice volumétrico de lodo. Durante o estudo, foi possível observar as bactérias relacionadas na formação do floco, na degradação da matéria orgânica, na nitrificação e na desnitrificação, e também microrganismos como as tecamebas, micrometazoários, ciliados fixos e ciliados livres natantes, que caracterizam o processo com alta idade de lodo, boa depuração e alta concentração de oxigênio dissolvido. A identificação da microfauna presente mostrou-se eficiente como bioindicadora da condição do sistema de tratamento, observando-se que o sistema da indústria se apresentou com boa depuração e com remoção de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e demanda química de oxigênio, de 59,75 e 67,09%, respectivamente. específicos ativados disso Grosso eletrônica fizeramse fizeram físicoquímicas físico químicas pH dissolvido nitrogênio fósforo estudo floco desnitrificação tecamebas micrometazoários natantes mostrouse mostrou observandose observando 5975 59 75 59,7 6709 67 09 67,09% respectivamente 597 5 7 59, 670 6 0 67,09 67,0 67,

ABSTRACT This research studied the environmental impact of the UASB/anaerobic biofilter system (anaerobic sludge blanket reactor — UASB/ABF) + floating-type constructed wetland (FCW) + vertical flow constructed wetland — microbial fuel cell (FVCW-MFC) + mixed filter with reactive support (MFRS), applied for pilot-scale remediation of urban effluents on a university campus. Scenarios for proposed changes to the settings of the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) were made (Scenarios 2 and 3). The Scenario 1 system was operated in pulses, with the application of 2.9 m3 of university campus effluent per week. Energy required for pumping in the pilot scale unit (Scenario 1) and for potential application with runoff flow (Scenario 2) were inventoried, considering materials for construction and processing, especially with the control of pollutant load in liquid and atmospheric effluents. The SimaPro 8.0.4 software was used, with a functional unit of 2.9 m3 week-1 of effluent and a reference flow of 20 years. The results showed a contribution of 84.8% (in single score — Pt) for the system's construction materials, as well as 15.2% for the operation of the Scenario 2 system, without the use of electricity for pumping. Scenario 3, on the other hand, showed that replacing fiberglass tanks with fiber cement tanks could help reduce environmental impacts during the construction phase of the system by up to 58.6% in terms of energy use and up to 80% in emissions of carcinogenic pollutants. UASBanaerobic UASB anaerobic UASB/ABF UASBABF ABF floatingtype floating type FCW (FCW FVCWMFC FVCW MFC (FVCW-MFC MFRS, MFRS , (MFRS) pilotscale WTP (WTP 3. 3 . 3) pulses 29 9 2. m week inventoried processing 804 8 0 4 8.0. used week1 week- years 848 84 84.8 Pt systems s 152 15 15.2 hand 586 58 6 58.6 80 pollutants (MFRS 8.0 84. 15. 5 58. 8.

RESUMO Nesta pesquisa, foi estudado o impacto ambiental do sistema UASB/Biofiltro Anaeróbio (reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo — UASB/BFA) + wetland construído do tipo floating (WCF) + wetland construído de fluxo vertical-célula de combustível microbiana (WCFV-CCM) + filtro misto com suporte reativo (FLR), aplicado para remediação em escala piloto de efluentes urbanos em um campus universitário. Foram feitos cenários de propostas de mudanças das configurações da estação de tratamento de efluente (ETE) (Cenários 2 e 3). O sistema do Cenário 1 foi operado em pulsos, com aplicação de 2,9 m3 de efluente de campus universitário semanalmente. A energia necessária para o bombeamento na unidade em escala piloto (Cenário 1) e para a potencial aplicação com fluxo por escoamento (Cenário 2) foi inventariada, considerando materiais de construção e processamento, especialmente com o controle de carga poluente nos efluentes líquidos e atmosféricos. O software SimaPro 8.0.4 foi utilizado, tendo como unidade funcional 2,9 m3 semana-1 de efluente e fluxo de referência de 20 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que os materiais da construção do sistema contribuíram com 84,8% (em pontuação única — Pt), e a operação do sistema do Cenário 2 contribuiu com 15,2%, sem o uso de energia elétrica para o bombeamento. Já o Cenário 3 mostrou que a substituição dos tanques de fibra de vidro por tanques de fibrocimento poderia ajudar a reduzir os impactos ambientais na fase de construção do sistema em até 58,6% em termos de uso de energia e até 80% nas emissões de poluentes carcinogênicos. pesquisa UASBBiofiltro UASB Biofiltro reator UASB/BFA UASBBFA BFA WCF (WCF verticalcélula vertical célula WCFVCCM WCFV CCM (WCFV-CCM FLR, FLR , (FLR) ETE (ETE Cenários 3. . 3) pulsos 29 9 2, m semanalmente inventariada processamento atmosféricos 804 8 0 4 8.0. utilizado semana1 semana semana- anos 848 84 84,8 Pt, Pt Pt) 152 15 15,2% 586 58 6 58,6 80 carcinogênicos (FLR 8.0 84, 15,2 5 58, 8. 15,

ABSTRACT In water supply sources and ecosystems has been detected the pharmaceutical compounds presence, called emerging contaminants. This constitutes a potential risk to the environment. Antibiotics receive attention given the emergence of bacterial resistance. The effectiveness of ozonation for its degradation is recognized, but the toxicity of the reaction by-products is debated. The objective of the study was to establish the ozonation conditions of beta-lactam antibiotic model solutions to evaluate the degradation, genotoxic and antimicrobial activity of ozonated samples and propose an alternative treatment for industrial wastewater. An experimental design 23 was applied with ozone concentration in the inlet gas (CO3(g): 70 and 100 mg/L), pH (7 and 12) and contact times (30 and 60 min - amoxicillin / 15 and 30 min - oxacillin). Amoxicillin was reduced by more than 99% in 5 min and two groups of by-products were observed, one degraded within 10 min and the other remained. Oxacillin reached more than 97% degradation in two min and by-products were generated, which were not completely degraded. The ozonated samples did not present antimicrobial activity and genotoxicity, the COD and AbsUV-254 values decreased. This indicated that the by-products were partially degraded and transformed into more oxidized and innocuous compounds. For the treatment of industrial wastewater are proposed: CO3(g): 70 mg/L, pH: 7 with 15 and 30 min. The Pharmaceutical Company for the production of antibiotics has started an investment process in the treatment plant with the incorporation of an ozonation system.

RESUMEN En fuentes de abasto de agua y ecosistemas se ha detectado la presencia de compuestos farmacéuticos, denominados contaminantes emergentes, que constituye un riesgo potencial. Los antibióticos reciben atención dada la aparición de resistencia bacteriana. Se reconoce la eficacia de la ozonización para su degradación, pero se debate la toxicidad de los subproductos de reacción. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer las condiciones de ozonización de soluciones modelo de antibióticos betalactámicos para evaluar la degradación, actividad genotóxica y antimicrobiana de muestras ozonizadas y proponer una alternativa de tratamiento de las aguas residuales industriales. Se aplicó un diseño experimental 23 con concentración de ozono en el gas de entrada (CO3(g): 70 y 100 mg/L), pH (7 y 12) y tiempos de contacto (30 y 60 min - amoxicilina / 15 y 30 min - oxacilina). La amoxicilina se redujo más del 99% en cinco min y se observaron dos grupos de subproductos, uno se degradó a los 10 min y el otro fue persistente. La oxacilina alcanzó más del 97% de degradación en dos min y se generaron subproductos que no se degradaron por completo. Las muestras ozonizadas no presentaron actividad antimicrobiana y genotoxicidad, la DQO y AbsUV-254 disminuyeron. Esto indicó que los subproductos se degradaron parcialmente y transformaron en compuestos más oxidados e inocuos. Para el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales se propone: CO3(g): 70 mg/L, pH: 7 con 15 y 30 min. La Empresa Farmacéutica de producción de antibióticos ha iniciado un proceso inversionista en la planta de tratamiento con la incorporación de un sistema de ozonización.