Abstract Pig Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a disease with economic repercussions for pig farmers worldwide as it causes low feed efficiency and, therefore, less weight gain in the fattening stage. The effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric oleoresin and capsicum (EP, plant extracts) on the productive performance of fattening pigs and on the health of a herd affected by PRRS was evaluated. Nine-hundred and sixty fattening pigs with an initial average weight of 5.21 ± 0.065 kg was randomly assigned to one of four treatments, T1, control; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. The variables analyzed were weight at day 70 of life (P70), weight at market (PM), daily weight gain at day 70 of life (GDP70), daily weight gain to market (GDPM), feed conversion at day 70 of life (CA70) and feed conversion at market (CAM). T2 and T4 diets exceeded the control and T3 in P70 and GDP (P < 0.05), T2 and T4 did better than the control and T3 in CA70 (P < 0.05). T2, T3, and T4 surpasssed the control in PM (P < 0.05). All pigs had antibodies against PRRS throughout the study, although pigs in the second fattening cycle showed higher IgG values for T2 and T4. The cost of production for T2, T3 and T4 was lower for GDPM, CAM and PM. In conclusion, the treatments T2, T3, and T4 were superior to the control in PM and therefore, the use of DHA and phylogens wasp cost-effective.

Resumen El Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo del Cerdo (PRRS) es una enfermedad que impacta económicamente a la porcicultora, pues provoca baja eficiencia alimenticia y menor ganancia de peso en la fase de engorda. Se evaluó el efecto de adicionar la dieta con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), oleorresina de cúrcuma y capsicum (EP, extractos de plantas) sobre el desempeño productivo de cerdos en engorda y en la salud de una piara con PRRS. Novecientos sesenta cerdos con un peso promedio inicial de 5.21 ± 0.065 kg fueron asignados a uno de cuatro tratamientos: T1, testigo; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. Las variables fueron: peso al día 70 (P70), peso a la salida al mercado (PM), ganancia diaria de peso al día 70 (GDP70), ganancia diaria de peso al mercado (GDPM), conversión alimenticia al día 70 (CA70) y conversión alimenticia a la salida al mercado (CAM). P70 y GDP mostraron que las dietas T2 y T4 (P < 0.05) superaron al testigo y a T3. En CA70, los cerdos de T2 y T4 fueron mejores que el testigo y T3 (P < 0.05). En PM, T2, T3 y T4 superaron al testigo (P < 0.05). Todos los cerdos fueron positivos a PRRS durante todo el estudio, aunque los cerdos del segundo ciclo de engorda mostraron más IgG en T2 y T4. El costo de producción para T2, T3 y T4 fue menor para GDPM, CAM y PM. En conclusión, las dietas experimentales fueron superiores al testigo en PM y, por ende, el uso de DHA y fitogénicos resultó rentable.

Abstract Introduction The gall wasp Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar causes the death of Quercus affinis Scheidw. in Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. The genetic capacity of parents with tolerance to the pest can be conserved by grafting. Objectives The aim of this study is to establish the conditions for grafting of Quercus affinis individuals tolerant to A. quercuslaurinus attack. Materials and methods Scions of five tolerant and five susceptible phenotypes were collected. Homografts (Q. affinis scions on Q. affinis rootstocks) and heterografts (Q. affinis on Q. rugosa Née) were made with terminal fissure and side-veneer graft. Tests were carried out on five dates and with materials of different ages. Grafting success was evaluated with ANOVA and Tukey's test (P = 0.05). Grafting was determined by fitting the Weibull accelerated failure time model. Results and discussion Statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in grafting by phenotype effect. Grafting success rate with scions from tolerant trees was 166 % higher than with scions from susceptible trees. The highest grafting was obtained in homografts (90 %) with scions from young tolerant trees (12 years old) and heterografts (88 %) with scions from adult tolerant trees (35 and 40 years old). Conclusions The propagation of Q. affinis individuals tolerant to A. quercuslaurinus attack is possible by homografts (young trees) and heterografts (adult trees) with Q. rugosa rootstocks, preferably in early autumn.

Resumen Introducción La avispa agalladora Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar causa la muerte de Quercus affinis Scheidw. en Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. La capacidad genética de los progenitores con tolerancia a la plaga se puede conservar mediante propagación por injertos. Objetivos Establecer las condiciones de propagación por injerto de individuos de Quercus affinis tolerantes al ataque de A. quercuslaurinus. Materiales y métodos Se recolectaron varetas de cinco fenotipos tolerantes y cinco susceptibles. Se realizaron homoinjertos (púas de Q. affinis sobre patrones de Q. affinis) y heteroinjertos (Q. affinis sobre Q. rugosa Née) con las técnicas de hendidura terminal y enchapado lateral. Se realizaron pruebas en cinco fechas y con materiales de edad distinta. El prendimiento de los injertos se evaluó con ANOVA y pruebas de Tukey (P = 0.05). La probabilidad de prendimiento se determinó con el ajuste del modelo de tiempo de fallo acelerado de Weibull. Resultados y discusión Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P ≤ 0.05) en el prendimiento de injertos por efecto del fenotipo. La probabilidad de prendimiento de injertos con varetas de árboles tolerantes fue 166 % mayor que con varetas de árboles susceptibles. El mayor prendimiento se obtuvo en homoinjertos (90 %) con varetas semileñosas de árboles tolerantes jóvenes (12 años) y heteroinjertos (88 %) con varetas semileñosas de árboles tolerantes adultos (35 y 40 años). Conclusiones La propagación de individuos de Q. affinis tolerantes al ataque de A. quercuslaurinus es posible por medio de homoinjertos (árboles jóvenes) y heteroinjertos (árboles adultos) con patrones de Q. rugosa, preferentemente a inicios de otoño.

Abstract The use of alternative tree and shrub species such as Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, for feeding ruminants, can provide high amounts of feed biomass and high protein content. The most commonly used propagation methods for the production of seedlings of this species are by grafting, layering and cuttings, with the latter method standing out, because it allows obtaining a greater number of seedlings per branch in less time. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of alternative rooting agents on wasp flower (H. rosa-sinensis L.) cuttings, under nursery conditions. Five rooting agents were evaluated consisting of Aloe vera, cinnamon, Aloe + molasses + egg (A+M+E), Moringa oleífera and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp, plus a control consisting of the addition of water. The variables evaluated were number of roots per plant, root length, number of regrowths, fresh root weight per plant, dry root weight per plant, root biomass and survival percentage. The data were organized in a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet, then analyzed in the statistical program InfoStat 2020. The treatment with Trichoderma sp favors the vegetative growth of H. rosa-sinensis, followed by the A+M+E, Moringa and cinnamon treatments. The treatments with the highest percentage of survival were Moringa, cinnamon, Aloe, and Trichoderma sp, considered as excellent, while the A+M+H and control treatments were considered good.

Resumen El uso de las especies alternativas de árboles y arbustos como son Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, para la alimentación de rumiantes, puede proporcionar altas cantidades de biomasa alimenticia y alto contenido de proteína. Los métodos de propagación más utilizados para la producción de plántulas de esta especie son por injerto, acodo y esquejes, destacándose este último método, porque permite obtener un mayor número de plántulas por rama en menor tiempo. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de enraizadores alternativos sobre esquejes de flor de avispa (H. rosa-sinensis L.), bajo condiciones de vivero. Se evaluaron cinco enraizadores que consistieron en aloe vera, canela, aloe + melaza + huevo (A+M+H), Moringa oleifera y el hongo antagonista Trichoderma sp, además de un testigo que consistió en la adición de agua. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de raíces por planta, longitud de raíces, número de rebrotes, peso fresco de raíz por planta, peso seco de raíz por planta, biomasa de raíces y porcentaje de sobrevivencia. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel 2013, posteriormente fueron analizados en el programa estadístico InfoStat 2020. El tratamiento con Trichoderma sp favorece el crecimiento vegetativo de H. rosa-sinensis, seguido de los tratamientos A+M+H, Moringa y canela. Los tratamientos con mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fueron Moringa, canela, aloe y Trichoderma sp, considerados como excelentes, mientras que los tratamientos A+M+H y testigo fueron considerados buenos.

Abstract The biological control in sugarcane in Venezuela has been established as a unique measure, having optimal results of the use of parasitoids and entomopathogens for the control of borers of the genus Diatraea, and later of the candelilla Aeneolamia spp., both key pests of the crop. For borers it was achieved after systematic releases of the Amazonian fly Lydella minense from the middle of the last century and then with the establishment of the braconid wasp Cotesia flavipes from 1987. For the biological control of Aenolamia varia, pest that involved the frequent application of insecticides, after the introduction of the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae since 1977, has been established as an efficient measure for the control of its adults, however, the nymphs were less controlled. This aspect was resolved through the introduction of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in 2004, which has been widely used as a biological measure to avoid the application of insecticides. As an example, we have the Azucarera Río Turbio, although in the last harvests it has had a reduction in its areas due to different factors. During the last 58 years, Diatraea infestation shows a reduction of 15 to 3.18 %, which saves 170 552.62 metric tons with a value of US$ 49 196 045 and a cost of biological control of US$ 1 187 189 which translates into a benefit-cost of US$ 41.44. Before the establishment of biological control, Aeneolamia was controlled exclusively with chemical insecticides applied to foliage for adults and soil for nymphs. Simultaneously since then, the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae produced by national companies has been used and this entomopathogen was used on 87 000 hectares between 1986 and 1990. Also since 2004, the methodology of using entomopathogenic nematodes to control Aeneolamia nymphs began.

Resumen El control biológico en caña de azúcar en Venezuela se ha logrado establecer como una medida única, con resultados óptimos del uso de parasitoides y entomopatógenos para el control de los taladradores del género Diatraea, y, posteriormente, de la candelilla Aeneolamia spp., ambas plagas claves del cultivo. Para los taladradores, se logró después de liberaciones sistemáticas de la mosca amazónica Lydella minense desde un inicio, a mediados del siglo XX y luego con el establecimiento de la avispa bracónida Cotesia flavipes, a partir de 1987. Para el control biológico de Aeneolamia varia, plaga que implicaba la aplicación frecuente de insecticidas, después de la introducción del uso del hongo entomopatógeno Metarhizium anisopliae desde 1977, se ha establecido como medida eficiente para el control de sus adultos, aunque las ninfas eran menos controladas. Este aspecto se resolvió mediante la introducción del nematodo entomopatógeno Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en 2004, el cual se viene utilizando en forma general, y prácticamente ya se tienen las medidas biológicas para evitar la aplicación de insecticidas. Como ejemplo se tiene a la Azucarera Río Turbio, aunque en las últimas zafras ha tenido una reducción en sus áreas, por diferentes factores. Durante los últimos 58 años, la infestación de Diatraea muestra una reducción de 15 a 3.18 %, con lo cual se salvan 170 552.62 toneladas métricas (TM), con un valor de US$ 49 196 045 y un costo del control biológico de US$ 1 187 189 lo que se traduce en un beneficio-costo de US$ 41.44. Antes del establecimiento del control biológico, Aeneolamia se controlaba exclusivamente con insecticidas químicos, aplicados al follaje para los adultos y al suelo para las ninfas. Simultáneamente desde entonces, se ha utilizado el hongo M. anisopliae producido por empresas nacionales, hasta cubrir 87 000 ha, entre 1986 y 1990. También, desde 2004 se inició la utilización de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control de ninfas de Aeneolamia.

INTRODUCTION: The Work Ability Screening Profile (WASP) was conceptualised and developed by occupational therapists at the University of Durban Westville to provide a basic vocational screening assessment. Its purpose was to screen competence in generic work skills which reflected performance in activities essential to workplace participation relevant to the South African context. The assessment was revised in 2005 and renamed the WASP II. It was decided this screening assessment tool would be continuously reviewed using action research with clinicians involved in the ongoing evaluation so ensure validity and reliability for the population with which it is used. This study considered the clinical evaluation, useability and utility of the WASP II in order to inform further revision. METHOD: A cross sectional survey was used to gather data from 70 occupational therapy clinicians familiar with or using the WASP II in clinical practice. RESULTS: A sample of 70 respondents indicated the WASP II was suitable to assess current work ability and production speed with a variety of clients with physical and mental health dysfunction. Ten of the 12 subtests were used by at least 40% of the time by the 28 respondents who used the WASP II frequently. These respondents reported good to adequate useability in terms of cost, sensitivity to clients' educational level and ease of understanding instructions, incorporation into clinical practice contexts while supporting clinical reasoning and judgement. The accommodation of clients' language and provision of standard scores were indicated as inadequate. Utility was considered adequate for all aspects including discrimination of moderate to severe dysfunction, informing the choice of other assessmentsas well as supporting vocational rehabilitation intervention. The WASP II outcomes were also understood by other service providers, employers, referring parties as well asclients. CONCLUSION: While the WASP II was considered appropriate for use in the South African context and has adequate useability and utility, some subtests need to be updated and revised in terms of the standard times and content validity for current practice in the work environment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The WASP II has useability • aligned with generic work skills of acquiring information or following directions numeracy, conveying information and written communication • for with those with work experience and with scholars and students yet to enter the workplace The WASP II has utility in relation to • cost and clients' educational levels • detailed instructions on the task layout but some standardisation needs to be interpreted with care • sensitivity to all aspects of assessment of generic work skills, except discrimination of mild dysfunction

Abstract The gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, poses a significant global threat to Eucalyptus cultivation, by causing substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes by morphological characteristics using image analysis based on the damage caused by the gall wasp. In addition, consensus sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs) and the genome of Eucalyptus spp. Were identified by in silico analysis. Furthermore, another objective was to discriminate Eucalyptus genotypes in response to Leptocybe invasa by conducting molecular analyses involving transposable elements and inter simple sequence markers. For image analysis, the GroundEye ® system was used to collect images of 60 leaves from six genotypes, three of which were resistant and three susceptible. Eucalyptus spp. sequences were obtained from the GenBank database by in silico analysis and pairwise alignments with TE sequences were conducted using BLASTN. Multiple sequence alignment was performed with Clustal Omega, followed by the identification of conserved regions in Jalview. A motif signature was generated using Weblogo. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers and TEs, samples of young leaves were obtained from a total of 80 Eucalyptus seedlings, of which 50 were classified as resistant and 30 as susceptible to L. invasa. It was possible to distinguish gall wasp susceptible and resistant genotypes by image analysis. In silico analysis enabled the identification of conserved regions in the Eucalyptus spp. genome, which were associated with proteins involved in secondary metabolite production, e.g., terpenes, which play a role in the response to L. invasa. The discrimination capacity of TEs and ISSR primers was demonstrated and bands were generated that could be used to identify resistant genotypes. However, increasing the number of markers required to discriminate genotypes in both cases is suggested. cultivation losses addition (TEs spp Furthermore 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 seedlings 5 3 L production eg e g e.g. terpenes However suggested e.g

Resumo A vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa, representa uma ameaça global significativa para o cultivo de Eucalyptus, causando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi diferenciar entre genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis por meio de características morfológicas, usando análise de imagem com base nos danos causados pela vespa-da-galha. Além disso, sequências de consenso derivadas de elementos transponíveis (TEs) e do genoma de Eucalyptus spp. foram identificadas por análise in silico. Outro objetivo foi discriminar genótipos de Eucalyptus em resposta a L. invasa, por meio de análises moleculares envolvendo elementos transponíveis e marcadores de sequências simples intercaladas (ISSR). Para a análise de imagem, o sistema GroundEye® foi utilizado para coletar imagens de 60 folhas de seis genótipos, sendo três resistentes e três suscetíveis. Sequências de Eucalyptus spp. foram obtidas do banco de dados GenBank por análise in silico, e alinhamentos de sequências em pares com sequências de TE foram conduzidos usando o BLASTN. Alinhamento de múltiplas sequências foi realizado com Clustal Omega, seguido pela identificação de regiões conservadas no Jalview. Uma assinatura de motivo foi gerada usando o Weblogo. Para a caracterização molecular usando marcadores ISSR e TEs, amostras de folhas jovens foram obtidas de um total de 80 mudas de Eucalyptus, das quais 50 foram classificadas como resistentes e 30 como suscetíveis a L. invasa. Foi possível distinguir genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes à vespa-das-galhas por meio da análise de imagem. A análise in silico permitiu a identificação de regiões conservadas no genoma de Eucalyptus spp., associadas a proteínas envolvidas na produção de metabólitos secundários, como terpenos, que desempenham um papel na resposta a L. invasa. A capacidade de discriminação de TEs e iniciadores ISSR foi demonstrada, e bandas foram geradas que poderiam ser usadas para identificar genótipos resistentes. No entanto, sugere-se aumentar o número de marcadores necessários para discriminar genótipos em ambos os casos. vespadagalha, vespadagalha vespa galha, galha vespa-da-galha invasa econômicos morfológicas vespadagalha. galha. disso (TEs spp L ISSR. . (ISSR) GroundEye 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 5 3 vespadasgalhas galhas secundários terpenos demonstrada entanto sugerese sugere se casos (ISSR

Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.

Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.

Abstract Cytogenetic techniques have been improving over the last decades, providing useful information for the systematics and evolution of several groups, such as social insects. On the other hand, karyotypic data are still incipient for most wasp genera. For instance, only 21 out of the 242 species of Polistes were karyotyped, generally with data restricted to number and morphology. Therefore, this study aimed to revisit the karyotype structure of Polistes canadensis, providing unpublished information based on traditional cytogenetic methods (karyotyping, C-banding and base-specific fluorochrome staining). Males and females of P. canadensis were characterized by haploid and diploid numbers of n=28 and 2n=56, respectively. The karyotype formula was established in 2K=18M+22SM+16A with a predominance of pericentromeric heterochromatin and terminal GC+ sites in 16 chromosome pairs. These data suggest that fissions and inversions may be involved in the group karyoevolution. It should be pointed out that our results differ significantly from the first cytogenetic report in this species, which may be related to the outdated method of obtaining mitotic chromosomes or misidentification. As a matter of fact, the improved cytogenetic methods from the present study provided reliable information about the karyotype of P. canadensis that can be used in further comparative cytotaxonomic and evolutionary analyses of social wasps. decades groups insects hand genera instance 2 24 karyotyped morphology Therefore karyotyping, karyotyping (karyotyping Cbanding C banding basespecific base specific staining. staining . staining) P n28 n 28 n=2 2n56 2n 56 2n=56 respectively 2K18M22SM16A KMSMA 2K 18M 22SM 16A K M SM A GC 1 pairs karyoevolution misidentification fact wasps n2 n= 2n5 5 2n=5 2n=

Abstract Introduction: Loxaulus hyalinus is a cynipid (Hymenoptera) that attacks oak groves (Quercus laeta Liebm.) in Mexico City. The insect's biology and damage potential are unknown. Objectives: Describe the biology of the sexual phase of L. hyalinus and its effects on Q. laeta, and list the associated inquilines and parasitoids. Materials and methods: To determine the period of each stage of L. hyalinus, galls were collected from infested twigs and periodically dissected to describe their development and the presence of inquilines and parasitoids in the period 2019- 2022. Results and discussion: Sexual generation began in October when the first symptoms of galls development were observed on twigs, and concluded in May of the following year, when adults emerged. The presence of many galls alters the growth pattern of the tree crown. Two Synergus species were found as inquilines and nine genera of chalcidoid parasitoids were associated with L. hyalinus. Conclusions: Sexual generation of L. hyalinus develops in twig galls and its only host confirmed is Q. laeta. This pest causes no death of its host but severely affects the shape of the crown.

Resumen Introducción: Loxaulus hyalinus es un cinípido (Hymenoptera) que ataca encinares (Quercus laeta Liebm.) de la Ciudad de México. La biología y el potencial de daño del insecto se desconoce. Objetivos: Describir la biología de la fase sexual de L. hyalinus y sus efectos en Q. laeta, así como enlistar los inquilinos y parasitoides asociados. Materiales y métodos: Para determinar el periodo de cada estado de L. hyalinus se recolectaron agallas de ramillas infestadas que se disecaron periódicamente, para describir su desarrollo y la presencia de inquilinos y parasitoides en el periodo 2019- 2022. Resultados y discusión: La generación sexual inició a partir de octubre cuando se observaron los primeros síntomas del desarrollo de las agallas en ramillas, y concluyó en mayo del siguiente año, cuando los adultos emergieron. La presencia de una gran cantidad de agallas altera el patrón de crecimiento de la copa de los árboles. Se encontraron dos especies de Synergus como inquilinos y nueve géneros de parasitoides calcidoideos asociados a L. hyalinus. Conclusiones: La generación sexual de L. hyalinus se desarrolla en las agallas de ramilla y su único hospedante confirmado es Q. laeta. Dicha plaga no ocasiona la muerte de su hospedante, pero sí afecta severamente la forma de la copa.

Resumen Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) es un ectoparasitoide larval de lepidópteros con antecedentes como biocontrolador de varias plagas agrícolas alrededor del mundo. Mediante un extensivo monitoreo, se encontró a esta avispa en cuatro distritos distantes de la provincia de Mendoza parasitando a tres lepidópteros plaga: Lobesia botrana (Den. et Shiff.) en vid, a Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) en nogal y “espinillo” (Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger) y a Cydia pomonella (L.) en nogal. Para corroborar la identificación de la especie del parasitoide y evaluar la viabilidad de la población silvestre, se realizaron estudios de la genitalia de machos y entrecruzamientos de avispas silvestres con otras seleccionadas de una cría de laboratorio. Asimismo, es la primera vez que se reporta su presencia como parasitoide de L. botrana en viñedos de Argentina en condiciones naturales de cultivo.

Abstract Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a larval ectoparasitoid of lepidopterans, with a worldwide history as a biocontrol agent of various agricultural pests. By means of extensive monitoring, this wasp was found in four distant districts of Mendoza province parasitizing three lepidopteran pests: Lobesia botrana (Den. et Shiff.) in grapevine, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) in walnut and “espinillo” (Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger) and Cydia pomonella (L.) in walnut. To corroborate the parasitoid species identification and to analyze its population viability in this region, studies of male genitalia and sexual crossings between wild and laboratory-reared wasps were conducted. Further, we report for the first time the natural host-parasitoid interaction of L. botrana with this parasitoid in vineyards from Argentina.

Abstract Popularly known as "witch ants" or "velvet ants", mutillids are solitary ectoparasitoids wasps of immature insects. Atillum André, 1903, is a genus endemic to South America composed of 49 valid species. This study was motivated by the inconsistency of the available information, where, depending on the consulted bibliography, the number of Atillum species in Brazil varies. This contribution aims to reduce the knowledge gap on this genus, verifying the real number of species that comprise it and which actually inhabit Brazil. The specialized bibliography for Mutillidae and Atillum was consulted, in addition to carrying out an exhaustive consultation of the specialized bibliography. Additionally, to validate some of the records found, Atillum specimens deposited in the main collections that house this group were examined. As a result, records were found for ten Atillum species in Brazil, nine of which were confirmed as present in the country, and unpublished records of presence of Atillum and Atillum bucephalum (Perty, 1833) in four Brazilian states and eight municipalities located in the Northeastern region of the country.

Resumen Popularmente conocidas como "hormigas-brujas" u "hormigas de terciopelo", los mutílidos son avispas solitarias ectoparasitoides de insectos inmaduros. Atillum André, 1903, es un género endémico de América del Sur compuesto por 49 especies válidas. Este estudio fue motivado por la inconsistencia de la información disponible, donde, dependiendo de la bibliografía consultada, varía el número de especies de Atillum en Brasil. En este aporte se pretende reducir la brecha de conocimento sobre este género, verificando el número real de especies que lo componen y cuales habitan efectivamente en Brasil. Se consultó la bibliografía especializada para Mutillidae y Atillum. Adicionalmente, para validar algunos de los registros encontrados, se examinaron especímenes de Atillum depositados en las principales colecciones que albergan a este grupo. Como resultado, se encontraron registros para diez especies de Atillum en Brasil, nueve de las cuales fueron confirmadas como presentes en el país, y también se entregan registros inéditos de presencia de Atillum y Atillum bucephalum (Perty, 1833) en cuatro estados brasileños y ocho municipios localizados en la región noreste del país.

Abstract New host wasps attacked by Mirothrips arbiter (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) are recorded and their possible feeding on fungi and mites in colonies of Polistes melanosoma and Polistes ferreri is evaluated. No predation events on mites or fungal ingestion were observed, indicating that these thrips only use wasp eggs as food. Thrips do not parasitize wasps' bodies, they only live at the expense of their colonies, where they find food and shelter. However, as these insects feed on the immature stages of the wasps, it is possible that they cause or accelerate colony decline. Given this, we can say that the ecological relationship between thrips and social wasps is that of social parasitism, that is, thrips are parasites of wasps colonies, they depend directly on them for their survival and cause damage to them. From our findings, the number of host wasp species of this thrips rose to five, all belonging to the Polistinae subfamily.

Resumen Se registran nuevas avispas hospedantes atacadas por Mirothrips arbiter (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) y se evalúa su posible alimentación de hongos y ácaros en colonias de Polistes melanosoma y Polistes ferreri. No se observó ningún evento de depredación sobre ácaros o ingesta de hongos, lo que indica que estos trips sólo usan los huevos de las avispas como alimento. Los trips no parasitan el cuerpo de las avispas, solamente viven a expensas de sus colonias, donde encuentran alimento y refugio. Sin embargo, como estos insectos se alimentan de las etapas inmaduras de las avispas, es posible que provoquen o aceleren el declive de las colonias. Ante esto, podemos decir que la relación ecológica entre los trips y las avispas sociales es de parasitismo social, o sea, los trips son parásitos de las colonias de avispas, dependen directamente de ellas para su supervivencia y les causan daños. A partir de nuestros hallazgos, el número de especies de avispas hospedantes de este trips se elevó a cinco, todas pertenecientes a la subfamilia Polistinae.

Abstract In Brazil, there is little information about social wasp communities in Altitude Fields (Campos de Altitude), a phytophysiognomy of the Atlantic Forest with a high rate of endemism, which is being altered and reduced in area by human activities, such as the cultivation of Eucalyptus spp. Therefore, the present study aimed to inventory the species of Polistinae (Vespidae) presente in an Altitude Field associated with Eucalyptus sp. plantations in the municipality of Poços de Caldas, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study was conducted in Morro do Ferro, central region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau, from 2020 to 2021, using active search and Malaise traps. Thirteen species of social wasps were recorded, which have a wide geographic distribution, and explore anthropic environments, such as agricultural areas, pasture and Eucalyptus sp. plantations. Many of them behave as synanthropic, suggesting this altitude field to be a degraded area in Poços Caldas, MG. However, further studies must be carried out in the region, in order to know and preserve these remaining ecosystems.

Resumen En Brasil, hay poca información sobre las comunidades de avispas sociales presentes en los Campos de Altitud, una fitofisonomía de la Mata Atlántica con un alto grado de endemismo, área que está siendo alterada y reducida por las actividades humanas, como es el cultivo de Eucalyptus spp. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo inventariar las especies de Polistinae (Vespidae) asociadas a plantaciones de Eucalyptus sp. en los Campos de Altitud situados en el municipio de Poços de Caldas, sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil. El estudio se realizó en Morro do Ferro, región central de la meseta de Poços de Caldas, entre 2020 y 2021, utilizando búsqueda activa y trampas Malaise. Se registraron trece especies de avispas sociales que tienen una amplia distribución geográfica, explorando ambientes antrópicos como áreas agrícolas, pastizales y plantaciones de Eucalyptus sp. Muchas de ellas se comportan como sinantrópicas, lo que sugiere que este Campo de Altitud es un área degradada en el municipio de Poços de Caldas, MG. Sin embargo, se deben realizar más estudios en la región para conocer y preservar estos ecosistemas remanentes.