Resumo Enquanto diversos modelos estruturais buscam prever o comportamento de paredes em alvenaria, as normas técnicas buscam promover a previsão das cargas resistentes, de modo a trazer segurança para as estruturas. Diferentes regiões do mundo possuem parâmetros diversos para previsão da capacidade lateral das estruturas em alvenaria. O presente trabalho buscou realizar a comparação entre as normas de alvenaria estrutural brasileira, americana, australiana e europeia no que tange à resistência ao cisalhamento das mesmas e à flexocompressão que estão submetidas. Os equacionamentos indicados nas normas foram comparados com modelagem por elementos finitos e com a equação da literatura (2022), consideradas fidedignas para previsão do comportamento das paredes submetidas a forças laterais no plano. É proposta uma atualização para a norma brasileira. Os resultados mostraram que enquanto os resultados dos modelos para flexocompressão têm valores similares em todas as normas, para cisalhamento, a norma brasileira se mostrou como sendo a menos conservadora, seguida pela australiana, americana, canadense e europeia. Foi identificado ainda, por meio da modelagem em EF (Elementos Finitos), que o principal modo de ruptura dos painéis é a compressão diagonal. A proposta de modificação na norma brasileira, com consideração de área líquida e a correção da resistência ao cisalhamento inicial (fvk0), resultam valores muito mais próximos aos resultados do modelo. resistentes americana 2022, 2022 , (2022) plano conservadora ainda Elementos Finitos, Finitos Finitos) diagonal fvk0, fvk0 fvk (fvk0) modelo 202 (2022 (fvk0 20 (202 (fvk 2 (20 (2 (

Abstract Several structural models aim to predict the behavior of masonry walls. Those are included in technical standards strive to ensure the anticipation of the structural capacity, thereby assuring its safety. Different regions of the world encompass diverse parameters for predicting the lateral capacity of masonry members. This study sought to compare the Brazilian, Canadian, American, Australian, and European masonry standards regarding the shear and flexural capacity specification of walls. Equations derived from the standards were contrasted against finite element modeling results and to reliable formulation from the literature for predicting wall shear behavior. Additionally, an actualization is proposed to the Brazilian standard. The results revealed that while flexural capacity specifications result in comparable values across all standards, the Brazilian standard exhibited the least conservatism in the shear capacity, followed by the Australian, American, Canadian, and European standards. The diagonal shear was the primary mode of panel failure of the walls from the FE (Finite Element) modeling. The suggested adjustments to the Brazilian code, including considering the net area and correction of the initial shear strength (fvk0), result values close to the modeling results. safety members Canadian American Australian Additionally Finite Element code fvk0, fvk0 fvk , (fvk0) (fvk0 (fvk

Abstract This study investigated the effects caused by the thermal shock phenomenon on the temperature distribution in Adhered Ceramic Tiling Systems (ACTS). Cyclic thermal and hygroscopic loads are periodic events resulting from successive and sequential processes of heating by solar irradiation and sudden cooling by heavy rains. Through an experimental program carried out in a ceramic tile prototype composed of porcelain tiles settle with adhesive mortar directly on a concrete wall, monitored the surface temperatures and temperatures at the adhesive mortar-concrete interface were measured during its exposure to heating and cooling cycles according to NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021) procedures. The confinement of thermal energy (heat) inside the structure, after the beginning of cooling, demonstrates that part of the thermal stresses is maintained internally to the structure even after the drop-in surface temperature of the ceramic tile (non-homogeneous distribution), indicating that the movements structural elements of thermal origin will tend to different directions (non-uniform) and, consequently, will cause opposite stresses between layers. This results in a possible increase and concentration of stresses in certain regions that, if critical, will lead to the appearance of damage in the ceramic coating. ACTS. ACTS . (ACTS) rains wall mortarconcrete 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021 procedures heat (heat dropin drop nonhomogeneous non homogeneous distribution, , distribution) nonuniform uniform (non-uniform consequently layers critical coating (ACTS 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Resumo O estudo investigou os efeitos causados pelo fenômeno do choque térmico sobre a distribuição de temperatura em sistemas de revestimento cerâmico aderido (SRCA). Carregamentos cíclicos térmicos e higroscópicos são eventos periódicos resultado de processos sucessivos e sequenciais de aquecimento por irradiação solar e resfriamentos bruscos por chuvas. Por meio de um programa experimental realizado em um protótipo de revestimento cerâmico composto de placas de porcelanato assentadas com argamassa colante diretamente sobre uma parede de concreto, monitoraram-se as temperaturas superficiais e na interface argamassa colante-concreto durante sua exposição a ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, conforme procedimentos da NBR 15575-4 (ABNT, 2021). O confinamento de energia térmica (calor) no interior da estrutura, após o início do resfriamento, demonstra que parte dos esforços térmicos é mantida internamente à estrutura mesmo após a queda de temperatura superficial da placa cerâmica (distribuição não homogênea), indicando que as movimentações estruturais de origem térmica tenderão a ir em direções diferentes (não uniformes) e, consequentemente, ocasionarão solicitações opostas entre camadas. Isso resulta em possível acréscimo e concentração de tensões em determinadas regiões, que, se críticas, levarão ao surgimento do dano no revestimento cerâmico. SRCA. SRCA . (SRCA) chuvas concreto monitoraramse monitoraram colanteconcreto resfriamento 155754 15575 4 15575- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2021. 2021 2021) calor (calor homogênea, homogênea , homogênea) uniformes consequentemente camadas regiões críticas (SRCA 1557 202 155 20 15 2 1

Abstract This study handles the possibility of formulating artisanal paints for wall paintings whose pigments come from plants, considering the need for additives and techniques capable of guaranteeing a good performance for internal walls of buildings. The lack of recipes and publications on the proportion of each component to obtain a paint with good performance motivated the preparation of the present research, in which formulations were developed through experimental design of mixtures to obtain homogeneous suspensions that comply with the limits stipulated by NBR 15079-1:2021. The performance of the mixtures in the Abrasion Resistance Test was evaluated according to the variations in the proportions of the components of the mixtures, and the pH and viscosity variable. The results indicate that the highest levels of abrasion resistance were achieved by raising the levels of pigment and bactericide, while high pH indices showed high viscosity and good performance against abrasion resistance, and vice versa. Through this study, it is concluded that it is possible to elaborate paints with Curcuma Longa L. pigments and natural inputs with satisfactory performance for the application and elaboration of mural paintings on internal walls of buildings. plants buildings research 1507912021. 1507912021 15079 1 2021. 2021 15079-1:2021 variable bactericide versa L 150791202 1507 202 15079-1:202 15079120 150 20 15079-1:20 1507912 15 2 15079-1:2 150791 15079-1: 15079-1 15079-

Resumo Opresente estudo buscou formular tintas artesanais para pinturas de murais cujos pigmentos sejam oriundos de plantas, considerando a necessidade de aditivos e técnicas capazes de garantir um bom desempenho para paredes internas de edificações. A falta de receitas e publicações sobre a proporção de cada componente para a obtenção de uma tinta com bom desempenho motivou a elaboração da presente pesquisa, em que foram desenvolvidas formulações através de delineamento experimental de misturas para obter suspensões homogêneas que estejam em conformidade com os limites de desempenho definidos pela NBR 15079-1:2021. O desempenho das misturas frente ao ensaio de resistência à abrasão (RAU) foi avaliado de acordo com as variações das proporções dos componentes das misturas e as variáveis de pH e viscosidade. Os resultados indicam que os índices mais elevados de RAU foram alcançados ao elevar os níveis de pigmento e bactericida, ao passo que altos índices de pH apresentaram viscosidade elevada e bom desempenho frente à RAU, e vice-versa. Através do presente estudo, conclui-se que é possível elaborar tintas com pigmentos de Curcuma Longa L. e insumos naturais com desempenho satisfatório para aplicação e elaboração de pinturas murais em paredes internas de edificações. plantas edificações pesquisa 1507912021. 1507912021 15079 1 2021. 2021 15079-1:2021 (RAU bactericida viceversa. viceversa vice versa. versa vice-versa concluise conclui se L 150791202 1507 202 15079-1:202 15079120 150 20 15079-1:20 1507912 15 2 15079-1:2 150791 15079-1: 15079-1 15079-

Abstract Hygrothermal computer simulations consider transient and simultaneous exchanges of heat and moisture between the building elements and the environment. They are an important tool to support the design and performance assessment of buildings. These simulations require the description of the building element, the environmental conditions to which it is exposed, and the hygrothermal characteristics of the materials that compose it as input data. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the results of the hygrothermal simulation of a concrete wall varying the hygrothermal characteristics of the material. The internal environmental conditions were obtained using EnergyPlus ® and the hygrothermal simulation was done in WUFI ® Pro, with post-processing in WUFI ® Bio to evaluate the risk of mold occurrence. The hygrothermal behavior of the walls varied significantly with the variation in hygrothermal characteristics of the materials, especially for one type of concrete that had a very different capillary transport function. The results indicate the importance of analyzing hygrothermal characteristics and functions for hygrothermal simulations and the need to experimentally determine such characteristics for Brazilian building materials. environment buildings element exposed data material Pro postprocessing post processing occurrence function

Resumo Simulações computacionais higrotérmicas consideram trocas transientes e simultâneas de calor e umidade entre os elementos construtivos e o ambiente, sendo uma ferramenta importante de apoio ao projeto e à avaliação de desempenho de edifícios. Essas simulações requerem como dados de entrada a descrição do elemento construtivo, as condições ambientais às quais ele está exposto e as características higrotérmicas dos materiais. Este artigo apresenta uma análise exploratória dos resultados da simulação higrotérmica de uma parede de concreto variando-se as características higrotérmicas do material. As condições ambientais internas foram obtidas utilizando o EnergyPlus™ e a simulação higrotérmica foi feita no WUFI® Pro, com pós-processamento no WUFI® Bio para avaliar o risco de ocorrência de fungos emboloradores. Houve diferenças significativas no comportamento higrotérmico das paredes em função da variação das características higrotérmicas dos materiais, sobretudo para o tipo de concreto cuja função de transporte capilar mostrou-se diferente dos demais. Os resultados indicam a importância de analisar as características e funções higrotérmicas para simulações higrotérmicas e a necessidade de sua determinação experimental para os materiais de construção brasileiros. ambiente edifícios construtivo variandose variando se material EnergyPlus WUFI Pro pósprocessamento pós processamento emboloradores mostrouse mostrou demais brasileiros

Abstract There are several characteristics that influence fire resistance of load-bearing masonries, wherein stand out the bricks compressive strength. Verification of wall systems fire behavior was conducted as prescribed by NBR 5628. This research aims to comparatively analyze fire resistance in real scale load-bearing walls, considering thermal insulation, structural stability, and airtightness. The thickness of the coating and laying mortar were standardized for all specimens just varying brick geometry and septs design in blocks of EST 60, 100, and 140 class. The obtained results show that the compressive strength of the bricks can induce both the structural stability of the constructive systems and its thermal insulation, being a typically critical characteristic for clay brick walls in a building fire. The sample with the highest compressive strength obtained the shortest local displacement, contributing to mitigate the generation of fissures in the system, enhancing the thermal insulation of the clay brick wall, and, thereby, its fire resistance. loadbearing load bearing masonries 5628 airtightness 60 100 14 class displacement system thereby 562 6 10 1 56 5

Resumo Diversas características influenciam a resistência ao fogo de sistema de parede em alvenaria estrutural, dentre as quais pode se incluir sua resistência à compressão. O comportamento desse sistema é validado experimentalmente conforme a norma NBR 5628. Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente a resistência ao fogo obtida através de ensaios em escala real em alvenaria estrutural, envolvendo as características de isolamento térmico, estanqueidade a passagem de gases e fumaça e estabilidade estrutural. Foram avaliados componentes com a mesma configuração em termos de revestimento e assentamento, assumindo como variável a resistência a compressão dos blocos, tendo sido considerados neste estudo blocos de classe EST 60, 100 e 140. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a resistência à compressão da alvenaria pode influenciar, além da estabilidade estrutural do sistema, também seu isolamento térmico, critério tipicamente crítico para alvenarias de blocos cerâmicos em situação de incêndio. A amostra de maior resistência à compressão apresentou menor deslocamento horizontal, contribuindo para mitigar a geração de fissuras, aumentando a oposição da alvenaria à passagem da temperatura ao longo de sua seção transversal e assim aumentar sua resistência ao fogo. 5628 térmico assentamento 60 10 140 influenciar incêndio horizontal fissuras 562 6 1 14 56 5

Abstract Long-life packaging is being used informally as an alternative to improve thermal insulation in single-family wooden houses. Its usage is backed by environmental concerns to reuse these solid residues as a radiant barrier for heat transmission. However, some published studies have only analyzed its thermal insulation efficiency, without considering the material performance in fire situations. Given this scenario, the objective of this research is to present the analysis and classification to a fire reaction of long-life packaging. In addition to the non-combustibility test, ignitability, radiant wall panel, optical smoke density and single burn item (SBI) tests were carried out. The results showed that the material is combustible and is classified as fire reaction class VI, according to the criteria for special materials. Thus, on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that long-life packaging should not be used as a lining for the internal surfaces of buildings. Longlife Long life singlefamily family houses transmission However efficiency situations scenario longlife long noncombustibility non combustibility test ignitability panel SBI (SBI out VI materials Thus study buildings

Resumo As embalagens do tipo “longa-vida” estão sendo utilizadas, informalmente, como alternativa para melhorar o isolamento térmico em edificações residenciais unifamiliares de madeira. Sua utilização é justificada por questões ambientais, a fim de reaproveitar estes resíduos sólidos urbanos, e por sua caraterística como barreira radiante na transmissão de calor. Porém, alguns estudos publicados analisaram apenas sua eficiência no isolamento térmico, sem considerar o comportamento do material em situações de incêndio. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a análise e classificação de reação ao fogo de embalagens cartonadas do tipo “longa vida”. Além do ensaio de não combustibilidade, foram realizados testes de ignitabilidade, painel radiante de parede, densidade ótica de fumaça e single burn item (SBI). Os resultados evidenciaram que o material é combustível, sendo classificado com classe de reação ao fogo VI, conforme critérios para materiais especiais. Sendo assim, com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se indicar que as embalagens cartonadas não devem ser utilizadas como um produto para revestir o interior de edificações. longavida longa vida “longa-vida informalmente madeira ambientais urbanos calor Porém incêndio assim vida. . vida” combustibilidade ignitabilidade parede SBI. SBI (SBI) combustível VI especiais encontrados podese pode se (SBI

Abstract Light wells in residential buildings represent a context that has received relatively little attention in daylighting analyses. This study aims to analyze the daylighting performance of a residential space with a window facing a light well, in order to contribute to the revision of NBR 15575:2013. The study conducted 1,152 daylighting analyses considering windows facing a light well, located on the first and fourth floors of a 4-story building. Clear and intermediate skies were considered in four Brazilian cities with different latitudes. Both the prescriptive method and point-in-time simulations were applied. The effectiveness of achieving daylit interior spaces through light wells strongly depends on the geometry of the light well and the external illuminance conditions of the city. Narrow light wells were found to be unsuitable for adequately daylighting the lower floor spaces. Furthermore, the prescriptive method was insufficient in representing daylighting originating solely from external wall interreflections. The study found that intermediate and superior performance levels, when achieved through point-in-time or spatial daylighting availability simulations, were never attained for the first-floor space. Therefore, the authors recommend that dense urban canyon situations and light wells be carefully considered in the revision of the standard. 155752013. 155752013 15575 2013. 2013 15575:2013 1152 1 152 1,15 4story story 4 building latitudes pointintime point time applied city Furthermore interreflections levels firstfloor Therefore standard 15575201 1557 201 15575:201 115 15 1,1 1557520 155 20 15575:20 11 1, 155752 2 15575:2 15575:

Resumo Poços de luz em edifícios residenciais representam um contexto com pouca atenção nas análises de iluminação natural. Esse estudo propõe analisar o desempenho de iluminação natural de um espaço residencial com janela voltada para poço de luz visando objetivo de contribuir com a revisão da NBR 15575:2013. O estudo realizou 1.152 análises de desempenho considerando a janela voltada para o poço de luz localizada no 1º e 4º pavimentos de uma edificação de quatro pavimentos. Foram considerados céu claros e intermediários em quatro cidades brasileiras com diferentes latitudes. O método prescritivo e simulação ponto-no-tempo foram aplicados. A solução de iluminação de espaços internos por meio de poços de luz depende fortemente de sua geometria e das condições de iluminância externa da cidade. Poços estreitos mostraram-se inaptos para levar luz suficiente para os ambientes inferiores. O método prescritivo não é capaz de representar adequadamente situações de iluminação natural oriunda exclusivamente de interreflexões de paredes externas. Os níveis intermediários e superiores de desempenho por simulação ponto-no-tempo ou por análises baseadas no clima não foram atendidos no 1º pavimento. Os autores recomendam que situações de cânions urbanos densos e poços de luz sejam cuidadosamente consideradas na análise da revisão da norma. 155752013. 155752013 15575 2013. 2013 15575:2013 1152 1 152 1.15 º latitudes pontonotempo ponto tempo aplicados cidade mostraramse mostraram se inferiores externas pavimento norma 15575201 1557 201 15575:201 115 15 1.1 1557520 155 20 15575:20 11 1. 155752 2 15575:2 15575:

Resumen Ha sido la permanente preocupación de los ingenieros de empresas municipales en el país, respecto a la determinación de las velocidades máximas y los problemas relacionados por abrasión en las tuberías plásticas, parámetros que pueden ocasionar la pérdida de espesor de pared en las tuberías de alcantarillado sanitario y pluvial. Este artículo establece sobre la investigación obtenida en ensayos de laboratorio en tuberías de PRFV (poliéster reforzado en fibra de vidrio) que con nuevas innovaciones y formulaciones químicas (carburo de silicio), es actualmente, más resistente al fenómeno de la abrasión y por ende a la velocidad del fluido. Muestra que, aunque los métodos de las pruebas de abrasión pueden variar, los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos realizados son consistentes en laboratorio y constatados en campo.

Abstract It has been the permanent concern of Municipal Company engineers in the country, regarding the determination of maximum speeds and the problems related to abrasion in plastic pipes. Parameters that can cause the loss of wall thickness in sanitary and storm sewer pipes. This article establishes the research obtained in laboratory tests on GRP pipes (fiberglass reinforced polyester) that with new innovations and chemical formulations (silicon carbide), is currently more resistant to the phenomenon of abrasion and therefore to the velocity of the fluid. It shows that, although abrasion test methods may vary, the results obtained in the tests carried out are consistent in the laboratory and verified in the field.

Abstract: The building envelope plays a crucial role in interior thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Hence, the importance of implementing the energy efficiency chapter of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC-HS-EE). This chapter establishes minimum requirements for thermal transmittance of envelope elements. However, it is unknown whether these values guarantee a satisfactory perception of indoor thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the thermal comfort perception in residential buildings in Loja city, through defining typologies and characterizing their envelope. Typologies are defined using information from the National Building Survey (ENED), while the envelope is characterized by surveying construction professionals in the locality. Finally, a thermal perception survey is conducted on occupants of the defined typologies. The results show that several construction packages comply with the NEC-HS-EE standard (except for the use of 7 cm thick brick wall, which is a common practice) and provide satisfactory comfort perception to occupants during the day, achieving a comfort perception within 80% acceptability. However, this is not maintained during the night.

Resumen: La envolvente desempeña un papel crucial en el confort térmico interior y eficiencia energética de las edificaciones, por ello la importancia de la implementación del capítulo de eficiencia energética de la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción (NEC-HS-EE). Este capítulo establece requisitos mínimos de transmitancia térmica para elementos de la envolvente. Sin embargo, se desconoce si estos valores garantizan una percepción satisfactoria del confort térmico interior. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de confort térmico en edificaciones residenciales en la ciudad de Loja, a través de la definición de la tipologías y caracterización de su envolvente. Para la definición de tipologías se considera la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Edificaciones (ENED), mientras que, para la caracterización de la envolvente se encuesta a profesionales de la construcción en la localidad. Finalmente, se aplica una encuesta de percepción térmica a ocupantes de las tipologías definidas. Los resultados muestran que, varios paquetes constructivos cumplen con la NEC-HS-EE (a excepción del uso de pared de ladrillo de 7 cm de espesor, que representa una práctica común) y brindan una percepción satisfactoria de confort a los ocupantes durante el día, alcanzando una percepción de confort dentro del 80% de aceptabilidad, no obstante, esto no se mantiene durante la noche.

Abstract Introduction: Studies on the microsporogenesis of Rubus glaucus are non-existent and little is known about the ultrastructure of the pollen grains. Objectives: To describe the microsporogenesis process, and ultrastructural aspects of the pollen grains in Rubus glaucus. Methods: Flowers at different developmental stages were embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack and Lacmoid or included in resin and stained with toluidine blue. Ultrathin sections were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, the material was fixed and dehydrated in 2.2 dimethoxypropane, then with Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and the samples were coated with gold. Results: Anthers are differentiated by a cellular mass at the ends distal to the staminal filaments. During development, the anther wall presents several cellular layers and at maturity, they are reduced to the epidermis and the endothecium. Microsporocytes undergo simultaneous meiosis and form tetrahedral tetrads. The tapetum develops secretory activity until pollen grains are released, then the cellular content undergoes autolysis. During sporodermis formation, the exine is first deposited and then the intine in a centripetal form. The pollen grains are tricolporate, isopolar, oblate to peroblate, with radial simetry, circular in outline with blunt apices in polar view, ellipsoidal in equatorial view. The exine is thick, tectated, striate perforate. The sporodermis presents an ectexine formed by a tectum interrupted by perforations and thick columellae. Colpus membrane presents small exine granules and orbicules on the surface. The intine develops known structural patterns. Pollenkitt is inconspicuous. Conclusion: Anthers structure and development follows the known patterns of angiosperms. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposition of the sporodermis, as well as ornamentation patterns, have been previously described for the Rosaceae Family.

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios sobre la microsporogénesis de Rubus glaucus son inexistentes y poco es conocido sobre la ultraestructura del polen. Objetivos: Describir la microsporogénesis, y la ultraestructura de los granos de polen en Rubus glaucus. Métodos: Flores en diferentes etapas de desarrollo fueron incluidas en parafina o en resina. Las secciones se tiñeron con Safranin-Alcian Blue, PAS-Amidoblack y Lacmoid o incluidas en resina y teñidas con Azul de Toluidina. Secciones ultrafinas fueron observadas mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). Para la observación con microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), el material se fijó y se deshidrató en 2.2 dimetoxipropano, luego se usó hexametildisilazano (HMDS) y las muestras se recubrieron con oro. Resultados: Las anteras se diferencian a partir de una masa celular en los extremos distales de los filamentos estaminales. Inicialmente, la pared de las anteras presenta varias capas celulares y al madurar se reducen a la epidermis y al endotecio. Los microsporocitos experimentan meiosis simultánea y forman tétradas tetraédricas. El tapete desarrolla actividad secretora hasta que se liberan los granos de polen, luego el contenido celular se desorganiza y experimenta autólisis. Al formarse la esporodermis, primero se deposita la exina y luego la intina en forma centrípeta. Los granos de polen son tricolporados, isopolares, oblados a peroblados, con simetría radial, de contorno circular con ápices romos en vista polar, elipsoidales en vista ecuatorial. La exina es gruesa, tectada, perforada estriada. La ectexina está formada por un tectum interrumpido por perforaciones y gruesas columelas. La membrana del colpo posee pequeños gránulos como restos de exina y orbículas en la superficie. La intina desarrolla patrones estructurales conocidos. El polenkit es inconspicuo. Conclusión: El desarrollo de las anteras sigue los patrones de las angiospermas. La microsporogénesis simultánea, el depósito centrípeto de la esporodermis, y los patrones de ornamentación observados han sido descritos previamente para la Familia Rosaceae.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between inflammatory markers and abdominal fat assessed by ultrasound in prepubertal children with and without excess weight. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 241 prepubertal children, 156 with obesity, 37 with overweight, and 48 with normal weight, aged five to ten years, who were followed at a research unit on Childhood Obesity from a teaching hospital belonging to a public health system. The concentration of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein were assessed and regression analyses, considering outcome variables such as abdominal wall and intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasound, were performed. Results The findings highlighted an association between abdominal fat and inflammatory markers, even in children at this young age group. Subcutaneous fat showed a stronger association with inflammatory biomarkers compared to intra-abdominal fat when performing logistic regression, with a positive association between tumor necrosis factor-α and abdominal wall thickness equal to or greater than the 75th percentile in adjusted logistic regression (OR: 18.12; CI 95 %: 1.57: 209.55). Conclusions Abdominal wall fat, in contrast to what is often observed in adults, appears to have a greater impact on chronic inflammation related to excessive weight in very young children. crosssectional cross sectional 24 15 obesity 3 overweight 4 years system interleukin6, interleukin6 interleukin 6, 6 interleukin-6 factorα factor α Creactive C reactive analyses intraabdominal intra performed group th OR (OR 18.12 1812 18 12 9 % 1.57 157 1 57 209.55. 20955 209.55 . 209 55 209.55) adults 2 interleukin- 18.1 181 1.5 5 2095 209.5 20 18. 1. 209.

Abstract Hailey-Hailey disease is a rare genodermatosis described in 1939, with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, characterized by compromised adhesion between epidermal keratinocytes. It has an estimated prevalence of 1/50,000, with no gender or race predilection. It results from a heterozygous mutation in the ATP2C1 gene, which encodes the transmembrane protein hSPA1C, present in all tissues, with preferential expression in keratinocytes. Mutations in the ATP2C1 gene cause changes in the synthesis of junctional proteins, leading to acantholysis. It usually begins in adulthood, with isolated cases at the extremes of life. It manifests as vesico-bullous lesions mainly in the flexural areas, which develop into erosions and crusts. Chronic lesions may form vegetative or verrucous plaques. Pruritus, a burning feeling and pain are common. It evolves with periods of remission and exacerbation, generally triggered by humidity, friction, heat, trauma and secondary infections. The diagnosis is based on clinical and histopathological criteria: marked suprabasal acantholysis, loosely joined keratinocytes, giving the appearance of a “dilapidated brick wall”, with a few dyskeratotic cells. The acantholysis affects the epidermis and spares the adnexal epithelia, which helps in the differential diagnosis with pemphigus vulgaris. Direct immunofluorescence is negative. The main differential diagnoses are Darier disease, pemphigus vegetans, intertrigo, contact dermatitis, and inverse psoriasis. There is no cure and the treatment is challenging, including measures to control heat, sweat and friction, topical medications (corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, antibiotics), systemic medications (antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, retinoids and immunobiologicals) and procedures such as botulinum toxin, laser and surgery. There is a lack of controlled clinical trials to support the choice of the best treatment. HaileyHailey Hailey 1939 pattern keratinocytes 150000 1 50 000 1/50,000 predilection ATPC ATP C ATP2C hSPA1C hSPAC hSPA tissues proteins adulthood life vesicobullous vesico bullous areas crusts plaques Pruritus common exacerbation humidity friction heat infections criteria dilapidated wall, wall , wall” cells epithelia vulgaris negative vegetans intertrigo dermatitis psoriasis challenging corticosteroids (corticosteroids inhibitors antibiotics, antibiotics antibiotics) (antibiotics immunosuppressants immunobiologicals toxin surgery 193 15000 5 00 1/50,00 19 1500 0 1/50,0 150 1/50, 15 1/50 1/5 1/

A low-level river crossing is an economic means of providing access for lower-order roads during high-frequency flood events. Conventionally, culverts are employed to enable the flow to traverse the road, albeit with allowance for overtopping. This overtopping flow from the approach roads, however, possesses the potential to cause erosion of the downstream embankment, thereby jeopardising the foundational integrity of the structure. A physical modelling study was undertaken to investigate the hydraulic performance of stepped chutes in terms of flow patterns, air-water flow properties, and energy dissipation. Various types of stepped chutes were investigated, namely horizontal steps with a chute wall, horizontal steps without a chute wall but with riprap placed directly downstream of each chute, step-inclined steps (backward sloping), steps with pooled cascades, and steps with baffle blocks. Notably, chutes with horizontal steps were the most efficient configuration in terms of relative energy dissipation. Furthermore, this research culminated in the formulation of a new regression formula to establish a quantifiable relationship between the required step length and the overflow depth and discharge, thereby offering a valuable tool for design purposes.

Abstract Introduction Diseases of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavities, and those related to the skull base can be treated with nasal endoscopic surgery. Anatomical references are essential to safely perform these surgeries. Objective To measure and compare the distance from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the anterior skull base in cadavers and on computed tomography (CT) scans to determine a measurement as an anatomical reference in imaging exams for sinus and anterior skull base surgery. Methods In dissections and CT scans, we took measurements from the most upper and medial point of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus (point A) to the point where the skull base deflects and the anterior sphenoid wall is formed (Δ 90°; point B), in the right and left nasal cavities. We used 51 cadavers aged ≥ 18 years in the present research. Results The measurements obtained from CT scans and dissections were greater than 1.5 cm in all cadavers, and they were positively correlated. The 1-cm increase in the AB-tomography measurement corresponded to the 1.08-cm increase to the right and 1.07-cm to the left in the AB-dissection measurement. Conclusion The CT measurements may be considered a reliable tool to promote safe and effective access to the paranasal sinuses, matching the distance that should be dissected until the anterior base of the skull. sinuses cavities surgery surgeries (CT A Δ 90° 90 B, B , B) 5 1 research 15 1. correlated 1cm ABtomography AB 1.08cm 108cm 1.08 08 1.07cm 107cm 1.07 07 ABdissection dissection 9 08cm 108 1.0 0 07cm 107 10

Abstract Introduction Adenoidectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Traditional adenoid curettage is performed blindly, which can result in inadequate removal of the adenoid and injury to the surrounding structures. Objective To perform transnasal endoscopic examinations to assess the nasopharynx after conventional curettage adenoidectomy. Methods The present prospective study included 100 children with a mean age of 4.2 ± 3.07 years. It is composed of two steps: conventional curettage adenoidectomy by a resident trainee; and endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx through a 0° telescope to assess adenoidal remnants, injury to the surgical field or adjacent structures, and bleeding points. Results Adenoid remnants were observed in 42% of the cases after conventional adenoid curettage in multiple locations, such as the roof of the nasopharynx over the choana (24%), the tubal tonsil (12%), the posterior pharyngeal wall (4%), and the posterior end of the nasal septum (2%). Injury to the surgical field and adjacent structures was observed in 46% of the cases (posterior pharyngeal wall: 23%; lateral pharyngeal wall: 11%; Passavant ridge: 10%; and the Eustachian tube orifice: 2%). Endoscopic bleeding was observed in 29% of the cases; 13% of the cases were from adenoid remnants, 10%, from the mucosa, and 6%, from the pharyngeal muscles. Bleeding was mild in 19% of the cases, moderate in 9%, and severe in 1%. Conclusion Endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx following conventional adenoid curettage provides important data regarding adenoid remnants, injury to the surgical field or nearby structures, and bleeding points, which aids in the provision of optimal care and in the achievement of a better outcome. otolaryngologists blindly 10 42 4 2 4. 307 3 07 3.0 years steps trainee 0 points locations 24%, 24 24% , (24%) 12%, 12 12% (12%) 4%, 4% (4%) 2%. 2% . (2%) 46 23% 23 11% 11 ridge 10% orifice 2%) 29 13 mucosa 6 6% muscles 19 9 9% 1 1% outcome 30 3. (24% (12% (4% (2% (24 (12 (4 (2 (1 (