Abstract Purpose: To analyze the contribution of the program "Sembrando Vida" in alleviating the poverty of male and female farmers using an Actor-Oriented Approach (AOA), to comprehend the program's impact on poverty reduction in Acayucan, Veracruz, Mexico. This analysis takes into consideration aspects such as employment, food self-sufficiency, the reconstruction of social fabric, forest recovery, the potential of territories, and overall well-being. Methodological design: This is an ethnographic study, using in-depth interviews and participant observation of ten farmers in the program over a period of seven months. The analysis of the information was carried out using NVivo software. Results: The program is partially fulfilling the objective to decrease poverty, because farmers still confront productive limitations, social vulnerability, higher investments, and technical-productive difficulties. Research limitations: The scope of the research only corresponds to the actors who participated in the research; therefore, the results cannot be generalized. Comparisons with more communities and with farmers not participating in the program would give a broader picture. Findings: This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of public interventions on development processes. The findings contribute to improving the implementation of the program and to developing future projects that consolidate the medium and long-term goals of the program.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la contribución del programa Sembrando Vida en el alivio de la pobreza de campesinas y campesinos desde un Enfoque Orientado al Actor (EOA), para comprender el impacto del programa en la disminución de la pobreza en Acayucan, Veracruz, México; considerando aspectos como: el empleo, la autosuficiencia alimentaria, la reconstrucción del tejido social, la recuperación forestal, el potencial de territorios y el bienestar. Diseño metodológico: esta investigación cualitativa es de carácter etnográfico, realizando entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante a diez agricultores del programa durante un periodo de siete meses. El análisis de la información se realizó a través del software NVivo. Resultados: el programa está cumpliendo parcialmente con su objetivo de combate a la pobreza, puesto que los campesinos aún enfrentan limitaciones productivas, vulnerabilidad social, mayores inversiones y dificultad técnico-productiva. Limitaciones de la investigación: los alcances de la investigación solo corresponden a los actores que participaron en ella, por lo tanto, los resultados no pueden generalizarse. Comparar con más comunidades y con campesinos no participantes del programa daría una visión más amplia. Hallazgos: se aporta una mayor comprensión del impacto de las intervenciones públicas en los procesos de desarrollo. Lo encontrado suma para la mejora del programa en su aplicación y en el desarrollo de futuros proyectos que consoliden las metas a mediano y largo plazo del programa.

ABSTRACT The mangroves are exposed to threats such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, in addition to socioeconomic pressures. This study aimed to carry out a vulnerability and risk climate analysis for the Colombian mangrove socioecosystem. 22 threat indicators, eight of sensitivity and 18 of adaptive capacity were used, and through multivariate numerical analysis, the vulnerability and climate risk indices for Colombian Pacific and Caribbean mangroves were generated. The mangroves that presented the highest risk in the Caribbean were located in the Manaure, Tubará and, Puerto Escondido municipalities, while in the Pacific these high-risk areas were located on the southern coast in the Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro, and La Tola municipalities, and in the northern coast in the Bahía Solano municipality. The threat indicators that captured the greatest variability in the analysis were: sea level rise, change in the coastline, change in water supply, change in mangrove coverage due to change in the coastline, change in temperature and precipitation due to El Niño and La Niña, and human footprint. These results are input for climate management of mangroves in Colombia and will contribute to the National Mangrove Program. Likewise, it can contribute to the National Mangrove Restoration Plan, the Nationally Determined Contribution of Colombia (NDC), the Long-Term Climate Strategy of Colombia E 2050, and the Territorial Plans for Climate Change Adaptation of the states and municipalities.

RESUMEN Los manglares están expuestos a amenazas como el aumento del nivel del mar, la erosión costera, el aumento de la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos extremos, además de presiones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para el socioecosistema de manglar de Colombia. Se utilizaron 22 indicadores de amenaza, 8 de sensibilidad y 18 de capacidad adaptativa; mediante un análisis numérico multivariado se generaron los índices de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para los manglares del Pacífico y del Caribe de Colombia. Los manglares que presentaron mayor riesgo en el Caribe se ubicaron en los municipios de Manaure, Tubará y Puerto Escondido, mientras que en el Pacífico estas áreas de alto riesgo se ubicaron en la costa sur, en los municipios de Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro y La Tola, y en la costa norte de Bahía Solano. Los indicadores de amenaza que capturaron la mayor variabilidad del análisis fueron: el aumento del nivel del mar, el cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la oferta hídrica, el cambio en la cobertura de manglares por cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la temperatura y la precipitación debido a El Niño y La Niña, y la huella humana. Estos resultados son un insumo para la gestión climática de los manglares en Colombia y contribuirán al Programa Nacional de Manglares. Asimismo, podrán contribuir al Plan Nacional de Restauración de Manglares, la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Colombia (NDC), la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia E2050, y los Planes Territoriales de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de los departamentos y municipios.

Abstract The importance of humanitarian social intervention in situations of vulnerability in Ecuador is a topic that is extremely important to discuss since human solidarity is derived from it to help people who are going through some type of crisis, the objective of this article. It is to publicize the help that is provided to people or groups who are going through extreme problems and difficulties. The purpose of carrying out research focused on humanitarian social intervention in vulnerable environments in Ecuador is to offer information and knowledge through a bibliographic analysis. This will allow professionals and organizations involved in social intervention to design and apply effective strategies to address the needs of vulnerable people. Research can be key to identifying the underlying causes of vulnerability, evaluating the effectiveness of current interventions and proposing new solutions to improve the quality of life of those affected. This study seeks to determine the impact of humanitarian social interventions in vulnerable contexts in Ecuador and highlight their relevance. It is hoped that this analysis will not only inform current practices, but also inspire innovation and promote collaboration among diverse actors involved in caring for vulnerable populations.

Resumen La importancia de la intervención social humanitaria en situaciones de vulnerabilidad en Ecuador es un tema del cual se de suma importancia discutir ya que de este se deriva la solidaridad humana en ayuda de las personas que están atravesando algún tipo de crisis, el objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la ayuda que se brinda a las personas o grupos que están pasando por problemas y dificultades extremas. El propósito de llevar a cabo una investigación centrada en la intervención social humanitaria en entornos vulnerables en Ecuador es ofrecer información y conocimientos a través de un análisis bibliográfico. Esto permitirá a los profesionales y organizaciones implicadas en la intervención social diseñar y aplicar estrategias efectivas para atender las necesidades de las personas vulnerables. La investigación puede ser clave para identificar las causas subyacentes de la vulnerabilidad, evaluar la eficacia de las intervenciones actuales y proponer nuevas soluciones para mejorar la calidad de vida de los afectados. Este estudio busca determinar el impacto de las intervenciones sociales humanitarias en contextos vulnerables en Ecuador y destacar su relevancia. Se espera que este análisis no solo informe las prácticas actuales, sino que también inspire la innovación y promueva la colaboración entre diversos actores involucrados en la atención a poblaciones vulnerables.

RESUMEN En este artículo se busca explicar la situación jurídica de la población penitenciaria con discapacidad en el Perú. Para ello, se realiza un estudio sobre las personas con discapacidad dentro de la realidad penitenciaria peruana, seguido por el análisis del marco jurídico respectivo, así como los avances y desafíos locales de sus derechos. Se propone mejoras al sistema penitenciario en aras de brindar una mayor accesibilidad, disponibilidad, aceptabilidad e inclusión en los establecimientos carcelarios. Estas mejoras consisten en el trato humano de la vulnerabilidad en reemplazo de la política resocializadora tradicional en tanto finalidad de la pena y la instauración de juzgados de ejecución penal para el procesamiento de los beneficios penitenciarios. Se emplea una metodología cualitativa con diseño documental y alcance descriptivo. Por último, como principales hallazgos, dada la extrema vulnerabilidad en que vive la población penitenciaria con discapacidad en el Perú, se destaca la necesidad de dotar a la pena de prisión de fundamentos políticos distributivos, facilitando así la alineación con estándares internacionales de derechos humanos que prioricen la reducción de barreras estructurales. En este respecto, es viable la adopción de la política del trato humano y la implementación de juzgados de ejecución penal con la finalidad de reducir la vulnerabilidad de los reclusos con discapacidad y promover el respeto de sus derechos fundamentales.

ABSTRACT This article aims to elucidate the legal situation of the incarcerated population with disabilities in Peru. To achieve this, a study is conducted on individuals with disabilities within the Peruvian penal reality, followed by an analysis of the corresponding legal framework and local progress and challenges regarding their rights. Proposed improvements to the prison system aim to enhance accessibility, availability, acceptability, and inclusion in correctional facilities. These enhancements involve treating vulnerability with humane considerations, replacing the traditional rehabilitative policy as the primary purpose of punishment. Additionally, the establishment of penal execution courts is proposed for processing penitentiary benefits. A qualitative methodology with a documentary design and descriptive scope is employed. As a key finding, given the extreme vulnerability of the incarcerated population with disabilities in Peru, there is a highlighted need to imbue the prison sentence with distributive political foundations, aligning with international Human Rights standards prioritizing the reduction of structural barriers. In this regard, the adoption of a humane treatment policy and the implementation of penal execution courts are deemed viable measures to reduce the vulnerability of inmates with disabilities and promote the respect of their fundamental rights.

ABSTRACT The existing methodological diversity for locating vulnerability in cities has not succeeded in defining a method that guarantees perfect identification. Among the traditional procedures, we can distinguish between top-down methods, with a regional scale and based predominantly on quantitative procedures of a statistical nature, and bottom-up methods, with a local approach of a qualitative profile. Statistical methods lose effectiveness as the scale of analysis is reduced, and qualitative methods lose effectiveness as the scale of analysis increases. Faced with this paradox, the main contribution of the research is the MIUV (Mixed Identification for Urban Vulnerability) method, which progressively links different levels of integration of the two perspectives, to take advantage of both benefits. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested in a specific area of the Valencian Community, where the location of the most disadvantaged environments has been outlined with greater precision at each step.

RESUMEN La diversidad metodológica existente para localizar vulnerabilidad en ciudades no ha conseguido todavía definir un método que garantice una identificación perfecta. Entre los procedimientos tradicionales, distinguimos métodos top-down, de escala regional y basados predominantemente en procedimientos cuantitativos de corte estadístico, y bottom-up, con una aproximación local de perfil cualitativo. Los métodos estadísticos pierden eficacia al reducirse la escala de análisis y los cualitativos, al incrementarla. Frente a esta paradoja, el aporte principal de la investigación es el método IMVU, Identificación Mixta de Vulnerabilidad Urbana, que encadena de forma progresiva distintos niveles de integración de las dos perspectivas, para tratar de aprovechar las bondades de ambas. Se ha comprobado la eficacia del método propuesto sobre un espacio concreto de la Comunitat Valenciana, donde se ha ido perfilando, con más precisión en cada paso, la ubicación de los entornos más desfavorecidos.

Abstract This article aims to demonstrate that the use of intersectionality, as an analytical, political and social strategy, is compatible with a critical and radical reading of criminology, considering LGBT issues as a central point of the implications of violence and vulnerability. Intersectionality is used as a strategy for contemporary criminological thinking, given its analytical potential regarding the intersection of power systems and the production of inequalities. The course of reflections, which has LGBTphobic violence as a starting point, begins with a brief exposition of Brazilian data on homotransphobia and its relations with the intersectional perspective. It then justifies the choice of Patricia Hill Collins and her approach to intersectionality as a critical social theory. It advances the analysis of intersectional thinking as a necessary strategy for contemporary criminological criticism, by repositioning reflections on vulnerability, especially regarding LGBT debates. The results of these discussions leave open possibilities for a paradigm shift in Brazilian critical criminological thinking, which has become accustomed to working with social markers of difference in a generic or isolationist bias, a perspective that can be overcome with the intersectional criminology proposed by Hillary Potter. vulnerability inequalities theory criticism debates bias Potter

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que o uso da interseccionalidade, enquanto estratégia analítica, política e social, se compatibiliza com uma leitura crítica e radical da criminologia, considerando as questões LGBT como ponto central das implicações de violência e vulnerabilidade. A interseccionalidade é empregada como estratégia para o pensamento criminológico contemporâneo, diante do seu potencial analítico quanto ao entrecruzamento dos sistemas de poder e a produção de desigualdades. O percurso das reflexões, que tem a violência LGBTfóbica como ponto de partida, inicia com uma breve exposição de dados brasileiros sobre a homotransfobia e suas relações com a perspectiva interseccional. Em seguida, justifica a escolha de Patrícia Hill Collins e sua abordagem da interseccionalidade como teoria crítica social. Avança na análise do pensamento interseccional como estratégia necessária à crítica criminológica contemporânea, ao reposicionar reflexões sobre vulnerabilidade, especialmente quanto aos debates LGBT’s. Os resultados destas discussões deixam em aberto possibilidades de uma mudança paradigmática no pensamento criminológico crítico brasileiro, que se habituou a trabalhar com marcadores sociais da diferença em um viés genérico ou isolacionista, perspectiva que pode ser superada com a criminologia interseccional proposta por Hillary Potter. analítica social vulnerabilidade contemporâneo desigualdades partida seguida contemporânea LGBTs. LGBTs s. s LGBT’s brasileiro isolacionista Potter

Abstract Introduction: professional codes of ethics should be updated periodically to respond to criticisms and demands arising from social, technological and scientific changes, especially in the field of human rights; Objectives: to verify the updating of the new Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics in the field of bioethics and human rights; Methods: document analysis of a document in the public domain, with previous definition of categories of analysis and registration units, with reference to the Unesco Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Results: the analysis showed the following most prevalent principles: dignity, autonomy, respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, benefit and harmful effects, solidarity, privacy and confidentiality, non-discrimination and non-stigmatization; Not very well covered: people without the capacity for consent, social responsibility, protection of the environment and future generations; Absent: sharing of research benefits, equality, justice and equity, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism; Final considerations: the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics values the maintenance of prudential autonomy in the relationship with patients and health professionals. The inclusion of broader social concerns, in a fragmentary and insufficient way, does not yet ensure the broad defense of public health, and the rights of people in vulnerability, who have historically been in a position of disparity. The application of the method in a specific context, of the pandemic, was useful for the understanding of the deontological and principlist limits applied to public health. A future revision is suggested based on Unesco's Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights and the deliberative method for interprofessional decision-making.

Resumo Introdução: os códigos profissionais de ética devem ser atualizados, periodicamente, para responder às críticas e demandas decorrentes de mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e científicas, especialmente no campo dos direitos humanos; Objetivos: verificar a atualização do novo Código de Ética Médica brasileiro ao campo da bioética e dos direitos humanos; Métodos: análise documental de documento de domínio público, com definição prévia de categorias de análise e unidades de registro, tendo como referencial teórico a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. Resultados: a análise demonstrou como princípios mais prevalentes: dignidade, autonomia, respeito à vulnerabilidade humana e a integridade pessoal, benefício e efeitos nocivos, solidariedade, privacidade e confidencialidade, não discriminação e não estigmatização; pouco contemplados: pessoas sem capacidade de consentimento, responsabilidade social, proteção do meio ambiente e das gerações futuras; ausentes: repartição de benefícios da pesquisa, igualdade, justiça e equidade, respeito à diversidade cultural e ao pluralismo; Considerações finais: o Código de Ética Médica brasileiro preza pela manutenção de uma autonomia prudencial na relação com os pacientes e profissionais da saúde. A inclusão de preocupações sociais mais amplas, de forma fragmentária e insuficiente, não assegura ainda a ampla defesa da saúde pública, e dos direitos das pessoas em vulnerabilidade, situadas historicamente em posição de desigualdade. A aplicação do método em contexto específico, de pandemia, foi útil para a compreensão dos limites deontológicos e principialistas aplicados à saúde coletiva. Sugere-se uma futura revisão tendo como eixos a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco e o método deliberativo para tomada de decisões interprofissionais.

Abstract Introduction: the cultural dimension of health, now clearly acknowledged (WHO, 2017), remains insufficiently explored. Particularly, investigating the cultural influence on the effectiveness of health interventions is relevant since, insofar as when such interventions lack meaning from the target population's cosmovision or are not practical in their context, the effectiveness of those interventions may have a limited scope (Bautista-Gómez et al, 2022), creating the need for culturally adapted health interventions. Aim: tto understand how cultural adaptations have been designed and implemented, and how they have contributed to improving health outcomes in low and middle-income countries. Methods: the guiding question was designed following the PICo methodology. PubMED, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were reviewed, the descriptors were established based on the MeSH/DeSC registry, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. The initial articles were selected based on the appearance of the descriptors in their title and abstract, and then a filtering process was carried out based on the full reading of the texts that led to 14 articles that met the established criteria, on which a thematic analysis was carried out. Results: it was evidenced that: a) interventions are designed based on 3 components: community participation, adjustment of content, and changes in the service delivery; b) aspects related to poverty, vulnerability, and deficiencies in the health system are the main barriers, whilst the inclusion of the community’s beliefs and customs, adaptation to their context, and articulation with the communities and local health institutions are the main facilitators; c) main outcomes are feasibility, effectiveness, improvement of disease’s knowledge and acceptability. Conclusions: cultural adaptation with ethnic groups in vulnerable settings is useful to ensure comprehensive health education and to promote behavioural change to improve mainly the effectiveness and acceptability of health interventions.

A gravidez na adolescência é um problema significativo de saúde pública no Brasil, contribuindo para altas taxas de morbimortalidade entre mulheres jovens. Durante a gestação, muitas adolescentes abandonam a escola e o trabalho, o que resulta em menor qualificação e maior vulnerabilidade ao mercado de trabalho informal. Além disso, as adolescentes grávidas enfrentam riscos elevados de complicações gestacionais e desafios emocionais, como ansiedade e depressão. A pandemia exacerbou essas vulnerabilidades, especialmente em relação ao abuso doméstico, devido ao isolamento social. Este estudo justifica-se pela necessidade de compreender o perfil demográfico e as características das parturientes adolescentes no Ceará entre 2020 e 2022, oferecendo subsídios para políticas públicas que visem melhorar a qualidade de vida dessas jovens e de seus filhos. Todos os dados foram analisados utilizando R. Durante o período analisado, foram registrados 331.924 nascimentos vivos no Ceará, dos quais 21.667 (6,53%) eram de mães com idade igual ou inferior a 17 anos. A idade média das mães adolescentes foi de 15,93 ± 1,11 anos, enquanto a média para as mães adultas foi de 28,00 ± 6,21 anos, evidenciando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (Teste-t de Student, P < 0,05). A análise também revelou uma diferença significativa entre a idade dos pais de crianças nascidas de mães adolescentes (22,25 ± 5,72 anos) em comparação à idade dos pais de crianças nascidas de mães adultas (32,45 ± 7,81 anos) (Figura 3, Teste-T, P < 0,05). No que se refere à etnia, adolescentes indígenas representaram 9,95% dos casos de gravidez, seguidas pelas adolescentes pardas (7,26%) e pretas (5,9%). A menor proporção foi observada entre adolescentes brancas (4,43%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos indígenas, pardas, pretas e a população amarela. Quanto ao estado civil, 71% das adolescentes se declararam solteiras. A análise educacional demonstrou uma tendência significativa de gravidez entre adolescentes com Ensino Fundamental II incompleto, completo, ou Ensino Médio incompleto, indicando que essas jovens ainda estavam em fase de conclusão desses ciclos escolares. Não foi observada uma relação significativa entre a redução da idade materna e a diminuição do escore APGAR em recém-nascidos (APGAR = 0,014 × “IDADE DA MÃE” + 8,5; P < 0,05, R² = 0,0004). Além disso, não houve diferença significativa na proporção de anomalias congênitas entre os nascimentos de mães adolescentes e adultas.

El embarazo en la adolescencia es un problema significativo de salud pública en Brasil, que contribuye a altas tasas de morbimortalidad entre las mujeres jóvenes. Durante el embarazo, muchas adolescentes abandonan la escuela y el trabajo, lo que resulta en menor calificación y mayor vulnerabilidad en el mercado laboral informal. Además, las adolescentes embarazadas enfrentan mayores riesgos de complicaciones gestacionales y desafíos emocionales, como ansiedad y depresión. La pandemia exacerbó estas vulnerabilidades, especialmente en relación con el abuso doméstico, debido al aislamiento social. Este estudio se justifica por la necesidad de comprender el perfil demográfico y las características de las madres adolescentes en Ceará entre 2020 y 2022, ofreciendo apoyo para políticas públicas que busquen mejorar la calidad de vida de estas jóvenes y sus hijos. Todos los datos fueron analizados utilizando R. Durante el período analizado, se registraron 331.924 nacimientos vivos en Ceará, de los cuales 21.667 (6,53%) eran de madres de 17 años o menos. La edad promedio de las madres adolescentes fue de 15,93 ± 1,11 años, mientras que la media para las madres adultas fue de 28,00 ± 6,21 años, evidenciando una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (Prueba t de Student, P < 0,05). El análisis también reveló una diferencia significativa entre la edad de los padres de niños nacidos de madres adolescentes (22,25 ± 5,72 años) en comparación con la edad de los padres de niños nacidos de madres adultas (32,45 ± 7,81 años) (Prueba de Wilcoxon, P < 0,05). En cuanto a la etnia, las adolescentes indígenas representaron el 9,95% de los casos de embarazo, seguidas por las adolescentes mestizas (7,26%) y negras (5,9%). La menor proporción se observó entre las adolescentes blancas (4,43%). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos indígenas, mestizas, negras y la población amarilla. En cuanto al estado civil, el 71% de las adolescentes se declararon solteras. El análisis educativo demostró una tendencia significativa de embarazo entre adolescentes con secundaria incompleta o completa, o educación media incompleta, lo que indica que estas jóvenes aún estaban en proceso de completar estos niveles educativos. No se observó una relación significativa entre la disminución de la edad materna y la reducción de la puntuación APGAR en los recién nacidos (APGAR = 0,014 × "EDAD DE LA MADRE" + 8,5; P < 0,05, R² = 0,0004). Además, no hubo diferencia significativa en la proporción de anomalías congénitas entre los nacimientos de madres adolescentes y adultas.

Adolescent pregnancy is a significant public health issue in Brazil, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates among young women. During pregnancy, many adolescents drop out of school and work, leading to lower qualifications and increased vulnerability to the informal labor market. Moreover, pregnant adolescents face higher risks of gestational complications and emotional challenges, such as anxiety and depression. The pandemic exacerbated these vulnerabilities, particularly concerning domestic abuse, due to social isolation. This study is justified by the need to understand the demographic profile and characteristics of adolescent mothers in Ceará between 2020 and 2022, providing support for public policies aimed at improving the quality of life for these young women and their children. All data were analyzed using R. During the analyzed period, 331,924 live births were recorded in Ceará, of which 21,667 (6.53%) were from mothers aged 17 years or younger. The average age of adolescent mothers was 15.93 ± 1.11 years, while the average for adult mothers was 28.00 ± 6.21 years, showing a statistically significant difference (Student's t-test, P < 0.05). The analysis also revealed a significant difference between the age of fathers of children born to adolescent mothers (22.25 ± 5.72 years) compared to the age of fathers of children born to adult mothers (32.45 ± 7.81 years) (Wicoxon test, P < 0.05). Regarding ethnicity, indigenous adolescents accounted for 9.95% of pregnancy cases, followed by brown (7.26%) and black (5.9%) adolescents. The lowest proportion was observed among white adolescents (4.43%). There was no statistically significant difference among indigenous, mixed-race, black, and yellow populations. Concerning marital status, 71% of adolescents declared themselves single. Educational analysis showed a significant trend of pregnancy among adolescents with incomplete or complete middle school or incomplete high school education, indicating that these young women were still in the process of completing these educational levels. There was no significant relationship between decreasing maternal age and a reduction in newborns' APGAR scores (APGAR = 0.014 × "MOTHER'S AGE" + 8.5; P < 0.05, R² = 0.0004). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the proportion of congenital anomalies between births of adolescent and adult mothers.

Abstract The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a central theme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genre represented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatment is analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile” (2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidated stereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis of the image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literary tone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle were established according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise, literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the cultural fabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to the human rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omits the author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction of the ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphic chronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening its critical reading of reality.

Resumen La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido y crítico representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en la serie de doce crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” (2018) de la Revista Sábado, inserta en el periódico El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo de la articulación imagen-texto se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario. Los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica se establecieron de acuerdo con el del testimonio, retratos de los protagonistas y datos de contexto. Asimismo, se determinaron los elementos literarios como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, de las voces narrativas múltiples y la recreación de la resistencia resiliente, que en conjunto aluden a la perspectiva de derechos humanos. La crónica gráfica intensifica el uso de la voz testimonial y omite la del autor (testigo), pero este último aparece en la articulación verbo-visual en sesgos e introducción de la ambigüedad de las experiencias de la migración, y en la relación con el “lejano próximo”. La crónica gráfica de migración puede ser modulada significativamente por el discurso público mediatizado debilitando su lectura crítica de la realidad.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los desafíos de los delitos informáticos y sus respuestas legales en Ecuador. Para ello el estudio se basó en el método cualitativo con un análisis descriptivo de la bibliografía recopilada, para lo cual se realizó una revisión documental de libros; artículos de revista y la legislación ecuatoriana, sobre los diferentes sucesos acaecidos de delitos informáticos que se comenten en el Ecuador, con un énfasis en los ciberataques; y en cómo se encuentran tipificados los delitos informáticos en las leyes. En conclusión, se establece que el Ecuador no posee una estructura legislativa que respalde la seguridad de la información de los ciudadanos, así mismo, existe falencias en relación a la tipificación del delito informático, así como, el reconocimiento de las diferentes actividades que propenden a este delito y la inexistente promoción de protocolos seguros ante la vulnerabilidad de los usuarios.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the challenges of computer crimes and their legal responses in Ecuador. For this, the study was based on the qualitative method with a descriptive analysis of the collected bibliography, for which a documentary review of books was carried out; magazine articles and Ecuadorian legislation, on the different incidents of computer crimes that are discussed in Ecuador, with an emphasis on cyberattacks; and how computer crimes are classified in the laws. In conclusion, it is established that Ecuador does not have a legislative structure that supports the security of citizens' information, likewise, there are shortcomings in relation to the classification of computer crime, as well as the recognition of the different activities that tend to this crime and the non-existent promotion of safe protocols due to the vulnerability of users.

Resumen El artículo presenta la relación entre la fiebre amarilla y las personas susceptibles de enfermarse en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, según el discurso médico entre 1906 y 1919. Este trabajo se basa en los impresos científicos que se publicaron en el periodo estudiado, cuyos contenidos señalaban que las personas procedentes de otros lugares eran más vulnerables de adquirir el padecimiento. Se revisan los libros de entradas y salidas de personas que ingresaron al hospital O’Horán con el propósito de identificar a los afectados por el llamado “vómito prieto”. El análisis muestra que las personas diagnosticadas eran del extranjero y de otros sitios de México en un escenario caracterizado por el desarrollo económico de las haciendas henequeneras y las corrientes migratorias favorecidas por las autoridades. Esta investigación es un acercamiento hacia un grupo especifico de actores sociales, los migrantes, cuya vulnerabilidad también es evidente en los procesos de la salud y la enfermedad.

Abstract This article shows the relation between yellow fever and those people’s susceptibility to contract it in the city of Mérida, Yucatán, according to medical speech between 1906 and 1919. This text is based on the scientific texts published during the studied period, whose contents indicated that coming people from other places were more vulnerable to contract the disease. Entry and exit logs were reviewed at O’Horan hospital, with the purpose to identify those who were affected by the so-called “black vomit”. The analysis reveals that those who received the diagnosis came from other countries or different places of Mexico, in an epoch when economic development of henequen farms and migratory currents were favored by authorities. This research is an approach to a specific group of social actors, migrants, whose vulnerability is also evidenced by health and decease processes.

RESUMO Em meio a pautas sustentáveis, as fontes de energia renováveis apresentam um forte papel, em especial, a energia eólica. No entanto, a implantação dos empreendimentos eólicos produz transformações nas comunidades, causando impactos em diferentes áreas e processos de vulnerabilização. O estudo objetiva problematizar os relatos da população camponesa referentes aos processos de vulnerabilização em área de influência da implantação dos empreendimentos eólicos em um município pernambucano. Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional, descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, realizada em uma comunidade camponesa localizada no município de Caetés, Pernambuco, Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante entrevista semiestruturada. A análise de dados partiu da técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Observou-se que a chegada e o funcionamento dos aerogeradores coincidiram com o surgimento de sinais e sintomas, como os problemas auditivos e de pele, ansiedade, tontura e cefaleia. Tal situação permite considerar uma provável ligação entre os impactos causados pelas torres eólicas, já descritos na literatura, com aqueles presentes nos relatos dos participantes. É necessário prudência no momento de planejamento e construção de complexos eólicos, uma vez que tais agravos à saúde podem se comportar como temporários ou permanentes, levando a comunidade local a um sofrimento constante. sustentáveis papel especial eólica entanto comunidades pernambucano Tratase Trata observacional qualitativa Caetés Pernambuco Brasil semiestruturada temática Observouse Observou sintomas pele ansiedade cefaleia eólicas literatura participantes permanentes constante

ABSTRACT Amid sustainable agendas, renewable energy sources play a strong role, especially wind energy. However, the implementation of wind farms produces transformations in communities, causing impacts in different areas and vulnerability processes. The study aims to problematize the reports of the peasant population regarding the processes of vulnerability in the area of influence of the implementation of wind farms in a municipality in Pernambuco. This is an observational, descriptive research with a qualitative approach, carried out in a peasant community, located in the municipality of Caetés, Pernambuco, Brazil. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was based on the content analysis technique in the thematic modality. It was observed that the arrival and operation of the wind turbines coincided with the emergence of signs and symptoms, such as hearing and skin problems, anxiety, dizziness and headache. This situation allows us to consider a probable connection between the impacts caused by wind towers, already described in the literature, and those present in the participants’ reports. Prudence is necessary when planning and building wind farms, since such health problems can be temporary or permanent, leading the local community to constant suffering. agendas role However communities Pernambuco observational approach Caetés Brazil semistructured semi structured interviews modality symptoms anxiety headache towers literature participants permanent suffering

Abstract The article explores the implementation of an edu-communicative strategy with a group of 23 tenth-grade students, between 14 and 17 years of age, who are at risk of delinquency and school violence. A quasi-experimental study with qualitative analysis was conducted, using the Participatory Action Research method. The results showed that the selected students were able to reflect on the conditions of vulnerability affecting them, move away from previous risk situations, and broaden their expectations for a better future.

Resumo O artigo explora a implementação de uma estratégia educomunicativa com um grupo de 23 alunos do ensino médio, com idades entre 14 e 17 anos, que estão em risco de delinquência e violência escolar. Foi realizado um estudo quase-experimental com análise qualitativa, usando o método de pesquisa-ação participativa. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos selecionados foram capazes de refletir sobre as condições de vulnerabilidade que os afetam, afastar-se de situações de risco anteriores e ampliar suas expectativas de um futuro melhor.

Resumen El artículo explora la implementación de una estrategia educomunicativa con un grupo de 23 estudiantes de décimo grado, con edades entre 14 y 17 años, en riesgo de delincuencia y violencia escolar. Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental con análisis cualitativo, utilizando el método de Investigación Acción Participativa. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes seleccionados lograron reflexionar sobre las condiciones de vulnerabilidad que los afectan, alejarse de situaciones de riesgo previas y ampliar sus expectativas de un futuro mejor.

RESUMO O desastre-crime do petróleo em 2019 é tido como o maior desastre ocorrido no litoral do Brasil. Considerada a primeira linha de enfrentamento de desastres no território, a gestão municipal de saúde é fundamental no processo de gestão de risco de desastre. Objetivou-se analisar a atuação de uma secretaria municipal de saúde da região metropolitana do Recife, Pernambuco, em relação ao derramamento do petróleo ocorrido em 2019. Foi realizado um estudo de caso do tipo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Foi realizada Análise de Conteúdo, com utilização do software IRaMuTeQ, das entrevistas com gestores da saúde, cujos resultados revelaram quatro categorias: gestão municipal na atenção com o mar; governança de risco de desastre e suas ausências; sindemia da covid-19 e impactos na reabilitação e recuperação das comunidades afetadas pelo desastre do petróleo; o que fazer se um desastre voltar a acontecer. No município em análise, houve a organização antecipada das ações de enfrentamento, a ausência da governança no desastre-crime e o enfoque da gestão em saúde na sindemia da covid-19, que foram apontados como dificuldades e vulnerabilidades na atuação, enquanto a educação permanente e a articulação com pescadores(as) e marisqueiras foram algumas das lições aprendidas. desastrecrime crime 201 Brasil território Objetivouse Objetivou Recife Pernambuco qualitativa Conteúdo IRaMuTeQ categorias mar ausências covid19 covid 19 covid-1 acontecer análise covid19, 19, pescadoresas pescadores as pescadores(as aprendidas 20 covid1 1 covid- 2

ABSTRACT The 2019 oil disaster-crime is considered the largest disaster on the Brazilian coast. Given the frontline in disaster response, the municipal health secretariat is crucial in the disaster risk management process. This study aimed to analyze the performance of a municipal health secretariat in the metropolitan region of Recife, Pernambuco, regarding the 2019 oil spill, adopting a descriptive, qualitative case study. We performed content Analysis with the IRaMuTeQ software on interviews with health managers, and the results revealed four categories: municipal management in marine care; disaster risk governance and its absence; the COVID-19 syndemic and its impacts on the rehabilitation and recovery of oil disaster-affected communities; what to do if a disaster strikes again. In the municipality under study, we noted early organization of response actions, the lack of governance in the disaster-crime, and health management focus on COVID-19 syndemic, which were identified as difficulties and vulnerabilities in their actions, while continuing education and coordination with fishermen and shellfish gatherers were among the lessons learned. 201 disastercrime crime coast process Recife Pernambuco spill descriptive managers categories care absence COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 disasteraffected affected communities again actions disastercrime, crime, learned 20 COVID1 1 COVID- 2