Abstract Violence against women is a serious public health problem, with a marked social and economic impact. The objective of this article is to synthesize the theories that explain violence against women, contributing, from a theoretical perspective, to the understanding of risk factors. The research is basic and descriptive; the analytical-synthetic method was used to establish the essential elements of the information collected and formalize conclusions in this regard. The search for bibliographic sources was carried out in the Google Scholar database. Theories such as the cycle of violence, traumatic union, paradoxical punishment, battered women, among others, are presented. In addition, the importance of factors such as poverty, victimization, dysfunctional families, ineffective educational and judicial systems is recognized. Risk factors for gender violence were identified according to the different theoretical positions analyzed. The conclusions recognize the conduct of a significant amount of research on violence against women in the context of the pandemic. The proposal of theoretical foundations for each of the risk factors was made, which contributes to future research, especially in the Latin American space. It is considered that theories must be understood within the very dynamics that this phenomenon presents, focused on the variety of criteria, elements, variables, causes, consequences, conditions, etc.

Resumen La violencia contra la mujer constituye un grave problema de salud pública, con un marcado impacto social y económico. El objetivo de este artículo es sintetizar las teorías que explican la violencia contra la mujer, contribuyendo desde una perspectiva teórica a la comprensión los factores de riesgo. La investigación es básica y descriptiva; el método analítico-sintético se utilizó para establecer los elementos esenciales de la información recopilada y formalizar conclusiones al respecto. Se efectuó la búsqueda de fuentes bibliográficas en la base de datos Google Scholar. Se presentan teorías como el ciclo de la violencia, la unión traumática, el castigo paradójico, la mujer maltratada, entre otras. Además, se reconoce la importancia de factores como la pobreza, la victimización, familias disfuncionales, sistemas educativos y judiciales poco efectivos. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo para la violencia de género según las distintas posiciones teóricas analizadas. Las conclusiones reconocen la realización de una cantidad importante de investigaciones sobre violencia contra la mujer en el contexto de la pandemia. Se realizó la propuesta de fundamentos teóricos para cada uno de los factores de riesgo, lo que contribuye para futuras investigaciones, sobre todo en el espacio latinoamericano. Se considera que las teorías deben comprenderse dentro de la propia dinámica que presenta este fenómeno, centrados en la variedad de criterios, elementos, variables, causas, consecuencias, condiciones, etc.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to analyze the images of an urban protest intervention called Ni una muerte indiferente (Not one indifferent death) carried out by “Mujeres de Negro Rosario”, Argentina, in November 25, known as the international day for the elimination of violence against women (redefined as the international day for the elimination of violence against women, lesbians, trans, transvestites and non-binary people). With this purpose, we will explore the expressive tools used, with a special focus on the use of masks and their ways of inscription in the public space. Likewise, we will study the relationship between violence and image, based on the analysis of the configuration and perception of the deaths that are propitiated there; the tension between presence and absence; the game between the singular-universal pair; and, finally, the link that is possible to think between image and testimony.

RESUMEN: Este artículo se propone analizar las imágenes de una intervención de protesta urbana denominada Ni una muerte indiferente, realizada por el colectivo “Mujeres de Negro de Rosario”, en Argentina, en el marco del 25 de noviembre, conocido como el día internacional de la eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer (que ha sabido ser resignificado para implicar mujeres, lesbianas, trans, travestis y no binaries). Con este objeto, se explorará el conjunto del herramental expresivo utilizado, poniendo especial foco en el empleo de máscaras y en sus maneras de inscripción en el espacio público. Asimismo, se estudiará la relación entre violencia e imagen, a partir del análisis de la configuración y percepción de las muertes que allí se propician; la tensión entre presencia y ausencia; el juego entre el par singular-universal; y, por último, el vínculo que es posible pensar entre imagen y testimonio.

Abstract This article reports some findings that were identified in the first phase of a qualitative investigation, in which women who work as professors of the degrees in architecture and urbanism of the Faculty of Architecture of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FA-UNAM) were interviewed. The research aims to identify practices in the teaching of architectural-urban disciplines that could strengthen gender stereotypes and make violence against women -teachers and/or students- invisible. Through the “feminist interview”, it seeks to know the specificity of the experiences of women as teachers in an academic and disciplinary space that still exhibits a strong patriarchal structure.

Resumen Este artículo consigna algunos hallazgos que se identificaron en la primera fase de una investigación cualitativa, en la que se entrevistó a mujeres que se desempeñan como docentes de las licenciaturas en arquitectura y urbanismo de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FA-UNAM). La investigación tiene el objetivo de identificar prácticas en la enseñanza de las disciplinas arquitectónico-urbanísticas que podrían fortalecer estereotipos de género e invisibilizar violencias en contra de las mujeres -profesoras y/o alumnas-. A través de la “entrevista feminista”, se busca conocer la especificidad de las experiencias de las mujeres como docentes en un espacio académico y disciplinar que aún exhibe una enérgica estructura patriarcal.

Abstract Through interviews, participant observation, and a collective dialogue meeting among women, the results of an investigation into the challenges, difficulties, and forms of violence faced by young rural women who are studying or have graduated from the Sustainable Agricultural Innovation Engineering program in Cuquío, Jalisco, are gathered and presented. Since their early years, these young women have confronted various forms of violence within the agro-industrial context in which they are situated. Some of these forms of violence are linked to sexist dynamics surrounding monoculture maize production, compounded by others associated with their rural youth and gender condition. These challenges are interdependently reproduced, accumulated, and intensified within their university experiences, leading to psychosocial distress, academic dropout, and hindrances in accessing career-related opportunities. This article aims to shed light on these situations -prior to, during, and after their university studies- analyzing them through a feminist lens to enable the recognition, focus, and analysis of the patriarchal facet within the agro-industry.

Resumen A través de entrevistas, observación participante y un encuentro para el diálogo colectivo entre mujeres, se recuperan y presentan los resultados de una indagación sobre las dificultades, retos y violencias que enfrentan las mujeres jóvenes rurales que estudian y han egresado de la carrera de Ingeniería en Innovación Agrícola Sustentable, en Cuquío, Jalisco. Estas jóvenes desde pequeñas han enfrentado diversas violencias en el contexto agroindustrial donde se desarrollan; algunas de ellas asociadas a dinámicas sexistas en torno a la producción en monocultivo de maíz, sumadas a otras ligadas a su condición juvenil rural y de género, las cuales se reproducen, acumulan y profundizan interseccionalmente en su universidad, generando malestar psicosocial y deserción escolar, así como dificultándoles e impidiéndoles el acceso a trabajos relacionados con su carrera profesional. El artículo pretende visibilizar tales situaciones -antes, durante y después de sus estudios universitarios-, analizándolas desde una perspectiva feminista que posibilite reconocer, enfocar y analizar la faceta patriarcal de la agroindustria.

Resumo Introdução: As situações de violência no âmbito conjugal resultam numa diversidade de consequências e danos físicos, psicológicos, relacionais e nos casos mais graves, poderão conduzir à incapacitação, temporária ou permanente, da vítima ou, mesmo, à sua morte. A Lei Maria da Penha, dispõe a respeito da criação de mecanismos para coibir a violência doméstica e familiar contra mulher; trata também da Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres e da Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir, Punir e Erradicar a Violência contra a Mulher. Dispõe ainda a respeito da criação dos Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra Mulher e promove alteração no Código Penal e na lei de Execução Penal a respeito da punição da violência contra a mulher. Objetivo: Identificar e compreender os fatores que influenciam a tomada de decisão da vítima em denunciar atos de violência doméstica. Especificamente pretende-se verificar o conhecimento dos recursos disponíveis à vítima de violência doméstica, bem como analisar se tais recursos influenciam na decisão da vítima denunciar o agressor. Método: Foi feita uma pesquisa qualitativa básica, com a participação de 12 mulheres que se identificaram como vítimas de violência doméstica. Foi utilizada como técnica de colheita a entrevista semiestruturada e para o tratamento dos dados, foi feita análise categorial. Resultados: Das entrevistadas, quatro mulheres não denunciaram o agressor, uma destas saiu de casa e preferiu não denunciar. As que denunciaram, o fizeram por diferentes motivos, como traição, agressão na presença de filhos, medo de perder os filhos, entre outros. Conclusões. Os fatores apontados estão relacionados com a dependência financeira e emocional e por descrédito na justiça.

Abstract Introduction: Situations of domestic violence result in a variety of consequences and physical, psychological and relational damage and, in the most serious cases, may lead to temporary or permanent incapacitation of the victim or even death. The Maria da Penha Law provides for the creation of mechanisms to curb domestic and family violence against women; it also deals with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women. It also provides for the creation of Courts for Domestic and Family Violence against Women and promotes changes to the Penal Code and the Criminal Execution law regarding the punishment of violence against women. Objective: Identify and understand the factors that influence the victim's decision-making in reporting acts of domestic violence. Specifically, the aim is to verify knowledge of the resources available to victims of domestic violence, as well as to analyze whether such resources influence the victim's decision to report the aggressor. Method: Basic qualitative research was carried out, with the participation of 12 women who identified themselves as victims of domestic violence. A semi-structured interview was used as a collection technique and categorical analysis was carried out to process the data. Results: Of those interviewed, four women did not report the aggressor, one of these left homes and preferred not to report it. Those who reported it did so for different reasons, such as betrayal, aggression in the presence of children, fear of losing their children, among others. Conclusions. The factors highlighted are related to financial and emotional dependence and discredit in justice.

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of violence against women living in rural areas, explore associated factors, and characterize cases of violence according to perpetrator, place of occurrence, and frequency. Based on data from the 2019 National Health Survey, using Poisson’s regression we calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for violence committed during the last 12 months against women living in rural areas across Brazil, focusing on the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics, income, social support, and self-reported health status. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 18%, 4.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. Perpetrators were mainly people known to the victim and violence was mainly committed at home and repeated over time. Prevalence was highest among young women (24.2%), single and divorced women (20% each), women who had complete elementary school till not complete higher education (22% each), women with very poor (34%) and poor (30%) self-perceived health status; and women with a mental health problem (30%). After adjustment, the following variables were retained in the model: women aged 30-39 years and 40-49 years; married women; women with very poor, poor, and fair perceived health; and women diagnosed with a mental health problem.

Resumo Este estudo transversal objetivou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência contra as mulheres rurais e descrever os casos positivos segundo autoria, local e frequência, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2019). Calcularam-se as prevalências brutas e ajustadas de violência contra as mulheres rurais de todo o Brasil nos últimos 12 meses, segundo perfil demográfico, apoio e saúde por meio da regressão de Poisson. A violência psicológica foi de 18%, a física, de 4,4% e a sexual, de 1,5%. Os principais autores eram pessoas conhecidas, a maior parte dos casos ocorreu na residência e as agressões eram recorrentes. As maiores prevalências: mulheres adultas jovens (24,2%), solteiras e divorciadas (20% cada), com ensino fundamental completo ao superior incompleto (22%),, percepções de saúde muito ruim (34%), ruim (30%) e aquelas com problema de saúde mental (30%). Após o ajuste, permaneceram no modelo as de 30-39 anos e de 40 a 49 anos, casadas, com estado de saúde muito ruim, ruim e regular e com problema de saúde mental. Aponta-se para a alta prevalência de violência contra as mulheres rurais.

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of violence against women living in rural areas, explore associated factors, and characterize cases of violence according to perpetrator, place of occurrence, and frequency. Based on data from the 2019 National Health Survey, using Poisson’s regression we calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for violence committed during the last 12 months against women living in rural areas across Brazil, focusing on the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics, income, social support, and self-reported health status. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 18%, 4.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. Perpetrators were mainly people known to the victim and violence was mainly committed at home and repeated over time. Prevalence was highest among young women (24.2%), single and divorced women (20% each), women who had complete elementary school till not complete higher education (22% each), women with very poor (34%) and poor (30%) self-perceived health status; and women with a mental health problem (30%). After adjustment, the following variables were retained in the model: women aged 30-39 years and 40-49 years; married women; women with very poor, poor, and fair perceived health; and women diagnosed with a mental health problem.

Resumo Este estudo transversal objetivou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência contra as mulheres rurais e descrever os casos positivos segundo autoria, local e frequência, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2019). Calcularam-se as prevalências brutas e ajustadas de violência contra as mulheres rurais de todo o Brasil nos últimos 12 meses, segundo perfil demográfico, apoio e saúde por meio da regressão de Poisson. A violência psicológica foi de 18%, a física, de 4,4% e a sexual, de 1,5%. Os principais autores eram pessoas conhecidas, a maior parte dos casos ocorreu na residência e as agressões eram recorrentes. As maiores prevalências: mulheres adultas jovens (24,2%), solteiras e divorciadas (20% cada), com ensino fundamental completo ao superior incompleto (22%),, percepções de saúde muito ruim (34%), ruim (30%) e aquelas com problema de saúde mental (30%). Após o ajuste, permaneceram no modelo as de 30-39 anos e de 40 a 49 anos, casadas, com estado de saúde muito ruim, ruim e regular e com problema de saúde mental. Aponta-se para a alta prevalência de violência contra as mulheres rurais.

Abstract The aim is to identify cultural, social and health impacts caused by intimate partner violence (IPV) in homoaffective (MOH) and biaffective (MOB) women. This is an integrative literature review that sought and analyzed studies indexed in the PubMed and Lilacs databases, considering the following languages. The study sought to answer the following research question: “What impacts does IPV bring to MOB and MOH?”. Forty two studies were found and after applying the exclusion criteria, 19 went into the final sample. Data were analyzed using the content analysis methodology, Bardin’s thematic analysis modality (2009). The full analysis of the articles revealed two categories: 1) Intimate partner violence and sociocultural impacts; and 2) Intimate partner violence and health impacts. The experience of situations of violence in intimate partnerships between homo and/or biaffective women affect their sociocultural and health dimensions, since they are under the bias of double vulnerability: women in homo/biaffective relationships. There is also an invisibility of the phenomenon in health services, since professionals are not trained to address the different sexual orientations among women and even less the situations of violence resulting from these relationships.

Resumo O objetivo é identificar impactos culturais, sociais e de saúde causadas pela violência na parceria íntima (VPI) em mulheres homoafetivas (MOH) e biafetivas (MOB). Estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura que buscou e analisou estudos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed e Lilacs, sendo considerados os idiomas: inglês, português e espanhol. O estudo buscou responder a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: “Quais impactos a VPI traz para as MOB e MOH?”. Foram encontrados 42 estudos e após aplicado os critérios de exclusão, 19 compuseram a amostra final. Os dados foram analisados a partir da metodologia de análise de conteúdo, modalidade análise temática de Bardin (2009). A análise na íntegra dos artigos revelou duas categorias: 1) A violência na parceria íntima e os impactos socioculturais; e 2) A violência na parceira íntima e os impactos na saúde. A vivência de situações de violência na parceria íntima entre mulheres homo e/ou biafetivas afeta suas dimensões socioculturais e de saúde, já que elas estão sob o viés da dupla vulnerabilidade: mulher em relações homo/biafetivas. Existe também invisibilidade do fenômeno nos serviços de saúde já que os profissionais não são formados para abordar as diferentes orientações sexuais entre mulheres e menos ainda as situações de violência advindas dessas relações.

Abstract Violence against women in domestic and family environments has its roots in the inequalities that exist between the genders. Studies on perpetrators of lethal violence are necessary for an expanded understanding of the phenomenon. This study aims to characterize the crimes of this nature and their perpetrators, with verbal autopsies carried out with acquaintances and relatives of women victims of homicide in Campinas. In total, we studied 38 cases of female homicide, of which 63.2% correspond to femicides. Most perpetrators were acquaintances (partners, spouses, and lovers) in the cases of feminicide, and not acquaintances (subjects whose identity was unknown) in the cases of female homicide. The deaths occurred mostly in domestic environments and were caused by the expressive use of violence and the use of sharp/perforating objects and firearms. Fleeing was the most frequent behavior after the perpetration of the murders. The cases are discussed articulating the interventions aimed at the reflexive groups of masculinities, educational and rehabilitation centers, or recovery programs, problematizing their difficulties and gains within the framework of Lei Maria da Penha.

Resumo A violência contra as mulheres em entornos domésticos e familiares tem raízes na desigualdade existente entre os gêneros. Estudos sobre autores de violência letal são necessários para uma compreensão ampliada do fenômeno. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os crimes dessa natureza e seus autores, mediante autópsias verbais realizadas com conhecidos e familiares de mulheres vítimas de homicídio na cidade de Campinas. No total, foram estudados 38 casos de homicídio feminino, dos quais 63,2% correspondem a feminicídios. A maioria dos responsáveis pelos crimes eram conhecidos (parceiros, cônjuges e namorados) nos casos de feminicídio, e desconhecidos (sujeitos cuja identidade foi ignorada) nos casos de homicídio feminino. As mortes ocorreram majoritariamente em entornos domésticos, sendo ocasionadas mediante o uso expressivo de violência e o emprego de objetos cortantes/perfurantes e armas de fogo. A fuga foi a conduta mais frequente depois da perpetração dos assassinatos. Os casos foram discutidos articulando intervenções voltadas para grupos reflexivos de masculinidade, centros de educação e reabilitação ou programas de recuperação, problematizando as dificuldades e ganhos no marco da Lei Maria da Penha.

Abstract This ecological, time-trend study examined rates of homicide against women residing in Brazil, by state and race/colour, from 2016 to 2020, by performing. Multiple analysis by regression model on longitudinal data. During the study period, 20,405 homicides of women were recorded in Brazil. Standardised homicides rates were higher among black women (6.1/100,000) than among white women (3.4/100,000). From 2016 to 2020, rates decreased 25.2%, from 4.7 deaths per 100,000 women in 2016 to 3.5 in 2020, with a statistically significant downward trend among both black and white women. Statistically significant inverse relationships were found between female homicide rates and HDI, illiteracy rate and proportion of ill-defined causes. The average homicide rate decreased in 2019 and 2020, as compared with 2016. Despite the decreasing time trend in homicide rates for both black and white women, they differed substantially by race, with worse outcomes for black women.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as taxas de homicídios contra mulheres residentes no Brasil, segundo unidades da federação e raça/cor, no período de 2016 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Foi realizada análise múltipla adotando-se modelo de regressão para dados longitudinais. No período, ocorreram no Brasil 20.405 homicídios de mulheres e as taxas padronizadas mostraram que as mulheres negras (6,1/100.000) apresentaram as maiores taxas, em comparação às brancas (3,4/100.000). O Brasil apresentou queda de 25,2% de 2016 a 2020. A taxa de homicídio variou de 4,7 mortes por 100 mil mulheres em 2016 para 3,5 em 2020, mas a tendência decrescente e estatisticamente significante foi observada nas taxas de mulheres negras e brancas. As variáveis IDH, taxa de analfabetismo e proporção de causas mal definidas apresentaram uma relação inversa e estatisticamente significante com as taxas de homicídio de mulheres. Nos anos de 2019 e 2020 houve uma diminuição da taxa média de homicídio em relação ao ano de 2016. Apesar do decrescimento na evolução temporal das taxas para negras e brancas, houve diferenças raciais importantes nos homicídios de mulheres, com piores resultados para as mulheres negras.

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aimed to explore and understand the perception and perceived effectiveness of measures implemented to address Violence Against Women (VAW) in the Women's Emergency Centers (CEM in Spanish) in Northern Peru. Methodology: A multimethodological approach was adopted, using a descriptive correlational design. 48 CEM workers were included, representing various roles and genders. Data collection was carried out through an online structured questionnaire, validated by experts with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.7. Analyses encompassed descriptive tests, Spearman correlations, chi2, and multiple regressions, using SPSS and Jamovi statistical software. Results: It was identified that physical violence was statistically higher than psychological violence, and the latter was higher than sexual violence. Additionally, a significant relationship was evidenced between the perception of violence and the perceived effectiveness of the measures implemented in the CEM. Conclusion: The perception of VAW in the CEM of Northern Peru is multifaceted, with physical violence being the most prevalent. Although there is a perceived moderate effectiveness of existing measures, it is essential to consider contextual and cultural factors in future interventions and studies. Recommendations include strengthening prevention and care strategies, as well as promoting greater community awareness of the various forms of VAW.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Explorar y comprender la percepción y eficacia percibida de las medidas implementadas para abordar la violencia contra las mujeres en los Centros de Emergencia Mujer del Norte de Perú. Metodología: Se adoptó un enfoque multimetodológico, utilizando un diseño descriptivo correlacional. Se incluyeron 48 trabajadores de CEM, representando diversos roles y géneros. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario estructurado en línea, validado por expertos y con un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,7. Los análisis abarcaron pruebas descriptivas, correlaciones de Spearman, chi2 y regresiones múltiples, utilizando softwares estadísticos SPSS y Jamovi. Resultados: Se identificó que la violencia física fue estadísticamente mayor que la violencia psicológica, y esta a su vez mayor que la violencia sexual. Además, se evidenció una relación significativa entre la percepción de violencia y la eficacia percibida de las medidas implementadas en los CEM. Conclusión: La percepción de la violencia contra las mujeres en los CEM del Norte del Perú es multifacética, con la violencia física siendo la más prevalente. Aunque se percibe una eficacia moderada de las medidas existentes, es esencial considerar factores contextuales y culturales en futuras intervenciones y estudios. Las recomendaciones incluyen fortalecer las estrategias de prevención y atención, así como promover una mayor conciencia comunitaria sobre las diversas formas de violencia contra las mujeres.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre violencia de pareja durante el embarazo (VPE) y calidad de vida (CV). Métodos Estudio transversal con mujeres embarazadas en Atención Primaria de Salud, se evaluó la CV en los dominios físico, psicológico, relaciones sociales y entorno (WHOQOL-Bref); la VPE fue evaluada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud; se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal bruta y ajustada. Resultados Se evaluaron 389 gestantes. La VPE estuvo presente en el 13,6% de las gestantes; en el análisis ajustado, la violencia de género permaneció asociada a aspectos físicos, psicológicos y a las relaciones sociales; las mujeres embarazadas que sufrieron VPE presentaron disminución de 9,77; 11,07 y 8,95 puntos de CV en comparación con quienes no sufrieron VPE. Conclusión La VPE se asocia con una peor calidad de vida en los ámbitos físico, psicológico y de relaciones sociales; los servicios de salud preparados para combatir la violencia son esenciales para prevenir los casos de violencia durante el embarazo.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação (VPIG) e qualidade de vida (QV). Métodos Estudo transversal, com gestantes atendidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde, em Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2022; avaliou-se a QV quanto aos domínios físico, psicológico, das relações sociais e do meio ambiente (WHOQOL-Bref); a VPIG foi avaliada pela World Health Organization Violence Against Women; foram realizadas análise de regressão linear bruta e ajustada. Resultados Foram avaliadas 389 gestantes; a VPIG esteve presente em 13,6%; na análise ajustada, a VPIG manteve-se associada aos aspectos físico, psicológico e das relações sociais; gestantes que sofreram VPIG tiveram reduzidos 9,77, 11,07 e 8,95 pontos no escore de QV, respectivamente, quando comparadas às que não sofreram VPIG. Conclusão A VPIG esteve associada à pior QV nos domínios físico, psicológico e das relações sociais; serviços de saúde preparados para o enfrentamento e prevenção da violência contra gestantes são essenciais.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the association between intimate partner violence during pregnancy (IPVP) and quality of life (QOL). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with pregnant women receiving care in Primary Health Care in the municipality of Criciúma, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, in 2022; QOL was assessed in the physical, psychological, social relationship and environmental domains using WHOQOL-Bref instrument; IPVP was evaluated by means of the World Health Organization Violence Against Women; Crude and adjusted linear regression analyses were performed. Results A total of 389 pregnant women were evaluated; IPVP was observed in 13.6% of cases; in the adjusted analysis, IPVP remained associated with physical, psychological and social relationship domains; pregnant women who experienced IPVP had a reduction in their QOL score by 9.77, 11.07 and 8.95 points, respectively, when compared to those who did not experience IPVP. Conclusion IPVP was associated with poorer QOL in the physical, psychological and social relationships domains. Health services equipped to address and prevent violence against pregnant women are essential.

Abstract This article shares comparative research conducted in Brazil and Spain on female militancy in the university student movement during dictatorial periods. To this end, it begins with reflections on the historical context, the gender question, and student organization. The sources used are essentially primary, from the archives of the political police of both countries. The article intends to resort to and socialize on the common conditions of insertion of women in public life, the specific characteristics of militancy and violence suffered, due to the gender issue, as well as the fundamental contributions of women in the process of struggle against violence emanating from the state, in the process of organization and reorganization of the university student movement, in both countries.

Resumen Este artículo comparte una investigación comparativa realizada en Brasil y España sobre la militancia femenina en el movimiento estudiantil universitario durante los periodos dictatoriales. Para ello, parte de reflexiones sobre el contexto histórico, la cuestión de género y la organización estudiantil. Las fuentes utilizadas son esencialmente primarias, procedentes de los archivos de la policía política de ambos países. El artículo pretende recurrir y socializar sobre las condiciones comunes de inserción de las mujeres en la vida pública, las características específicas de la militancia y la violencia sufrida, debido a la cuestión de género, así como las contribuciones fundamentales de las mujeres en el proceso de lucha contra la violencia emanada del Estado, en el proceso de organización y reorganización del movimiento estudiantil universitario en ambos países.

Resumo Este artigo socializa pesquisa comparada realizada no Brasil e Espanha, sobre a militância feminina no movimento estudantil universitário, em períodos ditatoriais. Para tanto, parte de reflexões sobre o contexto histórico, a questão de gênero e a organização estudantil. As fontes utilizadas são essencialmente primárias, dos arquivos das polícias políticas de ambos os países. O artigo pretende recorrer e socializar sobre as condições comuns de inserção das mulheres na vida pública, as características específicas de militância e violência sofridas, em função da questão de gênero, bem como as contribuições fundamentais das mulheres no processo de luta contra as violências emanadas do estado, no processo de organização e reorganização do movimento estudantil universitário, em ambos os países.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.

Resumo O sistema capitalista e cisheteropatriarcal se desenvolveu através da opressão e exploração de classe, raça e sexo no estabelecimento de relações desiguais e hierarquizadas de poder, e uma dessas opressões é o uso da violência contra os corpos considerados errantes e transgressores dentro dessa estrutura. Dentre os diversos tipos de violência, o foco deste estudo está na violência obstétrica, compreendida como uma violência patriarcal de gênero que visa a retirada de direitos, autonomia e protagonismo de mulheres e homens trans durante o período gestacional, do parto e puerpério ou em processos de abortamento. Esse artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a violência obstétrica e seu impacto nas homoparentalidades de mulheres lésbicas e de homens trans, pois compreende-se que a população LGBTQIA+ é uma das mais vulnerabilizadas e que está mais distante dos serviços de saúde, justamente pela violência institucional que acomete esses corpos. Dessa forma, pretende-se compreender, através de uma análise social e histórica, como os atravessamentos dessas violações sexistas e heteropatriarcais se entrelaçam e refletem na assistência à saúde dessas pessoas, gerando ainda mais formas de opressão contra essa população.

Abstract The cisheteropatriarchal capitalist system has developed by class, racial and sexual oppression and exploitation in establishing unequal, hierarchical power relations. One of these kinds of oppression involves the use of violence against bodies considered wayward and transgressive within this structure. Of the different types of violence, this study focused on obstetric violence, understood as patriarchal gender violence designed to remove the rights, autonomy and agency of trans women and men during the processes of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and abortion. This article reflects on obstetric violence and its impacts on homo-parenthood for lesbian women and trans men, on the understanding that the LGBTQIA+ population is one of the most vulnerable and removed from health services, mainly because of the institutional violence suffered by these bodies. Accordingly, the intention is to understand, through social and historical analysis, how these sexist, heteropatriarchal violations, interlacing and reflecting in health care for these people, generate even more forms of oppression against this population.