Summary Learning objects (LO) are defined as those files or digital units that can be used in different scenarios and pedagogical contexts. The objective of this work was to characterize the use of polymedia videos (PV) as LO of practical biochemistry contents by the students of the Molecular and Cellular Biology (BMC) course of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. For this, in the specific section of the biochemistry Virtual Learning Environment (EVA-FVet) within the BMC course, 10 PV of practical content were offered to be consulted as support material prior to their delivery and for preparation of evaluative instances and carrying out exams. Using statistics obtained from YouTube, the following was analyzed for each PV: number of views, total duration of views, average playback time, average playback percentage, percentage of total views made by different devices (computer, mobile phone, and tablet). The results obtained showed that the VP were viewed in a number similar to the number of students, reproduced on average with 63% of their duration, with an inversely proportional relationship between the duration and the percentage of reproduction. In addition, they were fundamentally viewed through computers and, to a lesser extent, through cell phones and tablets. With this work it can be concluded that the students used the PV as LO for the follow-up of the practical ones, as well as for the preparation of partial tests and/or exams.

Resumen Los objetos de aprendizaje (OA) se definen como aquellos archivos o unidades digitales que pueden ser utilizados en distintos escenarios y contextos pedagógicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar el uso de videos polimedia (VP) como OA de contenidos prácticos de Bioquímica por los estudiantes del curso de Biología Molecular y Celular (BMC) de la Facultad de Veterinaria. Para ello, en la sección específica del Entorno Virtual de Aprendizaje (EVA-FVet) de Bioquímica dentro del curso de BMC, se ofrecieron 10 VP de contenidos prácticos para ser consultados como material de apoyo antes del dictado de estos y para la preparación de instancias evaluativas y realización de exámenes. Mediante estadísticas obtenidas de YouTube, se analizó para cada VP: número de visualizaciones, duración total de las visualizaciones, tiempo medio de reproducción, porcentaje medio de reproducción, porcentaje de visualizaciones totales realizadas en distintos dispositivos (computadora, teléfono móvil y tablet). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los VP fueron visualizados un número de veces similar al número de estudiantes, reproducidos en promedio un 63 % de su duración, con una relación inversamente proporcional entre la duración y el porcentaje de reproducción. Además, fueron visualizados fundamentalmente en computadoras y, en menor medida, celulares y tablets. Con este trabajo se puede concluir que los estudiantes utilizaron los VP como OA para el seguimiento de los prácticos, así como para la preparación de pruebas parciales y/o exámenes.

Resumo Objetos de aprendizagem (OA) são definidos como aqueles arquivos ou unidades digitais que podem ser utilizados em diferentes cenários e contextos pedagógicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a utilização de vídeos polimídia (VP) como OA de conteúdos práticos de Bioquímica pelos alunos da disciplina de Biologia Molecular e Celular (BMC) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária. Para tanto, na seção específica do Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem de Bioquímica (EVA-FVet) dentro do curso BMC, foram oferecidos 10 VP de conteúdo prático para serem consultados como material de apoio antes de sua entrega e para elaboração de instâncias avaliativas e realização de exames. Usando estatísticas obtidas do YouTube, foram analisados para cada VP: número de visualizações, duração total das visualizações, tempo médio de reprodução, porcentagem média de reprodução, porcentagem do total de visualizações feitas por diferentes dispositivos (computador, celular e tablet). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os VP foram visualizados em número semelhante ao número de alunos, reproduzidos em média com 63% de sua duração, havendo uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a duração e o percentual de reprodução. Foram visualizados através de computadores e, em menor escala, de telemóveis e tablets. Com este trabalho conclui-se que os alunos utilizaram o VP como OA para o acompanhamento das práticas, bem como para a elaboração de testes parciais e/ou exames.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir as competências e disciplinas profissionais do eixo conservação e proteção ambiental do novo modelo educacional da carreira de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Autônoma de Zacatecas, que estabelece que o educador e o aluno conheçam o competências por eixos, com o objetivo de tornar os seus processos educativos mais eficientes numa perspectiva global. Para o que trabalhamos com um núcleo académico constituído por docentes da Unidade Académica, que se apoiaram numa metodologia bibliográfica, de síntese e análise, bem como na compreensão de documentos analisados da medicina veterinária. Como resultado do trabalho em equipe de 50 professores e 2 especialistas em educação veterinária durante oficinas e com base na revisão documental de artigos de pesquisa em educação veterinária por meio da busca nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar e Dialnet, foram definidas as seguintes competências no eixo de conservação e proteção do meio ambiente onde o aluno deve ter competência na realização de gestão e destinação adequada de resíduos biológicos infecciosos perigosos (RPBI), bem como de resíduos biológicos corrosivos, reativos, explosivos, tóxicos, inflamáveis e infecciosos (CRETIB) gerados pela atividade médica e agrícola para evitar a contaminação ambiental e promover a boa saúde pública. Da mesma forma, deve ter capacidade para realizar a gestão integrada dos resíduos produzidos pela actividade agrícola para aproveitá-los e evitar a contaminação ambiental, bem como conceber e aplicar a metodologia de conservação e aproveitamento dos recursos naturais. recursos. As disciplinas constantes do plano curricular são definidas a partir destas competências.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to define the professional competencies and subjects of the conservation and environmental protection axis of the new educational model of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics career of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, which establishes that the teacher and the student know the competencies by axes in order to make their educational processes more efficient from a global perspective. To do this, we worked with a core academic core of teachers from the academic unit, who were supported by a bibliographic methodology, synthesis and analysis, as well as the understanding of analyzed documents from the field of veterinary medicine. As a result of the teamwork of 50 teachers and 2 specialists in veterinary education, during workshops and based on the documentary review of research articles in veterinary education, through searching in databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences , Google Schoolar and Dialnet, the following competencies were defined in the axis of conservation and protection of the environment, where the student must be competent in carrying out adequate management and disposal of hazardous infectious biological waste (RPBI), as well as corrosive, reactive, explosive, toxic, flammable and biological material infectious (CRETIB) generated by medical and agricultural activity to avoid environmental contamination and promote good public health. In addition, it must have the capacity to carry out integrated management of the waste produced as a result of agricultural activity to take advantage of it and avoid environmental contamination, as well as design and apply the methodology for the conservation and use of natural resources. The subjects contained in the curricular plan were defined from these competencies.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue definir las competencias profesionales y las materias del eje de conservación y protección al medio ambiente del nuevo modelo educativo de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, la cual establece que el docente y el educando conozcan las competencias por ejes con la finalidad de hacer mas eficientes sus procesos educativos desde una óptica global. Para ello, se trabajó con un núcleo académico base de docentes de la unidad académica, los cuales se apoyaron en una metodología bibliográfica, síntesis y análisis, así como en la comprensión de documentos analizados del ámbito de la medicina veterinaria. Como resultado del trabajo en equipo de 50 docentes y 2 especialistas en educación veterinaria, durante talleres de trabajo y con base en la revisión documental de artículos de investigación en educación veterinaria, a través de la búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar y Dialnet, se definieron las siguientes competencias en el eje de conservación y protección al ambiente, donde el estudiante debe de ser competente en la realización de un manejo y disposición adecuada de los residuos peligrosos biológico infecciosos (RPBI), así como de material corrosivo, reactivo, explosivo, tóxico, inflamable y biológico infeccioso (CRETIB) generados por la actividad médica y agropecuaria para evitar la contaminación del ambiente y propiciar una buena salud pública. Además, debe tener la capacidad de realizar un manejo integrado de los residuos producidos como resultado por la actividad agropecuaria para aprovecharlos y evitar la contaminación del ambiente, así como diseñar y aplicar la metodología para la conservación y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. De estas competencias se definieron las asignaturas contenidas en el plan curricular.

Abstract: This scientific article focuses on investigating the presence of Norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum anti- biotic, in chicken meat products marketed in Gran Asunción. The use of this antibiotic in human and veterinary medicine can reach the food chain, posing a risk to public health. Therefore, it is important to determine and quantify the levels of this compound in food. To carry out the study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed as the technique. The solid-liquid extraction technique was used to isolate Norfloxacin from the samples. It was demonstrated that the method used is highly sensitive, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9526 µg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.8867 µg/mL. This means that the method can detect and quantify Norfloxacin at extremely low concentrations in chicken meat samples. Additionally, the linearity of the method was established with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 99.4%. The results revealed concentrations of Norfloxacin in chicken meat ranging from 888.0512 to 7809.442 µg/Kg. These findings are relevant to the scientific community and can contribute to the generation of policies and measures to ensure food safety regarding the use of antibiotics in poultry farming.

Resumen: Este artículo científico se centra en investigar la presencia de la Norfloxacina, un antibiótico de amplio espectro, en productos de carne de pollo comercializados en la Gran Asunción. El uso de este antibiótico en medicina humana y veterinaria puede llegar a la cadena alimentaria, lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pública. Por lo tanto, es importante determinar y cuantificar los niveles de este compuesto en los alimentos. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se empleó la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La técnica de extracción sólido-líquido para aislar la Norfloxacina de las muestras. Se demostró que el método utilizado es altamente sensible, con un límite de detección (LD) de 0,9526 µg/mL y un límite de cuantificación (LC) de 2,8867 µg/mL. Esto significa que el método puede detectar y cuantificar Norfloxacina en concentraciones extremadamente bajas en las muestras de carne de pollo. Además, se estableció la linealidad del método con un coeficiente de correlación (R2) del 99,4%. Los resultados revelaron concentraciones de Norfloxacina en la carne de pollo que oscilaron entre 888,0512 y 7809,442 µg/Kg. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para la comunidad científica y pueden contribuir a la generación de políticas y medidas para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en relación con el uso de antibióticos en la cría de aves de corral.

ABSTRACT Attention to the self-exercise skill of physical exercise constitutes a point of reference for the fulfillment of the strategic objectives set by Cuban universities, particularly in the Physical Education discipline of Study Plan E, as a content of the curriculum that favors the student's protagonism in his/her own learning process, constitutes a necessity in the face of the changes that are taking place in the Cuban Higher Education system, given fundamentally by conditions that arose from physical isolation caused by COVID 19, coupled with the lack of skills to perform physical activity and to guarantee inclusive, equitable and quality education. The objective of this work is to develop a didactic strategy for the training of the self-exercise skill of physical exercise; qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the research. It begins with the diagnosis, using different methods and techniques, such as surveys and interviews. In addition, tests are applied to evaluate the physical condition and insufficiencies presented by Physical Education students of the Veterinary Medicine career at the Agrarian University of Havana. The systematization and the theoretical and methodological foundations analyzed allowed the design of a didactic strategy, which has four stages, each of them with its objective and system of actions, which are offered as a result for the formation of the self-exercise skill of the physical exercise in the students studied. The evidence of the learning acquired by the students, the assessment of specialists indicates an improvement in physical fitness levels, the proposed actions respond to the purpose for which the strategy was conceived.

RESUMEN La atención a la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico constituye punto de referencia para el cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos planteados por las universidades cubanas, particularmente en la disciplina Educación Física del Plan de estudios E, como un contenido del currículo que favorece el protagonismo del estudiante en su propio proceso de aprendizaje, constituye una necesidad antes los cambios que se operan en el sistema de Educación Superior Cubano, dado fundamentalmente por condiciones que surgieron de aislamiento físico provocado por la COVID 19, unido a la falta de habilidades para realizar actividad física y por garantizar una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en elaborar una estrategia didáctica para la formación de la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico; en la investigación se emplean métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se inicia con el diagnóstico, utilizándose diferentes métodos y técnicas, como la encuesta, la entrevista. Además, se aplica los test para evaluar la condición física y de las insuficiencias que presenta los estudiantes de Educación Física de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Agraria de La Habana. La sistematización y los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos analizados permitieron diseñar una estrategia didáctica, la cual cuenta de cuatro etapas, cada una de ellas con su objetivo y sistema de acciones, las cuales se ofrecen como resultado para la formación de la habilidad auto ejercitación del ejercicio físico en los estudiantes objetos de estudio. La evidencia de los aprendizajes adquiridos por los estudiantes, la valoración de especialistas indica una mejora de los niveles de condición física, las acciones propuestas responden al propósito para el cual fue concebida la estrategia.

RESUMO A atenção à habilidade de autoexercício do exercício físico constitui um ponto de referência para o cumprimento dos objetivos estratégicos traçados pelas universidades cubanas, particularmente na disciplina de Educação Física do Currículo E, como conteúdo do currículo que favorece o protagonismo do aluno. o seu próprio processo de aprendizagem, constitui uma necessidade face às mudanças que estão a ocorrer no sistema de ensino superior cubano, dadas fundamentalmente pelas condições que surgiram do isolamento físico causado pela COVID 19, juntamente com a falta de competências para a realização de actividade física e garantir uma educação inclusiva, equitativa e de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma estratégia didática para o treinamento da habilidade de autoexercício do exercício físico; Métodos qualitativos e quantitativos são utilizados na pesquisa. Começa com o diagnóstico, utilizando diferentes métodos e técnicas, como inquéritos e entrevistas. Além disso, são aplicados testes para avaliar a condição física e as insuficiências apresentadas pelos estudantes de Educação Física da carreira de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Agrária de Havana. A sistematização e os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos analisados permitiram o desenho de uma estratégia didática, que conta com quatro etapas, cada uma delas com seu objetivo e sistema de ações, que são oferecidas como resultado para a formação da habilidade de autoexercício do exercício físico nos alunos estudados. A evidência das aprendizagens adquiridas pelos alunos, a avaliação dos especialistas indica uma melhoria nos níveis de aptidão física, as ações propostas respondem ao propósito para o qual a estratégia foi concebida.

Abstract Introduction: Even though only a few species are considered to be dangerous, pests or vectors, the majority of invertebrates produce a feeling of aversion in humans. This has contributed to the delay in the development of ethical considerations as regards this group in contrast with vertebrates, with the exception of cephalopods. Objective: In the present study, we provide an overview of the current situation on animal ethics and welfare in order to contribute to the development of a framework for ensuring invertebrate welfare. Methods: Today, animal welfare is multidisciplinary in nature to a very high degree as it includes ethology, physiology, pathology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, nutrition, cognitive-neural, veterinary medicine, and ethics. Animal welfare is a complex concept, difficult to achieve successfully from one perspective. Results: As a consequence, we propose to include the five domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state) along with the three conceptions (basic health and functioning, affective state and natural living), as well as the 5R Principle (Replace, Reduction, Refinement, Respect and Responsibility) in seeking to achieve a comprehensive welfare state. Conclusions: We consider that in both research and animal production, the individual and collective ethical concerns coexist and, in fact, the main moral concern to account for is the collective one and that, within that collective view, the individual moral concern should be applied with responsibility and respect for the individual. Finally, we propose a practical example of invertebrate welfare production in sea urchin aquaculture with the aim of including animal production of invertebrates in this important discussion.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque sólo unas pocas especies son consideradas peligrosas, plagas o vectores, la mayoría de los invertebrados producen un sentimiento de aversión en el ser humano. Esto ha contribuido al retraso en el desarrollo de consideraciones éticas respecto a este grupo en comparación con los vertebrados, a excepción de los cefalópodos. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo, proporcionamos una visión general de la situación actual en materia de ética y bienestar animal con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de un marco para garantizar el bienestar de los invertebrados. Métodos: Hoy en día, el bienestar animal es de naturaleza multidisciplinaria en un grado muy alto, ya que incluye etología, fisiología, patología, bioquímica, genética, inmunología, nutrición, cognitivo-neural, medicina veterinaria y ética. El bienestar animal es un concepto complejo, difícil de lograr con éxito desde una sola perspectiva. Resultados: Como consecuencia, proponemos incluir los cinco dominios (nutrición, ambiente, salud, comportamiento y estado mental) junto con las tres concepciones (Salud básica y funcionamiento, estado afectivo y vida natural), así como el Principio 5R (Reemplazar, Reducir, Refinar, Respetar y Responsabilidad) en la búsqueda de alcanzar un estado de bienestar integral. Conclusiones: Consideramos que tanto en la investigación como en la producción animal coexisten las preocupaciones éticas individuales y colectivas y, de hecho, la principal preocupación moral a dar cuenta es la colectiva y que, dentro de esa visión colectiva, se debe aplicar la preocupación moral individual. con responsabilidad y respeto por la persona. Finalmente, proponemos un ejemplo práctico de producción de bienestar de invertebrados en la acuicultura de erizos de mar con el objetivo de incluir la producción animal de invertebrados en esta importante discusión.

The South African government recognises the value of traditional healing and supports an integrated healthcare system. In the veterinary field, successful integration depends on the perceptions of different animal healthcare practitioners (AHCPs). This study aimed to determine the perceptions of ethnoveterinary medicine among state-employed veterinarians and animal health technicians in the North West province. A mixed model questionnaire and non-probability sampling gathered quantitative and qualitative data from 53 participants. Statistical and thematic analysis processes were applied to quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Overall, 77.4% of participants were aware of ethnoveterinary medicine practices. Approval of the use of ethnoveterinary medicine by farmers was above-average at a mean of 3.57, standard deviation (s.d.) = 1.016 on a 5-point Likert scale. However, 65.9% doubted the effectiveness of ethnoveterinary medicine, which suggests tolerance but no appreciation of its value. The Chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between district municipality of employment and awareness at χ² = 17.490, df = 3, p = 0.001. Thematic analysis of comments showed that some participants perceived ethnoveterinary medicine as unscientific and interfering with Western veterinary medicine, while some considered it a good complement to Western veterinary medicine. The study also found that 20.8% of AHCPs use ethnoveterinary medicine to treat certain diseases. In conclusion, the lack of appreciation for ethnoveterinary medicine among AHCPs may hinder government-proposed integration, emphasising the need for programmes to improve perceptions among these stakeholders. CONTRIBUTION: This is first such study to report on perceptions of ethnoveterinary medicine among AHCPs, and assess their readiness for an integrated animal health system.

Trypanosomosis is a disease complex which affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa, transmitted by the tsetse fly and distributed within the tsetse belt of Africa. But some trypanosome species, for example, Trypanosoma brucei evansi, T. vivax, T. theileri and T. b. equiperdum are endemic outside the tsetse belt of Africa transmitted by biting flies, for example, Tabanus and Stomoxys, or venereal transmission, respectively. Trypanocidal drugs remain the principal method of animal trypanosomosis control in most African countries. However, there is a growing concern that their effectiveness may be severely curtailed by widespread drug resistance. A minimum number of six male cattle calves were recruited for the study. They were randomly grouped into two (T. vivax and T. congolense groups) of three calves each. One calf per group served as a control while two calves were treatment group. They were inoculated with 10(5) cells/mL parasites in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) in 2 mL. When parasitaemia reached 1 × 10(7.8) cells/mL trypanosomes per mL in calves, treatment was instituted with 20 mL (25 mg/kg in 100 kg calf) ascofuranone (AF) for treatment calves, while the control ones were administered a placebo (20 mL PBS) intramuscularly. This study revealed that T. vivax was successfully cleared by AF but the T. congolense group was not cleared effectively. CONTRIBUTION: There is an urgent need to develop new drugs which this study sought to address. It is suggested that the AF compound can be developed further to be a sanative drug for T. vivax in non-tsetse infested areas like South Americas

Global aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is of the most concern in food safety and quality. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of 80% methanolic leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced toxicity in rats. A. senegalensis has shown to inhibit genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in vitro. The rats were divided into six groups including untreated control, aflatoxin B1 only (negative control); curcumin (positive control; 10 mg/kg); and three groups receiving different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) of A. senegalensis extract. The rats received treatment (with the exception of untreated group) for 7 days prior to intoxication with aflatoxin B1. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were measured. Hepatic tissues were analysed for histological alterations. Administration of A. senegalensis extract demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in vivo by significantly reducing the level of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and regenerating the hepatocytes. No significant changes were observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine for the AFB1 intoxicated group, curcumin+AFB1 and Annona senegalensis leaf extract (ASLE)+AFB1 (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) treated groups. Annona senegalensis is a good candidate for hepatoprotective agents and thus its use in traditional medicine may at least in part be justified. CONTRIBUTION: The plant extract investigated in this study can be used in animal health to protect the organism from toxicity caused by mycotoxins.

BACKGROUND: Veterinary medicine has seen significant advancements in locoregional anaesthesia and pain management, including the emergence of the erector spinae plane (ESP) block. However, limited clinical evidence exists on its efficacy and safety OBJECTIVES: This study compares ultrasound-guided ESP block (ESP group) with an intraoperative intravenous ketamine infusion analgesic protocol (CRI group) in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar mini-hemilaminectomy, focusing on intraoperative opioid consumption, cardiovascular response to surgical stimulation (CR), postoperative pain scores (PS), and postoperative opioid consumption METHODS: Retrospective, case-control, non-inferiority study conducted in a single centre. Data collected included demographics, bupivacaine dose, ESP block operator, intraoperative recorded variables (haemodynamic variables, CR, complications, rescue analgesia), pre- and postoperative analgesia, 24-hour PS and opioid administration, first food intake post-extubation and postoperative complications. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were applied RESULTS: One-hundred dogs were included, 75 in the ESP group and 25 in the CRI group. Univariate analysis revealed no significant differences between treatment groups in terms of CR, PS, postoperative rescue analgesia, intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption, or time to first meal intake. However, the multivariate regression analysis indicated that dogs receiving ketamine infusion had higher CR suspected to be nociception-related (p = 0.036), and higher postoperative opioid consumption (p = 0.013 CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that ultrasound-guided ESP block is as effective as intraoperative ketamine infusion providing perioperative analgesia in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar mini-hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disc disease. ESP group showed significantly lower CR suspected to be nociception-related intraoperatively and lower postoperative opioid consumption within the initial 24 hours

RESUMO Há poucas descrições na literatura cientifica veterinária de técnicas ultrassonográficas da região cervical de muares e jumentos. Com base nos padrões observados em cavalos, as infiltrações guiadas por ultrassom são usadas para fins diagnósticos ou terapêuticos. Foram avaliadas as articulações cervicais em 13 jumentos (12 fêmeas e um macho), com peso médio de 133kg e idades entre quatro e 16 anos, e ainda cinco mulas e nove burros, com peso médio de 393kg e idades entre quatro e 15 anos, todos sem raça definida. O exame ultrassonográfico utilizou transdutor multifrequencial de 3 a 11Mhz, inicialmente com varredura do aspecto dorsal de cada vértebra, seguindo-se avaliação da região cranial à porção caudal da vértebra, em direção aos processos articulares, longitudinalmente e em sentido caudal para localização da articulação. Variações na angulação do transdutor permitiram a localização exata dos processos articulares e da articulação correspondente, do espaço articular entre as vértebras cervicais C2-C3 ao espaço articular entre C6-C7, e as respectivas imagens de referência. Os resultados observados mostram que essas técnicas ultrassonográficas podem orientar a punção intra-articular cervical em burros e mulas e que é possível utilizá-la para fins terapêuticos ou diagnósticos. Nesse sentido, sugere-se que mais estudos nesse sentido sejam realizados.

ABSTRACT In veterinary medicine, there are few descriptions in scientific literature referring ultrasound techniques in the cervical region of mules and donkeys. Based on patterns observed in horses, ultrasound-guided infiltrations are used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. In this study, cervical joints were evaluated in 13 donkeys (12 females and 1 male) with mean weight of 133kg and ages between 4 and 16 years, and additionally 05 mules and 09 donkeys, with mean weight of 393kg and ages between 4 and 15 years, all of them were mixed breed. The ultrasound examinations were performed using a variable frequency linear transducer 3 to 11 Mhz. The scan protocol was performed starting on the dorsal aspect of each vertebra, followed by an assessment of the cranial region to the caudal portion of the vertebra, towards the joint processes, longitudinal and in the caudal direction of the joint. Variations of the angulation allowed the exact location of the joint processes and the corresponding joint, from the joint between cervical vertebra C2-C3 to the joint between C6-C7 and the corresponding references images. The results observed show that these ultrasound techniques can guide cervical intra-articular puncture in donkeys and mules, and it is possible used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, and it is suggested that more studies in this sense be performed.

RESUMO: A acupuntura veterinária é uma medicina complementar e alternativa amplamente praticada no Brasil e reconhecida como especialidade pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária. No entanto, apesar do crescente interesse dos profissionais pela capacitação e dos clientes pelo atendimento, não há estudos sobre o perfil socioeconômico desses acupunturistas veterinários no Brasil. A presente pesquisa recebeu 295 respostas (completas), a maioria dos respondentes tinha 40 anos ou menos, era do sexo feminino (87,1%) e era da região sudeste do Brasil. Além disso, 56,6% dos entrevistados estavam no início de suas carreiras de acupuntura com menos de cinco anos de prática. A maioria dos entrevistados escolheu ser acupunturista para satisfação pessoal e eficácia percebida da acupuntura. Acupunturistas experientes receberam melhores salários e ficaram mais satisfeitos com seus ganhos e se sentem mais valorizados por seus clientes. A maioria dos entrevistados acredita que a acupuntura possui comprovação científica por meio de estudos experimentais e clínicos. O perfil socioeconômico dos acupunturistas veterinários é fundamental para o planejamento de ações futuras e melhoria da qualidade dos profissionais veterinários.

ABSTRACT: Veterinary acupuncture is a complementary and alternative medicine practiced widely in Brazil and is recognized as a specialty by the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine. However, despite the growing interest of professionals for training and of clients for care, there are no studies on the socioeconomic profile of these veterinary acupuncturists in Brazil. The present survey received 295 (complete) replies, the majority of the respondents were 40 years old or less, female (87%) and were from the southeastern region of Brazil. Furthermore, 57% of respondents were at the beginning of their acupuncture careers with less than 5 years of practice. Most respondents chose to be an acupuncturist for personal satisfaction and perceived effectiveness of acupuncture. Experienced acupuncturists received better financial rewards and were more satisfied with their earnings and valued by their clients. Most respondents believe that acupuncture has scientific evidence through experimental and clinical studies. The socioeconomic profile of veterinary acupuncturists is essential to elaborate future action plans and help improve the quality of veterinary professionals.

Abstract The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) is an intergovernmental organization in charge of regulating animal health worldwide. Areas such as epidemiology, transboundary animal diseases, zoonoses, emerging and re-emerging diseases, disease prevention and control programs are among the central elements from which the competences of the professions in this context will be built. Veterinary education is committed to review and include in its curriculum the specific competences of the WOAH. At the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, the methodology of analysis and debate on the competence that the veterinarian should possess was established based on scientific information related to animal health, together with existing teaching experience and preserving the approach proposed by the WOAH. The work supervised by experts in education, agreed to bring the debate closer to a possible consensus regarding the competences on animal health that the animal health veterinarian should have. The results emitted from the work tables of the academies and axes of the curriculum concluded the following: the competences that the new curriculum should contemplate are epidemiology, transboundary animal diseases, zoonoses, emerging and re-emerging diseases, disease prevention and control programs, food hygiene, veterinary products, animal welfare, veterinary legislation and ethics. In addition, general certification procedures and communication skills were other competencies that emerged from the consensuses, which contribute to the comprehensive training of the zootechnical veterinary doctor.

Resumen La Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OMSA) es una organización intergubernamental encargada de regular la sanidad animal en el mundo. Se contemplan áreas como la epidemiología, enfermedades transfronterizas de los animales, zoonosis, enfermedades emergentes y remergentes, programas de prevención y control de enfermedades dentro de los elementos centrales desde los cuales se construirán las competencias de las profesiones que estén alrededor de ese contexto. La educación veterinaria está comprometida en revisar e incluir en su plan de estudios las competencias específicas de la OMSA. En la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas se estableció la metodología de análisis y debate sobre las competencias que el veterinario debe poseer con base en la información científica relativa a la salud animal, conjuntamente con experiencia docente existente y preservando el enfoque propuesto por la OMSA. En el trabajo supervisado por expertos en educación, se acordó acercar el debate hacia un posible consenso con respecto al conocimiento sobre salud animal, que debe perfilar al médico veterinario zootecnista. Los resultados emitidos desde las mesas de trabajo de las academias y ejes del plan de estudios concluyeron lo siguiente: las materias que debe contemplar el nuevo plan de estudios son epidemiología, enfermedades transfronterizas de los animales, zoonosis, enfermedades emergentes y remergentes, programas de prevención y control de enfermedades, higiene de los alimentos, productos de uso veterinario, bienestar animal, legislación veterinaria y ética. Además, procedimientos generales de certificación y habilidades de comunicación fueron otras competencias que surgieron de los consensos, las cuales, contribuyen a la formación integral del médico veterinario zootecnista.

ABSTRACT The veterinary medicine profession has a suicide rate 3 to 4 times higher than that of the general population, where 17% of veterinary doctors have had suicidal ideation. The aim of this work was to describe the relationship between job stress and the prevalence of suicidality (non-lethal suicidal behavior) in Chilean veterinary doctors practicing in the Valparaíso region, Chile. During 2019-2021, using the Google platform, the sociodemographic questionnaires, SAD PERSONS, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were carried out. In total, 102 valid surveys were received. A prevalence of 23.5% of individuals with burnout and 63.7% of subjects at risk (low, medium, high) was found in both suicide risk scales. Furthermore, it is possible to show that subjects who present alterations in the emotional exhaustion subscale (MBI) have greater suicidal tendencies. This shows the importance of preventing factors linked to work stress, since they would be linked to suicidality in this population.

RESUMEN La profesión de la medicina veterinaria presenta una tasa de suicidio 3 a 4 veces más alta que la tasa de suicidio de la población general, donde el 17% de médicos veterinarios han tenido ideación suicida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir la relación entre el estrés laboral y la prevalencia de la tendencia suicida (conducta suicida no letal) en médicos veterinarios chilenos que ejercen en la región de Valparaíso. Durante 2019-2021, mediante la utilización de plataforma Google, se llevaron a cabo los cuestionarios sociodemográficos, SAD PERSONS, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale y el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach (MBI). Se recibieron 102 encuestas válidas. Se encontró una prevalencia de 23.5% de individuos con burnout y 63.7 % de sujetos con riesgo (bajo, medio, alto) en ambas escalas de riesgo suicida. Además, es factible de evidenciar que sujetos que presentan alteración en la subescala de agotamiento emocional (MBI) tienen mayores tendencias suicidas, por lo que resulta indispensable prevenir factores vinculados al estrés laboral, ya que estarían vinculados con la suicidalidad en esta población.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the perception of tutors and veterinarians on the quality of service from the case of professional clothing. It was carried out from September to October 2022. Questionnaires were randomly administered to tutors and veterinarians living or working in the Metropolitan District of Quito, using Google Forms. Descriptive statistics were used analyzing frequency to determine the percentage of the variables. The preference in general for veterinarians was clinical and surgical clothing, while for male and female tutors, it was surgical clothing, and for tutors belonging to the LGTBIQ+ community, it was clinical clothing. The results for the LGTBIQ+ community are not conclusive; they are referential as they do not have a larger population. Clothing does influence the guardians' opinion of the care received by the pet.

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la percepción de los tutores y médicos veterinarios sobre la calidad del servicio desde el caso de la vestimenta profesional. Se realizó en los meses de septiembre a octubre del 2022. Se realizaron cuestionarios para tutores y veterinarios que vivían o trabajaban en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito de forma aleatoria, aplicándose mediante el uso de Google Forms. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva analizando la frecuencia para determinar el porcentaje de las variables. La preferencia en general para veterinarios fue la vestimenta clínica y quirúrgica, mientras que para tutores y tutoras fue la vestimenta quirúrgica, y para los tutores pertenecientes a la comunidad LGTBIQ+ fue la vestimenta clínica. Los resultados de la comunidad LGTBIQ+ no son concluyentes, son referenciales al no tener una mayor población. La vestimenta si influye en la opinión sobre los cuidados que recibe la mascota de los tutores.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to examine the excessive use of the Internet in the mental health of students of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics at the National University of the Altiplano, Puno, Peru. The study was descriptive, explanatory and cross-sectional, carried out with 226 students (152 men and 74 women) from I to X cycle, aged 23.4 ± 5.5 years. Mental health was related to anxiety, depression and the sleep quality index. Internet use was quantified through a survey, exploring the time (h/day) of use during the last 30 days; anxiety and depression were determined through the Hamilton Rating Scale (HARS and HDRS), with internal consistency, α = 0.93 and 0.89, respectively; and the sleep quality index using the Pittsburgh questionnaire (α=0.87). The results indicate that depression (β= 0.292; p<0.001), anxiety (β = 0.229; p<0.001) and excessive use of the Internet (β = 0.178; p<0.01) are the aspects that contributed the most (p <0.001) in the students' sleep quality index.

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar el uso excesivo de Internet en la salud mental de estudiantes de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, explicativo y de corte transversal, realizado con 226 alumnos (152 varones y 74 mujeres) de I a X ciclo, con edades de 23.4 ± 5.5 años. La salud mental fue relacionada con la ansiedad, la depresión y el índice de la calidad de sueño. El uso de Internet se cuantificó mediante encuesta, explorando el tiempo (h/día) de uso durante los últimos 30 días; la ansiedad y la depresión fue determinada a través de la escala de valoración de Hamilton (HARS y HDRS), con una consistencia interna, α = 0.93 y 0.89, respectivamente; y el índice de la calidad del sueño mediante el cuestionario de Pittsburgh (α=0.87). Los resultados indican que la depresión (β = 0.292; p<0.001), la ansiedad (β = 0.229; p<0.001) y el uso excesivo de internet (β = 0.178; p<0.01) son los aspectos que más contribuyeron (p<0.001) en el índice de la calidad de sueño de los estudiantes.