ABSTRACT The marine phytoplankton community responds to latitudinal, longitudinal (coast to ocean), and vertical environmental gradients, an important subject in Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). The phytoplankton structure and the effect of environmental gradients along the central Mexican Pacific, an area within an OMZ, were studied, especially the importance of size fractions and taxonomic groups. A combination of various methods and protocols, such as microscopic analysis, flow cytometer, and pigment analysis, were followed in this study. Oceanographic conditions included thermal gradients along the study area and unreported evidence of a weak upwelling in the southern zone (Acapulco). Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a showed subsurface maxima (SCM, 15-45 m depth) in all stations, and deeper chlorophyll-a maxima (DCM, 85-95 m depth) in more oceanic stations. Chain-forming diatoms dominated in the northern zone stations. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotes abundances ranged between 0.01 to 21.7 cells×104 mL−1, although most samples showed the highest contribution to biomass (47.95 µg C L−1) by picoeukaryotes. Expected tendencies of Prochlorococcus distribution were observed: highest densities coincided with the DCM and divinyl chlorophyll-a distribution at oceanic stations. Fucoxanthin had the highest concentrations, whereas fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations were higher at SCM depths. We documented the co-dominance of the pico- and microplankton: picoplankton was important at the DCM, related to oligotrophic and more stratified water column, whereas microplankton prevailed in coastal stations, with mixed water column, high nutrient concentrations, and diatoms as the dominant group. Picoeukaryotes abundances were related to the concentration of prasinoxanthin, which suggests an important mamiellophyte component not previously revealed.

Abstract: The evolution of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning has greatly benefited several areas of knowledge. For Hydrography, an application improved by this science is the measurement of sea level oscillations resulting from tides. However, to satisfactorily retrieve this information, it is necessary to use low-pass filters (LPF) to match high frequency signals resulting from variation of the vertical component of the GNSS positioning to those of low frequency that characterizes tidal waves. Currently, there is a wide variety of LPF, which are selected according to the required purpose. Thus, the objective of this study is to obtain tidal height variations with high accuracy by applying LPF in GNSS positioning vertical coordinates tracked by an onboard GNSS receiver. For this purpose, field research and the processing of obtained data was performed. Then, two data filters were tested: the Simple Moving Average (SMA) Filter and wavelet compression. In both options, the results reached centimetric accuracy when compared to the real tide in the region of study. However, through quantitative and qualitative evaluations, it was verified that the SMA filter was considered more advantageous because, in addition to its high accuracy, it has a simpler application and less expensive in computational terms. Abstract (GNSS knowledge Hydrography tides However information lowpass pass (LPF waves Currently purpose Thus receiver performed Then tested (SMA compression options evaluations because terms

Abstract The occurrence of fires can lead to accidents with high potential, and vertical fire compartmentation is a measure to reduce these incidents. Increasingly, computational numerical analyses play a crucial role in studying fire behavior for control and mitigation. The computational tool Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is one of the main programs aimed at numerically analyzing fire spread. By using the FDS program, this research aims to numerically analyze the effectiveness of using horizontal projection and the combination of horizontal and vertical projections simultaneously, as specified in the Technical Instruction of the Fire Department of the State of São Paulo in combating the propagation of external vertical fire to the facade. Temperature measurements on the compartment facade were used to compare temperatures on the upper floor with the autoignition of material values commonly found in facades. Models with only horizontal projections showed greater effectiveness compared to models with the combinations of projections, mainly due to the presence of the spandrel component, which has a harmful effect on fire propagation. Despite the lower effectiveness of combination models for a fire with a heat release rate of 300 MJ/m², there would be no external vertical fire propagation. potential incidents Increasingly mitigation (FDS spread program simultaneously facades component 30 MJm² MJm MJ m² m MJ/m² 3 MJ/m

ABSTRACT Soil is an important carbon repository in terrestrial ecosystems, serving a fundamental role in the intricate cycling of this elemental component. Wetlands are crucial components of the global carbon cycle, playing a significant role in carbon sequestration due to their remarkable productivity and unique sedimentary structures. Our study focuses on the wetlands east of Marajó island, recognized as the largest fluvial-marine plain in South America. In this study, we applied a methodological framework to optimize SOC content prediction in the wetlands of Marajó island using readily available environmental covariates. We collected and analyzed 81 soil samples from the most representative geoenvironments on the island at a layer of 0.00-0.20 m. Our database included vegetation indices, morphometric maps, and covariates based on distance from water bodies and archaeological sites. We tested five machine learning algorithms - Cubist, Linear Model, Random Forest, K Nearest Neighbor, and Support Vector Machine - to obtain the best prediction performance. Cubist model demonstrated the highest performance for training (R2 = 0.483) and testing (R2 = 0.505) datasets, making it the optimal choice for SOC prediction in the topsoil. The most important covariates selected by Cubist using recursive feature elimination were digital elevation model, topographic heterogeneity index, vertical distance between the summit and base of the slope, and Euclidean distance from water bodies. Geoenvironments characterized by dense alluvial rainforest with palms on Plinthosols and Gleysols, mangroves with Gleysols, and coastal muddy plains exhibited the highest SOC content in the topsoil. ecosystems component cycle structures fluvialmarine fluvial marine America 8 0.000.20 000020 0.00 0.20 0 00 20 0.00-0.2 m indices maps sites Model Forest Neighbor R2 R (R 0.483 0483 483 0.505 0505 505 datasets topsoil index slope Gleysols 000 0.000.2 00002 0.0 020 0.2 2 0.00-0. 0.48 048 48 0.50 050 50 0.000. 0000 0. 02 0.00-0 0.4 04 4 0.5 05 5 0.000 0.00-

Resumen Objetivo: Exponer nuestra experiencia con el colgajo vertical de trapecio y destacar su utilidad en la reconstrucción de la pared torácica en pacientes con fístulas broncopleurales. Material y métodos: Presentamos una serie de cinco pacientes con cavidades y fístulas broncopleurales de larga evolución. Utilizamos el colgajo musculocutáneo vertical de Trapecio, con un redireccionamiento del mismo a través de una ventana costal que permite acortar la distancia entre el colgajo y el defecto. Resultados: La fístula y el defecto fueron solucionados en el 80% de los casos. La calidad de vida mejoró y las necesidades de oxígeno disminuyeron. Conclusiones: El manejo de las toracotomías es un reto. El desbridamiento, toracoplastia y cobertura con colgajo son los pilares de su tratamiento, pero estos pacientes tienen escasa disponibilidad muscular. El colgajo musculocutáneo vertical de Trapecio representa la mayor unidad intacta musculocutánea en el tórax tras cirugía pulmonar. Su componente dérmico ofrece una matriz rígida para sellar el muñón bronquial, su componente muscular añade una gran cantidad de tejido vascularizado. No se han descrito déficits funcionales tras su uso.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to present our experience with the vertical musculocutaneous trapezius (VMCT) flap and highlight its utility in the thoracic wall reconstruction in patients with bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Materials and methods: We present a five case series of patients with long-standing cavities and BPF. The VMCT flap was used, and a direct pathway into the defect was made through a separate posterior thoracotomy shortening the distance between the flap and the defect. Results: In 80% of the cases, the flap succeeded in solving the fistula and filling the defect, quality of life improved, and the need for oxygen decreased. Conclusions: Management of open window thoracostomy is challenging. Debridement, thoracoplasty, and flap coverage are the mainstream of their treatment, but these patients have scarce available muscle. The VMCT flap represents the major non-affected musculocutaneous unit in the thoracic area after lung surgery. Its dermal component offers a rigid matrix to form a seal over the bronchial stump. Its muscular component adds a good amount of vascularized tissue. No functional impairment has been described after its use.

Resumen Según estadísticas de mercado, el consumo y producción de cerveza artesanal en el mundo y Argentina han crecido exponencialmente durante los últimos años. Sin embargo, no existe una caracterización completa de las maltas, disponible para estos pequeños productores, aun siendo éstas una de las materias primas fundamentales en la elaboración de cervezas. Como objetivo de este trabajo se propuso realizar la caracterización de maltas base que se utilizan en la producción artesanal, dado que las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las mismas son un parámetro fundamental para condicionar el producto final. Se realizaron determinaciones de humedad, cenizas, proteínas, lípidos, fibra total e hidratos de carbono, según métodos EBC y AOAC, obteniéndose los siguientes resultados respectivamente: 5,15 g/100g ± 0,85; 1,91 g/100g ± 0,12; 10,44 g/100g ± 0,21; 1,76g/100g ± 0,17; 4,46 ± 0,62; 76,28g/100g ± 1,59. También se caracterizaron perfiles de proteínas de los extractos de malta, por electroforesis SDS-PAGE vertical según el método de Laemmli, que tienen un impacto directo en la calidad de la cerveza. Por último, se hizo un análisis estadístico de componentes principales con los datos recolectados. Los valores obtenidos están en concordancia con los informados por otros autores sobre maltas de otras variedades y origen geográfico.

Abstract According to market statistics, the consumption and production of craft beer in the world and in Argentina have exponentially grown in recent years. However, there is no complete characterisation of the malts available for these small producers, even though they are one of the fundamental raw materials in beer production. The aim of this work was to characterise the base malts used in craft production, given that their physicochemical properties are a fundamental parameter for conditioning the final product. Moisture, ash, protein, lipids, total fibre and carbohydrates were determined according to EBC and AOAC methods, obtaining the following results, respectively: 5.15 g/100g ± 0.85; 1.91 g/100g ± 0.12; 10.44 g/100g ± 0.21; 1.76g/100g ± 0.17; 4.46 ± 0.62; 76.28g/100g ± 1.59. Protein profiles of the malt extracts were also characterised by vertical SDS-PAGE electrophoresis according to the Laemmli method, which have a direct impact on beer quality. Finally, a principal component statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The values obtained are in agreement with those reported by other authors for malts of other varieties and geographical origin.

RESUMEN Las lombrices de tierra son componente esencial de la macro-fauna del suelo para mantener su calidad. La labranza puede afectar de forma negativa a sus poblaciones, que normalmente varían con factores ambientales. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres sistemas de labranza en la población de lombrices de tierra, en presencia de factores temperatura, precipitación y humedad relativa ambientales en dos ciclos de cultivo de maíz forrajero. Se evaluaron la siembra directa (SD), labranza vertical (LV) y labranza convencional (LC), en bloques completos al azar en parcelas de 6 x 40 m con tres repeticiones. Se cuantificaron las lombrices en verano-otoño de 2020 y 2021; antes de la labranza y después de la siembra, control mecánico de malezas y cosecha; LC y LV provocaron la disminución de lombrices mientras que SD promovió un aumento; en especial cuando los factores ambientales generaron las condiciones óptimas para las lombrices.

ABSTRACT Earthworms are an essential component of the soil macro fauna to maintain its quality. Tillage can negatively affect earthworm populations; environmental factors are vital for their abundance or decline. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of tillage systems on the earthworm population in the presence of environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity in forage maize. Direct Seeding (SD), Vertical Tillage (LV), and Conventional Tillage (LC) were evaluated in complete blocks at random in plots of 6 x 40 m with three replications. The number of worms was measured during summer-fall 2020 and 2021, before tillage, after sowing, mechanical weed control, and harvest. LC and LV caused a decrease in individuals after their application. On the contrary, SD promoted an increase in the number of individuals. At SD treatment, more individuals were reached when temperature and precipitation were optimal.

ABSTRACT The Bioimpedance provides phase angle data, and it is used to monitor athletes. Muscle strength and power are important physiological/motor characteristics in sports that involve intense movement. The aim of this study was to verify the relationships between body composition, phase angle and upper/lower limb strength in adolescent athletes from different sports. The sample consisted of 473 athletes (Male: 285 and Female: 188), with a mean age of 16.4+ 1.2 years. The adopted statistic was Principal Component Analysis, with analysis groups formed as General, Male and Female. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's (p< .01) tests showed good results to follow Principal Component Analysis. The total variance showed that the formation of components was three for General, four for Male and five for Female, where the variance explained by the Principal Component Analysis in each group was 73.9, 78.7 and 83.1%, respectively. The phase angle is a relatively new variable when evaluating in the sports context, it proved to be important in monitoring the physical condition of adolescent athletes, where in activities that are requested, a more advantageous muscle condition is presented when muscle mass is increased, where in addition to having a good relationship with strength, and it is also related to the variables of body composition and Bioimpedance.

RESUMO A bioimpedância fornece dados do ângulo de fase, sendo utilizado para monitorar atletas. A força e a potência musculares são características fisiológicas/motoras importantes nos esportes que envolvem movimentos intensos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar relações entre a composição corporal, o ângulo de fase e a força de membros superiores/inferiores em atletas adolescentes de diferentes esportes. A amostra foi constituída por 473 atletas (Masculino: 285 e Feminino: 188), com idade média de 16.4+ 1.2 anos. A estatística adotada foi Análise das Componentes Principais, com grupos de análise formados como Geral, Masculino e Feminino. Os testes de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e Bartlett´s (p< 0,01) apresentaram-se como bons resultados para seguir com a Análise das Componentes Principais. O total de variância mostrou que a formação das componentes foi de três componentes para Geral, quatro para Masculino e cinco para Feminino, onde, a variância explicada pelas Análise das Componentes Principais em cada grupo foi de 73.9, 78.7 e 83.1% respectivamente. O ângulo de fase é uma variável relativamente nova ao avaliar o contexto desportivo, mostrando-se importante no monitoramento da condição física de atletas adolescentes, onde nas atividades que são solicitadas uma condição muscular mais vantajosa faz-se presente quando se aumenta a massa muscular, onde além de possuir boa relação com a força, também se relaciona com as variáveis de composição corporal e da bioimpedância.

Abstract We present the results of the analysis of vertical component from earthquake and seismic noise records obtained in the Sabana de Bogotá to determine subsoil structure in that region. Rayleigh waves present in the earthquake data were processed to estimate to estimate group velocities. In the case of seismic noise, we used seismic interferometry to estimate Green’s functions between stations from average cross-correlation. Rayleigh wave pulses were recovered between stations from seismic noise. We processed the results to estimate group velocities in all cases. The results show the impact of geology on group velocities in the studied region. Different station pairs show varying group velocities depending on the age of the rocks along the paths. Our estimated impedance contrast between surficial deposits and underlying bedrock suggests possible amplification of ground motion larger than a factor of 10. The poor quality and the limited quantity of our data limited the comprehensiveness of our results. The frequency ranges of the results showed poor overlap, hindering comparisons among paths. In spite of their limitations, our results highlight the importance of site effects in the Sabana de Bogotá and the need to take them into account to estimate ground motion for future events in that region.

Resumen Se presentan resultados del análisis de componentes verticales de registros de sismos y ruido sísmico en la Sabana de Bogotá con el objetivo de explorar la estructura del subsuelo. En el caso de los registros de sismos, se analizaron directamente las ondas de Rayleigh presentes en los registros para estimar velocidades de grupo. Para los registros de ruido sísmico utilizamos el método de interferometría sísmica que permite estimar funciones de Green a partir de la correlación cruzada. El promedio de esas correlaciones cruzadas permitió recuperar pulsos de ondas Rayleigh entre pares de estaciones. En todos los casos estimamos curvas de dispersión de velocidad de grupo. Los resultados muestran el impacto de la geología en los valores de velocidad de grupo en la región de estudio. Observamos diferencias entre trayectorias contenidas en los sedimentos cuaternarios que cubren la Sabana de Bogotá y aquellas que incluyen parte de su trayecto por rocas del Cretácico. El contraste de impedancia estimado entre los sedimentos superficiales y los estratos subyacentes sugiere que la amplificación del movimiento sísmico excede un factor de 10. La deficiente cantidad y calidad de los datos limitaron los alcances del este trabajo. Los rangos de frecuencia de los resultados no coincidieron para las distintas fuentes de datos, lo que obstaculizó las comparaciones entre trayectorias. A pesar de esas limitaciones, estos resultados contribuyen a mostrar la relevancia de los efectos de sitio en la Sabana de Bogotá y la necesidad de tomarlos en cuenta para estimar el movimiento durante sismos futuros en esta zona.

ABSTRACT Background: We performed a vegetation study in Antalya, where the Mediterranean climate prevails, in order to determine the indicator plant species of red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). Red pine can be widely distributed from sea level to 1200 meters. Its main distribution is in the main Mediterranean vegetation zone between 500-1000 meters. However, the variation of the habitat factors may be low in this range. Therefore, the productivity relationships of species such as red pine, whose sustainable use is important, cannot be directly explained by environmental variables. In such cases, it is important to determine the indicator plant species. For this reason, indicator plant species of red pine productivity (site index class I) were determined by using interspecific correlation analysis (ICA) in the study. Then, using principal components analysis, the relationship of indicator plant species with the variables of elevation, slope, aspect and soil depth was revealed. In the principal components analysis, the plant species that were determined as an indicator were also added to the graph as a class variable, and the effects of the variables on the indicator plant species were also investigated. Results: The results of the ICA showed that Dryopteris flix-mas (L.) Schott, Abies cilicica (Antoine & Kotschy) Carrière, Cedrus libani A. RICH and Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Bal. species were negative indicators of red pine productivity. On the other hand, Cistus creticus L. and Smilax aspera L. species were positive indicators of productivity Conclusions: Interspecific correlation analysis is a useful tool to determine the ecological properties of species that have a local distribution or a vertical distribution in a narrow altitude range. It also offers practical and effective results, especially for species with high commercial value such as red pine. Background Antalya prevails Pinus Ten.. Ten Ten. . Ten.) 120 meters 5001000 500 1000 500-100 However range Therefore cases reason site I (ICA Then elevation slope revealed variable investigated Results flixmas flix mas L (L. Schott Antoine Kotschy Carrière A Boiss Bal hand Conclusions 12 500100 50 100 500-10 (L 1 50010 5 10 500-1 5001 500-

Resumen Este trabajo presenta el caso de la instrumentación sísmica del templo de Nuestra Señora del Refugio, construido en el siglo XVIII, ubicado en la ciudad de Puebla, México. El templo fue dañado por los sismos de 1864, 1973 y 1999, por lo que ha sido intervenido estructuralmente. Después del sismo de 1999, se registró una vibración ambiental y con un software especializado se procesaron los registros de aceleración para calcular los espectros de Fourier y la Función de Transferencia. A través de los cocientes espectrales en las direcciones horizontales y horizontal sobre vertical, se determinaron las frecuencias y periodos de vibración de algunos elementos estructurales. Posteriormente, se propuso un rango de periodos de vibración estimados en templos coloniales, con los cuales se observó que el porcentaje de periodos de toda la estructura aplicando la técnica Piso/Campo libre que están dentro de ese rango. El cual es mayor para la componente transversal X (flexible), que el porcentaje para la componente longitudinal Y (rígida). Los archivos corresponden a los que utilizó otro investigador en su tesis doctoral, en la que no se muestra el procedimiento del tratamiento de la señal y modeló el templo con elementos finitos para determinar sus modos de vibración. Los periodos de vibración obtenidos con ambas metodologías fueron muy cercanos. El método de elementos finitos, requiere datos de materiales, geometría, dimensiones, etc. La vibración ambiental sólo registra el movimiento interno de la estructura; por lo tanto, es adecuada para monitorear el comportamiento sísmico de templos.

Abstract This work presents the case of the seismic instrumentation of the church Nuestra Señora del Refugio, built in the eighteenth century and located in the city of Puebla, Mexico. The church has been damaged by the earthquakes of 1864, 1973, and 1999, so it has been structurally intervened. After the 1999 earthquake, an environmental vibration was recorded, and the acceleration records were processed with specialized software to calculate the Fourier spectra and the Transfer Function. Through the spectral ratios in the horizontal and horizontal over vertical directions, it was determined the frequencies and vibration periods of some structural elements. Subsequently, a range of vibrating periods estimated in colonial temples was proposed, with which it was observed that the percentage of periods of the entire structure, applying the Floor/Free field technique that are within that range. It is higher for the transversal component. X (flexible), that the percentage for the longitudinal component Y (rigid). The files corresponded to those used by another researcher in his doctoral thesis, which does not show the signal processing procedure and modeled the temple with finite elements to determinate its vibration models. The vibrating periods obtained with both methodologies were very close. The finite element method requires data on materials, geometry, dimensions, etc. The environmental vibration only records the internal motion of the structure; therefore, it is suitable for monitoring the seismic behavior of temples.

Abstract: Past studies have demonstrated that the vertical earthquake component can substantially affect the seismic performance of bridges and buildings. This component is typically ignored or, when included in the design, is estimated as two-thirds of the horizontal seismic design earthquake. This paper presents the characterization of the acceleration amplitude of the vertical component of moderate and strong earthquakes in Colombia (Moment magnitude Mw > 4) that occurred between June 1993 and April 2020. A total of 42 seismic records registered at less than 50 km from the rupture plane and with horizontal acceleration peaks greater than 0.05g were selected. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the three components and the ratio between those PGAS were calculated. Additionally, the relationship among those parameters and the magnitude and epicentral and hypocentral distances were determined. The results showed that the V/H ratio equal to 2/3 is not always valid to represent the effects of the vertical component in structures subjected to the moderate and strong ground motions in Colombia.

Resumen: Estudios anteriores han demostrado que el componente vertical del terremoto puede afectar sustancialmente el desempeño sísmico de puentes y edificios. Este componente generalmente se ignora o, cuando se incluye en el diseño, se estima como dos tercios del terremoto de diseño sísmico horizontal. Este trabajo presenta la caracterización de la amplitud de aceleración del componente vertical de sismos moderados y fuertes en Colombia (Magnitud de momento Mw > 4) ocurridos entre junio de 1993 y abril de 2020. Se registraron un total de 42 registros sísmicos a menos de 50 km del Se seleccionaron planos de ruptura y con picos de aceleración horizontal mayores a 0.05g. Se calcularon la aceleración máxima del suelo (PGA) de los tres componentes y la relación entre esos PGA. Adicionalmente, se determinó la relación entre dichos parámetros y la magnitud y las distancias epicentral e hipo central. Los resultados mostraron que la relación V/H igual a 2/3 no siempre es válida para representar los efectos del componente vertical en estructuras sometidas a movimientos de suelo moderados y fuertes en Colombia.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to define the diversity, composition, structure and content of carbon stored in the non-coeval tree mass of a research plot in northwestern Mexico. A census of the tree component was carried out in an area of 11.44 ha in the Aboreachi Ejido, Guachochi, Chihuahua. Each individual was labeled consecutively to record its normal diameter, total height and species. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef’s richness index were estimated. The horizontal structure was characterized according to the importance value index. The Pretzsch index (A) was determined in order to evaluate the vertical structure. The total tree volume of each individual and its respective biomass were calculated using allometric equations. The aerial carbon content was determined by applying a biomass conversion factor of 0.5. The tree mass is made up of 16 species, belonging to six genera of five families. The species with the highest importance value index, of 55.93 %, was Pinus durangensis. Regarding the vertical structure, P. durangensis was the only species present in the three evaluated strata, in 49.86 % of the observations made. The species of the Pinus and Quercus genera are the ones that provide the largest volumes (155.53 m3 ha-1). A total of 93.22 Mg ha-1 of aerial biomass was calculated, of which P. durangensis represents 64.46 %; Pinus ayacahuite, 14.13 %, and Quercus sideroxyla, 12.33 %. The species with the highest carbon accumulation turned out to be P. durangensis, with a total of 30.04 Mg ha-1.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue definir la diversidad, composición, estructura y contenido de carbono almacenado en la masa arbórea incoetánea de una parcela de investigación en el noroeste de México. Se realizó un censo del componente arbóreo en una superficie de 11.44 ha en el ejido Aboreachi, Guachochi, Chihuahua. Cada individuo se etiquetó de forma consecutiva; se registró el diámetro normal, altura total y especie. Se calculó el Índice de Diversidad de Shannon-Wiener y el Índice de Riqueza de Margalef. La estructura horizontal se caracterizó con el Índice de Valor de Importancia. Se determinó el índice de Pretzsch (A) para evaluar la estructura vertical. El volumen total árbol de cada individuo y su respectiva biomasa se obtuvo mediante ecuaciones alométricas; el contenido de carbono aéreo se determinó al aplicar un factor de conversión a la biomasa de 0.5. La masa arbórea está constituida por 16 especies, pertenecientes a seis géneros de cinco familias. Pinus durangensis presentó el mayor Índice de Valor de Importancia (55.93 %). Respecto a la estructura vertical, P. durangensis fue la única especie registrada en los tres estratos evaluados, con 49.86 % de las observaciones realizadas. Los taxones de Pinus y Quercus aportaron las mayores existencias de volumen (155.53 m3 ha-1). Se calculó un total de 93.22 Mg ha-1 de biomasa aérea; a P. durangensis correspondió 64.46 %, Pinus ayacahuite 14.13 % y Quercus sideroxyla 12.33 % del total. El taxón con más acumulación de carbono fue P. durangensis, con un total de 30.04 Mg ha-1.

Abstract: The Cachi Alto zone is located in the Ecuadorian mountain range, as part of the Eastern foothills of the Western Cordillera, approximately 90 Km to the southwest of Quito. The area is part of an extensive region where many external geodynamic processes or mass movements occur, both active and inactive of variable magnitudes. The aim of the study is to assess the state of the activity of mass movements, including the trend or direction of movement of materials, data with which the type of geodynamic processes is also proposed. This research shows the results of instrumental monitoring performed through handmade extensometers and total station theodolite, combined with surface deformation mapping of the crown of the old landslide Cachi Alto. The magnitudes of the displacements and trends vary between 10 mm and 1302 mm to the north and to the south. The monitoring results establish movements in various directions in the horizontal component, as well as settlements and uplifts in the vertical component in various zones located in the upper part of the ancient landslide. Taking into account the obtained results, the mass movements are classified as reactivated and the entire area can be interpreted as unstable. Finally, considering the existing dynamics, it is possible to conclude that geodynamic processes into the area are not related to classical landslides, which is why surface deformations are possibly related to block rearrangement processes in an area affected by deep seated gravitational slope deformation.

Resumen: La zona de Cachi Alto está ubicada en la serranía ecuatoriana, formando parte de las estribaciones orientales bajas de la Cordillera Occidental, aproximadamente a 90 Km al suroeste de Quito. El área forma parte de una extensa región donde ocurren procesos geodinámicos externos o movimientos en masa, tanto activos como inactivos de dimensiones variables. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el estado de la actividad de los movimientos en masa, incluyendo la tendencia o dirección de movimiento de los materiales, datos con los cuales se propone también la tipología de los procesos geodinámicos. Esta investigación presenta los resultados del monitoreo instrumental realizado mediante extensómetros artesanales y estación total, combinado con cartografía de deformaciones superficiales de la corona de un deslizamiento antiguo. Las magnitudes y tendencias de los movimientos varían entre 10 mm y 1302 mm hacia el norte y sur y los resultados del monitoreo establecen desplazamientos en varias direcciones en la componente horizontal, además de asentamientos y levantamientos en la componente vertical en varias zonas ubicadas en la parte superior del deslizamiento antiguo. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, los movimientos en masa son catalogados como reactivados y toda la zona puede interpretarse como inestable. Finalmente, considerando la dinámica existente, se concluye que los procesos geodinámicos dentro del área no tienen relación con deslizamientos clásicos, razón por la cual las deformaciones superficiales posiblemente están relacionadas con procesos de reacomodamiento de bloques en una zona afectada por deformación gravitacional profunda en laderas.

ABSTRACT The article is devoted to analyzing trends and prospects of bureaucratization of local self-government in modern Russia. The expanding trends of administrative control hinder the constructive implementation of Federal Law № 131, which is primarily aimed at liberating and strengthening the flexibility of local self-government structures. As a result of the theoretical analysis, it is established that the bureaucratic component is an integral characteristic of the state, which provides the managerial functionality of the supreme power. However, initially, within the bureaucracy itself, there are prerequisites that, at the current stage of statogenesis, lead bureaucratic structures to functional self-denial turning into an increasing antithesis. This is primarily due to the quantitative expansion of civil servants despite managerial expediency, which generally constrains a variety of public initiatives and reduces the potential for flexible response to internal and external challenges. The Russian historical experience of the development of the administrative sphere indicates the existence of a set of determinants that contribute to bureaucratization, as for the objective conditions that predetermined the need for a rigid controlling power vertical, as well as subjective characteristics embodied at the mental and cultural-civilizational level (the values of paternalism, etc.). According to the study results, the bureaucratization of local administrations emasculates the principles of democracy inherent in local self-government, alienating the majority of the population from participating in solving pressing problems.

RESUMEN El artículo está dedicado a analizar las tendencias y perspectivas de burocratización del autogobierno local en la Rusia moderna. Las tendencias en expansión del control administrativo obstaculizan la implementación constructiva de la Ley Federal № 131, que tiene como principal objetivo liberar y fortalecer la flexibilidad de las estructuras de autogobierno local. Como resultado del análisis teórico, se establece que el componente burocrático es una característica integral del Estado, que provee las funciones gerenciales del poder supremo. Sin embargo, inicialmente, dentro de la propia burocracia, existen prerrequisitos que, en la etapa actual de estatogénesis, llevan a las estructuras burocráticas a la abnegación funcional convirtiéndose en una antítesis creciente. Esto se debe principalmente a la expansión cuantitativa de los funcionarios públicos a pesar de la conveniencia administrativa, que generalmente limita una variedad de iniciativas públicas y reduce el potencial de una respuesta flexible a los desafíos internos y externos. La experiencia histórica rusa del desarrollo de la esfera administrativa indica la existencia de un conjunto de determinantes que contribuyen a la burocratización, en cuanto a las condiciones objetivas que predeterminaron la necesidad de una vertical de poder controladora rígida, así como características subjetivas encarnadas a nivel mental y nivel cultural-civilizacional (los valores del paternalismo, etc.). Según los resultados del estudio, la burocratización de las administraciones locales castra los principios de democracia inherentes al autogobierno local, alienando a la mayoría de la población de participar en la solución de problemas urgentes.