Abstract Cracking can be investigated by infrared thermography, as defects on a surface have different temperatures compared to regions without defects. The temperature of the crack depends on its dimensions, opening and depth, which can be identified by thermography. The possibility of classifying crack damage according to different depths by thermography in heating and cooling regimes and indicating which conditions are most suitable for identifying cracks is evaluated. It is proposed to observe the temperature evolution during the heating and cooling of a mortar slab that has cracks with different depths. The temperature variation of the plate during heating and cooling is monitored by thermograms and thermocouples present on the surface and interior of the plate in regions close to the cracks. It is identified, through the application of Delta-T thermographic contrast, that cracks of greater depth have a greater Delta-T, in modulus, during heating, while cracks of shallower depth have a greater Delta-T during cooling. Cracks are best identified during the cooling phase, as shallower cracks are not identified at the end of heating.

Resumo A fissuração pode ser investigada por termografia de infravermelho, pois defeitos em uma superfície apresentam temperaturas diferentes em relação as regiões sem defeito. A temperatura da fissura é dependente das suas dimensões, abertura e profundidade, nas quais podem ser identificadas pela termografia. Avalia-se o comportamento das temperaturas em regime controlado de aquecimento e resfriamento de fissuras em função de diferentes profundidades e quais as condições mais adequadas para identificar as fissuras. Propõe-se a observação da evolução de temperatura no aquecimento e resfriamento de uma placa de argamassa que possui fissuras com diferentes profundidades. A variação de temperatura da placa no aquecimento e resfriamento é monitorada por termogramas e termopares presentes na superfície e interior da placa em regiões próximas às fissuras. Identifica-se, pela aplicação de contraste termográfico Delta-T, que fissuras de maior profundidade possuem maior Delta-T, em módulo, durante o aquecimento, enquanto fissuras de menor profundidade possuem maior Delta-T no resfriamento. As fissuras são melhor identificadas na fase de resfriamento, pois no fim do aquecimento as fissuras de menor profundidade não são identificadas.

Abstract Hygrothermal computer simulations consider transient and simultaneous exchanges of heat and moisture between the building elements and the environment. They are an important tool to support the design and performance assessment of buildings. These simulations require the description of the building element, the environmental conditions to which it is exposed, and the hygrothermal characteristics of the materials that compose it as input data. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the results of the hygrothermal simulation of a concrete wall varying the hygrothermal characteristics of the material. The internal environmental conditions were obtained using EnergyPlus ® and the hygrothermal simulation was done in WUFI ® Pro, with post-processing in WUFI ® Bio to evaluate the risk of mold occurrence. The hygrothermal behavior of the walls varied significantly with the variation in hygrothermal characteristics of the materials, especially for one type of concrete that had a very different capillary transport function. The results indicate the importance of analyzing hygrothermal characteristics and functions for hygrothermal simulations and the need to experimentally determine such characteristics for Brazilian building materials.

Resumo Simulações computacionais higrotérmicas consideram trocas transientes e simultâneas de calor e umidade entre os elementos construtivos e o ambiente, sendo uma ferramenta importante de apoio ao projeto e à avaliação de desempenho de edifícios. Essas simulações requerem como dados de entrada a descrição do elemento construtivo, as condições ambientais às quais ele está exposto e as características higrotérmicas dos materiais. Este artigo apresenta uma análise exploratória dos resultados da simulação higrotérmica de uma parede de concreto variando-se as características higrotérmicas do material. As condições ambientais internas foram obtidas utilizando o EnergyPlus™ e a simulação higrotérmica foi feita no WUFI® Pro, com pós-processamento no WUFI® Bio para avaliar o risco de ocorrência de fungos emboloradores. Houve diferenças significativas no comportamento higrotérmico das paredes em função da variação das características higrotérmicas dos materiais, sobretudo para o tipo de concreto cuja função de transporte capilar mostrou-se diferente dos demais. Os resultados indicam a importância de analisar as características e funções higrotérmicas para simulações higrotérmicas e a necessidade de sua determinação experimental para os materiais de construção brasileiros.

Elektrisiteit speel 'n fundamentele rol in die volhoubare ontwikkeling en armoedeverligtingspogings. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het besluit om nuwe kragopwekkingsaanlegte te bou, maar voltooiing van hierdie projekte is beïnvloed deur verskeie omvangsveranderings. 'n Ondersoek is uitgevoer met behulp van die vergoedingsgebeurtenisse en variasiekomiteerekords van verskillende stasies in die SAP-databasis om die neiging van goedgekeurde omvangsveranderingsbestellings wat tydens die uitvoering van die nuwe kragstasies en bestaande aanlegte geopper is, te bepaal. Die resultate toon dat faktore soos die omvangverandering, integrasie tussen pakkette, ontwerpfoute, en versnelde skedule bygedra het tot die variasiebestellings tydens die uitvoering van die infrastruktuurprojekte.

Electricity plays a fundamental role in efforts towards sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The South African government resolved to build new power-generating plants, but the completion of these projects has been affected by different variation orders. An investigation was conducted using the compensation events and variation committee records from different stations in the SAP database to determine the trend of the variation orders that were raised during the execution of the new stations and at existing plants. The results showed that factors such as scope change, integration between packages, design errors, and expedited schedules contributed to the variation orders during the execution of the infrastructure projects.

Resumen El retroceso de los glaciares es una realidad en toda la cordillera de los Andes, sobre todo en montañas de baja altitud. Uno de estos casos es la pérdida de la masa de hielo remanente en el Carihuairazo (Tungurahua, Ecuador), que en los últimos años ha experimentado un retroceso considerable. En esta investigación se intenta caracterizar el retroceso de este glaciar y su implicación en la comunidad más cercana (Cunucyacu) por medio de la aplicación de una metodología de múltiples fuentes que incluye la recopilación de aerofotografías del glaciar, datos de estaciones meteorológicas cercanas, uso de datos de reanálisis del clima global, entrevistas a miembros de la comunidad y a andinistas que trabajan y frecuentan la zona. Para caracterizar la evolución de la masa del glaciar aplicamos un modelo hidroglaciológico que usa como entrada datos de series meteorológicas y cuyos parámetros fueron calibrados con el registro fotográfico del contorno del glaciar. Como resultados se puede evidenciar una pérdida del glaciar para el 2021 equivalente al 99% de su superficie en 1956 (0.34 km 2). El modelo logra simular la variación del área del glaciar durante 67 años, en donde se observa un decrecimiento continuo del glaciar a partir de 1978, con cortos periodos de recuperación y equilibrio, en donde la temperatura es la variable que mejor explica el retroceso del glaciar. El modelo no logra considerar el efecto de factores externos como el caso de la erupción del volcán Tungurahua que podría favorecer el retroceso del glaciar. El glaciar Carihuairazo se encuentra en una situación de inevitable desaparición y revela las vulnerabilidades de las comunidades que se enfrentan a este fenómeno como consecuencia del cambio climático.

Abstract The retreat of glaciers is a reality throughout the Andes Mountain range, especially in low-altitude mountains. One of these cases is the loss of the remaining ice mass in Carihuairazo (Tungurahua, Ecuador), which in recent years has experienced a considerable retreat. This research aims to characterize the retreat of this glacier and its implications for the nearby community (Cunucyacu) through the application of a multi-source methodology, which includes the collection of glacier aerial photographs, data from nearby meteorological stations, the use of global climate reanalysis data, interviews with community members, and mountaineers who work and frequent the area. To characterize the glacier’s mass evolution, a hydroglaciological model was applied, using input data from meteorological series, and its parameters were calibrated with the photographic record of the glacier’s outline. The results show a glacier loss of 99% of its surface in 1956 (0.34 km 2) by 2021. The model successfully simulates the glacier area variation over 67 years, revealing a continuous decrease since 1978, with short periods of recovery and equilibrium, where temperature is the variable that best explains the glacier’s retreat. However, the model fails to consider the effect of external factors, such as the eruption of the Tungurahua volcano that could enhance the glacier retreat. The Carihuairazo glacier is in a situation of inevitable disappearance, highlighting the vulnerabilities of communities facing this phenomenon as a consequence of climate change.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o comportamento de elementos climáticos e eventos térmicos extremos entre duas unidades de paisagem da cidade de Neuquén, Argentina, no período de 2013 a 2020. Foram analisados dados diários de temperatura mínima (Tmin), temperatura máxima (Tmax) e umidade relativa (UR) das estações meteorológicas “Neuquén Aero” (NA) e “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), que são referências do vale (área periurbana) e do corredor fluvial (ambiente ribeirinho), respectivamente. Foi analisada a influência da margem nas Tmin e Tmax diárias durante ondas de calor (OC) e ondas de frio (OF) no vale de acordo com a metodologia do Serviço Meteorológico Nacional. As médias de Tmax (Tmin), em resoluções anuais, sazonais e mensais, foram menores (maiores) em PC. Os valores médios de UR foram superiores em NA. Durante as OC, foi observado um efeito regulador em relação à quantidade de dias em que os valores limites foram excedidos de forma consecutiva no litoral fluvial.

Abstract This paper aimed to compare the behavior of climatic elements and extreme thermal events between two landscape units of the city of Neuquén, Argentina, for the period 2013-2020. The study involved daily data of minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), and relative humidity (RH) obtained from the meteorological stations “Neuquén Aero” (NA) and “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), referring to the valley (peri-urban area) and the fluvial corridor (riparian environment) respectively. The influence of the riverbank on the daily Tmin and Tmax during Heat Waves (HW) and Cold Waves (CW) in the valley was analyzed using the methodology of the National Meteorological Service. The mean Tmax (Tmin), at annual, seasonal, and monthly resolutions, were lower (higher) in PC. The mean RH values were higher in NA. During the HW, a regulatory effect was exhibited regarding the number of days that the threshold values were exceeded consecutively in the fluvial littoral.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar el comportamiento de elementos climáticos y eventos térmicos extremos entre dos unidades de paisaje de la ciudad de Neuquén (Argentina) para el período 2013-2020. Se examinaron datos diarios de temperatura mínima -Tmin-, temperatura máxima -Tmax- y humedad relativa -HR- de las estaciones meteorológicas “Neuquén Aero” (NA) y “Paseo de la Costa” (PC), referentes del valle (área periurbana) y del corredor fluvial (entorno ripario) respectivamente. Se analizó la influencia de la ribera en las Tmin y Tmax diarias durante Olas de Calor (OC) y Olas de Frío (OF) en el valle según metodología del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Las Tmax (Tmin) medias, a resoluciones anual, estacional y mensual, resultaron menores (mayores) en PC. Los valores medios de HR fueron superiores en NA. Durante las OC, se exhibió un efecto regulador respecto a la cantidad de días que se excedieron los valores umbrales de manera consecutiva en el litoral fluvial.

Abstract The intervention analysis concerns time series and the objective was to quantify the impact of each intervention on the percentage variation of the national consumer price index. For the period january 2002-june 2020, the effects were estimated using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model using SAS® software. The results indicate changes in the level of the series caused by the economic crisis, increases in energy and gasoline prices during march 2008, january 2010 and january 2017; in addition, a downward additive effect in april 2020 due to the health contingency.

Resumen El análisis de intervención concierne a series de tiempo. El objetivo fue cuantificar el impacto de cada intervención sobre la variación porcentual del índice nacional de precios al consumidor (VPINPC), para el periodo enero 2002-junio 2020. Los efectos se estimaron mediante un modelo estacional autorregresivo integrado de media móvil (SARIMA), con el software SAS. Los resultados indican cambios en el nivel de la serie provocados por crisis económica, aumentos en precios de energéticos y gasolinas, dándose en periodos marcados, como: marzo 2008, enero 2010 y enero 2017, asimismo, un efecto aditivo descendente en abril 2020, debido a la contingencia sanitaria.

Abstract Introduction. In tomato breeding programs, obtaining new genotypes requires the evaluation of genetic materials in different environments. Objective. To identify tomato genotypes with better adaptability and stability in the province of Los Santos, Panama. Materials and methods. This research was carried out in 5 environments in the province of Los Santos, Panama, during 2022-2023 agricultural cycle. Fifteen genotypes were planted under a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance at the level of each environment and combined using the residual maximum likelihood methodology (REML). The genotype-by-environment interaction was estimated by GGE-SReg Biplot analysis. Results and discussion. The analysis revealed a significant interaction between the genotypes and the environments studied, the first 2 axes of the principal components of the interaction explained 70.96% of the total variation. The GGE Biplot through Polygon (which, won, where) allowed the identification of 3 potential environmental groups. The group of mutants T7.RB-50-EN44-13, R1.15-17-18-LV14-2 and R3.10-79-81-LV7-1 were determined as the most outstanding for their stability and performance. The study on the discrimination capacity and representativeness of the environments identified El Ejido and Villa Lourdes as the most discriminating environments while Tres Quebradas was the most representative and the closest to the ideal target environment. Conclusion. The GGE-SReg Biplot analysis allowed an efficient analysis of the genotype-by-environment interaction, which makes it a very efficient tool to identify superior genotypes with good adaptability and stability to the region of interest.

Resumen Introducción. En los programas de fitomejoramiento de tomate, la obtención de nuevos genotipos requiere evaluar los materiales genéticos en diferentes ambientes. Objetivo. Identificar los genotipos de tomate con mejor adaptabilidad y estabilidad en la provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación se desarrolló en 5 ambientes de la provincia de Los Santos, Panamá, en el ciclo agrícola 2022-2023. Se sembraron 15 genotipos bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 3 repeticiones. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante un análisis de varianza a nivel de cada ambiente y combinado con la metodología de máxima verosimilitud residual (REML). La interacción genotipo por ambiente se estimó a través el análisis Biplot GGE-SReg. Resultados y discusión. Los análisis revelaron una interacción significativa entre los genotipos y los ambientes estudiados, los 2 primeros ejes de los componentes principales de la interacción explicaron el 70,96% de la variación total. El Biplot GGE a través del polígono (cuál, ganó, dónde) permitió identificar 3 grupos ambientales potenciales. Se determinó el grupo de los mutantes T7.RB-50-EN44-13, R1.15-17-18-LV14-2 y R3.10-79-81-LV7-1 como los más sobresalientes por su estabilidad y rendimiento. El estudio sobre la capacidad de discriminación y representatividad de los ambientes identificaron al El Ejido y Villa Lourdes como los entornos más discriminantes mientras que Tres Quebradas fue el más representativo y el más cercano al ambiente ideal objetivo. Conclusión. El análisis Biplot GGE-SReg permitió hacer un análisis eficiente de la interacción genotipo por ambiente, lo que lo convierte en una herramienta muy eficiente para identificar genotipos superiores con una buena adaptabilidad y estabilidad a la región de interés.

Abstract: This article presents the experience of three teachers from the Department of Architecture at a public university in Honduras, with different specialties, who have planned, designed, and implemented coordinated activities in the same classroom. In this regard, the research explores the process of planning, content selection, teaching methodologies, and evaluation strategies employed by the teachers. The research is grounded in the interpretive paradigm from the perspective of educational research, and the methodological approach applied is the interpretive and non-interventionist multiple case study, selected through intentional maximum variation sampling. The results highlight the importance of these practices, where teachers learn from each other regardless of their level of experience, avoiding isolation and working together, employing diverse and innovative methods and strategies. Furthermore, these practices foster collaboration, respect, and solidarity among teachers.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta la experiencia de tres docentes del Departamento de Arquitectura de una universidad pública de Honduras, con diferentes especialidades, que han planificado, diseñado y desarrollado actividades coordinadas en la misma aula. En esa línea, se indagó sobre el proceso de planificación, selección de los contenidos, metodologías y estrategias de enseñanza y de evaluación empleadas por los docentes. La investigación está fundamentada en el paradigma interpretativo desde la perspectiva de la investigación educativa; la estrategia metodológica desde la cual se aborda es el estudio de casos múltiples de tipo interpretativo y no intervencionista, seleccionados por muestreo intencional de máxima variación. Los resultados destacan la importancia de estas prácticas, donde los profesores aprenden unos de otros, sin importar su nivel de experiencia, evitando que se aíslen, y trabajando conjuntamente, empleando métodos y estrategias diversas e innovadoras, fomentando además la colaboración, respeto y solidaridad entre docentes.

Resumen El artículo presenta las elaboraciones teóricas y metodológicas de un estudio desarrollado en escuelas del conurbano bonaerense sobre las prácticas de evaluación en las transiciones entre niveles del sistema educativo. A partir de los resultados empíricos obtenidos, se expone la discusión sobre la transformación del objeto de estudio inicial del proyecto que se enfocaba en la categoría de “eventos evaluativos” a la conceptualización de “criterios de evaluación”, siguiendo los aportes de la teoría de Basil Bernstein. Se toman a los criterios de evaluación como constructos que permiten identificar la variación de las expectativas de los y las docentes en las transiciones entre niveles educativos. Se presenta el proceso de construcción de redes semánticas para el análisis del material empírico obtenido en el trabajo de campo, la elaboración de un lenguaje de descripción para abordar los criterios de evaluación, y la construcción de los tres criterios resultantes de la codificación: criterios de selección de contenidos, de clasificación de estudiantes y de evaluación. Finaliza ilustrando algunos hallazgos en cada uno de los criterios, dando cuenta de sus especificidades de acuerdo al nivel educativo.

Abstract The article presents the theoretical and methodological elaborations of a study developed in the area of Great Buenos Aires about the evaluation practices in the transitions between levels of the educational system. Based on empirical results it presents the discussion over the transformation of the project initial research object which was in the category of “evaluative events”, towards the conceptualization of “evaluative criteria”, following Basil Bernstein’s theory. Evaluative criteria are taken as constructs that allow to identify the variation of teachers’ expectations in the transitions between educational levels. It presents the process of construction of semantic networks used for the analysis of empirical material obtained in the fieldwork, the elaboration of a language of description in order to address evaluation criteria, and the construction of the three criteria which arose from the codification: criteria for the selection of contents, of students classification and evaluative criteria. The last part illustrates some of the findings for each criteria, giving an account of the specificities according to the educational level.

Resumen (Introducción): Los espacios litorales constituyen la interfaz entre los ambientes terrestres y marinos, conectados por múltiples procesos naturales y socioecológicos, proporcionando bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano. (Objetivo): Identificar los usos y actividades tanto terrestres como marinos con implicancias mutuas y los procesos biofísicos en la región norte del Ecosistema Costero Bonaerense (Argentina), con el fin de evaluar el grado de compatibilidad o conflicto entre estas actividades, con énfasis en el sector pesquero. (Metodología): Se aplicó el análisis metodológico tierra-mar-tierra (T-M-T). Se determinaron los usos y actividades (UyA), así como procesos biofísicos de origen marino y terrestre. Se identificaron las interacciones entre UyA marinos y terrestres, y procesos físicos T-M-T, para su posterior categorización y análisis de las interacciones previamente identificadas. (Resultados): Se notaron 121 interacciones de UyA T-M-T vinculadas con la pesca. Predominaron los conflictos medios por competencia de espacio o recursos y se relacionaron con la coexistencia espacial y temporal de UyA (turísticas, pesquera y comunicaciones). Se detectaron 68 interacciones negativas entre los procesos biofísicos y UyA asociados a eventos climáticos e impactos derivados del cambio climático (modificaciones en la temperatura superficial del mar, circulación atmosférica y oceánica, así como variaciones en el transporte de sedimentos y erosión costera). (Conclusiones): El análisis efectuado constituye un avance en el estudio entre UyA T-M-T en zonas litorales costero-marinas de la costa atlántica y de sus interacciones, con énfasis en la actividad pesquera, como aporte a la gestión de aquellos, con un enfoque ecosistémico.

Abstract (Introduction): Coastal areas constitute the interface between land and marine environments, connected through multiple natural and socioecological processes that contribute to human well-being. (Objective): Identify land and marine uses and activities with mutual implications and biophysical processes in the northern region of the Bonaerense Coastal Ecosystem (Argentina), in order to evaluate the degree of compatibility or conflict between these activities, with emphasis on the fishing activity. (Methodology): The land-sea-land (T-M-T) methodological analysis was applied. Uses and activities (U&A) and biophysical processes of marine and land origin were determined. Interactions between marine-land and biophysical processes T-M-T were identified for further categorization and analysis. (Results): A total of 121 U&A sea-land-sea (L-S-L) interactions related to fishing were detected. Medium conflicts were mainly caused by competition for space or resources and were associated with the coexistence of U&A (tourism, fishing, and communication activities), both spatially and temporally. Of the total, 68 negative interactions were observed between biophysical processes and U&A L-S-L, which were linked to climatic events and the effects of climate change (variation in sea surface temperature, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, as well as variations in sediment transport and coastal erosion). (Conclusions): The analysis carried out constitutes an advancement in the study of U&A T-M-T in coastal-marine areas of the Atlantic coast and their interactions, with emphasis on fishing activities, as a contribution to their management with an ecosystemic approach.

Abstract: Introduction: The variables determinants of physical performance in cross-country marathon of mountain biking (XCMMTB) are still unknown. Objective: We aimed to verify the training control variables and the physiological responses in an official XCM-MTB race. Material and methods: 13 athletes (11 men and 2 women; 33.3 ± 12.7 years of age) participated in this study. It was conducted during an official XCM-MTB in Brazil (route of 70 km). The heart rate (HR), altimetry, velocity, temperature, pacing, and power were obtained every 10 km travelled by the STRAVA application. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to verify whether the variables could predict physical performance. Results: The athletes maintained constant HR elevation in the corresponding zone 80% HRmax. They also presented a variation in the pacing (F = 35.82; p < 0.001; d = 0.66) and power (F = 7.20; p < 0.001; d = 0.18) showing higher values in the last 10 km. Only pacing can be considered a predictor of the physical performance (β = 0.958; t = 7.30; p < 0.001), specifically the one at 20 km (F = 10.23; p = 0.004; R2 = 0.82). Conclusion: The study concluded that the analyzed variables are reliable for the performance control in an official XCMMTB race. HR and power are variables that can be used to prescribe and control training, as they change according to the requirements of the race. Power can also be used as a performance predictor as it is directly influenced by terrain.

Resumo: Introdução: As variáveis determinantes do desempenho físico na maratona de mountain bike cross-country (XCMMTB) ainda são desconhecidas. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi verificar as variáveis de controle de treinamento e as respostas fisiológicas em uma corrida oficial de XCMMTB. Material e métodos: Participaram deste estudo 13 atletas (11 homens e 2 mulheres; 33,3 ± 12,7 anos de idade). O estudo foi realizado durante uma corrida oficial de XCM-MTB no Brasil (percurso de 70 km). A frequência cardíaca (FC), altimetria, velocidade, temperatura, ritmo e potência foram obtidos a cada 10 km percorridos através do aplicativo STRAVA. Foi realizada uma análise de regressão linear múltipla para verificar se as variáveis poderiam prever o desempenho físico. Resultados: Os atletas mantiveram uma elevação constante na FC na zona correspondente a 80% da FC máxima. Apresentaram também variação no ritmo (F = 35,82; p < 0,001; d = 0,66) e na potência (F = 7,20; p < 0,001; d = 0,18), mostrando valores mais altos nos últimos 10 km. Apenas o ritmo pode ser considerado um preditor do desempenho físico (β = 0,958; t = 7,30; p < 0,001), especificamente no ponto dos 20 km (F = 10,23; p = 0,004; R2 = 0,82). Conclusão: O estudo concluiu que as variáveis analisadas são confiáveis para o controle de desempenho em uma corrida oficial de XCMMTB. A FC e a potência são variáveis que podem ser usadas para prescrever e controlar o treinamento, pois mudam de acordo com as exigências da corrida. A potência também pode ser usada como um preditor de desempenho, pois é diretamente influenciada pelo terreno.

Resumen: Introducción: Las variables determinantes del rendimiento físico en una maratón de ciclismo de montaña (XCM-MTB) aún son desconocidas. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue verificar las variables fisiológicas y de control del entrenamiento en una carrera oficial de XCM-MTB. Materiales y métodos: 13 atletas (11 hombres y 2 mujeres; 33,3 ± 12,7 años) participaron en este estudio. La investigación se realizó durante un XCM-MTB oficial en Brasil (recorrido de 70 km). La frecuencia cardíaca (FC), la altimetría, la velocidad, la temperatura, el ritmo y la potencia se obtuvieron cada 10 km recorridos por la aplicación STRAVA. Se realizó un análisis múltiple de regresión linear para verificar si las variables podían predecir el rendimiento físico. Resultados: Hubo una elevación constante de la FC correspondiente al 80 % de la FCmax. El ritmo presentó una variación (F = 35,82; p < 0,001; d = 0,66) y potencia (F = 7,20; p < 0,001; d = 0,18) con valores superiores en los últimos 10 km. Solo el ritmo a los 20 km (F = 10,23; p = 0,004; R2 = 0,82) puede considerarse predictor del rendimiento físico (β = 0,958; t = 7,30; p < 0,001). Conclusión: El estudio concluyó que las variables analizadas son fiables para la prescripción y control del entrenamiento en una carrera oficial de XCM-MTB. La FC y la potencia son variables que se pueden utilizar para prescribir el entrenamiento. La potencia también se puede utilizar para predecir el rendimiento, ya que está directamente influenciada por el terreno.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un estudio bibliométrico mundial de los documentos indexados en Scopus que abarcan el periodo entre el 2003 y 2023 centrado en las competencias digitales y el desempeño docente en instituciones educativas públicas. Se fundamentó en un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo y cuantitativo, utilizando palabras clave en inglés en la búsqueda como digital competence, teaching performance, para obtener indicadores de producción científica como el año de publicación, entre otras, país, fuente, institución de filiación, tipo, autor y área temática. De los 179 documentos seleccionados se observó un aumento del número de trabajos académicos publicados entre 2018-2023 para un total de 119 documentos (66%). La mayoría de estos trabajos (93%) fueron artículos científicos y el 38% desarrollados en el área de ciencias sociales, siendo España (20.5%) el país con mayor producción científica. Se concluye que la literatura sobre competencias digitales y desempeño docente en instituciones educativas públicas ha aumentado en producción, autoría y variación temática en respuesta a las demandas y objetivos, con la ayuda de los medios digitales lo que permite una respuesta más inmediata, tanto a las necesidades conceptuales como a la promoción de nuevas aplicaciones creativas de la tecnología.

Abstract The aim of this study was to carry out a worldwide bibliometric study of the documents indexed in Scopus covering the period between 2003 and 2023 focused on digital competencies and teaching performance in public educational institutions. It was based on a descriptive and quantitative bibliometric analysis, using key words in English in the search ("digital competence", "teaching performance"), to obtain indicators of scientific production such as year of publication, country, source, institution of affiliation, type, author and subject area. Of the 179 selected papers, an increase in the number of academic papers published between 2018-2023 was observed for a total of 119 papers (66%). Most of these papers (93%) were scientific articles, and 38% developed in the area of social sciences, with Spain (20.5%) being the country with the highest scientific production. It is concluded that literature on digital competencies and teaching performance in public educational institutions has increased in production, authorship and thematic variation in response to the demands and objectives, with the help of digital media, which allows a more immediate response to both conceptual needs and the promotion of new creative applications of technology.

RESUMEN El 31 de enero de 2020 se concretó la salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea, proceso al cual se le denominó Brexit,t, producto de un referéndum donde el 51% de los británicos se pronunció a favor del abandono de la UE, pasando a un estatus denominado Acuerdo de Cooperación y Comercio entre la Unión Europea y el Reino Unido (ACC) que entró en vigor el 1 de mayo de 2021, producto de lo anterior se experimentó inestabilidad en materia política con breves lapsos de gobierno en el caos del primer ministro, por lo cual el objetivo del presente texto radica en el análisis de las condiciones que dieron paso al Brexit y sus implicaciones en el ámbito político y económico. Por lo tanto, en términos metodológicos este artículo, se realizado una revisión documental mediante el abordaje de fuentes secundarias. Se concluye, como era de esperar, que los efectos en materia económica y social no se hicieron esperar, para el caso la variación interanual del PIB en el tercer trimestre de 2022, fue del 1,9%, así mismo un aumento del desempleo de un 3.6%. Por otra parte, es preciso considerar que la política inglesa aun cuando experimenta una notable volatilidad, como producto de ello se han emprendiendo acciones para afrontar los efectos posteriores al Brexit.

ABSTRACT On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union took place, a process known as Brexit,t as a result of a referendum in which 51% of the British people voted in favor of leaving the EU, moving to a status known as Cooperation and Trade Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom (CTA), which came into force on May 1, 2021, as a result of the above, instability was experienced in political matters with brief lapses of government in the chaos of the Prime Minister, so the objective of this text lies in the analysis of the conditions that gave way to Brexit and its implications in the political and economic sphere. Therefore, in methodological terms this article, a documentary review was conducted by approaching secondary sources. It is concluded, as expected, that the effects in economic and social matters were not long in coming, for the case the interannual variation of GDP in the third quarter of 2022, was 1.9%, likewise an increase in unemployment of 3.6%. On the other hand, it is necessary to consider that English politics, even when experiencing a notable volatility, as a result of this, actions have been taken to face the post-Brexit effects.

Selection of content for a school syllabus is important in achieving progress towards inclusive generalisations which characterise powerful knowledge. Biology as a discipline progresses from knowledge of individual facts to inclusive generalisations such as homeostasis, energy transformations, heredity, and evolution. The present study evaluated the selection of content in the official biology syllabus for the seventh and eighth years of schooling in four diverse jurisdictions: Kenya, South Africa, British Columbia (Canada) and Singapore. The purpose was to determine whether and how content selection enabled progression to inclusive generalisations in biology and to compare selection, sequencing and progression among the four jurisdictions. General Topic Trace Mapping was used to compare each syllabus to a generic reference syllabus structured according to inclusive generalisations. Although there was some agreement in the scope of topics selected, jurisdictions varied in the way it was organised. Kenya included more everyday knowledge than other jurisdictions. British Columbia and Singapore selected content according to unifying themes, whereas South Africa and Kenya did not. South Africa selected content that enabled progression towards inclusive generalisations, but did not explicitly identify the generalisations. This study supports the contention that powerful knowledge in biology may be construed differently in diverse jurisdictions. SIGNIFICANCE: Recent curriculum developments have favoured choice of content for school subjects that enables students to progress towards powerful knowledge. The current study provides evidence of variation in selection, sequencing and progression towards powerful knowledge in the biology syllabi of four jurisdictions: Kenya, South Africa, British Columbia (Canada) and Singapore. British Columbian and Singaporean syllabi explicitly identify unifying themes and organise content according to those themes, whereas South African and Kenyan syllabi lack explicit unifying themes.

Abstract Cedrela odorata is a species of economic importance due to the quality of its wood and is currently planted through reforestation programs and commercial forestry plantations. Propagation in forest nurseries is carried out by seed that is harvested regardless of its physical quality and origin. The objective of the present research was to assess the physical quality and germination parameters of seeds from Cedrela odorata plus trees. Seeds were collected from 10 trees distributed within an altitudinal gradient of 10 to 700 m in the Soconusco region of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. 20 days after collection, the purity, 100-seed weight, moisture content, and viability of the seeds were determined, as were their germination capacity, average daily germination, peak value, and germination value. The seeds’ physical quality and viability differed (p≤0.0001) between trees. The average germination capacity of the seeds was 65.8 %. Viability, germination capacity, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value were positively associated with the altitude; seeds from trees located at altitudes above 400 m recorded higher values. Seeds from higher trees differ in physical quality, viability, and germination parameters, a fact which establishes the importance of the altitudinal origin in seed collection.

Resumen Cedrela odorata es una especie de importancia económica por la calidad de su madera; en la actualidad se planta mediante programas de reforestación y plantaciones forestales comerciales. Su propagación en los viveros forestales se realiza por semilla que se recolecta sin considerar su calidad física y procedencia. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad física y parámetros germinativos de semillas de árboles superiores de C. odorata. Las semillas se recolectaron en 10 árboles superiores distribuidos en un gradiente altitudinal de 10 a 700 m en la región Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Después de 20 días de la recolecta se determinó la pureza, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de humedad y viabilidad de semillas, así como la capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo. La calidad física y la viabilidad fue diferente (p≤0.0001) entre los árboles. La capacidad germinativa promedio de las semillas fue de 65.8 %. La viabilidad, capacidad germinativa, germinación media diaria, valor pico y valor germinativo presentaron asociación positiva con la altitud; las semillas de los árboles ubicados en altitudes superiores a los 400 m presentaron mayores valores. Las semillas de los árboles superiores difieren en calidad física, viabilidad y parámetros germinativos, por lo que se establece la importancia del origen altitudinal en la recoleta de semillas.