Analysis of variance (ANOVA)-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a method of choice for factorial design studies of environmental impacts on plant metabolomes and can be used to quantitatively carry out this comparative analysis. The impacts of seven mixture design extractor systems made up of ethanol, dichloromethane, and hexane and their 1:1 binary and 1:1:1 ternary solvents for several replicate experiments (n = 3, 4, 5) were assessed using ASCA models determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements on yerba mate leaf extracts. This analysis considered two-factor effects: secondary sexual dimorphism (male and female plants) and cultivation systems (monoculture and agroforestry), as well as their interaction effect. The three binary solvents were found to be more efficient extractor systems for all four detectors as they found 83 main and interaction effects significant at or above the 95% confidence level compared with only 47 for the pure solvent extracts. Binary solvent extracts resulted in averages between 44.04 and 86.61% for the ASCA total effect variances compared with 40.62 to 71.07% for pure extractors. Of the 60 significant effects found for experiments with 5 repetitions 53 or 88% were obtained with only triplicate determinations. The choice of spectroscopic technique and solvent system have large impacts on metabolomic analysis results. ANOVAsimultaneous ANOVA simultaneous (ASCA ethanol dichloromethane 11 1 1: 111 1:1: n 3 4 Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) nearinfrared near NIR, NIR (NIR) UVVis UV Vis twofactor two factor male plants monoculture agroforestry, agroforestry agroforestry) 8 95 4404 44 04 44.0 8661 86 61 86.61 4062 40 62 40.6 7107 71 07 71.07 extractors 6 88 determinations results (FTIR (NIR 9 440 0 44. 866 86.6 406 40. 710 7 71.0 86. 71.

ABSTRACT There is great interest in varieties with greater competitive ability against weeds. This can be facilitated by path analysis, which involves the statistical evaluation and interpretation of the relationship between yield and its components. In this analysis, the occurrence of multicollinearity results in inconsistent estimates of the coefficients, and overestimates of the direct effects of the explanatory variables on the response variable. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics with the greatest direct effect on pod yield and green and dry bean yields in traditional cowpea varieties, evaluated in competition with weeds in two experiments. In addition, the presence of multicollinearity was investigated in the analyses. In Experiment-1, twelve varieties with the highest bean yields in a preliminary evaluation were assessed in a randomized block design with five replications. In Experiment-2, six varieties, selected in the preliminary evaluation, were assessed using two methods of weed management: three of the most productive and three of the least productive. Randomized blocks and split plots were used, with five replications. Multicollinearity, indicated by the number of conditions and the variance inflation values, was greater in Experiment-2. In the six cases under study (three yields x two experiments), the number of pods per plant had the greatest direct effect on yield. analysis components coefficients variable experiments addition analyses Experiment1, Experiment1 Experiment 1, 1 Experiment-1 replications Experiment2, Experiment2 2, 2 Experiment-2 management used Multicollinearity values Experiment2. 2. experiments, , experiments) Experiment-

ABSTRACT Currently with a more demanding market, is necessary to produce better and high physiological quality cultivars of soybeans. In front of this new challenge, our objective was to evaluate the physiological quality of 11 soybean cultivars: CD201, SYN1263, SYN1279, BMX, UFLA1, CA115, CD215, CD202, Conquista, Savana, and BRS820 storage for 12 months. Evaluations were conducted through physiological like germination and vigor (accelerated aging and controlled deterioration) and isoenzymes analysis. The seeds were stored under controlled conditions at 10 °C and 10% relative humidity. It was assessed every four months (0, 4, 8, and 12). 200 seeds per treatment were used for each test, divided into 4 replications of 50 seeds. The number of normal plants was evaluated on the fifth and seventh days, expressed as a percentage value. Isoenzyme analysis of MDH, ADH, Esterase, and Catalase was made. The results were interpreted from the presence or absence of bands in the gel. An experimental design in randomized complete blocks, interpreting data using analysis of variance in a factorial scheme 11 x 4 (11 cultivars and 4 times of storage and averages compared by the test Scott-Knott 5% of probability and regression analysis. The statistical program used was Sisvar®. We found that cultivars Savana and Conquista showed low physiological quality, and the cultivars CD 215 and BMX showed high physiological quality during storage. market soybeans challenge 1 CD201 SYN1263 SYN SYN1279 UFLA1 UFLA CA115 CA CD215 CD202 BRS BRS82 accelerated deterioration C humidity 0, 0 (0 8 12. . 12) 20 5 days value MDH ADH Esterase made gel blocks (1 ScottKnott Scott Knott Sisvar Sisvar® 21 CD20 SYN126 SYN127 CA11 CD21 BRS8 ( 2 CD2 SYN12 CA1 SYN1

ABSTRACT The cowpea is a legume that is widely grown in the north-east of Brazil, and which has been gaining ground in other regions of the country. The main producer is the state of Ceará, with a large planted-area, albeit low productivity due to a lack of producer technology and adapted cultivars. The aim of this study was to identify and recommend superior genotypes in terms of adaptability and stability under rainfed and irrigated conditions, in addition to genotypes with reduced grain darkening. To this end, six experiments were conducted in different districts of Ceará (Crato, Pentecoste, Crateús, Madalena, Bela Cruz and Limoeiro do Norte) and one laboratory experiment, to evaluate grain darkening. The experimental design of the field trials was of randomised blocks, with 14 genotypes and 4 replications. The analysis of variance showed a significant effect from the genotypes and environments and their interaction, so GGE Biplot analysis was carried out to evaluate adaptability and stability. To evaluate grain darkening, a completely randomised design was used in a simple factorial scheme with six previously selected genotypes and five different storage times (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). There was a significant effect from the genotypes and storage time. Genotype 1 showed the least darkening, and can be recommended for environments to which it is best adapted (Crato and Crateús). Genotype 9 was considered the most stable for grain yield, and can be more broadly recommended for the semi-arid region of the state of Ceará. northeast north east Brazil country plantedarea, plantedarea planted area, area planted-area cultivars conditions darkening end Crato, Crato Pentecoste Crateús Madalena Norte experiment blocks replications interaction 0, 0 (0 2 months. months . months) time Crateús. Crateús) yield semiarid semi arid (

ABSTRACT The physiological quality of soya bean seeds is a determining factor in establishing the crop in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soya bean seeds produced by plants grown from seeds of different sizes in two crop seasons. The BS 2606 SOYTECH, NS 6700 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, BS IRGA 1642 IPRO and LANÇA 58i60 IPRO cultivars were used, sown in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with treatments comprising seeds from plants grown from seeds of three sieve sizes (5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 mm for cultivars BS2606, NS 6700 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, LANÇA; and 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 mm for the BS IRGA 1642 IPRO cultivar). The following tests were conducted: germination, first germination count, shoot and root length, total seedling dry weight, seedling emergence, accelerated ageing and electrical conductivity. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and the mean values were compared using Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The size classification of the soya bean seeds has no effect on the germination of the seeds that are produced. Higher seed vigour in the NA 5909 RR cultivar, determined by the seedling emergence test, and accelerated ageing in NS 6700 IPRO, were obtained from seeds produced by plants grown from seeds classified as a sieve size of 6.5 mm. For the other cultivars, the size classification of the seeds had no effect on the vigour of the produced seeds. field seasons 260 SOYTECH 670 590 164 i 58i6 used 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/2021 blocks 5.5, 55 5 (5.5 60 6 0 6. 65 BS2606 70 7 7. cultivar. cultivar . cultivar) conducted count length weight conductivity variance Tukeys Tukey s probability 26 67 59 16 58i 2019202 201 202 2019/20 2020202 2020/202 5.5 (5. BS260 2 1 201920 20 2019/2 202020 2020/20 5. (5 BS26 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/2 ( BS2 2020/

RESUMO As atividades de recuperação insustentáveis (URAs) têm sido cada vez mais realizadas para responder à crescente procura global de alimentos, levando a graves repercussões nos ambientes terrestres. Um total de 120 amostras de solo representando 12 locais foram selecionadas aleatoriamente nos três tipos distintos de terra (PMFs, PALs e BHLs) a uma profundidade de 60 cm para avaliar os impactos das URAs na província de Nghe An Mountain, no Vietnã. A análise estatística dos parâmetros do solo foi realizada no software SPSS (versão 26.0) por meio de análise de variância unidirecional (ANOVA). As descobertas indicam diferenças distintas no tamanho das partículas do solo (SPS) entre os diferentes tipos de terreno (DLTs). Florestas virgens e mistas (PMFs) exibiram as menores proporções de areia, variando de 31,4 a 35,2%, enquanto colinas e terras nuas (BHLs) registraram as maiores proporções de areia, variando de 49,7 a 55,1%. Elevado densidade global (BD) foi observado em BHLs (1,36 ± 0,07 kg dm-3) e PMFs (0,89 ± 0,02 a 1,13 ± 0,03 kg dm-3) enquanto terras perenes e anuais (PALs) variaram de 1,17 ± 0,04 a 1,25 ± 0,08 kg dm-3. Os PMFs apresentaram baixos valores de porosidade total do solo (TSP) e teor de água do solo (SWC) com respectivas faixas de 32,97-36,18% e 4,72-6,15% enquanto PALs e BHLs exibiram valores elevados para TSP (39,25-43,19%; 43,97-49,62%). e SWC (7,39-10,07%; 9,98-12,74%). A capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC), Ca2+, K+ e Mg2+ registrou altos valores nos PALs em comparação aos PMFs e PALs, enquanto o conteúdo orgânico total (TOCs) detectou pouca variação entre os DLTs. No geral, as URAs aumentaram os efeitos adversos nas propriedades e funções do solo (SPFs) em toda a área de estudo. (URAs alimentos terrestres 1 PMFs, (PMFs 6 Mountain Vietnã versão 26.0 260 26 0 ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) SPS (SPS DLTs (DLTs) areia 314 31 4 31, 352 35 2 35,2% (BHLs 497 49 7 49, 551 55 55,1% BD (BD 1,36 136 36 (1,3 007 07 0,0 dm3 dm 3 dm-3 0,89 089 89 (0,8 002 02 113 13 1,1 003 03 (PALs 117 17 004 04 125 25 1,2 008 08 dm3. 3. (TSP (SWC 32,9736,18% 32973618 32,97 36,18% 32 97 18 32,97-36,18 4,726,15% 472615 4,72 6,15% 72 15 4,72-6,15 39,2543,19% 39254319 39,25 43,19% 39 43 19 (39,25-43,19% 43,9749,62%. 43974962 43,97 49,62% 62 43,97-49,62%) 7,3910,07% 7391007 7,39 10,07% 10 (7,39-10,07% 9,9812,74%. 9981274 9,98 12,74% 9 98 74 9,98-12,74%) CEC, CEC , (CEC) Ca2 Ca Ca2+ K Mg2 Mg TOCs (TOCs geral SPFs (SPFs estudo 26. (ANOVA (DLTs 35,2 5 55,1 1,3 (1, 00 0, dm- 0,8 8 (0, 11 1, 9736 32,9736,18 3297361 3297 32,9 3618 36,18 32,97-36,1 726 4,726,15 47261 472 4,7 615 6,15 4,72-6,1 2543 39,2543,19 3925431 3925 39,2 4319 43,19 (39,25-43,19 9749 43,9749,62% 4397496 4397 43,9 4962 49,62 43,97-49,62% 3910 7,3910,07 739100 739 7,3 1007 10,07 (7,39-10,07 9812 9,9812,74% 998127 998 9,9 1274 12,74 9,98-12,74% (CEC 35, 55, (1 (0 973 32,9736,1 329736 329 32, 361 36,1 32,97-36, 4,726,1 4726 47 4, 61 6,1 4,72-6, 254 39,2543,1 392543 392 39, 431 43,1 (39,25-43,1 974 43,9749,62 439749 439 43, 496 49,6 43,97-49,62 391 7,3910,0 73910 73 7, 100 10,0 (7,39-10,0 981 9,9812,74 99812 99 9, 127 12,7 9,98-12,74 ( 32,9736, 32973 36, 32,97-36 4,726, 6, 4,72-6 39,2543, 39254 (39,25-43, 43,9749,6 43974 43,97-49,6 7,3910, 7391 10, (7,39-10, 9,9812,7 9981 12, 9,98-12,7 32,9736 32,97-3 4,726 4,72- 39,2543 (39,25-43 43,9749, 43,97-49, 7,3910 (7,39-10 9,9812, 9,98-12, 32,973 32,97- 39,254 (39,25-4 43,9749 43,97-49 7,391 (7,39-1 9,9812 9,98-12 (39,25- 43,974 43,97-4 (7,39- 9,981 9,98-1 (39,25 43,97- (7,39 9,98- (39,2 (7,3 (39, (7, (39 (7 (3

ABSTRACT Unsustainable reclamation activities (URAs) have been increasingly conducted to respond to the rising global food demand, leading to severe repercussions on land environments. A total of 120 soil samples representing 12 sites were randomly selected in the three distinct land types (PMFs, PALs, and BHLs) to a depth of 60 cm. The impacts of URAs on soil properties and functions (SPFs) across the Nghe An mountainous province, Vietnam were assessed using the SPSS software (version 26.0) through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated the distinct differences in soil particle size (SPS) among different land types (DLTs). Pristine and mixed forests (PMFs) exhibited the lowest sand ratios, ranging from 31.4 to 35.2%, while bare hills and lands (BHLs) recorded the highest sand ratios, ranging from 49.7 to 55.1%. High bulk density (BD) was observed in BHLs (1.36 ± 0.07 kg dm-3) and PMFs (0.89 ± 0.02 to 1.13 ± 0.03 kg dm-3) while perennial and annual lands (PALs) varied from 1.17 ± 0.04 to 1.25 ± 0.08 kg dm-3. PMFs showed low values for total soil porosity (TSP), and soil water content (SWC) with respective ranges of 32.97-36.18% and 4.72-6.15% while PALs and BHLs exhibited high values for TSP (39.25-43.19%; 43.97-49.62%), and SWC (7.39-10.07%; 9.98-12.74%). Cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ were recorded higher in PALs compared to PMFs and PALs while total organic contents (TOCs) detected little variation among DLTs. Overall, the URAs enhanced the adverse effects on the SPFs across the study area. (URAs demand environments 1 PMFs, (PMFs 6 cm (SPFs province version 26.0 260 26 0 oneway one way ANOVA. ANOVA . (ANOVA) SPS (SPS DLTs (DLTs) ratios 314 31 4 31. 352 35 2 35.2% (BHLs 497 49 7 49. 551 55 55.1% BD (BD 1.36 136 36 (1.3 007 07 0.0 dm3 dm 3 dm-3 0.89 089 89 (0.8 002 02 113 13 1.1 003 03 (PALs 117 17 004 04 125 25 1.2 008 08 dm3. 3. TSP, , (TSP) (SWC 32.9736.18% 32973618 32.97 36.18% 32 97 18 32.97-36.18 4.726.15% 472615 4.72 6.15% 72 15 4.72-6.15 39.2543.19% 39254319 39.25 43.19% 39 43 19 (39.25-43.19% 43.9749.62%, 43974962 43.97 49.62% 62 43.97-49.62%) 7.3910.07% 7391007 7.39 10.07% 10 (7.39-10.07% 9.9812.74%. 9981274 9.98 12.74% 9 98 74 9.98-12.74%) CEC, CEC (CEC) Ca2 Ca Ca2+ K K+ Mg2 Mg TOCs (TOCs Overall area 26. (ANOVA (DLTs 35.2 5 55.1 1.3 (1. 00 0. dm- 0.8 8 (0. 11 1. (TSP 9736 32.9736.18 3297361 3297 32.9 3618 36.18 32.97-36.1 726 4.726.15 47261 472 4.7 615 6.15 4.72-6.1 2543 39.2543.19 3925431 3925 39.2 4319 43.19 (39.25-43.19 9749 43.9749.62% 4397496 4397 43.9 4962 49.62 43.97-49.62% 3910 7.3910.07 739100 739 7.3 1007 10.07 (7.39-10.07 9812 9.9812.74% 998127 998 9.9 1274 12.74 9.98-12.74% (CEC 35. 55. (1 (0 973 32.9736.1 329736 329 32. 361 36.1 32.97-36. 4.726.1 4726 47 4. 61 6.1 4.72-6. 254 39.2543.1 392543 392 39. 431 43.1 (39.25-43.1 974 43.9749.62 439749 439 43. 496 49.6 43.97-49.62 391 7.3910.0 73910 73 7. 100 10.0 (7.39-10.0 981 9.9812.74 99812 99 9. 127 12.7 9.98-12.74 ( 32.9736. 32973 36. 32.97-36 4.726. 6. 4.72-6 39.2543. 39254 (39.25-43. 43.9749.6 43974 43.97-49.6 7.3910. 7391 10. (7.39-10. 9.9812.7 9981 12. 9.98-12.7 32.9736 32.97-3 4.726 4.72- 39.2543 (39.25-43 43.9749. 43.97-49. 7.3910 (7.39-10 9.9812. 9.98-12. 32.973 32.97- 39.254 (39.25-4 43.9749 43.97-49 7.391 (7.39-1 9.9812 9.98-12 (39.25- 43.974 43.97-4 (7.39- 9.981 9.98-1 (39.25 43.97- (7.39 9.98- (39.2 (7.3 (39. (7. (39 (7 (3

Resumen Marco contextual: La generatividad se asocia con la resiliencia y la satisfacción con la vida en la vejez, incluidas las de las personas adultas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transexuales (LGBT+). Objetivo: Examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) y la Generative Behavior Checklist (GBC) en adultos mayores LGBT+ españoles (mayores de 50 años). Metodología: Estudio psicométrico con 141 adultos mayores LGBT+. Se analizó la validez de constructo (análisis factorial exploratorio), la validez convergente y la consistencia interna de cada escala. Resultado: Los análisis factoriales paralelos y exploratorios sugieren un modelo bifactorial para ambas escalas con una buena adecuación a la muestra. La LGS explica el 45,1% de la varianza y tiene una consistencia interna de 0,78. La GBC explica el 41,76% de la varianza y tiene una consistencia interna de 0,879. Se encontró una correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre la satisfacción con la vida y las escalas de generatividad. Las dos escalas mostraron una correlación positiva y significativa (rs = 0,310). Conclusión: Ambas escalas han demostrado ser válidas y fiables para medir la generatividad en adultos mayores LGBT+ españoles.

Resumo Enquadramento: A generatividade tem sido associada à resiliência e à satisfação com a vida na velhice, incluindo entre a população lésbica, gay, bissexual e transgénero (LGBT+) mais velha. Objetivo: Analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) e da Generative Behavior Checklist (GBC) para idosos espanhóis LGBT + (com mais de 50 anos). Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo psicométrico com 141 idosos espanhóis LGBT+ com o objetivo de examinar a validade de construto (análise fatorial exploratória), a validade convergente e a fiabilidade (consistência interna) da LGS e da GBC. Resultados: Os métodos de análise paralela e a análise fatorial exploratória sugeriram um modelo de dois fatores para ambos os instrumentos com boa adequação da amostra. A LGS explicou 45,1% da variância e apresentou uma consistência interna de 0,78. O GBC explicou 41,76% da variância e apresentou uma consistência interna de 0,879. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a satisfação com a vida e as escalas generativas. Foi também observada uma correlação positiva e significativa (rs = 0,310) entre os dois instrumentos. Conclusão: Ambos os instrumentos demonstraram ser válidos e fiáveis para medir a generatividade em idosos espanhóis LGBT+.

Abstract Background: Generativity has been associated with resilience and life satisfaction in older age, including among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) older adults. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) and Generative Behavior Checklist (GBC) for Spanish LGBT+ older adults (over the age of 50). Methodology: A psychometric study was conducted with 141 Spanish LGBT+ older adults to examine the construct validity (exploratory factor analysis), convergent validity, and reliability (internal consistency) of the LGS and the GBC. Results: Parallel and exploratory factor analyses suggested a two-factor model with good sample adequacy for both scales. The LGS explained 45.1% of the variance and had an internal consistency of 0.78. The GBC explained 41.76 % of the variance and had an internal consistency of 0.879. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between life satisfaction and the generative scales. A positive and significant correlation (rs = 0.310) was also observed between both instruments. Conclusion: Both instruments proved valid and reliable for measuring generativity in Spanish LGBT+ older adults.

Resumen Marco contextual: Los estudiantes de enfermería están sometidos a estrés a lo largo de sus estudios, especialmente durante las prácticas clínicas. El conocimiento de las estrategias de afrontamiento (coping) utilizadas nos permite identificar recursos para mitigar el estrés al que están sometidos. Objetivo: Traducir y validar el instrumento Coping Behavior Inventory para el idioma portugués europeo. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio metodológico que utilizó una muestra no probabilística de 113 estudiantes de los cuatro años de la carrera de Enfermería. Para evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, se determinó la validez de constructo de la escala mediante el método de análisis de componentes principales y la consistencia interna mediante el cálculo del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio extrajo cuatro factores comunes que explican el 57,5% de la varianza retenida, con un valor alfa de Cronbach para la escala total de 0,668. Conclusión: El Inventario de Comportamientos de Afrontamiento tiene características psicométricas adecuadas en portugués europeo y es un instrumento fiable para evaluar las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por los estudiantes de enfermería.

Resumo Enquadramento: Os estudantes de enfermagem estão sujeitos a stress ao longo do curso de enfermagem sobretudo durante a prática clínica. O conhecimento das estratégias de coping utilizadas permite identificar recursos para mitigar o stress a que estes estão sujeitos. Objetivo: Traduzir e validar o instrumento Coping Behaviour Inventory para o idioma português europeu. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico onde foi utilizada uma amostra não probabilística de 113 estudantes dos 4 anos do curso de licenciatura em enfermagem. Para a aferição das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento foi determinada a validade de construto da escala pelo método de análise de componentes principais e a consistência interna pelo cálculo do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: Pela análise fatorial exploratória foram extraídos quatro fatores comuns que explicam 57,5% da variância retida sendo o valor alfa de Cronbach para a escala total de 0,668. Conclusão: O Inventário de comportamentos de coping apresenta características psicométricas adequadas no idioma português europeu, sendo um instrumento fiável na avaliação das estratégias de coping utilizadas pelos estudantes de enfermagem.

Abstract Background: Nursing students are exposed to stress during their nursing program, particularly during clinical practice. Identifying the coping strategies used during this period can help identify resources to mitigate the stress they face. Objective: To translate and validate the Coping Behavior Inventory (CBI) into European Portuguese. Methodology: Methodological study with a nonprobability sample of 113 students attending the four years of the nursing program. To assess the psychometric properties of the instrument, its validity was analyzed using the principal component analysis method and its internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: Four common factors were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis, explaining 57.5% of the variance, with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.668 for the total scale. Conclusion: The European Portuguese version of the CBI has adequate psychometric characteristics and is a reliable tool for assessing the coping strategies used by nursing students.

Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Abstract Introduction. Segregated populations can exhibit fluctuating yields from one generation to the next. This can sometimes perplex plant breeders when interpreting observed phenomena and determining which selection methods to choose. Objective. To analyze the performance and yield components of several tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) populations selected through the pedigree method in lowland environments in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Materials and methods. This study was conducted from December 2018 to April 2019 at the Experimental Garden of Bogor Agricultural University, Tajur II (207 meters above sea level), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Four generations were utilized, derived from 99D×Tora, i.e., 200 plants from the F2 generation and 100 plants each from the F3, F5, and F6 generations, respectively. Results. Population variance in terms of yield and yield components, as well as heritability, were lower in later generations compared to earlier generations. An increase in mean value was observed in the F3 generation, but decreased in the F5 and F6 generations across all observed traits. This could be attributed to fixation resulting from the elimination of epistatic genes that played a role in environmental stress. Conclusion. Pedigree selection in early generation was not suitable in lowland. It is suggested to evaluate mass selection methods or single seed descent, as these methods were able to maintain population variance into later generations.

Resumen Introducción. Las poblaciones segregadas pueden mostrar un rendimiento fluctuante de una generación a otra. Esto a veces puede confundir a los mejoradores de plantas al interpretar los fenómenos observados y determinar los métodos de selección que deben elegirse. Objetivo. Analizar el rendimiento y los componentes de rendimiento de varias poblaciones de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), mediante el método de pedigrí en entornos de tierras bajas, Bogor, Java Occidental, Indonesia. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo de diciembre de 2018 a abril de 2019 en el Jardín Experimental de la Universidad Agrícola de Bogor, Tajur II (207 metros sobre el nivel del mar), Bogor, Java Occidental, Indonesia. Se utilizaron cuatro generaciones, obtenidas a partir de 99D×Tora, es decir, 200 plantas de la generación F2 y 100 plantas de cada una de las generaciones F3, F5 y F6, respectivamente. Resultados. La varianza de la población en cuanto al rendimiento y los componentes de rendimiento y la heredabilidad fueron menores en las generaciones posteriores en comparación con las generaciones anteriores. Se observó un aumento en el valor medio en la generación F3, pero disminuyó en las generaciones F5 y F6 en todos los caracteres observados. Esto podría ser causado por la fijación como resultado de la eliminación de genes de epistasia que desempeñaron un papel en el estrés ambiental. Conclusión. La selección de pedigrí en las primeras generaciones no fue adecuada en las tierras bajas. Se sugiere evaluar métodos masales o descendencia de una sola semilla, ya que esos métodos fueron capaces de mantener la varianza de la población hasta las generaciones posteriores.

Abstract Introduction. Chickpea has been considered a restricted host species for nodulation, although recent studies describe a greater bacterial diversity associated with the crop to increase the knowledge about this symbiosis in orden to obtain efficient isolates in its contribution. Objective. To characterize and identify an isolate obtained from chickpea plant nodules and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of two centers: the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Cuba, and the National Center for Genetic Resources, Mexico, as well as under field conditions in two campaigns during the years 2018 and 2020 to demonstrate its effectiveness in crop interaction in the first center. The isolate R3 was taxonomically identified through the sequencing of four genes. For laboratory experiments, a completely randomized design was used, while plant trials were conducted under a randomized block design. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results. The isolate R3 showed variability in terms of its morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, it exhibited significant differences compared to the other treatments in the growth and yield indicators evaluated in chickpea. Conclusions. Rhizobium pusense associated with chickpea nodules was identified for the first time in Cuba. The strain demonstrates growth at pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 and temperature ranges from 29 °C to 38 °C, indicating its tolerance to these factors. Its inoculation in chickpea stimulates nodule formation and increased yield-related variables.

Resumen Introducción. El garbanzo se consideró durante muchos años una especie de hospedero restringido para la nodulación, aunque estudios recientes describen una mayor diversidad bacteriana asociada al cultivo que permita incrementar los conocimientos acerca de esta simbiosis para obtener aislados eficientes en su contribución. Objetivo. Caracterizar e identificar un aislado obtenido a partir de nódulos de plantas de garbanzo y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de dos centros: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Cuba y en el Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, México, así como en condiciones campo en dos campañas durante los años 2018 y 2020, para demostrar su efectividad en la interacción del cultivo en el primer centro. El aislado R3 se identificó a nivel taxonómico mediante la secuenciación de cuatro genes. Para los experimentos en condiciones de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, mientras que los ensayos con plantas se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon según el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados. El aislado R3 mostró variabilidad en cuanto a sus características morfo-fisiológico y bioquímicas. Además, tuvo respuesta con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos en los indicadores de crecimiento y rendimiento evaluados en el garbanzo. Conclusión. Se identificó por primera vez en Cuba Rhizobium pusense asociado a nódulos de garbanzo. La cepa mostró un crecimiento positivo a pH entre 5,5 y 9,0 y rangos de temperatura desde 29 ºC hasta 38 ºC, lo que evidencia su tolerancia a estos factores. Su inoculación en garbanzo estimuló la formación de nódulos e incrementó variables del rendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) helps determine water requirements, enabling the proposal of irrigation techniques that save water. Objective. To use remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAs) for greater precision in measuring evapotranspiration in rice fields, aiming to reduce water consumption. Materials and methods. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a factorial structure of two experiments: flooded irrigation (E1) and irrigation with controlled drying (E2), and three rice varieties (IR43, IR71706, Sahod Ulan 12). The study was conducted at the Experimental Irrigation Area (AER) of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Peru. Eight RPAS flights were carried out between January and February 2019, distributed between the tillering and cotton point stages. Results. The combined analysis of treatments using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s test with p < 0.05 revealed a significant difference in ETc between E1 and E2. However, no significant difference was found between the rice varieties. Maximum values of ETc and yield were obtained for E1 at 4.50 mm/day and 10389 kg/ha, and for E2 at 3.7 mm/day and 9710 kg/ha, respectively. Conclusions. The use of a remotely piloted aircraft system improved the temporal and spatial resolution of multispectral and thermal images, providing greater accuracy in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) under two irrigation regimes. Controlled drying irrigation resulted in a A 24% reduction in ETc, allowing for a water saving of 855 m3/ha.

Resumen Introducción. La estimación de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) permite conocer los requerimientos de agua del cultivo, que ayudan a proponer técnicas de riego con ahorro de agua. Objetivo. Usar el sistema de aeronave pilotada remotamente (RPAs) para mayor precisión de la evapotranspiración en arrozales a fin de reducir el consumo de agua. Materiales y métodos. Para el estudio la distribución de parcelas siguió un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con estructura factorial de dos experimentos: riego inundado (E1) y riego con secas controladas (E2), y tres variedades de arroz (IR43, IR71706, Sahod Ulan 12); se llevó a cabo en el Área Experimental de Riego (AER) de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Perú. Entre enero y febrero del 2019 se realizaron ocho vuelos, de un RPAs, distribuidos entre las etapas de macollamiento y punto de algodón. Resultados. El análisis combinado de tratamientos con análisis de varianza y prueba de Duncan con p < 0,05, reveló diferencia significativa de la ETc, entre E1 y E2. Sin embargo, no se encontró diferencia significancia entre las variedades de arroz. Se obtuvo valores máximos de ETc y rendimiento para E1 de 4,50 mm/d y 10 389 kg/ha, y para E2 de 3,7 mm/d y 9710 kg/ha, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El uso de un sistema de aeronave pilotada remotamente permitió mejorar la resolución temporal y espacial de las imágenes multiespectrales y térmicas para obtener mayor precisión en la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) bajo dos regímenes de riego. En el riego con secas controladas se obtuvo una reducción del 24 % de la ETc lo que permitió un ahorro de agua de 855 m3/ha.

Abstract Introduction. Endophytic fungi (EF) in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) have great potential for agricultural applications and may represent possible biological control agents for vineyards. Objective. To isolate and identify endophytic fungi (EF) from grapevine plants with antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea. Materials and methods. Young and mature branches from forty healthy grapevine plants were collected from seven production lots in the Cañete province, Lima, Peru, during March to May 2022. EF isolation was performed on 702 sections of disinfected tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium, and identification was carried out at the genus level. Secondary metabolites were extracted from twenty-eight EF strains to determine the mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the evaluated parameters using the Minitab statistical program. Results. A total of 129 EF strains were isolated from leaves and stems of young and mature grapevine branches, encompassing seven genera (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Stemphylium). The highest frequency was found in leaves and mature branches. Trichoderma and Alternaria were the most frecuent genera in grapevine plants, with 22.48 % and 21.71%, respectively. Metabolites obtained from the EFVH-01 strain of the genus Cladosporium, and EF-99 and EF-70 strains of the genus Alternaria, had the greatest effect on mycelial inhibition of the pathogen. Conclusions. Strains of endophytic fungi from the genera Cladosporium and Alternaria showed antibiosis capacity against Botrytis cinerea at the laboratory scale, which could potential biocontrol agents of pathogens in grapevine cultivation.

Resumen Introducción. Los hongos endófitos (HE) de la vid (Vitis vinifera) tienen un gran potencial de aplicación en la agricultura y pueden representar posibles agentes de control biológico de los viñedos. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar los hongos endófitos (HE) de plantas de vid con capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ramas jóvenes y maduras de cuarenta plantas sanas de vid de siete lotes de producción en la provincia de Cañete, Lima, Perú, durante los meses de marzo a mayo 2022. El aislamiento de HE se realizó de 702 secciones de tejidos desinfectados en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) y la identificación fue a nivel de género. Se extrajeron metabolitos secundarios de veintiocho cepas de HE para determinar la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) de los parámetros evaluados con el programa estadístico Minitab. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 129 cepas de HE de hojas y tallos de ramas jóvenes y maduras de vid, que correspondieron a siete géneros (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora y Stemphylium). La mayor frecuencia se presentó en las hojas y rama madura. Trichoderma y Alternaria fueron los géneros más frecuentes en las plantas de vid con 22,48 % y 21,71 %, respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos de las cepas HEVH-01 del género Cladosporium, HEV-99 y HEV-70 del género Alternaria, tuvieron mayor efecto en la inhibición micelial del patógeno. Conclusiones. Cepas de hongos endofitos del género Cladosporium y Alternaria mostraron capacidad de antibiosis hacia Botrytis cinerea a escala de laboratorio, los cuales podrían ser potenciales biocontroladores de patógenos en el cultivo de vid.

Abstract Introduction. Wild species are important in the ecosystem, and their preservation requires the development of effective techniques. Objective. To determine the in situ and ex situ germination characteristics and field growth of Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray and Compsoneura trianae Warb. in Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2020, with seeds collected from the primary forest of P. mediocris and C. trianae. Germination tests were conducted in a greenhouse and in the primary forest, measuring seed emergence, tray growth, and performing an analysis of variance between the testing sites. Seedlings were transplanted into three different soil covers at the Amazon Center for Teaching, Research, and Productivity, with measurements taken for height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and survival. Growth curves were created, and an analysis of variance was performed on the final growth measurements among the different soil covers. Results. For P. mediocris, greenhouse-grown plants showed fewer days to the emergence (67.6), but those grown under guaba cover had a greater height (19.45 cm) and germination percentage (70 %) at end of the trial. For C. trianae, plants grown at the collection site had greater height (13.38 cm) and number of leaves at the end of the evaluation. Field growth did not show differences between soil covers, with survival rate of 47 % for P. mediocris and 75 % for C. trianae. Conclusions. P. mediocris showed better germination percentages under guaba cover, while C. trianae exhibited greater growth in the primary forest, with the germination site not affecting post-transplant growth for either species.

Resumen Introducción. Las especies silvestres son importantes en el ecosistema, estas requieren el desarrollo de técnicas que permitan su preservación. Objetivo. Determinar las características de germinación in situ y ex situ y el crecimiento en campo de las especies Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray y Compsoneura trianae Warb. en Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre 2019 y 2020, se colectaron semillas en el bosque primario de P. mediocris y C. trianae. Se desarrollaron pruebas de germinación en invernadero y en bosque primario, se midió la emergencia de las semillas, crecimiento en bandeja y se aplicó un análisis de varianza entre los sitios de ensayo. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas en tres diferentes coberturas de suelo en el Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Productividad de la Amazonía, se tomaron medidas de crecimiento en altura, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas y supervivencia, se elaboraron las curvas de crecimiento y se realizó un análisis de varianza en las medidas finales de crecimiento entre las diferentes coberturas. Resultados. En P. mediocris, las plantas desarrolladas en invernadero reportaron menos días a la emergencia (67,6), pero las desarrolladas en la cobertura guabas tuvieron mayor altura (19,45 cm) y porcentaje de germinación (70 %) al final de la prueba. En C. trianae las plantas desarrolladas en el sitio de colecta tuvieron mayor altura (13,38 cm) y número de hojas al final de la evaluación. El crecimiento en campo no mostró diferencias entre coberturas y tuvo una supervivencia del 47 % en P. mediocris y 75 % en C. trianae. Conclusiones. P. mediocris reportó mejores porcentajes de germinación en la cobertura guabas y C. trianae tuvo mayor crecimiento en el bosque primario, sin que el sitio de germinación influyera en el crecimiento posterior al trasplante en ambas especies.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos da percepção do vínculo parental, variáveis sociodemográficas e gestacionais na intensidade do apego materno-fetal (AMF) no contexto de gestação de alto risco. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e transversal com 119 participantes. Foi aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal - Versão Breve e o Parental Bonding Instrument. Os resultados da análise de regressão linear múltipla foram estatisticamente significativos (p < 0,05). O modelo final explicou 28,7 % da variância do AMF e foi composto pelas variáveis de superproteção paterna, cuidado paterno, idade da mulher, idade gestacional e suporte do pai do bebê. Reitera-se que a intensidade do AMF é multideterminada, envolvendo aspectos da história de vida, sociais e situacionais. A percepção da mulher acerca do vínculo paterno durante sua infância e adolescência e o apoio do pai do bebê no período gestacional destacam-se como fatores influentes para a vinculação materno-fetal, indicando a importância do envolvimento paterno ao longo do ciclo vital. São pontuadas implicações para a prática profissional, bem como limitações e recomendações de estudos futuros.

Resumen: Este estudio investigó los efectos de la percepción del vínculo parental, las variables sociodemográficas y gestacionales en la intensidad del apego materno-fetal (AMF) en el contexto de embarazos de alto riesgo. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal con 119 participantes. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal-Versión Breve y el Instrumento de Vínculo Parental. Los resultados del análisis de regresión lineal múltiple fueron estadísticamente significativos (p < .05). El modelo final explicó el 28.7 % de la varianza del AMF y estuvo compuesto por las variables de sobreprotección paterna, cuidado paterno, edad de la mujer, edad gestacional y apoyo del padre del bebé. Se reitera que la intensidad del AMF es multideterminada, lo que involucra aspectos de la historia de vida, sociales y situacionales. La percepción de la mujer sobre el vínculo paternal durante su infancia y adolescencia, así como el apoyo del padre del bebé durante el período gestacional, destacan como factores influyentes en el apego materno-fetal, lo que indica la importancia de la participación paterna a lo largo del ciclo vital. Se puntualizan implicaciones para la práctica profesional, así como limitaciones y recomendaciones para estudios futuros.

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of perceived parental bonding, sociodemographic and gestational variables on the intensity of maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) in the context of high-risk pregnancies. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional study involving 119 participants. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale-Brief Version, and the Parental Bonding Instrument were administered. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis were statistically significant (p < .05). The final model explained 28.7 % of the variance in MFA and included the variables of paternal overprotection, paternal care, maternal age, gestational age, and the support from the baby's father. We emphasize that MFA intensity is multidetermined, involving aspects of life history, social, and situational factors. The woman’s perception of paternal bonding during her childhood and adolescence, as well as the support from the baby's father during the gestational period, are highlighted as influential factors for maternal-fetal attachment, indicating the importance of paternal involvement throughout the life cycle. Implications for professional practice, as well as limitations and recommendations for future studies are discussed.