Abstract Vanilla planifolia Andrews, is a species subject to special protection, which requires the generation of novel conservation strategies, such as medium-term in vitro conservation, allowing for longer intervals between subcultures, while maintaining the ability to reactivate growth rates. In this sense, works dedicated to the medium-term in vitro conservation of vanilla are mainly focused on the use of osmotic agents, nevertheless, growth inhibitors are a promising mechanism whose use should be evaluated, examples of which are abscisic acid (ABA) and chlormequat chloride (CCC), which have been successfully tested in other species, however, so far there are no reports on the effects of their interaction in vanilla. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of the interaction of different concentrations of ABA (0, 1.5 and 3 mg L-1) and CCC (0, 1, 2, 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1) added to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at 75%, on the inhibition of morphogenesis in vitro culture of Vanilla planifolia microstakes, 1.5 cm in length, subjected to a photoperiod of 16/8 hours light/dark, at 25 ± 2 ºC at 2000 lux light intensity for 200 days, evaluating the total length of the plantlets, the number of shoots, leaves, roots and survival percentage, the best results were obtained in treatment 3.0: 2.0 mg L-1 of ABA/CCC (T 12) because it showed 100% survival, 1.90 cm total length, 0.44 shoots, 1.88 leaves and 1.64 roots. Therefore, the combination of the regulators had a synergistic effect that allowed the medium-term in vitro conservation of V. planifolia by reducing the growth and development of the seedlings without affecting their survival.

Resumen Vanilla planifolia Andrews, es una especie Sujeta a Protección Especial, que requiere la generación de estrategias de conservación novedosas, como la conservación in vitro a mediano plazo, permitiendo alargar los intervalos entre subcultivos, manteniendo la capacidad para reactivar las tasas de crecimiento. En este sentido los trabajos dedicados a la conservación in vitro a mediano plazo de vainilla se encuentran enfocados principalmente en el uso de agentes osmóticos, no obstante, los inhibidores de crecimiento son, un mecanismo promisorio cuyo uso debe evaluarse, ejemplos de ello son el ácido abscísico (ABA) y cloruro de clormequat (CCC), que se han ensayado con éxito en otras especies, sin embargo, hasta el momento no existen reportes sobre los efectos de su interacción en vainilla. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la interacción de diferentes concentraciones de ABA (0, 1.5 y 3 mg L-1) y CCC (0, 1, 2, 4 y 6 mg L-1) adicionados al medio Murashige y Skoog (MS) al 75%, en la inhibición de la morfogénesis en el cultivo in vitro de microestacas de Vanilla planifolia, de 1.5 cm de longitud, sometidas a un fotoperiodo de 16/8 horas luz/obscuridad, a 25 ± 2 ºC a 2000 lux de intensidad lumínica durante 200 días, evaluando para ello la longitud total de las plántulas, el número de brotes, hojas, raíces y porcentaje de supervivencia, obteniendo los mejores resultados en el tratamiento 3.0: 2.0 mg L-1 de ABA/CCC (T 12) debido a que presentó una supervivencia del 100%, 1.90 cm de longitud total, 0.44 brotes, 1.88 hojas y 1.64 raíces, por lo que, la combinación de los reguladores permitió la conservación in vitro a mediano plazo de V. planifolia al reducir el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plántulas sin afectar su sobrevivencia.

Resumen Los sistemas agroforestales y la diversificación productiva son alternativas sostenibles que revierten los daños y riesgos de la agricultura convencional. Existen pocos estudios de sostenibilidad que permitan incorporarlos a proyectos destinados a aumentar la rentabilidad y mejorar el bienestar de los productores, restaurando los servicios ecosistémicos. El objetivo fue evaluar la sustentabilidad de dos sistemas agroforestales tradicionales, diversificados con cacao y vainilla, en los estados de Veracruz y Oaxaca. Se promovieron técnicas agroecológicas y estrategias de desarrollo empresarial con las familias de ambos productores. La investigación se llevó a cabo durante el periodo: febrero 2012 a julio 2020, las parcelas están ubicadas en los municipios de San Pedro Ixcatlán, Oaxaca y Papantla, Veracruz. Se utilizó la metodología del marco de evaluación de sistemas de gestión de recursos naturales. Los resultados mostraron que los estados iniciales tenían un manejo poco intensivo, bajo uso de insumos, alta diversificación y orientado a la agricultura de subsistencia. Tras la diversificación, manejo agroecológico y desarrollo empresarial, los estados de transición han mejorado en la mayoría de los indicadores de sostenibilidad. En particular la rentabilidad (índice beneficio-costo), que alcanzó 1.2 para San Pedro y 2.6 para Papantla cuando se da valor agregado a la vainilla y el cacao. Es relevante la participación de las mujeres en actividades emergentes derivadas de la diversificación y el interés de los jóvenes por continuar con actividades de transformación de materias primas y la comercialización de productos de valor agregado.

Abstract Agroforestry systems and productive diversification are sustainable alternatives that reverse the damages and risks of conventional agriculture. There are few sustainability studies that allow them to be incorporated into projects aimed at increasing profitability and improving the welfare of producers, restoring ecosystem services. The objective was to assess the sustainability of two traditional agroforestry systems, diversified with cacao and vanilla, in the states of Veracruz and Oaxaca. Agroecological techniques and business development strategies were promoted with the families of both producers. The research was carried out during the period: February 2012 to July 2020, the plots are located in the municipalities of San Pedro Ixcatlán, Oaxaca and Papantla, Veracruz. The methodology of the framework of assessment of natural resource management systems was used. The results showed that the initial states had a low intensive management, low use of inputs, high diversification and oriented to subsistence agriculture. After diversification, agroecological management and business development, transition states have improved in most sustainability indicators. In particular, profitability (benefit-cost index), which reached 1.2 for San Pedro and 2.6 for Papantla when added value is given to vanilla and cacao. The participation of women in emerging activities derived from diversification and the interest of young people to continue with activities of transformation of raw materials and the commercialization of value-added products are relevant.

Resumen Vanilla planifolia es la principal fuente vegetal de vainillina, saborizante de amplia importancia comercial. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae, principal patógeno de V. planifolia, ha devastado cultivos enteros a nivel mundial. Vanilla pompona posee resistencia a patógenos comunes del género. Variaciones climáticas extremas repercuten en las interacciones planta-patógeno. A partir del supuesto de que temperaturas superiores a 28 ºC intensifican la infectividad de F. oxysporum en vainilla, se determinó la influencia del incremento de la temperatura en la infectividad de F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (cepa M21C5) en V. planifolia y dos híbridos de V. planifolia x V. pompona. Se inocularon raíces de esquejes de V. planifolia y de los híbridos con suspensiones de esporas del hongo. Se midió el avance de la enfermedad durante 60 días a 25, 30 y 35 ºC. Se emplearon cinco réplicas por tratamiento, incluyendo un lote testigo. Se utilizó ANOVA post hoc Tukey (P ≤ 0.05) para analizar los datos. V. planifolia fue susceptible a 35 °C y altamente susceptible a 25 y 30 °C. Ambos híbridos mostraron resistencia al patógeno en las temperaturas evaluadas. Por la resistencia mostrada, los híbridos de V. planifolia x V. pompona son una alternativa viable ante el patógeno.

Abstract Vanilla planifolia is the main vegetable source of vanillin, a flavoring of wide commercial importance. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae, the main V. planifolia pathogen, has devastated whole crops worldwide. Vanilla pompona possesses resistance to common genus pathogens. Extreme climatic variations affect the plant-pathogen interactions. Based on the assumption that temperatures above 28 ºC will intensify the infectivity of F. oxysporum in vanilla, we determined the influence of the increase in temperature on the infectivity of F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (strain M21C5) in V. planifolia and two hybrids of V. planifolia x V. pompona. Root cuttings from hybrids 1 and 2 (V. pompona x V. planifolia) and V. planifolia were inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae spore suspensions. Disease progression was measured for 60 days at 25, 30 and 35 °C. Five replicates per treatment were used, including a control group. ANOVA post hoc Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05) was used for data analysis. V. planifolia was susceptible at 35 °C and highly susceptible at 25 and 30 °C. Both hybrids were resistant to the pathogen at the evaluated temperatures. Due to the resistance, it was shown that V. planifolia x V. pompona hybrids are a viable alternative to the pathogen.

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive account of the orchid diversity in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (BRTTR), Karnataka, India. A total of 97 orchid species belonging to 33 genera were documented. This includes 50 terrestrial and 47 epiphytic orchids, including one mycoheterotrophic orchid, Epipogium roseum, and a climbing leafless Vanilla walkerae. Additionally, 39 endemic orchids were documented during the study. The evergreen forests provide the most habitable conditions for the orchids in BRTTR. The present study adds 26 species to the orchid flora of BRTTR. About 49% of the orchid flora of Karnataka state and 32% of orchids of Western Ghats is found in BRTTR, making this area a microcenter for orchid diversity.

Resumen El fruto de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) genera una importante derrama económica; sin embargo, los frutos mejor pagados son aquellos de mayor longitud (tipo gourmet), por lo cual se necesitan estrategias que permitan obtener frutos de ese tipo. Ante ello, una opción es la inducción de metaxenia, entendida como el aumento de tamaño de los frutos a causa de la polinización con polen extranjero. Para el caso de la vainilla, se podría utilizar polen de V. pompona Schiede, ya que suele ser una especie acompañante y su fenología coincide con la de V. planifolia. Se realizaron polinizaciones cruzadas entre V. planifolia y V. pompona durante abril de 2021, se evaluó la longitud total, el diámetro, el peso y el índice de forma 40 días después. Se encontró influencia del polen extranjero, manifestada en frutos más largos y pesados si la flor de V. planifolia era polinizada con polen de V. pompona, mientras que si el polen extranjero era de V. planifolia en flores de V. pompona los frutos fueron más pequeños y livianos. La polinización cruzada entre V. planifolia con polen de V. pompona es una alternativa para los productores para que obtengan frutos de tipo gourmet con mayor facilidad.

Abstract The vanilla fruit (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) generates an important economic income; however, the best paid fruits are those of greater length (gourmet type), so strategies are needed to obtain fruits of that type. Given this, one option is the induction of metaxenia, understood as the increase in size of the fruits due to pollination with foreign pollen. In the case of vanilla, pollen of V. pompona Schiede could be used since it is usually a companion species, and its phenology coincides with that of V. planifolia. Cross-pollination between V. planifolia and V. pompona was performed during April 2021, and total length, diameter, weight and shape index were evaluated 40 days later. Influence of foreign pollen was found, manifested in longer and heavier fruits if the flower of V. planifolia was pollinated with pollen of V. pompona, while if the foreign pollen was from V. planifolia in flowers of V. pompona, the fruits were smaller and lighter. Cross-pollination between V. planifolia with V. pompona pollen is an alternative for producers to obtain gourmet-type fruits more easily.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de crianças acompanhadas por um serviço de cuidados paliativos em um hospital pediátrico de referência no Ceará. Trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectivo, quantitativo, do tipo série de casos, realizado com 56 pacientes de até 2 anos, 11 meses e 29 dias de idade. As doenças mais comuns foram as do sistema nervoso, circulatório, malformações congênitas, deformidades e anomalias cromossômicas. As condições incapacitantes graves e não progressivas foram o principal critério para inclusão na paliação. Na conferência familiar, a mãe esteve presente em 94,6% das ocasiões. O desfecho predominante foi óbito (58,9%), apresentando associação significativa com as doenças do aparelho circulatório, sistema nervoso, uso de dispositivo respiratório e ventilação mecânica, setor solicitante e cuidados paliativos. Conclui-se que os cuidados paliativos pediátricos não relacionados a crianças com câncer têm gerado uma nova demanda a nível hospitalar, exigindo uma equipe capacitada e sensível a essa nova realidade. clínicoepidemiológico clínico epidemiológico Ceará Tratase Trata se retrospectivo quantitativo casos 5 anos 1 idade nervoso circulatório congênitas cromossômicas paliação familiar 946 94 6 94,6 ocasiões 58,9%, 589 58,9% , 58 9 (58,9%) mecânica Concluise Conclui hospitalar realidade 94, 58,9 (58,9% 58, (58,9 (58, (58 (5 (

Abstract This study analyzes the clinical-epidemiological profile of children assisted by the palliative care services of a reference hospital in Ceará, Brazil. A retrospective, quantitative, case series cohort study was conducted with 56 patients aged up to 2 years, 11 months and 29 days. Nervous system and circulatory system diseases, congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal anomalies were the most common illnesses. Severe and non-progressive disabling conditions were the main criteria for inclusion in palliative care. As for family conference, the mother was present in 94.6% of the cases. Death (58.9%) was the main outcome, being associated with circulatory system and nervous system diseases, use of respiratory device and mechanical ventilation, requesting sector and palliative care. In conclusion, pediatric palliative care aimed at non-cancer patients has generated new hospital demands, requiring a trained team sensitive to this new reality. clinicalepidemiological clinical epidemiological Ceará Brazil retrospective quantitative 5 years 1 days diseases malformations deformities illnesses nonprogressive non progressive conference 946 94 6 94.6 cases 58.9% 589 58 9 (58.9% outcome ventilation conclusion noncancer cancer demands reality 94. 58.9 (58.9 58. (58. (58 (5 (

Resumen Este artículo pretende analizar el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de los niños bajo cuidados paliativos en un hospital pediátrico de referencia en Ceará (Brasil). Este es un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, cuantitativo, de tipo serie de casos, realizado con 56 pacientes de hasta 2 años, 11 meses y 29 días de edad. Las enfermedades más prevalentes fueron las del sistema nervioso y circulatorio, malformaciones congénitas, malformaciones y anomalías cromosómicas. Las condiciones incapacitantes severas y no progresivas fueron el criterio principal para incluir en paliación. En la conferencia familiar, la madre estuvo presente en el 94,6% de las ocasiones. El desenlace predominante fue la muerte (58,9%) asociada significativamente con enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, sistema nervioso, uso de aparato respiratorio y ventilación mecánica, sector demandante y cuidados paliativos. Los cuidados paliativos pediátricos no relacionados con niños con cáncer generan una nueva demanda a nivel hospitalario, requiriendo un equipo capacitado y sensible a esta nueva realidad. clínicoepidemiológico clínico epidemiológico Brasil. Brasil . (Brasil) retrospectivo cuantitativo casos 5 años 1 edad circulatorio congénitas cromosómicas paliación familiar 946 94 6 94,6 ocasiones 58,9% 589 58 9 (58,9% mecánica hospitalario realidad (Brasil 94, 58,9 (58,9 58, (58, (58 (5 (

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical and sensory profile, as well as the acceptability, of Brazilian vanilla species. The evaluated vanilla species were Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla chamissonis, Vanilla bahiana, and Vanilla pompona. For this, the optimized descriptive profile methodology, consumer acceptance tests with extracts applied to teas and creams, and the analysis of mass spectrometry by gas chromatography were used. Volatile compounds, such as vanillin, anisyl acetate, 4-methyl guaiacol, p-cresol, benzyl alcohol, and 2,3-butanediol, were identified. The species V. planifolia and V. pompona exhibited a more intense vanilla aroma, floral aroma, fruity aroma, vanilla flavor, brown color, and sweet taste. In addition, V. bahiana showed a more intense woody attribute, while V. chamissonis showed less intense attributes. Vanilla tea from V. pompona had a better consumer acceptance. However, when the vanillas were applied to creams, there was an acceptance rate of over 80% of all samples. Brazilian native vanillas have different sensory and volatile profiles, besides potential for a high acceptance by consumers. acceptability methodology creams used compounds vanillin acetate 4methyl methyl 4 guaiacol pcresol, pcresol p cresol, cresol p-cresol alcohol 2,3butanediol, 23butanediol butanediol 2,3 butanediol, 2 3 2,3-butanediol identified V aroma flavor color taste addition attribute attributes However 80 samples profiles consumers 3butanediol 2,3butanediol 23 2, 8

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil químico e sensorial, bem como a aceitabilidade, de espécies brasileiras de baunilhas. As espécies de baunilhas avaliadas foram: Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla chamissonis, Vanilla bahiana, and Vanilla pompona. Para tanto, foram utilizados a metodologia do perfil descritivo otimizado, testes de aceitação de consumidores por meio da aplicação dos extratos a chás e cremes, e análise de espectrometria de massa por meio de cromatografia gasosa. Foram identificados compostos voláteis, tais como vanilina, acetato de anisila, 4-metil-guaiacol, p-cresol, álcool benzílico e 2,3-butanodiol. As espécies V. planifolia e V. pompona apresentaram maiores intensidades de aroma de baunilha, aroma floral, aroma frutado, sabor de baunilha, cor marrom e gosto doce. Além disso, V. bahiana mostrou maior intensidade do atributo amadeirado, enquanto V. chamissonis mostrou atributos com menor intensidade. O chá de baunilha da espécie V. pompona teve melhor aceitação pelos consumidores. Entretanto, quando as baunilhas foram aplicadas a cremes, houve aceitação por mais de 80% dos consumidores de todas as amostras. As baunilhas nativas brasileiras apresentam diferentes perfis sensoriais e de compostos voláteis, além de potencial para alta aceitação pelo consumidor. sensorial aceitabilidade tanto otimizado cremes gasosa voláteis vanilina anisila 4metilguaiacol, 4metilguaiacol metilguaiacol 4 metil guaiacol, guaiacol 4-metil-guaiacol pcresol, pcresol p cresol, cresol p-cresol 2,3butanodiol. 23butanodiol butanodiol 2,3 butanodiol. 2 3 2,3-butanodiol V floral frutado doce disso amadeirado Entretanto 80 amostras consumidor 3butanodiol 2,3butanodiol 23 2, 8

Abstract The homemade ice cream formulations produced from the partial replacement of dairy fat with unripe banana biomass (UBB) were elaborated and characterized. Formulations 1, 2 and 3 with 2.6%, 12.5% and 21.9% of reconstituted UBB, respectively in partial replacement of heavy cream were compared to the traditional formulation (0% UBB and 100% of heavy cream). The characterization included: physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses. Fat reduction of at least 22.6% in centesimal composition were noticed among the formulation with UBB (p < 0.05). The titratable acidity and meltdown rate of the formulations increased with the addition of UBB and fat reduction. The sensory analysis showed that the preference of the panellists reduced with substitution of cream for UBB. The traditional formulation and formulation 1 were the most preferred. There was no difference in the attributes of overall impression, appearance, creamy texture, color, sweet taste and vanilla flavor between the traditional formulation and formulation 1 in the acceptance test. It was also found that the intention to consume those same formulations was positive. Therefore, the production of ice cream using prebiotic fat replacers are an interesting option to be explored in an attempt to combine sensory acceptance with health benefits. (UBB characterized 26 6 2.6% 125 12 5 12.5 219 21 9 21.9 0% 0 (0 100 cream. . cream) included physicochemical microbiological analyses 226 22 22.6 p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) preferred impression appearance texture color test positive Therefore benefits 2.6 12. 21. ( 10 22. 00 0.0 2. 0.

Resumo A vanilina é o principal componente responsável pelo sabor e aroma do extrato de baunilha e é produzida de três formas: extração natural da planta da baunilha, síntese química e transformação microbiana. A pesquisa atual teve como objetivo estudar a produção bacteriana de vanilina a partir de fontes naturais nativas, incluindo esgoto e solo de áreas industriais. O objetivo principal era a bioprodução de vanilina por meio do isolamento de bactérias dessas fontes nativas. Também para adaptar metodologias para melhorar a produção de vanilina por meio de fermentação otimizada e condições de crescimento. Foram coletadas 47 amostras de solo e 13 de esgoto de diferentes regiões industriais de Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad e Kasur; 67,7% dos isolados bacterianos produziram vanilina e 32,3% eram não produtores. Desses 279 produtores, 4 isolados bacterianos selecionados como produtores significativos foram: A3, A4, A7 e A10. Esses isolados foram identificados por ribotipagem como fluorescência A3 Pseudomonas (KF408302), A4 Enterococcus faecium (KT356807), A7 Alcaligenes faecalis (MW422815) e A10 Bacillus subtilis (KT962919). Os produtores de vanilina foram posteriormente testados para produção aprimorada de vanilina e foram cultivados em diferentes meios de fermentação sob condições de crescimento otimizadas para produção aprimorada de vanilina. Os meios de fermentação (FM) foram: à base de óleo de cravo, à base de resíduos de farelo de arroz (resíduos de óleo), à base de farelo de trigo e à base de isoeugenol modificado. Em FM5, FM21, FM22, FM23, FM24, FM30, FM31, FM32, FM34, FM35, FM36 e FM37, as 4 cepas bacterianas selecionadas produziram quantidades significativas de vanilina. A10 B. subtilis produziu quantidade máxima de vanilina. Essa cepa produziu 17,3 g / L de vanilina em FM36. O custo desse meio de fermentação 36 foi de 131,5 rúpias / L. Esse meio de fermentação foi um meio à base de isoeugenol modificado com 1% de isoeugenol e 2,5 g / L de farelo de soja. O gene ech foi amplificado em A3 P. fluorescence usando primers específicos para ech. Como o uso da vanilina como sabor aumentou tremendamente, a bioprodução da vanilina deve ser focada.

Abstract Vanillin is the major component which is responsible for flavor and aroma of vanilla extract and is produced by 3 ways: natural extraction from vanilla plant, chemical synthesis and from microbial transformation. Current research was aimed to study bacterial production of vanillin from native natural sources including sewage and soil from industrial areas. The main objective was vanillin bio-production by isolating bacteria from these native sources. Also to adapt methodologies to improve vanillin production by optimized fermentation media and growth conditions. 47 soil and 13 sewage samples were collected from different industrial regions of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Kasur. 67.7% bacterial isolates produced vanillin and 32.3% were non-producers. From these 279 producers, 4 bacterial isolates selected as significant producers were; A3, A4, A7 and A10. These isolates were identified by ribotyping as A3 Pseudomonas fluorescence (KF408302), A4 Enterococcus faecium (KT356807), A7 Alcaligenes faecalis (MW422815) and A10 Bacillus subtilis (KT962919). Vanillin producers were further tested for improved production of vanillin and were grown in different fermentation media under optimized growth conditions for enhanced production of vanillin. The fermentation media (FM) were; clove oil based, rice bran waste (residues oil) based, wheat bran based and modified isoeugenol based. In FM5, FM21, FM22, FM23, FM24, FM30, FM31, FM32, FM34, FM35, FM36, and FM37, the selected 4 bacterial strains produced significant amounts of vanillin. A10 B. subtilis produced maximum amount of vanillin. This strain produced 17.3 g/L vanillin in FM36. Cost of this fermentation medium 36 was 131.5 rupees/L. This fermentation medium was modified isoeugenol based medium with 1% of isoeugenol and 2.5 g/L soybean meal. ech gene was amplified in A3 P. fluorescence using ech specific primers. As vanillin use as flavor has increased tremendously, the bioproduction of vanillin must be focused.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Vanilla is one of the well-known genera of the family Orchidaceae due to the ornamental, medicinal and culinary attributes of some of its taxa. The genus is pantropical and has about 120 species mostly found in the Neotropics. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of V. karenchristianae in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Methods: We present a morphological description of V. karenchristianae based on the analysis of the newly found population in the state of Bahía, Brazil, and the materials collected in other sites of the country and deposited in herbaria. Also, we provide taxonomical and habitat comments, photographs, and a distribution map of V. karenchristianae in Brazil. Key results: The present record represents the most eastern distribution of V. karenchristianae and is approximately 2380 kilometers far from the nearest locality where the species has been recorded. In Brazil, V. karenchristianae is currently known from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domains and from only four localities, including the one added here. Conclusions: Further recording efforts are necessary to fully understand the geographical distribution and ecological requirements of V. karenchristianae.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Vanilla es uno de los géneros más conocidos de la familia Orchidaceae debido a los atributos ornamentales, medicinales y culinarios de algunos de sus taxones. El género es pantropical y tiene alrededor de 120 especies que se encuentran principalmente en el Neotrópico. El objetivo de este estudio fue informar la ocurrencia de V. karenchristianae en el bosque Atlántico brasileño. Métodos: Presentamos una descripción morfológica de V. karenchristianae con base en el análisis de la población recién encontrada en el estado de Bahía, Brasil, y en los materiales recolectados en otros sitios del país y depositados en herbarios. Además, proporcionamos comentarios taxonómicos y de hábitat, fotografías y un mapa de distribución de V. karenchristianae en Brasil. Resultados clave: El presente registro representa la distribución más oriental de V. karenchristianae y está aproximadamente a 2380 kilómetros de la localidad más cercana donde se ha registrado la especie. En Brasil, V. karenchristianae es actualmente conocida de los dominios fitogeográficos de Amazonía y Mata Atlántica y de solo cuatro localidades, incluida la que se agrega aquí. Conclusiones: Se necesitan más esfuerzos de registro para comprender completamente la distribución geográfica y los requisitos ecológicos de V. karenchristianae.

Resumen Introducción. La vainilla se cultiva en agreoecosistemas bajo diversa intensidad de manejo, con características ambientales particulares que podrían ser desfavorables para la orquídea. Las condiciones atmosféricas son importantes, debido al cambio climático. Objetivo. Caracterizar las condiciones climáticas y microclimáticas de tres sistemas productivos de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en tres sistemas productivos de vainilla ubicados en Veracruz y Oaxaca, México. Se utilizaron tres intensidades de manejo: a) acahual, bajo sombra de diversas especies arbóreas; b) monocultivo, intercalado con una especie arbórea y c) malla sombra (con sombra artificial). Se abarcó un año de monitoreo (diciembre-2020 a noviembre-2021), que incluyó cuatro temporadas climáticas, dos frías y dos cálidas. Se midieron variables climáticas (de la región) y microclimáticas (de la parcela): temperatura (T), humedad relativa (HR) y radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA, solo en el microclima), con estaciones automatizadas; además se calculó el déficit de presión de vapor (DPV). Resultados. A escala diaria, las condiciones climáticas como microclimáticas en el acahual fueron más favorables para el cultivo de vainilla en las cuatro temporadas evaluadas; el monocultivo y la malla sombra experimentaron condiciones de humedad y temperatura fuera de los requerimientos agroclimáticos de la vainilla, principalmente en marzo-mayo (MAM), con Tmax >32 °C y HR <80 %. A escala horaria, las condiciones más cálidas y secas estuvieron en el monocultivo y la malla sombra en diciembre-febrero (DEF) y MAM; mientras que en junio-agosto (JJA) y septiembre-noviembre (SON) en acahual y malla sombra; el DPV (>2 kPa) indicó periodos más prolongados de estrés hídrico en estos sistemas. Conclusiones. El monocultivo y la malla sombra presentaron condiciones de humedad y temperatura desfavorables para la vainilla, con más periodos de estrés hídrico. El acahual presentó las condiciones climáticas y microclimáticas más convenientes para el cultivo de vainilla.

Abstract Introduction. Vanilla is grown in agroecosystems under varying management intensities, with particular environmental characteristics that could be unfavorable for the orchid. Atmospheric conditions are important due to climate change. Objective. To characterize the climatic and microclimatic conditions of three vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) production systems. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in three vanilla production systems located in Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico. Three management intensities were used: a) acahual, under the shade of various tree species; (b) monoculture, interspersed with an arboreal species; and (c) shade mesh (with artificial shade). One year of monitoring was carried out (December-2020 to November-2021), which included four climatic seasons, two cold and two warm. Climatic variables (region) and microclimatic (plot) variables were measured: temperature (T), relative humidity (HR), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, only in the microclimate), with automated stations; in addition, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was calculated. Results. On a daily scale, climatic conditions as microclimatic in the acahual were more favorable for vanilla cultivation in the four seasons evaluated; the monoculture and the shade mesh experienced humidity and temperature conditions outside the agroclimatic requirements of vanilla, mainly in March-May (MAM), with Tmax >32 °C and RH <80 %. On an hourly scale, the warmest and driest conditions were in monoculture and shade mesh in December-February (DEF) and MAM; while in June-August (JJA) and September-November (SON) in acahual and shade mesh; VPD (>2 kPa) indicated longer periods of water stress in these systems. Conclusions. The monoculture and the shade mesh presented unfavorable humidity and temperature conditions for vanilla, with more periods of water stress. The acahual presented the most convenient climatic and microclimatic conditions for the cultivation of vanilla.

Abstract This paper aims to propose other ways of reading and approaching two Mexican lesbian novels: Amora by Rosamaría Roffiel (1989) and Vanilla cream by Artemisa Téllez (2014). Both novels have been reviewed negatively -which in the first case refers to a pamphleteering attitude and, in the second, to excessive violence- and criticized as structural and representation “failures”, respectively. We propose to analyze the autobiographical politicization and the narrative structure of the novels as multiorgasmic to rethink these supposed “failures”. The analysis stems from approaches and feminist theories, from critical Mexican and foreign voices such as: Artemisa Téllez, María Elena Olivera Córdoba, Angie Simonis, Diana Fuss, Susan Winnett and Jack Halberstam; in order to build possible situational frameworks, that allow us to read the two novels far from the parameters of traditional criticism. We propose to read them under categories that problematize the pragmatic possibilities of both works; the first as a political novel or self-improvement book, and the second as a lesbian erotic novel whick works alongside the construction of a reading public, that of lesbians.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer otras maneras de leer y de aproximarnos a dos novelas lésbicas mexicanas: Amora, de Rosamaría Roffiel (1989) y Crema de vainilla, de Artemisa Téllez (2014), ya que estas han recibido críticas negativas, señalando en el primer caso una actitud panfletaria y, en el segundo, el exceso de violencia, como «fallas» estructurales y de representación, respectivamente. Proponemos analizar la politización autobiográfica y la estructura narrativa de las novelas como multiorgásmica para repensar esas supuestas «fallas». Partimos de aproximaciones y teorías feministas, de voces críticas mexicanas y extranjeras como: Artemisa Téllez, María Elena Olivera Córdova, Angie Simonis, Diana Fuss, Susan Winnett y Jack Halberstam, para construir posibles marcos situacionales que nos permitan leer las dos novelas lejos de los parámetros de la crítica tradicional. Proponemos leerlas bajo categorías que problematicen las posibilidades pragmáticas de ambas obras, la primera como novela política o libro de superación personal, y la segunda como novela erótica lésbica, de la mano de la construcción de un público lector, el de las lesbianas.

Resumen Las vainas de la vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrew) son la fuente natural de vainillina e internacionalmente son consideradas un producto de alto valor comercial. Sin embargo, el cultivo de vainilla presenta varios problemas que han impulsado el desarrollo de investigaciones para su mejoramiento genético mediante diversas estrategias. Estas investigaciones han desarrollado trabajos de prospección para establecer bancos de germoplasma y evaluado la hibridación sexual intra e interespecífica. Además, han empleado herramientas biotecnológicas, particularmente las basadas en el uso de las técnicas de cultivo de tejidos vegetales, para conservar in vitro el germoplasma disponible. Asimismo, han intentado ampliar la base genética combinando la inducción de mutagénesis con técnicas de selección ante diferentes agentes de estrés, hacer hibridación somática mediante fusión de protoplastos y usar técnicas de ingeniería genética para la inserción de genes. A pesar de que el mejoramiento de vainilla se inició desde mediados del siglo pasado, solo se ha registrado una variedad de vainilla a nivel mundial. A la fecha, la biotecnología está impulsando la generación y selección de material promisorio, sin embargo, aún faltan más resultados de campo que muestren una etapa avanzada de estos trabajos de mejoramiento. En conclusión, aún quedan aspectos por retomar en el mejoramiento de este valioso cultivo.

Abstract Vanilla beans (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) are the natural source of vanillin and are internationally considered a product of high commercial value. However, vanilla cultivation presents different problems that have prompted the development of research for its genetic improvement, encompassing various strategies to achieve this purpose. They have developed prospecting works for the establishment of germplasm banks, evaluated sexual intra and interspecific hybridization. Besides, they have used biotechnological tools, particularly those based on plant tissue culture techniques, to achieve in vitro conservation of available germplasm. Similarly, they are intended to broaden the genetic base through mutagenesis induction combined with selection techniques against different stress agents, perform somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion, and gene insertion using genetic engineering techniques. Although the improvement of vanilla began in the middle of the last century, only one variety of vanilla has been registered worldwide. Biotechnology promotes the generation and selection of promising material; however, there is still a lack of field results that show an advanced stage of these improvement works. Bottom line, there are still many aspects to consider in the improvement of this valuable crop.

Resumen Introducción. La vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) es una orquídea que se cultiva comercialmente para la producción de vainillina, una sustancia saborizante que se emplea principalmente en la industria alimenticia y como cosmético. Aunque la demanda ha motivado su cultivo, hay poca disponibilidad de semilla vigorosa y libre de enfermedades lo cual ha sido una limitante. Se ha demostrado que los sistemas de inmersión temporal son eficientes. Para la micropropagación masiva de la vainilla, aún no se han establecido estudios de tiempo, frecuencia de inmersión y volumen óptimo en la proliferación de brotes en Biorreactores de Inmersión Temporal (BIT) y además se desconoce una ruta morfogénica que garantice la estabilidad genética y la optimización durante el proceso de micropropagación. Objetivo. Caracterización morfogénica de la vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) en un BIT. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron 3 experimentos, cada uno con 3 tratamientos. Para el primer experimento, se consideraron tiempos de 5, 10 y 15 min para los tratamientos, en el segundo se evaluaron 3 frecuencias en tiempos de 6, 12 y 18 horas y en el tercero se consideraron 20, 30 y 40 ml/explante como volumen de medio de cultivo. Para los diferentes tratamientos se utilizaron 5 repeticiones, con una unidad experimental de 10 explantes y segmentos de tallo con 3 yemas axilares. El medio de cultivo consistió en las sales de Murashige Skoog (MS) suplementado con 1 mg.L-1 de BA y 1 g.L-1 de caseína. El fotoperiodo se ajustó a 16 horas luz, con una temperatura de 27°C±3 y una humedad relativa de 80% Resultados. Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) respecto a los tiempos evaluados, frecuencia de inmersión y el volumen por explante. Se determinó como mejor tiempo de inmersión un periodo de 15 minutos, 6 horas como frecuencia de inmersión y 40 ml como volumen de medio por explante. Al comparar la respuesta de desarrollo, el sistema BIT superó al medio semisólido 1,8 veces en el número de brotes y 4 veces en el incremento de peso fresco. También con BIT se obtuvieron 36 brotes por explante mientras que en el sistema de cultivo en medio semisólido, se obtuvieron 20 brotes por explante. Conclusiones. Mediante el empleo del sistema BIT, se optimizó el mecanismo de micropropagación de V. planifolia comparado con el medio de cultivo semisólido en la ruta organogénica directa, lo cual fue demostrado con la formación de brotes preformados y brotes adventicios.

Abstract Introduction. Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) is an orchid that is commercially grown for the production van, a flavoring substance that is used mainly in the food industry and as a cosmetic. Although the demand has motivated its cultivation, there is little availability of vigorous seed and free which has been a limited. Temporary immersion systems have been shown to be efficient. For their massive micropropagation but studies of time, immersion, frequency and optimal volume have not yet been established in the proliferation of shoots in Temporary Immersion Bioreactors (BIT), furthermore, a morphogenic pathway that guarantees genetic stability and optimization during the micropropagation process is unknown. Objective. Morphogenic characterization of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) in a BIT. Materials and methods. Three experiments were carried out, each with 3 treatments. For the first experiment, the immersion time considered the treatments of 5, 10 and 15 min, in the second experiment 3 frequencies were evaluated at times of 6, 12 and 18 hours and in the third experiment were considered 20, 30 and 40 ml/explant as volume of culture medium. For the differents treatments used 5 repetitions, with an experimental unit of 10 explants and stem segments with 3 axillary buds. The culture medium consisted of Murashige Skoog (MS) salts supplemented with 1 mg.L-1 of BA and 1 g.L-1 of casein. The photoperiod was adjusted to 16 light hours, with a temperature of 27°C±3 and a relative humidity of 80%. Results. Statistical differences (p<0,05) were obtained with respect to the evaluated times, frequency of immersion and the volume per explant. A period of 15 minutes it was determined as the best immersion time, 6 hours as the immersion frequency and 40 ml as the volume of medium per explant. When comparing the development response, the BIT system exceeded the semisolid medium 1.8 times in the number of shoots and 4 times in the increase in fresh weight. In addition, 36 shoots were obtained per explant in BIT, while in the culture system in semi-solid medium, a multiplication rate of 20 shoots per explant. Conclusions. By using the BIT system, the micropropagation mechanism of V. planifolia was optimized compared to the semi-solid culture medium in the direct organogenic route, which was proved with the formation of preformed shoots and adventitious shoots.

Abstract An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the taste aversion conditioning paradigm in the generalization of aversion with palatable foods was performed. Ten experimentally naive females Wistar rats and three types of foods were used: a) standard purina rodent chow, b) vanilla flavor cookies and c) chocolate-flavored cookies. Subjects were divided into two groups, five subjects per group. Using the taste aversion conditioning paradigm protocol, subjects were exposed to the types of food keeping an intake record. The experiment demonstrated that rats can acquire an aversion to palatable foods accompanied by a tendency to generalize, when using elements that share characteristics such as nutritional content and texture. In addition, the intake of a food that does not share the characteristics of texture, taste, smell and energy content with the one used for conditioning was not been affected. These findings indicate that the aversion generalization seems to depend on the properties of the food used.

Resumen Se evaluó experimentalmente la efectividad del paradigma de aprendizaje aversivo gustativo en la generalización de la aversión utilizando alimentos palatables. Se utilizaron diez ratas Wistar hembras experimentalmente ingenuas y tres tipos de alimentos: a) purina comida estándar para roedores, b) galletas con sabor a vainilla y c) galletas con sabor a chocolate. Los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos, cinco sujetos en cada uno. Usando el paradigma de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor, los sujetos fueron expuestos a los tipos de alimentos manteniendo un registro de ingesta. El experimento demostró que las ratas pueden adquirir una aversión a los alimentos palatables acompañados por una tendencia a generalizarse, cuando se utilizan elementos que comparten características como el contenido nutricional y la textura. Además, la ingesta de un alimento que no comparte características como la textura, sabor, olor y contenido energético como el utilizado para el condicionamiento no se vio afectada. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la generalización de la aversión parece depender de las propiedades de los alimentos utilizados.