Résumé La politique de colonisation interne au Brésil après l’Indépendance a été continuellement activée et transformée au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles afin de contrôler les populations insoumises et les territoires. À partir de l’analyse bibliographique et documentaire d’un ensemble de projets et d’expériences de colonisation, il a été possible de reconstruire le cadre interprétatif de cette politique, en mettant l’accent sur la période de la dictature entreprise-militaire et sur son sens de transformation des paysans en classe moyenne rurale. Nous avons cherché à identifier les principaux éléments constitutifs de cette couche sociale, ses caractéristiques et ses attentes en fonction de l’ensemble des valeurs, intérêts et présupposés du complexe techno-entreprise-militaire à partir de la politique de colonisation dans sa formation. Les continuités et reconfigurations de cette politique nous permettent d’affirmer que coloniser est le verbe caché dans le traitement de la question agraire nationale. lIndépendance l Indépendance territoires lanalyse analyse dun d un dexpériences expériences laccent accent entreprisemilitaire entreprise militaire rurale sociale lensemble valeurs technoentreprisemilitaire techno formation daffirmer affirmer nationale

Abstract The internal colonization policy in post-Independence Brazil was continuously activated and transformed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in order to control unsubmissive populations and territories. From the bibliographic and documentary analysis of a set of colonization projects and experiences, it was possible to reconstruct the interpretative framework of this policy, emphasizing the period of the corporate-military dictatorship and its meaning of transformation of the traditional peasantry into the rural middle class. We sought to identify the main elements that constitute this stratum, its characteristics and expectations based on the set of values, interests and assumptions of the techno-corporate-military complex, highlighting the role of the colonization policy in its formation. The continuities and reconfigurations of this policy allow us to state that talking about colonizing while it is the hidden verb of the treatment given to the national agrarian question. postIndependence post Independence th territories experiences corporatemilitary corporate military class stratum values technocorporatemilitary techno complex formation question

Resumen La política de colonización interna en el Brasil posterior a la independencia se activó y transformó continuamente a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX con el fin de controlar a las poblaciones y territorios insumisos. A partir de un análisis bibliográfico y documental de una serie de proyectos y experiencias de colonización, fue posible reconstruir el marco interpretativo de esta política, haciendo hincapié en el periodo de la dictadura empresarial-militar y su transformación del campesinado en clase media rural. Se buscó identificar los principales elementos que componen este estrato, sus características y expectativas, con base en el conjunto de valores, intereses y supuestos del complejo tecno-empresarial-militar desde la política de colonización en su formación. Las continuidades y reconfiguraciones de esta política nos permiten afirmar que la colonización es el verbo oculto en el tratamiento de la cuestión agraria nacional. insumisos empresarialmilitar empresarial militar rural estrato expectativas valores tecnoempresarialmilitar tecno formación nacional

Resumo A política de colonização interna no Brasil pós-Independência foi continuamente acionada e transformada ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX a fim de controlar populações insubmissas e territórios. A partir da análise bibliográfica e documental de um conjunto de projetos e experiências de colonização foi possível reconstruir o quadro interpretativo desta política, dando ênfase ao período da ditadura empresarial-militar e ao seu sentido de transformação do campesinato em classe média rural. Buscou-se identificar os principais elementos que constituem esse estrato, suas características e expectativas com base no conjunto de valores, interesses e pressupostos do complexo tecno-empresarial-militar a partir da política de colonização em sua formação. As continuidades e reconfigurações desta política nos permitem afirmar que colonizar é o verbo oculto do tratamento dado à questão agrária nacional. pósIndependência pós Independência territórios empresarialmilitar empresarial militar rural Buscouse Buscou se estrato valores tecnoempresarialmilitar tecno formação nacional

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes are commonly used as an environmental protection liner due to their good chemical and mechanical resistances and low cost. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an essential issue in durability studies for pond applications. This study evaluated a 1.5-mm thick HDPE geomembrane exposed to ultraviolet fluorescent radiation for 8760 h in a laboratory and thermoanalytical and physical analyses were conducted towards the understanding of its performance after exposure. According to the results, although the geomembrane maintained the ductile behavior, it showed a 52.48% final decrease in stress crack resistance (SCR) compared to virgin SCR. Moreover, a considerable antioxidant depletion occurred after 8760 h exposure shown by the Std. OIT (standard oxidative-induction time) results, demonstrating a Std. OIT value decrease of 89.19% compared to the virgin Std. OIT. Such a behavior contributed to the susceptibility of thermal effects in the DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curves and the losses observed in the SCR values, attesting the geomembrane’s oxidative degradation mechanism occurred and changed the polymer’s structure. Highdensity High density (HDPE cost UV (UV applications 1.5mm 15mm mm 1.5 1 5 876 results 5248 52 48 52.48 (SCR Moreover Std standard oxidativeinduction induction time 8919 89 19 89.19 differential calorimetry values s polymers polymer structure 5mm 15 1. 87 524 4 52.4 891 8 89.1 52. 89.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to analyze variations in intraoperative corneal thickness during corneal cross-linking in patients with keratoconus and to investigate its possible correlation with presurgical maximal keratometry (Kmax) and pachymetry. Methods: This was a prospective case series. We used a method similar to the Dresden protocol, with the application of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.1% hypo-osmolar riboflavin in corneas between 330 and 400 µm after epithelium removal. Corneal thickness was measured using portable calipers before and immediately after epithelium removal, and 30 and 60 min after the procedure. Results: The 30 patients in this study were followed up for one year. A statistically significant difference was observed in pachymetry values during the intraoperative period (p<0.0001) and an increase of 3.05 µm (95%C1: 0.56-5.54) for each diopter was seen after epithelium removal (p0.019). We found an average Kmax difference of —2.12 D between men and women (p0.013). One year after treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction in pachymetry (p<0.0001) and Kmax (p0.0170) values. Conclusions: A significant increase in pachymetry measurements was seen during the procedure, and most patients showed a regression in Kmax and pachymetry values one year after surgery. Purpose crosslinking cross linking (Kmax Methods series protocol 01 0 1 0.1 hypoosmolar hypo osmolar 33 40 3 6 procedure Results p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 (p<0.0001 305 05 3.0 95%C1 95C1 C 95 C1 (95%C1 0.565.54 056554 0.56 5.54 56 5 54 0.56-5.54 p0.019. p0019 p0.019 . p0 019 (p0.019) 2.12 212 2 12 —2.1 p0.013. p0013 p0.013 013 (p0.013) treatment p0.0170 p00170 0170 (p0.0170 Conclusions surgery 0. 4 p<0.000 p0000 000 (p<0.000 3. 95%C 95C 9 (95%C 565 0.565.5 05655 056 0.5 554 5.5 0.56-5.5 p001 p0.01 (p0.019 2.1 21 —2. (p0.013 p0.017 p0017 017 (p0.017 p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 0.565. 0565 55 5. 0.56-5. p00 p0.0 (p0.01 2. —2 p<0.0 (p<0.0 0.565 0.56-5 p0. (p0.0 — p<0. (p<0. 0.56- (p0. p<0 (p<0 (p0 p< (p< (p

In the Amazon, Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), is part of the identity of traditional communities, and the fruit is integrated into their everyday sociocultural dynamics. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis of residual biomass can be alternatives to yield sugars, ethanol, biochar and bio-oil. The açaí seeds subjected to oxidative pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis increased cellulose to fermentable sugars (reaching 23.5%) and second-generation ethanol production (17.441 L t−1). Açaí oil (ca. 30%) was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus (using hexane as solvent) and detected through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where acids accounted for 82.43% of the total composition, while alcohols comprised only 13.15%. For pyrolysis, temperatures (500 and 550 °C), time (20 and 30 min), and activation temperature (750 and 800 °C) were evaluated, resulting in yields of ca. 22% for biochar and 30% for bio-oil. For the bio-oil, the main compounds detected by GC-MS were acids (16.3%), aldehydes (13.08%), amides (12.19%), alcohols (6.72%), and phenols (4.64%). The obtained biochar displayed surface area values of 553.7 m2 g−1 and 10% crystallinity, indicating its more amorphous nature. Amazon Mart açaí, , (açaí) communities dynamics biooil. biooil bio oil. bio-oil reaching 23.5% 235 23 5 secondgeneration second generation 17.441 17441 17 441 (17.44 t−1. t1 t t−1 . 1 t−1) ca (ca solvent GCMS, GCMS GC MS (GC-MS) 8243 82 43 82.43 composition 1315 13 15 13.15% 500 (50 55 °C, C °C 20 (2 3 min, min min) 750 (75 80 evaluated 22 biooil, oil, 16.3%, 163 16.3% 16 (16.3%) 13.08%, 1308 13.08% 08 (13.08%) 12.19%, 1219 12.19% 12 19 (12.19%) 6.72%, 672 6.72% 6 72 (6.72%) 4.64%. 464 4.64% 4 64 (4.64%) 5537 553 7 553. m g1 g g− 10 crystallinity nature (açaí 23.5 2 17.44 1744 44 (17.4 t− (GC-MS 824 8 82.4 131 13.15 50 (5 ( 75 (7 16.3 (16.3% 130 13.08 0 (13.08% 121 12.19 (12.19% 67 6.72 (6.72% 46 4.64 (4.64% 23. 17.4 174 (17. 82. 13.1 16. (16.3 13.0 (13.08 12.1 (12.19 6.7 (6.72 4.6 (4.64 17. (17 13. (16. (13.0 12. (12.1 6. (6.7 4. (4.6 (1 (16 (13. (12. (6. (4. (13 (12 (6 (4

The Schröeder-van Laar equation to predict the theoretical eutectic melting temperature values was applied to a set of fourteen binary mixtures (UR1 to UR14). The fourteen binary mixtures belong to a structurally diverse group of organic molecules. They are represented by the 5-membered heterocycles containing N-S and N-O rings, flexible methylene chains (RH), semi-rigid semi-fluorinated chains (RF), and hydrogen bonds (HB). A virtual screening totalizing ninety-one possible theoretical combinations was planned. The UR1 to UR14 were prepared by mixing individual components using the calculated mole fractions. The experimental (Te) and theoretical (Tt) temperatures for the eutectic melting points were determined using polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Heterogeneous mixtures were formed for components with large structural diversity as seen by POM. During the melting of the mixtures, irregular behavior through the segregation of the components was recorded. The study showed that the similarities in structural diversities favor the formation of homogeneous mixtures, with Te values approaching Tt, as predicted by the Schröeder-van Laar equation and by the theory of eutectic mixtures. Liquid crystal properties were affected in homogeneous binary mixtures containing one of the individual liquid crystal components. Schröedervan Schröeder van UR (UR UR14. . UR14) molecules 5membered membered 5 NS N S NO O rings RH, RH , (RH) semirigid semi rigid semifluorinated fluorinated RF, RF (RF) HB. HB (HB) ninetyone ninety planned fractions (Te Tt (Tt POM (POM DSC (DSC techniques recorded (RH (RF (HB

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether early-stage intraocular pressure can be modulated using a thermal face mask. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, healthy participants were randomized on a 1:1:1 allocation ratio to three mask groups: hypothermic (G1), normothermic (G2), and hyperthermic (G3). After randomization, 108 eyes from 108 participants were submitted to clinical evaluations, including measurement of initial intraocular pressure (T1). The thermal mask was then applied for 10 minutes, followed by a second evaluation of intraocular pressure (T2) and assessment of any side effects. Results: The hypothermic group (G1) showed a significant reduction in mean intraocular pressure between T1 (16.97 ± 2.59 mmHg) and T2 (14.97 ± 2.44 mmHg) (p<0.001). G2 showed no significant pressure difference between T1 (16.50 ± 2.55 mmHg) and T2 (17.00 ± 2.29 mmHg) (p=0.054). G3 showed a significant increase in pressure from T1 (16.53 ± 2.69 mmHg) to T2 (18.58 ± 2.95 mmHg) (p<0.001). At T1, there was no difference between the three study groups (p=0.823), but at T2, the mean values of G3 were significantly higher than those of G1 and G2 (p<0.00). Conclusion: Temperature was shown to significantly modify intraocular pressure. Thermal masks allow the application of temperature in a controlled, reproducible manner. Further studies are needed to assess the duration of these effects and whether they are reproducible in patients with pathologies that affect intraocular pressure. Purpose earlystage early stage Methods 111 1 1:1: G1, G , G2, (G2) G3. . (G3) randomization evaluations T1. T (T1) minutes (T2 Results (G1 16.97 1697 16 97 (16.9 259 2 59 2.5 mmHg 14.97 1497 14 (14.9 244 44 2.4 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) 16.50 1650 50 (16.5 255 55 17.00 1700 17 00 (17.0 229 29 2.2 p=0.054. p0054 p=0.054 054 (p=0.054) 16.53 1653 53 269 69 2.6 18.58 1858 18 58 (18.5 295 95 2.9 p=0.823, p0823 p=0.823 823 (p=0.823) p<0.00. p000 p<0.00 (p<0.00) Conclusion controlled manner 11 1:1 (G2 (G3 (T1 (T (G 16.9 169 9 (16. 25 5 2. 14.9 149 (14. 24 4 (p<0.001 16.5 165 17.0 170 (17. 22 p005 p=0.05 05 (p=0.054 26 6 18.5 185 (18. p082 p=0.82 82 (p=0.823 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 1: 16. (16 14. (14 17. (17 p=0.0 (p=0.05 18. (18 p08 p=0.8 8 (p=0.82 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (1 p=0. (p=0.0 (p=0.8 p<0 (p<0. ( p=0 (p=0. p< (p<0 p= (p=0 (p< (p= (p

Parthenolide (PTN) is a secondary metabolite of the plant Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schulz Bip. and is considered the chemical marker of this species. This sesquiterpene lactone (germacrene skeleton) has been described as responsible for the biological activity of the leaf extract. In addition, several studies in the literature have demonstrated its antiparasitic and antineoplastic activity. However, there is a need for knowledge of other safety parameters, such as pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicity evaluations. Therefore, in this investigation, the in vitro metabolism of parthenolide was performed with rat liver microsomes and biomimetic metabolism (such as cytochrome P-450 system) using organometallic catalysts. The biomimetic procedure was validated since the major compound of biomimetic oxidative reaction with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by metalloporphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin iron(III) chloride was also observed with rat liver microsomes. Previous chemoenzymatic synthesis studies of PTN afforded the same epoxide formation, this major oxidative compound was isolated and fully characterized as (1 R,10R)-epoxyparthenolide based on experimental and theoretical calculations of infrared (IR) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) data at the B3PW91/6-311G. Furthermore, for the first time, this metabolite was evaluated for trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were lower for PTN than its metabolite and showed significant cytotoxic effects for both parasites. This finding holds promise for addressing neglected diseases. (PTN L. L (L. Bip species germacrene skeleton extract addition However parameters pharmacokinetic evaluations Therefore investigation P450 P 450 P-45 system catalysts metachloroperbenzoic meta chloroperbenzoic 5,10,15,20tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin 5101520tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin 5,10,15,20 tetrakis pentafluorophenyl porphyrin 5 10 15 20 ironIII iron III iron(III formation 1 ( R,10Repoxyparthenolide R10Repoxyparthenolide RRepoxyparthenolide R,10R epoxyparthenolide R 10R IR (IR VCD (VCD B3PW91/6311G. B3PW916311G BPWG B3PW91/6 311G. B3PW91 6 311G B PW G B3PW91/6-311G Furthermore time IC50 IC (IC50 parasites diseases (L P45 45 P-4 20tetrakispentafluorophenylporphyrin 5101520 5,10,15,2 2 10Repoxyparthenolide Repoxyparthenolide R10R RR 6311G B3PW91/6311G B3PW916 BPW B3PW91/ B3PW9 IC5 (IC5 P4 4 P- 510152 5,10,15, B3PW (IC 51015 5,10,15 5101 5,10,1 510 5,10, 51 5,10 5,1 5,

This study highlights the synthesis of innovative polyurethane materials derived from Moringa oleifera oils extracted from two distinct sources. The oils were converted into their respective polyols through the in situ generated performic acid method. Diverse material characteristics were observed due to different agroclimatic and cultivation conditions for the sources. Extraction yields were 45.21% (source 1) and 40.32% (source 2), with acid values of 28.70 and 26.00 mg KOH per g of oil, respectively. Oleic acid constituted 79.87 and 67.11% of the oils composition, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the hydroxylation of the oils. FTIR also identified the isocyanate structures in the synthesized polyurethane materials. Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed a higher oligomer content in the polyol synthesized from the oil extracted from source 2. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability post-oil conversion, highlighting decomposition stages for rigid and flexible segments. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated higher unsaturation in the oil extracted from source 1, resulting in an elevated crystallization temperature. Tensile testing showed increased elasticity as the [NCO]/[OH] ratio decreased in the material, emphasizing the influence of polyol and crosslinking agent concentrations on mechanical resistance of polyurethane materials. sources method 4521 45 21 45.21 1 4032 40 32 40.32 2, 2 , 2) 2870 28 70 28.7 2600 26 00 26.0 respectively 7987 79 87 79.8 6711 67 11 67.11 composition (FTIR postoil post conversion segments temperature NCO/OH NCOOH NCO / OH [NCO]/[OH 452 4 45.2 403 3 40.3 287 7 28. 260 0 26. 798 8 79. 671 6 67.1 45. 40. 67.

ABSTRACT: With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies. ABSTRACT plants characteristics beans productivity 5 1 cultivars measurements clone (GY interaction drying peeling assessed LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS3220 AS5 AS 2551 25 51 25.51% 1217 12 17 12.17% Conversely BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P N1 P60 1915 19 15 19.15% 1402 14 02 14.02 mean values 194 4 19.4% 627 62 7 62.7% 179 9 17.9 high medium respectively strategies LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS322 255 2 25.51 121 12.17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 P6 191 19.15 140 0 14.0 19.4 6 62.7 17. BRS12 BRS32 25.5 12.1 BG1 19.1 14. 19. 62. BRS1 BRS3 25. 12.

RESUMO: Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados. RESUMO cafeicultura plantas favoráveis processados produtividade 5 1 registradas clone GA. GA . (GA) secagem individualmente outra eles LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS322 AS 2551 25 51 25,51 1217 12 17 12,17% lado BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P P6 1915 19 15 19,15 1402 14 02 14,02% valores 194 4 19,4 627 62 7 62, 179 9 17,9 alto baixo (GA LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS32 255 2 25,5 121 12,17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 191 19,1 140 0 14,02 19, 6 17, BRS12 BRS3 25, 12,1 BG1 14,0 BRS1 12, 14,

Abstract Introduction: Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a tree species of great interest for its wood and medicinal properties. In Costa Rica, there are genetically superior clones that are propagated without knowledge of the ontogenic and physiological age of the materials. Objective: To evaluate how age influences the content of phenols and lignins in leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of melina plants. Methods: The total phenolic and lignins contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and alkaline extraction method, respectively. Plants of five different ages were chosen for the investigation (in vitro plants “year 0” and trees of a year and a half, four, seven and 20 years). Sampling was done in March and April 2021. Results: All parts of the plant analyzed contain phenolic compounds and lignins, regardless of their age. There was no positive correlation between age and phenol and lignin content for any development condition, since the highest values were not obtained in the oldest trees. Leaf extracts from in vitro plants and seven-year-old trees showed, respectively, the highest phenol and lignin contents for all conditions (P < 0.05). The lowest average values of phenolic compounds for all conditions were obtained in four-year-old trees. Regarding lignins, the lowest content occurred in the oldest roots, although the trend was not maintained for the rest of the plant parts. Conclusions: This study provides the first results of the content of phenolic compounds and lignins present in different tissues of a forest species of different ages. Therefore, they are the first reference values about the biochemical commitment for phenolic synthesis according to the age and the specific developmental stage of a woody plant.

Resumen Introducción: La melina (Gmelina arborea), es una especie de gran interés por su madera y propiedades medicinales. En Costa Rica, existen clones genéticamente superiores que se propagan sin el conocimiento de la edad ontogénica y fisiológica de los materiales. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación del contenido de fenoles y ligninas en hojas, peciolos, tallos y raíces de plantas con diferentes edades. Métodos: Los contenidos de fenoles y ligninas totales se determinaron mediante el método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu y el método de extracción alcalina, respectivamente. Para la investigación se eligieron plantas in vitro “año cero” y árboles de año y medio, cuatro, siete y 20 años. El muestreo se realizó en marzo y abril del 2021. Resultados: Se demostró que todas las partes de la planta analizadas contienen compuestos fenólicos y ligninas, independientemente de su edad. No hubo una correlación positiva entre la edad con el contenido de fenoles y ligninas para ninguna condición de desarrollo, pues los valores más altos no se obtuvieron en los árboles más longevos. Los extractos de hojas de las plantas in vitro y los árboles de siete años mostraron, respectivamente, los contenidos más altos de fenoles y ligninas para todas las condiciones (P < 0.05). Los valores promedio más bajos de compuestos fenólicos para todas las condiciones se obtuvieron en los árboles de cuatro años. Respecto a las ligninas, el contenido más bajo se presentó en las raíces más longevas, aunque la tendencia no se mantuvo para el resto de las partes de la planta. Conclusiones: La investigación muestra los primeros resultados del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y ligninas presentes en diferentes tejidos de una especie forestal de edades diferentes. Por lo tanto, son los primeros valores de referencia acerca del compromiso bioquímico para la síntesis fenólica según la edad y el estado de desarrollo específico de una planta leñosa.

Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract This work presents a model for determining the depth of projectile perforation based on the RBL formula for ballistic impact, validated with microconcrete specimens made with Portland cement and coarse aggregate of granite and basalt. The model was validated with 7.62 x 51 mm FMJ (Full Metal Jacketed) ammunition on specimens with 5 cm of diameter and a height variation of 5.00 - 10.00 cm The transformation of kinetic energy into heat was found to be one of the forms of energy release. Experimental results showed that the calculation model proposed here predicts penetration depth values closer to the experimental values than current models, which is favorable for the safety. impact basalt 762 7 62 7.6 Full Jacketed 500 00 5.0 1000 10 10.0 release models safety 76 6 7. 50 0 5. 100 1 10.

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta um modelo para determinar a profundidade da penetração de um projetil baseado sobre a formula RBL para impactos balísticos, validados com corpos de prova de microconcreto feito em cimento Portland, agregados de granitos grossos e basalto. O modelo foi validado com munição FMJ (revestido totalmente de metal) de 7,62 x 51 mm sobre corpos de prova de 5 cm de diâmetro e alturas variando entre 5 a 10 cm. Foi possível determinar que uma das formas de liberação de energia ocorreu a través da energia cinética em calor. Os resultados experimentais mostram que o modelo calculado aqui predisse valores de profundidade de penetração mais próximos aos valores experimentais usados nos modelos atuais, das quais são favoráveis para a segurança. balísticos Portland basalto revestido metal 762 7 62 7,6 1 calor atuais segurança 76 6 7,

Resumen: Con la crisis del petróleo de principios de la década del 70, vimos el inicio del fin de los "años dorados" del modelo burocrático, en la década siguiente el modelo ya estaba ampliamente desacreditado hasta el punto del modelo de reemplazo, Nueva Gestión Pública. (NGP), siendo visto como superior. Sin embargo, los académicos señalan que la NGP no es más que "creencias precientíficas" y Denhardt y Denhardt (2000) proponen el nuevo servicio público que, entre otros aspectos, tiene como objetivo superar el individualismo y el economicismo subyacentes a la NGP. Sin embargo, los supuestos del Nuevo Servicio Público se acercan a los que ha defendido Ubuntu. Por tanto, la pregunta es: qué es Ubuntu, cuáles son los presupuestos del nuevo servicio público y cuáles son sus puntos de convergencia. Basado en una metodología que combina una visión subjetivista y una epistemología del poscolonialismo, este estudio de caso de investigación cualitativa se basó técnicamente en la revisión de la literatura y el análisis del discurso. Se concluyó que las propuestas del nuevo servicio público convergen con los cimientos de Ubuntu y que, a pesar de ser epistemologías construidas en distintos lados de las fronteras, pueden dialogar y complementarse. Resumen 70 años dorados burocrático reemplazo Pública NGP, , (NGP) superior embargo creencias precientíficas 2000 (2000 aspectos tanto convergencia poscolonialismo discurso fronteras complementarse 7 (NGP 200 (200 20 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract: With the oil crisis at the beginning of the 70s, we saw the beginning of the end of the "golden years" of the bureaucratic model, in the following decade the model was already largely discredited, therefore, material and intellectual conditions led us to believe in and defend the superiority of the substitute model, New Public Management (NPM). However, scholars point out that NPM is nothing more than "pre-scientific beliefs" and Denhardt and Denhardt (2000) proposed the New Public Service (NPS) model which, among other aspects, aims to overcome the individualism and economism underlying NPM. However, the assumptions that shape the New Public Service propose the rescue of values that have been defended by Ubuntu for decades. The question is: what is Ubuntu, what are the assumptions of the new public service and what are its points of convergence. In ontological terms, this study adopts a subjectivist view and, epistemologically, it is anchored in post-colonialism. This is a case study associated with qualitative research that was technically based on literature review and discourse analysis. It was concluded that the proposals for the new public service converge with the foundations of Ubuntu and that, despite being epistemologies built on different sides of the borders, they can dialogue and complement each other. Abstract 70s s golden years discredited therefore . (NPM) However prescientific pre scientific beliefs 2000 (2000 NPS (NPS which aspects decades convergence terms epistemologically postcolonialism. postcolonialism post colonialism. colonialism post-colonialism analysis borders (NPM 200 (200 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo: Com a crise do petróleo no início da década de 1970, assistiu-se ao princípio do fim dos "anos dourados" do modelo burocrático. Na década seguinte, o modelo já estava amplamente desacreditado; por conseguinte, condições materiais e intelectuais levaram a crer e defender a superioridade do modelo substituto, a Nova Gestão Pública (NGP). No entanto, estudiosos apontam que a NGP não passa de "crenças pré-científicas", e Denhardt e Denhardt (2000) propuseram o modelo do Novo Serviço Público (NSP) que, dentre outros aspetos, visa superar o individualismo e o economicismo subjacente à NGP. No entanto, os pressupostos que fundamentam o NSP propõem o resgate de valores que há décadas são defendidos pelo Ubuntu. Questiona-se: o que é Ubuntu, quais são os pressuposto do Novo Serviço Público e quais são os seus pontos de convergência. Em termos ontológicos, este estudo adopta uma visão subjetivista e, epistemologicamente, ancora-se no pós-colonialismo. Este é um estudo de caso associado à pesquisa qualitativa que tecnicamente alicerçou-se na revisão da literatura e análise de discurso. Concluiu-se que as propostas do Novo Serviço Público convergem com os fundamentos do Ubuntu e que, a despeito de serem epistemologias construídas em lados diferentes das fronteiras, podem dialogar e se complementar. Resumo 1970 assistiuse assistiu anos dourados burocrático seguinte desacreditado conseguinte substituto . (NGP) entanto crenças précientíficas, précientíficas pré científicas , pré-científicas" 2000 (2000 (NSP aspetos Questionase Questiona Questiona-se convergência ontológicos epistemologicamente ancorase ancora póscolonialismo. póscolonialismo pós colonialismo. colonialismo pós-colonialismo alicerçouse alicerçou discurso Concluiuse Concluiu fronteiras complementar 197 (NGP pré-científicas 200 (200 19 20 (20 1 2 (2 (

Abstract: Given the prevalence of mental disorders and elevated psychological symptoms, there has been a call for action to scale up health services. To provide optimal care, detecting symptoms early and evaluating the psychological state is essential. Self-report measures are useful to evaluate specific diagnoses and explore psychological symptoms. The present study aimed to provide new psychometric evidence of the Argentine version of the Brief Symptoms Checklist. Through non-probabilistic and intentional sampling, 760 individuals aged 18 to 63 (M = 28.1; SD = 8.61) were selected. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the nine correlated factors model exhibited the best-fit indices and yielded full configural, metric and scalar invariance across gender and region. The factors mainly showed adequate reliability values similar to previous research. T values are provided as population-based norms. The results showed that the instrument is valid and reliable, and could be a valuable tool in various contexts, particularly in primary care, where the evaluation requires a very short time and useful information.

Resumen: Dada la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales y los síntomas psicológicos elevados, ha habido un llamado a la acción para ampliar los servicios de salud. Para brindar una atención óptima, es fundamental la detección temprana de los síntomas y la evaluación del estado psicológico. Las medidas de autoinforme tienen una amplia utilidad para evaluar diagnósticos específicos y explorar síntomas psicológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar nuevas evidencias psicométricas de la versión argentina de la versión breve del Inventario de Síntomas Psicológicos. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico e intencional, se seleccionaron 760 individuos de 18 a 63 años (M = 28.1; DE = 8.61). A través de análisis factoriales confirmatorios se halló que el modelo de nueve factores correlacionados mostró un mejor ajuste y se encontraron evidencias acerca de su invariancia escalar, métrica y configural según género y región. Los factores mostraron mayormente valores de confiabilidad adecuados, concordantes con investigaciones previas. Se proporcionaron puntajes normativos T. Los resultados mostraron que el instrumento es válido y confiable, y podría ser una herramienta valiosa en diversos contextos, particularmente en la atención primaria, donde la evaluación exige tiempos muy breves e información de utilidad.

Resumo: Dada a prevalência dos transtornos mentais e sintomas psicológicos elevados, houve um apelo à ação para ampliar os serviços de saúde. A detecção precoce dos sintomas e a avaliação do estado psicológico são fundamentais para oferecer cuidados ideais. As medidas de autorrelato têm ampla utilidade para avaliar diagnósticos específicos e explorar sintomas psicológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi gerar novas evidências psicométricas da adaptação argentina da versão curta do Inventário de Sintomas Psicológicos. Por meio de amostragem não probabilística e intencional, foram selecionados 760 indivíduos de 18 a 63 anos (M = 28,1; DP = 8,61). Por meio de análises fatoriais confirmatórias, constatou-se que o modelo de nove fatores correlacionados apresentou melhor ajuste e foram encontradas evidências sobre sua invariância escalar, métrica e configuracional segundo gênero e região. Os fatores apresentaram majoritariamente valores de confiabilidade adequados, condizentes com pesquisas anteriores. São fornecidos escores normativos T. Os resultados mostraram que o instrumento é válido e confiável, podendo ser uma ferramenta valiosa em vários contextos, particularmente na atenção primária, onde a avaliação requer tempos muito curtos e informações úteis.