Resumen El fréjol es un cultivo importante debido a su alto valor nutritivo. En los últimos años la producción en Ecuador de este cultivo ha disminuido drásticamente debido entre otros factores a ineficientes procesos y falta de tecnificación en la producción. Entender cómo se generan y determinan los componentes del rendimiento del grano es primordial para diseñar estrategias que permitan aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo. En este estudio, se modificó la densidad de plantas con el objetivo de evaluar su impacto sobre el número de granos, peso de granos y rendimiento, bajo condiciones de campo en una región andina de Ecuador. Se realizaron dos experimentos sembrados en fechas distintas, donde se evaluaron densidades de plantas contrastantes 4 y 11 plantas m−2. El efecto de los tratamientos se estudió sobre la duración del periodo emergencia - antesis, el número de vainas llenas y vanas, el número de granos, el peso seco de 100 granos y el rendimiento de grano. Los resultados indican que la densidad de plantas tiene un efecto significativo (p<0,05) sobre el rendimiento, alcanzando un promedio de 257,15 g m−2 en alta densidad y 151,45 g m−2 en baja densidad. Los componentes principales del rendimiento mostraron una respuesta distinta a la modificación de la densidad de plantas; el número de granos presentó una fuerte variabilidad y fue positivamente asociado con el rendimiento final del grano (p<0,05), mientras que el peso del grano no fue afectado.

Abstract Common bean is an important crop due to its high nutritional value. However, its production in Ecuador has decreased due to biotic and abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that determine the yield components of this crop is essential to establish strategies that allow increasing the yield. In this study, the plant density was modified to evaluate its impact on yield and its two main components, the grain number and grain weight under field conditions in an Andean region of Ecuador. Two experiments planted on different dates were performed, where two planting densities 4 and 11 plants m−2 were evaluated. The effect of the treatments was studied on the length of the period, from emergence to anthesis, the number of full and empty pods, grain number, 100 grain weight and grain yield. The results indicate that the plant density has a significant effect (p<0.05) on the yield, reaching an average of 257.15 g m−2 in high density, and 151.45 g m−2 in low density. The yield main components showed a different response to plant density modification; the grain number exhibited a strong variability and was positively associated with final grain yield (p<0.05) while the grain weight was not affected.

Resumen El uso de ensilados es considerado como estrategia de alimentación en los sistemas de producción animal con rumiantes en periodos de estiaje. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento y valor nutritivo en forraje y ensilado de pasto Mulato II (Urochloa híbrido) y dos aditivos, a diferente edad de rebrote. Se evaluaron edades de 3, 6 y 9 semanas y aditivos (cáscara de naranja y melaza) en ensilados: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja; 3) Mulato II + melaza y 4) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja + melaza, mediante un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las variables fueron: rendimiento (kg ha-1) de materia seca total (MST) y por componente morfológico, altura de planta (AP, cm), índice de área foliar (IAF), PC, FDN, FDA y lignina en forraje y ensilado; pH, grados brix y MS (%) en ensilados. Al cosechar el forraje a la edad de rebrote de nueve semanas se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de MS (7 508 kg ha-1), mientras que, el contenido de PC fue mayor en la semana tres de rebrote (201 g kg-1), superando en 10 y 29% a lo encontrado en la sexta y novena semana. Los ensilados con aditivos presentaron los valores mayores de PC y menores de FDA, FDN y pH. A mayor edad de rebrote se obtienen mayores rendimientos de MS, pero el valor nutritivo disminuye, sin embargo, el uso de la cáscara de naranja y melaza en ensilados de pasto mejora el valor nutritivo.

Abstract The use of silage is considered as a feeding strategy in animal production systems with ruminants during dry periods. The objective was to evaluate the yield and nutritive value in forage and silage of Mulato II grass (Urochloa hybrid) and two additives, at different regrowth ages. Ages of 3, 6 and 9 weeks and additives (orange peel and molasses) were evaluated in silages: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + orange peel; 3) Mulato II + molasses and 4) Mulato II + orange peel + molasses. The variables were: yield (kg ha-1) of total dry matter (TDM) and by morphological component, plant height (PH, cm), leaf area index (LAI), CP, NDF, ADF and lignin in forage and silage; pH, brix degrees and DM (%) in silage. When the forage was harvested at nine weeks of regrowth, the highest DM yield was obtained (7 508 kg ha-1), while the CP content was higher in week three of regrowth (201 g kg-1), exceeding by 10 and 29% that found in the sixth and ninth weeks. The silages with additives presented the highest CP values and the lowest values of ADF, NDF and pH. The higher the age of regrowth, the higher the dry matter yields, while the nutritive value decreased; however, the use of orange peel and molasses in grass silages improved the nutritive value.

ABSTRACT The cowpea is a legume with a high nutritional value and represents one of the most important self-consumption items in the country. However, under storage conditions its main problem are bruchids, which decrease the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. Bruchids spread more frequently unintentionally throughout the world, this is due their adaptability. In the first months of 2023, damage was observed to stored cowpea grains of the species Vigna unguiculata, presenting round holes, decreasing the nutritional value and fertility of the seeds. The inspection of grains recorded the presence of a beetle, which was identified as Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Family Chrysomelidae, Subfamily Bruchinae.

RESUMEN El poroto es una leguminosa comestible con un alto valor nutritivo y representa uno de los rubros de autoconsumo más importantes en el país. Sin embargo, en condiciones de almacenamiento su principal problema son los brúquinos, quienes disminuyen el valor nutricional y la fertilidad de las semillas. Por la adaptación que poseen, los brúquinos, se diseminan con mayor frecuencia de manera involuntaria. En los primeros meses del año 2023, fueron observados daños en granos almacenados de poroto de la especie Vigna unguiculata, presentando orificios redondeados. La inspección de dichos granos registró la presencia de un coleóptero, que fue identificado como Decellebruchus atrolineatus, Familia Chrysomelidae, Subfamilia Bruchinae.

ABSTRACT: Buckwheat is known for its aptitude as green manure, as it increases soil’s physical and chemical properties at the same time it has none or very few fertilization requirements besides a fast canopy closure and has no ravagers or natural enemies documented in Brazil. This crop has the potential to fill an empty period known as the “Autumn gap” in Southern Brazil, which is characterized by the low or no forage offer at all, justified by the fact its forage has the same quality as that of a grass forage, besides, its grains, highly nutritious, can also be consumed by humans, ruminants, or non-ruminants. This review aims to provide relevant information about recent buckwheat research to make it a viable alternative for the Autumn gap. ABSTRACT manure soils soil s Brazil gap all grains nutritious humans ruminants nonruminants. nonruminants non ruminants. non-ruminants

RESUMO: O trigo mourisco é conhecido por sua aptidão como adubo verde, melhorando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo ao mesmo tempo que possui nenhuma ou baixíssimas requisições de fertilização, além de rápido fechamento de dossel e de não possuir pragas nem outros inimigos naturais documentados no Brasil. Essa cultura tem o potencial de cultivo para preencher o período de tempo conhecido como “vazio outonal” no Sul do Brasil, período caracterizado pela baixa ou nenhuma oferta de forragem. O valor nutritivo é bom, além de seus grãos, altamente nutritivos, também poderem ser consumidos por humanos, ruminantes e não-ruminantes. Essa revisão visa fornecer informações relevantes da pesquisa sobre o trigo mourisco nos últimos anos objetivando o incentivo a viabilização dessa cultura como alternativa no vazio outonal no sul do Brasil. RESUMO verde fertilização Brasil forragem bom grãos nutritivos humanos nãoruminantes. nãoruminantes ruminantes. não-ruminantes

Resumen La comida popular al alcance de las personas tiene relevancia social, nutricional e impacta en la salud de forma importante. Este trabajo aborda el uso tanto de la metodología del Design Thinking y de la teoría de la pirámide de la sostenibilidad para mejorar el valor nutritivo y saludable de un alimento popular, buscando al mismo tiempo conservar e incrementar el valor de ese alimento y beneficiar al consumidor. El análisis de la pirámide de sostenibilidad en el diseño de un alimento funcional utilizando la metodología Design Thinking enfatiza el valor nutricional para promover la participación en el diseño de alimentos nutritivos y saludables para la población. Al aplicar este método para el diseño y mejora de alimentos se cubren las expectativas básicas del usuario final de forma empática, permitiendo obtener una mayor certidumbre respecto al emprendimiento en nuevos productos alimentarios con un enfoque sustentable.

Abstract Popular food available to people has social and nutritional relevance and impacts health in an important way. This work addresses the use of both the Design Thinking methodology and the sustainability pyramid theory to improve the nutritional and healthy value of a popular food, seeking at the same time to preserve and increase the value of that food and benefit the consumer. The analysis of the sustainability pyramid in the design of a functional food using the Design Thinking methodology emphasizes nutritional value to promote participation in the design of nutritious and healthy foods for the population. By applying this method to the design and improvement of food, the basic expectations of the end user are met in an empathetic way, allowing greater certainty to be obtained regarding entrepreneurship in new food products with a sustainable approach.

Abstract Common duckweeds are flowering plants of the family Araceae, comprising the smallest angiosperms of the plant kingdom, a species of aquatic algae of universal distribution, found on the surface of freshwater bodies, mainly in puddles, swamps, lakes, and calm rivers. Recently, different research has been carried out on its potential and usefulness. Due to its nutritional composition, protein contribution, high fiber content and low fat and carbohydrate content, it would be an adequate input to generate products of high nutritional value, characteristics that make it interesting compared to other species. It is used as a complement to commercial diets in a wide variety of animals such as birds, ruminants, non-ruminants, crustaceans, and fish, reducing feed costs by up to 50 %. Likewise, used in remediation processes of a wide range of chemical contaminants with a high elimination rate, they can absorb some dissolved substances and provide oxygen through photosynthesis. It has been indicated that they are low cost of construction, maintenance, easy to operate, have a wide tolerance to growing conditions, are generally easy to harvest, and do not compete with farmland. In the environmental field, it is important to find alternative and innovative raw materials, even without the need to use growth media or fertilizers, however, their acceptance as a food source needs extensive research regarding their nutritional value, large-scale yield, economic market supply and analysis of antinutritive components for human food.

Resumen Las lentejas de agua son plantas con flores de la familia Aráceas, comprenden las angiospermas más pequeñas del reino vegetal, una especie de algas acuáticas de distribución universal, se encuentran en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua dulce principalmente en charcos, ciénagas, lagos y ríos calmados. Recientemente, se han llevado a cabo diferentes investigaciones sobre su potencial y utilidad. Por su composición nutricional, aporte de proteína, alto contenido de fibra y bajo contenido de grasas y carbohidratos, resultaría ser un insumo adecuado para generar productos de alto valor nutricional, características que la hacen interesante frente a otras especies. Se emplea como complemento a dietas comerciales en una gran variedad animales como aves, rumiantes, no rumiantes, crustáceos y peces, reduciendo hasta un 50 % los costos por alimentación. Así mismo, usada en procesos de remediación de una amplia gama de contaminantes químicos con alta tasa de eliminación, pueden absorber algunas sustancias disueltas y brindar oxígeno mediante la fotosíntesis. Se ha indicado bajo costo de construcción, mantenimiento, fáciles de operar, poseen amplia tolerancia a condiciones de crecimiento, facilidad general de cosecha y no compiten con las tierras de cultivo. En el ámbito ambiental es importante encontrar materias primas alternativas e innovadoras, incluso sin la necesidad de utilizar medios de crecimiento o fertilizantes, sin embargo, su aceptación como fuente de alimento necesita investigaciones exhaustivas con respecto a su valor nutritivo, rendimiento a gran escala, suministro de mercado económico y análisis de componentes antinutritivos para la alimentación humana.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the nutritional content and chlorophyll index (CCI) of six tree forages, for which CCI, protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur were analyzed at 30, 45, and 65 days. A completely randomized block design in divided plots with six replications was used. Results were compared with a 5% Tukey test, correlations (Pearson) and linear regressions were performed to determine the effect of ICC on nutrients. The contents of ICC, protein, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur showed statistical differences (p < 0.05) for the factors forage shrubs, cutting intervals, and intercropping. Leucaena presented higher contents of ICC in all intervals. Protein results were higher in Gliricidia (30 days), Leucaena (45 days), and Moringa (60 days). For phosphorus, the best values were obtained in Morus (30 days) and Moringa (30, 45, and 60 days). Tithonia reached higher potassium and calcium concentrations in the three cutting intervals, as well as for magnesium (30 days). The ICC determined with direct reading meters allowed correlation with protein content and leaf tissue nutrients P, K, Ca, Mg, S.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar el contenido nutricional e índice de clorofila (ICC) de seis forrajes arbóreos, para ello se analizó el ICC, proteína, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio y azufre a 30, 45 y 65 días. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar en parcelas divididas con seis repeticiones. Los resultados se compararon con un test de Tukey al 5 %, se realizaron correlaciones (Pearson) y regresiones lineales para determinar el efecto del ICC con los nutrientes. Los contenidos de ICC, proteína, fósforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio y azufre presentaron diferencias estadísticas (p < 0,05) para los factores arbustos forrajeros e intervalos de corte, y su interacción. Leucaena presentó mayores contenidos de ICC en todos los intervalos. Los resultados de proteína fueron mayores en Gliricidia (30 días), Leucaena (45 días) y Moringa (60 días). Para fósforo los mejores valores se obtuvieron en Morus (30 días) y Moringa (30, 45 y 60 días). Tithonia alcanzó mayor concentración de potasio y calcio en los tres intervalos de corte, así como para magnesio (30 días). El ICC determinado con medidores de lectura directa permitió correlacionarse con el contenido de proteína y los nutrientes del tejido foliar P, K, Ca, Mg, S.

Abstract Pastures is important for livestock production, are source of food mainly for ruminant livestock. The study was conducted in grasslands of the highlands of Puno, Peru, at an altitude of 3818 masl. The objective was to determine the effect of revegetation with two native grasses: Festuca dolichophylla Presl "chilligua" (Fedo) and Poa gilgiana Pilger "K'achu" (Pogi) in the recovery of degraded pastures with the addition of sheep manure as a source of organic matter (OM), conducted under a split-plot design whose study factors were 2 native species, 2 fertilization factors with and without the addition of sheep feces and urine (OM), in 3 blocks; The results indicate that the highest growth and biomass yield was for Fedo, probably due to its adaptive capacity, the green matter yield of Fedo and Pogi was higher in the treatment with the addition of OM, the incorporation of manure to the pasture had a positive influence on the recovery of the pasture, on the other hand Fedo had a greater height than Pogi; Likewise, the seed production of the treatments with added OM was higher than the treatments without OM; the protein content with addition of OM was higher in both species and the NDF was higher in the species without addition of OM; the application of OM favored the growth and nutritive value of the species. It was concluded that revegetation and incorporation of sheep manure had a favorable effect on the recovery and nutritional quality of the pasture.

Resumen Los pastizales naturales son importantes para la producción ganadera, son fuente de alimentación principalmente para el ganado rumiante. El estudio se realizó en pajonales del altiplano de Puno Perú a una altitud de 3818 msnm el objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la revegetación con dos gramíneas nativas: Festuca dolichophylla Presl “chilligua” (Fedo) y Poa gilgiana Pilger “K´achu” (Pogi) en la recuperación de pastizales degradados con adición de estiércol de ovino como fuente de materia orgánica (MO), conducido bajo el diseño de parcelas divididas cuyos factores de estudio fueron 2 especies nativas, 2 factores de abonamiento con y sin adición de (MO) heces y orina de ovino, en 3 bloques; los resultados indican que el mayor crecimiento y rendimiento de biomasa fue para Fedo probablemente por su capacidad de adaptación, rendimiento de materia verde de Fedo y Pogi fue superior en el tratamiento con adición de MO, la incorporación de estiércol al pastizal influyo positivamente en la recuperación del pasto, por otra parte Fedo resulto con mayor altura que Pogi;; la producción de semilla de los tratamientos adicionados con MO fueron superiores a los tratamientos sin aporte de MO; el contenido de proteína con adición de MO fue mayor en ambas especies, la FDN fue mayor en las especies sin adición de MO, la aplicación de MO favoreció el crecimiento y el valor nutritivo de las especies. Se concluye que la revegetación e incorporación de estiércol de ovino tuvo un efecto favorable en la recuperación y calidad nutritiva del pastizal.

Resumen Objetivo. Desarrollar un Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), en granjas ganaderas con manejo rotacional del pastizal según composición botánica. Materiales y métodos: Se compararon granjas lecheras de Cotopaxi, a 2800- 3590 msnm. Granja 1: carga de 1 y 1,2 UA/ha, con 50% de Llantén (Plantago lanceolata), 50% de Trébol blanco (Trifolium repens). Granja 2: Carga de 1 y 1,2 UA/ha, 85 % de Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-15% Trébol blanco (Trifolium repens). Granja 3: Carga de 1 y 2,1 UA/ha, 33 % de Ryegrass-33% Llantén-34% de Trébol blanco. Se usó fertilización, balanceado y animales Holstein tipos mestizo, neozelandés y norteamericano y reposo del pasto. Resultados: Hubo diferencias en uso de la tierra, coincidente en granjas 1 y 3, en mano de obra familiar. En la Granja 1, el reposo fue 15 a 28 días y FDN de 47,38 a 28,03 y 1,96 a 2,45 Mcal de energía y en 3, valores de Energía Metabolizable de 1,99 a 40 día y 2,11 a 35 días, menos leche/vaca que 3 y superior a 1. En producción de leche/ha, las granjas 1 y 3 superiores con 24 kg vs 19 kg. Esto fue positivo en ACV en esas granjas. Existió potencial para convertir más energía del sistema a productos. Conclusión: En el ACV, se encontró coincidencia con indicadores de sistemas especializados en producción de leche, balances de nitrógeno, energía y sus relaciones con el ambiente y emisiones, aunque se puede recuperar eficiencia con mejoras al manejo y sin insumos extras a la granja.

Abstract Aim. Develop a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in livestock farms with rotational management of the pasture according to botanical composition. Materials and methods: Dairy farms from Cotopaxi, at 2800-3590 meters above sea level, were compared. Farm 1: load of 1 and 1.2 AU/ha, with 50% Plantain (Plantago lanceolata), 50% White Clover (Trifolium repens). Farm 2: Load of 1 and 1.2 AU/ha, 85% Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-15% White clover (Trifolium repens). Farm 3: Load of 1 and 2.1 AU/ha, 33% Ryegrass-33% Plantain-34% White Clover. Fertilization, balancing and crossbred, New Zealand and North American type Holstein animals and grass rest were used. Results: There were differences in land use, coinciding in farms 1 and 3, in family labor. On Farm 1, rest was 15 to 28 days and NDF from 47.38 to 28.03 and 1.96 to 2.45 Mcal of energy and in 3, Metabolizable Energy values from 1.99 to 40 days and 2 .11 to 35 days, less milk/cow than 3 and higher than 1. In milk production/ha, farms 1 and 3 higher with 24 kg vs 19 kg. This was positive for ACV on those farms. There was potential to convert more of the system's energy into products. Conclusion: In the LCA, a coincidence was found with indicators of specialized systems in milk production, nitrogen balances, energy and their relationships with the environment and emissions, although efficiency can be recovered with improvements in management and without extra inputs to the farm.

Abstract The availability of forage decreases during the dry season, so it is advisable to conserve forage and preferably it should contain high nutritional value. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritive value of silages in different proportions of soybean and buffel grass forage under subtropical conditions. The treatments were three forage combinations: S50B50 (50% soybean forage + 50% buffel grass forage), S25B75 (25% soybean forage + 75% buffel grass forage) and B100 (100% buffel grass forage ). The variables evaluated were: crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ether extract, and metabolizable energy. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions and Tukey’s mean comparison ((= 0.05). The S50B50 treatment presented the highest values of CP (128 vs 65 g kg-1) and EE (28 vs 21 g kg-1), compared to B100, which had the highest values of neutral detergent fiber (692 vs 513 g kg-1) and acid detergent fiber (408 vs 355 g kg-1). S25B75 and B100 treatments presented similar ME values (p> 0.05), 1.43 and 1.54 Mcal kg-1, respectively, which were surpassed by S50B50 by 15% (1.71 Mcal kg-1). Soybean and buffel grass silage could be an alternative for ruminant feeding during the dry season; in particular, the combination of 50% soybean forage and 50% buffel grass obtains the best nutrient profile.

Resumen Durante la época seca se reduce la disponibilidad de forraje, por ello es conveniente conservar el forraje y de preferencia este debe contener alto valor nutritivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el valor nutritivo de ensilados en diferentes proporciones de forraje de soya y pasto buffel en condiciones subtropicales. Los tratamientos fueron tres combinaciones de forraje: S50B50 (50% forraje de soya + 50% forraje de pasto buffel), S25B75 (25% forraje de soya + 75% forraje de pasto buffel) y B100 (100% forraje de pasto buffel). Las variables evaluadas fueron: proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, extracto etéreo y energía metabolizable. Los datos se analizaron con base en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones y la comparación de medias de Tukey ((= 0.05). El tratamiento S50B50 presentó los mayores valores de PC (128 vs 65 g kg-1) y EE (28 vs 21 g kg-1) en comparación con B100, quien tuvo los mayores valores de fibra detergente neutro (692 vs 513 g kg-1) y fibra detergente ácido (408 vs 355 g kg-1). Los tratamientos S25B75 y B100 presentaron valores similares (p> 0.05) de EM, 1.43 y 1.54 Mcal kg-1, respectivamente; los cuales fueron superados por S50B50 en 15% (1.71 Mcal kg-1. El ensilado de soya y pasto buffel podría ser alternativa para la alimentación de rumiantes durante época de estiaje, en particular, la combinación de 50% forraje de soya y 50% pasto buffel se obtiene el mejor perfil nutrimental.

ABSTRACT: The research was conducted to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of coffee husk (Coffea sp.) would improve the fermentative characteristics and quality of pearl millet silage (Pennisetumglaucum). Thus, the objective was to assess the effect of the inclusion of different levels of coffee husk in pearl millet silage on the chemical composition, fermentative characteristics and degradability in situ of silage. The experimental design used was completely randomized and the treatments consisted of the silage of the whole pearl millet plant with the inclusion of increasing levels of coffee husk: 0%, 7%, 14% and 21%, based on natural matter. After 60 days of fermentation, the silages were evaluated for chemical characteristics, fermentative, degradability in situ dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The inclusion of coffee husk did not alter (P > 0.05) the contents of crude protein (11.94%), NDF (44.89%) and total digestible nutrients (65.09%). There were increases in the concentrations of DM and fiber in acid detergent, accompanied by a reduction in the concentrations of mineral matter and ether extract, as the proportion of coffee husks in silages increased. There was an increase in the lignin content up to the level of 7.59% inclusion of the coffee husk. There was no effect of the inclusion of the coffee husk on the pH of the silage (3.60). However, the inclusion of coffee husk resulted in a reduction in temperature, gas losses, and degradability in situ of silage DM and NDF. It is recommended to include coffee husk up to the level of 14.0% of the natural matter to improve the fermentation pattern and the quality of the pearl millet silage. ABSTRACT Coffea sp. sp Pennisetumglaucum. Pennisetumglaucum . (Pennisetumglaucum) Thus composition 0 0% 7 7% 14 21 21% 6 (DM (NDF) P 0.05 005 05 11.94%, 1194 11.94% , 11 94 (11.94%) 44.89% 4489 44 89 (44.89% 65.09%. 6509 65.09% 65 09 (65.09%) extract increased 759 59 7.59 3.60. 360 3.60 3 (3.60) However temperature losses 140 14.0 (Pennisetumglaucum 1 2 (NDF 0.0 00 119 11.94 9 (11.94% 44.89 448 4 8 (44.89 650 65.09 (65.09% 75 5 7.5 36 3.6 (3.60 14. 0. 11.9 (11.94 44.8 (44.8 65.0 (65.09 7. 3. (3.6 11. (11.9 44. (44. 65. (65.0 (3. (11. (44 (65. (3 (11 (4 (65 ( (1 (6

RESUMO: A pesquisa foi conduzida para testar a hipótese de que a inclusão de casca de café (Coffea sp.) melhoraria as características fermentativas e a qualidade da silagem de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum). Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes níveis da casca de café na ensilagem de milheto sobre a composição química, características fermentativas e degradabilidade in situ da silagem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos constituíram-se pela silagem da planta inteira de milheto com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de casca de café: 0%, 7%, 14% e 21%, com base na matéria natural. Após 60 dias de fermentação, as silagens foram avaliadas quanto às características químicas, fermentativas, degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A inclusão da casca de café não alterou (P > 0,05) os teores de proteína bruta (11,94%), FDN (44,89%) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (65,09%). Houve aumentos nas concentrações de MS e fibra em detergente ácido, acompanhados de uma redução nas concentrações de matéria mineral e extrato etéreo, à medida que se aumentou a participação da casca de café nas silagens. Houve um aumento no teor de lignina até o nível de 7,59% de inclusão da casca de café. Não houve efeito da inclusão da casca de café sobre o pH da silagem (3,60). Entretanto, a inclusão de casca de café acarretou na redução da temperatura, perdas por gases, degradabilidade in situ da MS e FDN da silagem. Recomenda-se a inclusão de casca de café até o nível de 14,0% da matéria natural para melhoria do padrão de fermentação e da qualidade da silagem de milheto. RESUMO Coffea sp. sp Pennisetum glaucum. glaucum . glaucum) Assim objetivouse objetivou química constituíramse constituíram 0 0% 7 7% 14 21 21% 6 químicas (MS FDN. (FDN) P 0,05 005 05 11,94%, 1194 11,94% , 11 94 (11,94%) 44,89% 4489 44 89 (44,89% 65,09%. 6509 65,09% 65 09 (65,09%) ácido etéreo 759 59 7,59 3,60. 360 3,60 3 (3,60) Entretanto temperatura gases Recomendase Recomenda 140 14,0 1 2 (FDN 0,0 00 119 11,94 9 (11,94% 44,89 448 4 8 (44,89 650 65,09 (65,09% 75 5 7,5 36 3,6 (3,60 14, 0, 11,9 (11,94 44,8 (44,8 65,0 (65,09 7, 3, (3,6 11, (11,9 44, (44, 65, (65,0 (3, (11, (44 (65, (3 (11 (4 (65 ( (1 (6

ABSTRACT: The baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) fruit stands out among the fruits native to the Cerrado for its high agri-food potential, and it consists of a thin peel covering the pulp and a woody endocarp coating the nut. During the extraction process of baru nut or its oil, the peel, pulp, and partially defatted nut are usually discarded or used as animal feed. However, these by-products are rich in proteins, dietary fibers, and bioactive compounds. Food preparations like brownies are attractive and popular despite having a high energy density and a low phytochemical content. Thus, this study developed nutritious brownie formulations using baru food ingredients [BFI: a mixture of partially defatted nut flour (DBF) with baru peel and pulp flour (BPF)]. Three formulations were tested: SBF - standard brownie made with wheat flour; BBF1 - brownie made by replacing wheat flour with BFI1 (50% DBF + 50% BPF); and BBF2 - brownie made by replacing wheat flour with BFI2 (75% DBF + 25% BPF). The chemical composition and functional properties of the brownies were evaluated. The addition of baru by-products in the formulations resulted in products with higher contents of protein, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and greater antioxidant capacity than the standard brownie. Therefore, the use of baru food ingredients in food formulations is indicated to design new food products with improved nutritional quality and nutraceutical properties. ABSTRACT Dipteryx Vog. Vog agrifood agri potential oil feed However byproducts proteins fibers compounds content Thus BFI [BFI (DBF BPF. BPF . (BPF)] tested BBF 50 (50 BPF) 75% 75 (75 25 evaluated protein fiber Therefore (BPF) 5 (5 7 (7 2 (BPF (

RESUMO: O fruto de baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) se destaca dentre os frutos nativos do Cerrado por seu elevado potencial agroalimentar, sendo composto por uma casca fina que recobre a polpa e por um endocarpo lenhoso que envolve a castanha. Durante a extração da castanha de baru ou do óleo, a casca, a polpa e a castanha parcialmente desengordurada são em geral descartados ou destinados à alimentação animal. Entretanto, estes subprodutos são ricos em proteínas, fibras alimentares e compostos bioativos. Preparações alimentares como o brownie são atrativas e populares, embora possuam elevada densidade energética e baixo conteúdo de fitoquímicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver formulações de brownie nutritivas, a partir de ingredientes alimentares de baru (IAB: mistura da farinha da castanha parcialmente desengordurada [FDB] com a farinha da casca e da polpa de baru [FPB]). Foram testadas três formulações: FBP - brownie padrão, elaborado com farinha de trigo; FBB1 - brownie elaborado com substituição da farinha de trigo por IAB1 (50% FDB + 50% FPB); and FBB2 - brownie elaborado com substituição da farinha de trigo por IAB2 (75% FDB + 25% FPB). Foram avaliadas a composição química e as propriedades funcionais dos brownies. A adição dos subprodutos de baru nas formulações resultou em produtos com maiores teores de proteína, fibra alimentar, e compostos fenólicos, e maior capacidade antioxidante, em relação ao brownie padrão. Assim, a utilização de ingredientes alimentícios de baru em formulações alimentícias é indicada para a elaboração de novos produtos alimentícios com melhor qualidade nutricional e propriedades nutracêuticas. RESUMO Dipteryx Vog. Vog agroalimentar óleo animal Entretanto proteínas bioativos populares fitoquímicos Assim nutritivas IAB (IAB [FDB FPB. FPB . [FPB]) padrão FBB 50 (50 FPB) 75% 75 (75 25 brownies proteína alimentar fenólicos antioxidante nutracêuticas [FPB] 5 (5 7 (7 2 [FPB (

ABSTRACT: Different types of supplied roughage may cause losses in the chemical composition and digestibility of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) depending on their making and fed-out management. This study has summarized data from scientific studies on gliricidia and compared its nutritional value in various fed forms using a systematic review approach and principal component analysis (PCA). A robust survey of scientific papers was realized on web indexes of periodicals and databases from 1990 to 2023. Data from 100 scientific researches has been compiled and analyzed. In 40% of the trials, the gliricidia nutritional value was determined as fresh leaves, while 30% was in the form of ‘leaves + thin stems’. Gliricidia was evaluated as silage in 11% of the opportunities, followed by 10% as leaf meal and 9% as hay. Non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein (CP), and organic matter digestibility (OM) had negative correlations with neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin. Only NDF, ADF, and CP contents could explain 71% of the total data variation (PC1 and PC2). There was no discrimination among fed forms, so they showed similar nutrient compositions. Eventual nutrient losses reported in the scientific researches owing to ensilage, haymaking, and leaf meal-making processes do not mischaracterize the gliricidia nutritional value. The assorted manners of roughage making, and fed-out management traditionally performed by farmers can conserve the excellent nutritional quality of gliricidia. ABSTRACT Jacq. Jacq [Jacq. Walp. Walp fedout out PCA. PCA . (PCA) 199 2023 10 analyzed 40 trials leaves 30 stems. stems stems’ 11 opportunities 9 hay Nonfiber Non carbohydrates CP, , (CP) OM (OM NDF (NDF) ADF (ADF) lignin 71 PC1 PC (PC PC2. PC2 PC2) compositions ensilage haymaking mealmaking [Jacq (PCA 19 202 1 4 3 (CP (NDF (ADF 7 20 2

RESUMO: Diferentes tipos de volumosos podem causar perdas na composição química e digestibilidade da gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) dependendo de sua confecção e do manejo da alimentação. O objetivo deste estudo foi sumarizar dados de trabalhos científicos com gliricídia e comparar seu valor nutritivo em diferentes formas de alimentação, sob uma abordagem de revisão sistemática e análise de componentes principais (ACP). Realizou-se um levantamento robusto de trabalhos científicos em web indexadores de periódicos, e em base de dados, de 1990 a 2023. Dados de 100 trabalhos foram sumarizados e analisados. Em 40% dos trabalhos, o valor nutricional da gliricídia foi determinado como folhas in natura, enquanto 30% foi na forma de ‘folhas + caules finos’, em 11% das oportunidades, a gliricídia foi avaliada na forma de silagem, seguido por 10% como farelo de folhas, e 9% como feno. Carboidratos não-fibrosos, proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (MO) tiveram correlações negativas com fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e lignina. Os teores de FDN, FDA e PB foram capazes de explicar 71,00% da variação total dos dados no CP 1 e 2. Além disso, não houve discriminação entre as formas de alimentação, que tiveram composições semelhantes. Eventuais perdas de nutrientes relatadas em trabalhos científicos devido aos processos de ensilagem, fenação ou fabricação de farelo de folhas não descaracterizam o valor nutritivo da gliricídia. As diversas maneiras de confecção de volumosos e manejo da alimentação tradicionalmente utilizadas por agricultores são capazes de conservar a excelente qualidade nutricional da gliricídia. RESUMO Gliricidia Jacq. Jacq [Jacq. Walp. Walp ACP. ACP . (ACP) Realizouse Realizou se periódicos 199 2023 10 analisados 40 natura 30 finos, finos , finos’ 11 oportunidades silagem 9 feno nãofibrosos, nãofibrosos fibrosos, fibrosos não-fibrosos (PB MO (MO FDN (FDN) (FDA lignina 7100 71 00 71,00 2 disso semelhantes ensilagem [Jacq (ACP 19 202 4 3 (FDN 710 7 0 71,0 20 71,

ABSTRACT Wheat bran (WB), barley flour (BF), rice bran (RB), wheat red dog (WRD) or reduction shorts (WRS) supplementation, as a food supplement (FS, 19%), to mushroom composts having wheat (WS) or rice straw (RS) as basal substrate (BS, 80%) could have contributed to improving the nutritional value and forage quality properties of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). The SMSs from king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) production were evaluated with 2 BS (WS and PS) × 5 FS (WB, BF, RB, WRD, or WRS) factorial arrangement design. The BS × FS interaction significantly affected some of the studied variables (nutrient contents and in vitro true digestibility, relative feed value, and relative forage quality) of the SMSs used to be evaluated as a feedstuff. The BS significantly affected the acid detergent lignin content, digestible dry matter, metabolizable energy, estimated net energy, and total digestible nutrients. In contrast, the FS affected the acid detergent lignin content and net energy lactation value. In conclusion, independent of FS, WS-based SMSs and the BF and WRD supplemented-SMSs independent of BS had higher nutritional value and forage quality properties than other SMSs. Therefore, these SMSs could be exploited post-cultivation as animal feed due to their upgraded properties. WB, WB , (WB) (BF) RB (RB) (WRD WRS (WRS supplementation (FS 19%, 19 19% 19%) WS RS (RS BS, (BS 80% 80 SMS. SMS . (SMS) Pleurotus eryngii PS (WB design nutrient digestibility feedstuff matter nutrients contrast conclusion WSbased based supplementedSMSs supplemented Therefore postcultivation post cultivation (BF (RB 1 8 (SMS

RESUMO Suplementação com farelo de trigo (WB), farinha de cevada (BF), farelo de arroz (RB), trigo red dog (WRD) ou redução short (WRS), como suplemento alimentar (FS, 19%), para compostos de cogumelos contendo trigo (WS) ou palha de arroz (RS) como substrato basal (BS, 80%) poderiam ter contribuído para melhorar o valor nutricional e as propriedades de qualidade da forragem do substrato de cogumelo gasto (SMS). Os SMS da produção de cogumelo ostra (Pleurotus eryngii) foram avaliados com planejamento fatorial 2 BS (WS e PS) × 5 FS (WB, BF, RB, WRD ou WRS). A interação BS × FS afetou significativamente algumas das variáveis estudadas (conteúdo de nutrientes e digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro, valor alimentar relativo e qualidade relativa da forragem) dos SMS utilizados para serem avaliados como alimento. A BS afetou significativamente o teor de lignina detergente ácido, matéria seca digestível, energia metabolizável, energia líquida estimada e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Em contraste, o FS afetou o teor de lignina em detergente ácido e o valor da energia líquida de lactação. Em conclusão, independentemente do FS, os SMS baseados em WS e os SMS suplementados com BF e WRD independentes do BS apresentaram maior valor nutricional e propriedades de qualidade da forragem do que outros SMSs. Portanto, estes SMSs poderiam ser explorados pós-cultivo como ração animal devido às suas propriedades melhoradas. WB, WB , (WB) (BF) RB (RB) (WRD WRS, WRS (WRS) (FS 19%, 19 19% 19%) RS (RS BS, (BS 80% 80 SMS. . (SMS) Pleurotus eryngii PS (WB WRS. WRS) conteúdo vitro alimento digestível metabolizável totais contraste lactação conclusão Portanto póscultivo pós cultivo melhoradas (BF (RB (WRS 1 8 (SMS

RESUMO: A soja-hortaliça apresenta alto valor nutritivo e oferece benefícios funcionais para o organismo humano. No entanto, seu uso na culinária ainda é limitado, principalmente devido à falta de conhecimento sobre suas propriedades. Além disso, a disponibilidade de cultivares para consumo humano é reduzida. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado em Botucatu, Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar o potencial de cultivares de soja-grão (SG) e soja de duplo propósito (SDP) para consumo como soja-hortaliça (SH). Assim, vagens foram colhidas no estádio R6, foram avaliados quanto os teores de compostos bioativos (compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides, atividade antioxidante e proteínas) e de antinutricionais (nitratos, oxalato, alcaloides e taninos). A cultivares apresentaram mesmo teor de proteína, não diferindo estatisticamente entre si, bem como para nitrato e oxalato. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante total da cultivar SG, diferiu estatisticamente do conteúdo das cultivares SPD e SH, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados, a cultivar SG, com colheita das vagens em R6, apresentou qualidade nutracêutica e teores de compostos antinutricionais compatível com as duas cultivares propostas para soja vegetal. RESUMO sojahortaliça hortaliça entanto limitado propriedades disso reduzida Portanto Botucatu Brasil sojagrão grão SG (SG SDP (SDP SH. SH . (SH) Assim R6 R totais flavonoides proteínas nitratos, nitratos (nitratos oxalato taninos. taninos taninos) proteína si respectivamente resultados vegetal (SH

ABSTRACT: Vegetable soybean has high nutritional value and offers functional benefits to human body. However, its use in cooking is still limited, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its properties. In addition, the availability of cultivars for human consumption is reduced. Therefore, this study was conducted in Botucatu, Brazil, to assess the potential of grain soybean (GS) and dual-purpose soybean (DPS) cultivars for consumption as vegetable soybean (VS). Pods were harvested at R6 stage, and the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and proteins) and antinutritional components (nitrates, oxalate, alkaloids and tannins) were evaluated. The cultivars showed the same protein content, not differing statistically from each other, as well as for nitrate and oxalate. The content of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity of the SG cultivar differed statistically from the content of the DPS and VS cultivars, respectively. According to the results, the GS cultivar, with pods harvested at R6 stage, showed nutraceutical quality and contents of antinutritional compounds similar to those of the two cultivars proposed for the vegetable soybean. ABSTRACT body However limited properties addition reduced Therefore Botucatu Brazil (GS dualpurpose dual purpose (DPS VS. . (VS) R stage flavonoids proteins nitrates, nitrates (nitrates oxalate tannins evaluated other respectively results (VS