The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stands for being the most serious epidemic (so far) of the 21st century. However, only a few computational studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the neutralization of the spike protein by antibodies of different classes. Hence, bioinformatic methods were employed to unravel the factors contributing to the remarkable neutralization capacity exhibited by specific antibodies. Initially, crystallographic structures of IgA monomeric / dimeric, IgG, and IgM antibodies binding with the receptor-binding domain region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were retrieved. Subsequently, rigid molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed over 100 ns with explicit water solvation. Lastly, an energy decomposition was conducted to estimate the binding affinity using the last frames from molecular dynamics. The results revealed a higher binding affinity for both monomeric and dimeric forms of IgA antibodies against the spike protein. Additionally, a greater number of hydrogen bonds were observed during their interaction with the spike protein, as well as greater structural instability along the time and especially a more thermodynamically favorable interaction affinity. In this way, the research contributes a small piece to the complex puzzle of understanding the humoral immune response induced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV (SARS-CoV-2 so far st century However classes Hence Initially IgG receptorbinding receptor SARS-CoV- retrieved Subsequently 10 solvation Lastly dynamics Additionally way virus (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV 1 (SARS-CoV

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a utilização e identificar as vantagens dos métodos moleculares para diagnóstico de infecções congênitas no líquido cefalorraquidiano de neonatos. Fontes de dados: A revisão foi registrada na base PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) sob CRD42021274210. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/ Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (BVS/BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane, ProQuest, e EBSCOhost. A busca foi feita no período de agosto a outubro de 2021 e atualizada em dezembro de 2022, respeitando as orientações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyises (PRISMA). A sequência da seleção dos estudos foi: 1) Remoção de duplicatas; 2) Exame de títulos e resumos; 3) Recuperação dos textos completos potencialmente relevantes; e 4) Avaliação do texto completo conforme critérios de elegibilidade por dois autores independentes. O critério de inclusão considerou ensaios clínicos randomizados e não randomizados, estudos longitudinais, transversais, revisados por pares, estudos em humanos, publicados em inglês, espanhol, italiano e português, com recém-nascidos de até 28 dias que sofreram neuroinfecções congênitas pelos agentes toxoplasmose, rubéola, citomegalovírus, herpes simples (TORCH), e outros como Treponema pallidum, Zika, parvovírus B-19, varicela zoster, Epstein-Barr, e SARS-CoV-2, diagnosticadas por reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Dois avaliadores extraíram as seguintes informações: autor, ano de publicação, nacionalidade, sujeitos, tipo de estudo, métodos, resultados e conclusão. Síntese dos dados: O patógeno mais estudado foi Herpes Simples. Muitos artigos relataram somente sintomas iniciais inespecíficos, motivando a coleta de líquido cefalorraquidiano e realização da PCR para investigação etiológica. Conclusões: Os métodos moleculares são eficazes para detectar o genoma do patógeno no líquido cefalorraquidiano, o que pode impactar na evolução clínica e no prognóstico neurológico. Objetivo neonatos International CRD42021274210 CRD PubMed LatinoAmericano Latino Americano BVS/BIREME, BVSBIREME BVS/BIREME , BVS BIREME (BVS/BIREME) Scopus Science EMBASE, EMBASE (EMBASE) Cochrane ProQuest EBSCOhost 202 2022 MetaAnalyises Meta Analyises PRISMA. PRISMA . (PRISMA) 1 duplicatas 2 resumos 3 relevantes 4 independentes longitudinais transversais pares humanos inglês espanhol português recémnascidos recém nascidos toxoplasmose rubéola citomegalovírus TORCH, TORCH (TORCH) pallidum Zika B19, B19 B 19, 19 B-19 zoster EpsteinBarr, EpsteinBarr Epstein Barr, Barr Epstein-Barr SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, SARS-CoV-2 PCR. (PCR) informações autor publicação nacionalidade sujeitos estudo conclusão Simples inespecíficos etiológica Conclusões neurológico CRD4202127421 (BVS/BIREME (EMBASE 20 (PRISMA (TORCH B1 B-1 SARS-CoV- (PCR CRD420212742 B- SARS-CoV CRD42021274 CRD4202127 CRD420212 CRD42021 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the use and identify advantages of molecular methods for congenital infections diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates. Data source: The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under CRD42021274210. The literature search was performed in databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library/ Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (VHL/BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost. The search was carried out from August to October 2021 and updated in December 2022, respecting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The selection sequence was: 1) Duplicate title removal; 2) Examination of titles and abstracts; 3) Full-text retrieval of potentially relevant reports; and 4) Evaluation of the full text according to eligibility criteria by two independent authors. Inclusion criteria considered randomized and non-randomized control trials, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and peer-reviewed studies in humans, published in English, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, with newborns up to 28 days old who had congenital neuroinfections by toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (TORCH), and others such as Treponema pallidum, Zika, parvovirus B-19, varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr, and SARS-CoV2, diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two evaluators extracted the following information: author, year of publication, nationality, subjects, study type, methods, results, and conclusion. Data synthesis: The most studied pathogen was herpes simplex. Several articles reported only nonspecific initial symptoms, motivating the collection of cerebrospinal fluid and performing PCR for etiological investigation. Conclusions: Molecular methods are effective to detect pathogen genomes in cerebrospinal fluid, which can impact clinical evolution and neurological prognosis. Objective neonates source PROSPERO, PROSPERO , (PROSPERO) CRD42021274210 CRD databases PubMed Library VHL/BIREME, VHLBIREME VHL/BIREME VHL BIREME (VHL/BIREME) Scopus Science EMBASE, EMBASE (EMBASE) Cochrane ProQuest EBSCOhost 202 2022 MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA guidelines 1 removal 2 abstracts 3 Fulltext Full reports 4 authors nonrandomized non trials longitudinal crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional peerreviewed peer reviewed humans English Spanish Italian Portuguese toxoplasmosis rubella cytomegalovirus TORCH, TORCH (TORCH) pallidum Zika B19, B19 B 19, 19 B-19 zoster EpsteinBarr, EpsteinBarr Epstein Barr, Barr Epstein-Barr SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV2, CoV2 CoV SARS-CoV2 PCR. . (PCR) information author publication nationality subjects type results conclusion synthesis symptoms investigation Conclusions prognosis (PROSPERO CRD4202127421 (VHL/BIREME (EMBASE 20 (TORCH B1 B-1 SARS-CoV (PCR CRD420212742 B- CRD42021274 CRD4202127 CRD420212 CRD42021 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

ABSTRACT Unvaccinated identical twins developed bilateral anterior uveitis soon after the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms. During follow-up, both patients developed choroiditis, and one twine developed posterior scleritis and serous retinal detachment. Prompt treatment with oral prednisone ameliorated the lesions, and no recurrence was observed at the 18-month follow-up. Choroiditis may rarely be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and it responds well to corticosteroid therapy. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, we hypothesize that the virus may act as an immunological trigger for choroiditis. 201 symptoms followup, followup follow up, up follow-up choroiditis detachment lesions 18month month 18 followup. up. infection therapy unknown 20 1

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound impact on global health and socio-economic conditions. To date, various vaccines have been administered worldwide in an effort to curb the spread of the virus. Despite vaccination efforts, there have been complications. Existing antiviral drugs have shown limited effectiveness, prompting the use of computational methods to understand the dynamics of the virus and develop suitable treatments. The current study focuses on using biocompatible para-sulfonato-calix[4]arenes to dock against two key proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase, and helicase. Docking results indicate a strong binding affinity of these compounds to the target proteins, with higher scores compared to commonly used medications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation validates the docking results, showing stable protein-ligand complexes over time. The compounds are also screened for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and toxicity, suggesting their potential as lead candidates for inhibiting the virus’s key proteins. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are recommended to confirm these findings. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 pandemic SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV , (SARS-CoV-2) socioeconomic socio economic conditions date efforts complications effectiveness treatments parasulfonatocalix4arenes parasulfonatocalixarenes para sulfonato calix 4 arenes 2, SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent dependent polymerase helicase medications MD (MD proteinligand protein ligand time absorption distribution metabolism toxicity viruss s However findings COVID1 1 (COVID-1 (SARS-CoV-2 parasulfonatocalix SARS-CoV- (COVID- (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV (COVID (SARS-CoV

A vigilância em saúde, como vigilância de agravos e doenças, tem um escopo bastante amplo. Discutiremos aqui a face mais conhecida, que é a vigilância de doenças transmissíveis, e assumiremos como mote a pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2. No desenvolvimento do texto, a abordagem se amplia para uma reflexão sobre tecnologias, modelo e organização do sistema. A mais grave epidemia de nossa época, classificada como pandemia, por atingir simultaneamente todo o planeta, tem obrigado a reflexões que envolvem múltiplos campos do conhecimento. O sofrimento decorrente deve inibir a tentação de associá-la a qualquer imagem positiva, ainda que tenha havido oportunidade para aprender e, em algumas circunstâncias, testemunhar a capacidade humana de agir solidariamente. Poucas coisas são tão didáticas como tragédias e erros. Cabe explorá-los cuidadosamente e extrair a necessária retroalimentação para corrigir rumos da atuação em saúde. Neste texto, trataremos das condições que levaram a vigilância em saúde no Brasil a falhar fragorosamente em sua missão frente à emergência desencadeada pela doença do novo coronavírus 2019 e levantaremos pontos que merecem atenção em uma reestruturação do sistema de vigilância em saúde.

The term "health surveillance" encompasses a wide range of activities, including the monitoring and observation of illnesses and diseases. In this section, we will examine the most well-known aspect of health surveillance, namely the monitoring of communicable diseases. To illustrate our discussion, we will use the ongoing pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a case study. As the text progresses, the focus shifts to an examination of technologies, models, and the structure of the system. The most severe epidemic of our era, classified as a pandemic due to its global impact, has compelled us to reflect on a multitude of disciplines. The resulting suffering should preclude any association with positive images, despite the opportunity to learn and, in some instances, observe the capacity of humans to act in solidarity. It is often observed that few things are as didactic as tragedies and mistakes. It is therefore important to explore them carefully to extract the necessary feedback to correct the course of action in health. In this text, we will discuss the conditions that led health surveillance in Brazil to fail miserably in its mission in the face of the emergency triggered by the novel coronavirus disease 2019. We will also present points that deserve attention in a restructuring of the health surveillance system.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Due to the cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses, previous infections with these viruses could contribute to serological or cellular cross-protection against severe COVID-19. However, protective immunity may not develop, or pre-existing immunity could increase COVID-19 severity. Objective. To determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 and correlate previous exposure with COVID-19 signs in patients from Villavicencio. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. ELISA technique was used to search for IgG antibodies against HCoV-NL3 and HCoV-HKU1 in patients with positive RT-qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2. Patients were grouped according to COVID-19 clinical characteristics in four groups: group 1: asymptomatic (n = 23); group 2: hospitalized (n = 24); group 3: intensive care units (n = 24), and group 4: dead (n = 22). Results. The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against HCoV was 74.2% (n = 69; 95% CI: 65.3-83.1), with 66.7% of HCoV-NL63 (n = 62; 95% CI: 57,1-76,2), and 25.8% of HCoV-HKU1 (n = 24; 95% CI: 16,9-34,7). Based on crosstab analysis, prior exposure to HCoV-NL63 was associated with protection against severe COVID-19 (p = 0.042; adjusted OR = 0.159; 95% CI: 0.027-0.938), and previous coinfection of HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 was considered a positive association to severe COVID-19 (p = 0.048; adjusted OR = 16.704; 95% CI: 1.020 - 273.670). Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing seroprevalence of HCoV IgG antibodies in Colombia and Latin America. Previous exposure to HCoV-NL63 could protect against severe COVID-19, whereas patients with underlying HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 coinfection could be hospitalized with severe signs of COVID-19.

RESUMEN Introducción. Debido a la reactividad cruzada entre SARS-CoV-2 y los coronavirus humanos comunes, las infecciones previas con estos virus podrían contribuir a la protección cruzada serológica o celular contra la COVID-19 grave. Sin embargo, la inmunidad protectora puede no desarrollarse o la inmunidad preexistente podría generar COVID-19 grave. Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG frente a HCoV-NL63 y HCoV-HKU1, y correlacionar su previa exposición con los signos de COVID-19 en pacientes de Villavicencio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional analítico y transversal. Se utilizó la técnica ELISA para buscar anticuerpos IgG contra HCoV-NL3 y HCoV-HKU1 en pacientes con resultado positivo de RT-qPCR para SARS-CoV-2. Los pacientes se agruparon según los signos de COVID-19 en cuatro grupos: grupo 1: asintomáticos (n = 23); grupo 2: hospitalizados (n = 24); grupo 3: unidad de cuidados intensivos (n = 24), y grupo 4: fallecidos (n = 22). Resultados. La seroprevalencia general de IgG anti-HCoV fue de 74.2 % (n = 69; IC95%: 65,3-83,1), con 66,7 % de HCoV-NL63 (n = 62; IC95%: 57,1-76,2) y 25,8 % de HCoV-HKU1 (n = 24; [IC95%:16,9-34,7). Según el análisis de las tablas de contingencia, la exposición previa a HCoV-NL63 se asoció con protección de una COVID-19 grave (p = 0,042; OR ajustado = 0,159; IC95%: 0,027-0,938) y la previa coinfección de HCoV-NL63 y HCoV-HKU1 se asoció con padecimiento de signos clínicos graves por COVID-19 (p = 0,048; OR ajustado = 16,704; IC95%: 1,020- 73,670). Conclusión. Según la literatura revisada hasta la fecha, este es el primer estudio sobre la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG de HCoV en Colombia y Latinoamérica. La exposición previa a HCoV-NL63 podría proteger contra la COVID-19 grave, mientras que los pacientes con coinfección subyacente de HCoV-NL63 y HCoV-HKU1 podrían resultar hospitalizados con signos graves de COVID-19.

Abstract The context in which the tourism sector is developing in Cuba has been conditioned by a dizzying decline in income, largely associated with the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the post-pandemic effects of Covid-19. This behavior has brought with it the search for alternatives that would bring about imminent solutions. The need to assume new patterns to reach again the competitive position before the pandemic is a challenge for Cuba, which demands transforming changes from science. The objective of this work is to propose a procedure for the design of indicators to determine the competitiveness of the tourist destination Santiago de Cuba. For this purpose, a procedure based on multivariate analysis is proposed, which is carried out through a scientometric study that validates the main sources that support the competitiveness of destinations, as well as its dimensions and pillars. Documentary, statistical and exploratory analysis is also carried out. As main results, three dimensions are obtained, which are disaggregated into five pillars for which eight general indicators are defined. In this sense, it is concluded that the destination is competitive; however, strategies must be designed to guarantee consumer loyalty and attract new segments.

Resumo O contexto em que o setor de turismo está se desenvolvendo em Cuba foi condicionado por uma queda vertiginosa na renda, em grande parte associada à disseminação do vírus SARS-CoV-2 e aos efeitos pós-pandêmicos da Covid-19. Esse comportamento levou à busca de alternativas que ofereçam soluções iminentes. A necessidade de assumir novos padrões para retornar à posição competitiva anterior à pandemia é um desafio para Cuba, que exige mudanças transformadoras baseadas na ciência. O objetivo deste artigo é propor um procedimento para o desenho de indicadores para determinar a competitividade do destino turístico de Santiago de Cuba. Para isso, propõe-se um procedimento baseado em análise multivariada, que é realizado por meio de um estudo cienciométrico que valida as principais fontes que sustentam a competitividade dos destinos, bem como suas dimensões e pilares. Também é realizada uma análise documental, estatística e exploratória. Como principais resultados, são obtidas três dimensões, que se desdobram em cinco pilares para os quais são definidos oito indicadores gerais. Nesse sentido, conclui-se que o destino é competitivo, porém, é necessário traçar estratégias para garantir a fidelidade dos consumidores e atrair novos segmentos.

Resumen El contexto en el que se desarrolla el sector turístico en Cuba ha estado condicionado por una vertiginosa disminución de los ingresos, asociada en gran medida a la propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2 y los efectos postpandemia Covid-19. Este comportamiento ha traído consigo la búsqueda de alternativas que propicien soluciones inminentes. La necesidad de asumir nuevos patrones para volver a alcanzar la posición competitiva previa a la pandemia es un reto para Cuba, lo que demanda cambios transformadores acaecidos desde la ciencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un procedimiento para el diseño de indicadores que permitan determinar la competitividad del destino turístico Santiago de Cuba. Para ello se propone un procedimiento basado en el análisis multivariante, que se realiza a través de un estudio cienciométrico que valida las principales fuentes que sustentan la competitividad de los destinos, así como sus dimensiones y pilares. Se desarrollan a su vez el análisis documental, estadístico y exploratorio. Como principales resultados se obtienen tres dimensiones que se desagregan en cinco pilares para los cuales se definen ocho indicadores generales. En este sentido se concluye que el destino es competitivo, sin embargo, deben trazarse estrategias que garanticen la fidelización de consumidores y atracción de nuevos segmentos.

Resumen Este artículo es un ejercicio de reflexividad sobre investigaciones etnográficas propias de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 realizadas en 2020-2021. Se analizan aquí experiencias, narrativas y políticas de diagnóstico y control de la circulación del virus en tres ciudades de diferente escala urbana de Argentina. Realizado en la postpandemia, nuestro análisis se propone aportar al estudio del fenómeno sanitario desde la antropología social, ofreciendo recomendaciones para la planificación y gestión de futuros y probables confinamientos. Concluimos que nuestra contribución como científicas sociales es la comprensión del fenómeno sanitario en el marco de desigualdades estructurales, emergiendo la necesidad de planificar la prevención por confinamiento a escalas micro, meso y macro sociales. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- 20202021. 20202021 2020 2021. 2021 2020-2021 experiencias Argentina postpandemia social confinamientos estructurales micro SARS-CoV 2020202 202 2020-202 202020 20 2020-20 20202 2020-2 2020-

Abstract This article is a critical reflexivity approach of our own ethnographic research on SARS-CoV-2 infection carried out during 2020-2021. Experiences, narratives, interpretations and policies for the diagnosis and control of the circulation of the virus in three cities of different urban scale in Argentina are analyzed here. Carried out in the post-pandemic, our analysis aims to converge experiences, tellings and policies to make significant contributions to the study and understanding of the health phenomenon from social anthropology, offering recommendations for the planning and management of future and probable confinements. We conclude that our contribution as social scientists is the understanding of the health phenomenon within the framework of structural inequalities, emerging the need to plan prevention due to confinement at micro, meso and macro social scales. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- 20202021. 20202021 2020 2021. 2021 2020-2021 Experiences narratives here postpandemic, postpandemic post pandemic, pandemic post-pandemic experiences anthropology confinements inequalities micro scales SARS-CoV 2020202 202 2020-202 202020 20 2020-20 20202 2020-2 2020-

RESUMEN Introducción: la necesidad de contar con técnicas de laboratorio rápidas, sensibles y específicas para la detección de patógenos de difícil diagnóstico llevó a la creación del Laboratorio de Biología molecular en el Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Villa Clara. Objetivo: caracterizar la evolución y la importancia de la Microbiología molecular en el Laboratorio del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Villa Clara de junio de 2018 a diciembre de 2023. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Villa Clara en el período comprendido de junio de 2018 a diciembre de 2023 a partir del total de muestras procesadas por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, se emplearon varias plataformas tecnológicas y diversos estuches comerciales. Resultados: en 2018 se implementó el diagnóstico molecular con dos plataformas, Rotor Gene-Q® y Gene Xpert® MTB/RIF, y en 2021, se dispuso de cuatro, al introducir el SLAN y la plataforma COBAS 4800®. El laboratorio adquirió relevancia por la llegada de la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus de 2019: se procesaron 511 225 muestras de exudado nasofaríngeo y 14 568 determinaciones para el diagnóstico de los virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, de hepatitis C y B y del papiloma humano que se realizaron en la plataforma COBAS 4800®. En el año 2023 se fortaleció la capacidad de detección de patógenos y se identificó la cocirculación comunitaria de influenza A y B, del virus parainfluenza tipo 4, el coronavirus OC 43, el SARS-CoV-2 y el dengue. Conclusiones: el aumento progresivo de la capacidad resolutiva del Laboratorio de Biología molecular, junto a la implementación de nuevas plataformas diagnósticas, ha permitido fortalecer la detección de patógenos de interés clínico y perfeccionar la vigilancia centinela virológica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the need to have rapid, sensitive and specific laboratory techniques for the detection of pathogens that are difficult to diagnose led to the creation of the Molecular Biology Laboratory at the Provincial Center of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Villa Clara. Objective: to characterize the evolution and importance of Molecular Microbiology in the Laboratory of the Provincial Center of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Villa Clara from June 2018 to December 2023. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at the Villa Clara Molecular Biology Laboratory in the period from June 2018 to December 2023 based on the total samples processed by polymerase chain reaction, several technological platforms and various kits were used. commercial. Results: In 2018, molecular diagnosis was implemented with two platforms, Rotor Gene-Q® and Gene Xpert® MTB/RIF, and in 2021, four were available, when the SLAN and the COBAS 4800® platform were introduced. The laboratory became relevant due to the arrival of the 2019 new coronavirus pandemic: 511,225 nasopharyngeal exudate samples and 14,568 determinations were processed for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis C and B, and human papilloma carried out on the COBAS 4800® platform. In 2023, the pathogen detection capacity was strengthened and the community cocirculation of influenza A and B, parainfluenza virus type 4, the OC 43 coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and dengue was identified. Conclusions: the progressive increase in the resolution capacity of the Molecular Biology Laboratory, together with the implementation of new diagnostic platforms, has allowed us to strengthen the detection of pathogens of clinical interest and improve virological sentinel surveillance.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by loss of attachment with concomitant bone resorption and deepened grooves due to apical migration of the junctional epithelium. Viruses may participate in its pathogenesis; infectious agents unique in biology, including the SARS-CoV-2 that causes the COVID-19. Therefore, researchers have proposed theories that try to explain the possible association of this virus with periodontitis, considering that a bidirectional relationship exists between both. A bibliographic review on this topic was carried out from January 2021 to May 2023, using Google Scholar, the PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Objective: Describe the available information on the association between periodontitis and COVID-19. Development: In periodontitis, poor oral hygiene produces a dysbiosis of the oral microbiome that triggers the appearance of periodontopathogens; The entry of the SARS-CoV-2 can subvert the immune system, which causes a serious association of periodontal diseases with COVID-19. This virus can interact with the oral microbiome and cause excessive growth of pathobionts that aggravate the formation of periodontal pockets. Conclusions: It is considered that the association between the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 with periodontitis is bidirectional, the effect of the virus on the immune system can aggravate periodontitis and the effects of chemical mediators of periodontitis make it more vulnerable the patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 to develop a coinfection.

RESUMEN Introducción: La periodontitis es la enfermedad crónica inflamatoria caracterizada por la pérdida de inserción con reabsorción ósea concomitante y surcos profundizados por migración apical del epitelio de unión. En su patogenia pueden participar los virus; agentes infecciosos únicos en biología, entre ellos el SARS-CoV-2 causante de la COVID-19. Los investigadores han planteado teorías que tratan de explicar la posible asociación de este virus con la periodontitis, al considerar que existe entre ambas una relación bidireccional. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre este tema de enero de 2021 a mayo de 2023, con el uso del Google Académico, las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE y LILACS. Objetivo: Describir la información disponible sobre la asociación entre la periodontitis y la COVID-19. Desarrollo: En la periodontitis la deficiente higiene bucal produce una disbiosis del microbioma oral que desencadena la aparición de periodontopatógenos; la entrada del SARS-CoV-2 puede subvertir el sistema inmune, lo que provoca asociación grave de las enfermedades periodontales con la COVID-19. El virus puede interactuar con el microbioma oral y provocar crecimiento excesivo de patobiontes que agravan la formación de bolsas periodontales. Conclusiones: Se considera que la asociación entre la enfermedad producida por el SARS-CoV-2 con la periodontitis es bidireccional, el efecto del virus en el sistema inmunológico puede agravar la periodontitis y los efectos de mediadores químicos de la periodontitis hacen más vulnerable al paciente contagiado por el SARS-CoV-2 para desarrollar una coinfección.

Abstract Objective: The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic affected people deprived of liberty in Colombia, a vulnerable group due to unfavorable prison conditions and deficient protection measures. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on cognitive function and subjective perception of executive functions in this group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 47 men deprived of liberty between 18 and 55 years of age, in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA) and the BANFE-2 Battery were used. The participants provided informed consent and affirmed having tested positive in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Results: It was determined that, 97.9% of individuals deprived of liberty had a positive PCR test, and 76.6% exhibited normal cognitive function in the MoCA Test. The subjective perception of executive functioning was recorded with normal parameters, at 68.1% according to the BANFE-2. A negative correlation was found between the MoCA Test (orientation subtest) and reported categories of SARS-CoV-2 virus symptoms. In addition, the abstraction MoCA variable showed an inverse relationship of (−3.19). Conclusions: The study demonstrated a negative correlation between cognitive impairment and SARS-CoV-2 symptoms in people deprived of liberty. Most of the participants presented normal cognitive and executive functioning, indicating a proportional inverse relationship between the variables evaluated.

Resumen Objetivo: La pandemia del virus SARS-CoV2 afectó a las personas privadas de la libertad en Colombia, un grupo vulnerable debido a las condiciones desfavorables en las cárceles y las deficientes medidas de protección. Analizar el efecto del SARS-CoV-2 en la función cognitiva y percepción subjetiva de las funciones ejecutivas en este grupo. Métodos: Se realiza un estudio transversal en 47 hombres privados de libertad de 18 a 55 años, en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizando el Test Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) y la Batería Banfe-2, los participantes suministran su consentimiento informado y afirman haber dado positivo en la prueba de PCR. Resultados: Se determina que el 97.9% de las personas privadas de la libertad tienen la prueba PCR positiva y un funcionamiento cognitivo normal del 76.6% en el test de MoCA. La percepción subjetiva del funcionamiento ejecutivo fue normal en un 68.1% según la BANFE-2. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre el Test de MoCA (subprueba de orientación) y las categorías de síntomas notificados del virus SARS-CoV2. Además, la variable MoCA de abstracción mostró una relación inversa de (−3.19). Conclusiones: El estudio demuestra una correlación negativa entre el deterioro cognitivo y los síntomas del SARS-CoV2 en personas privadas de la libertad. La mayoría de los participantes presentan un funcionamiento cognitivo y ejecutivo normal, indicando una relación inversa proporcional entre las variables evaluadas.

Abstract. The classification of diseases of the Northern Lacandons reflects two main categories: autochthonous diseases, or “true diseases”, which are sent by the ancestral gods, and exogenous diseases, which are foreign, and are created by foreing deities. True diseases are cured through ritual practices, while to treat foreign diseases Western medicine is required. The text presents original ethnographic information, gathered during the period of confinement due to the pandemic. The analysis of the ethnographic material highlighted the different interpretations that the Lacandons elaborated to explain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from their cosmogony, as well as the methods employed to prevent and cure the infection. This analysis shows that the concepts of health and disease are dynamic; they change and adapt according to the cultural variations, as they are closely linked to religion and worldview.

Resumen. La nosología de los lacandones del norte contempla dos categorías principales de enfermedades: las autóctonas, llamadas “verdaderas enfermedades” -enviadas por los dioses ancestrales-, y las infecciones exógenas -“de los ladinos”-, creadas por deidades extranjeras. Las primeras se curan por medio de prácticas rituales, mientras que el tratamiento de las segundas necesita de métodos terapéuticos ajenos a la cultura local. En el texto, se presenta información etnográfica inédita, recabada durante el periodo de confinamiento por la pandemia. El análisis del material etnográfico permitió destacar las distintas interpretaciones que los lacandones elaboraron para explicar la difusión del virus SARS-CoV-2 desde su cosmogonía, así como los métodos que se emplearon para prevenir o curar la infección. Este análisis muestra cómo los conocimientos sobre los procesos de salud y enfermedad son nociones dinámicas, que se modifican y adaptan de acuerdo con las variaciones culturales, pues se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas a la religión y la cosmovisión.

Abstract. The aim of this article is to describe and analyze perceptions of COVID-19, its influence on ritual practices, and the restrictions on accompanying the deceased in Huautla de Jiménez, Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. The ethnographic research methodology included participant observation, informal conversations, semi-structured interviews with Mazatec people, as well as the personal experience of living in Huautla. During fieldwork, there were some restrictions during intimate or public rituals, as respect was given to the grief of loss and some collaborators did not wish to discuss it. The originality of this text lies in uncovering the close relationship between death-illness-virus, as well as the mortuary treatment of the body during a pandemic, due to resistance to abandoning customs. Among the findings are beliefs in the afterlife and the rites performed by relatives for the deceased. We conclude that while this ritual practice was limited by COVID-19, it was not eliminated to avoid disrupting the journey of the deceased.

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar las percepciones sobre la COVID-19, la influencia de ésta en la ritualidad y las restricciones del acompañamiento a los difuntos en Huautla de Jiménez, Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. La metodología de investigación etnográfica incluyó observación participante, pláticas informales, entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con mazatecos, además de la experiencia personal de vivir en Huautla. En el trabajo de campo, durante los rituales íntimos o públicos, hubo algunas restricciones, pues se respetó el dolor por la pérdida y que algunos colaboradores no quisieran hablar al respecto. La originalidad del texto radica en develar la estrecha relación entre muerte-enfermedad-virus, así como el tratamiento mortuorio del cuerpo en pandemia, por resistirse a dejar sus costumbres. Entre los hallazgos situamos las creencias en la vida posterior y en los ritos que realizan familiares para el difunto. Concluimos que esta ritualidad se limitó por la COVID-19, pero no se eliminó para no afectar el viaje del difunto.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate if the comorbidity and coinfections presented by SARS-CoV-2 infection vs. COVID-19 impact our Mexican children. Method: Prospective and observational study that included the 2020-2021 peak influenza season. All patients with a diagnosis of infection by SARS-CoV-2 vs. COVID-19 who were admitted to the Hospital Infantil de Mexico were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in all patients, determining E, RdRp and RP genes and protein N, as well as RT-PCR for detection of respiratory viruses. Results: The inclusion criteria were met by 163 patients. The group with the highest risk of becoming ill was adolescents (40.4%), followed by schoolchildren and preschoolers (21.4% and 19.6% of the cases, respectively). There were three cases with viral coinfection: two (1.2%) with parvovirus B-19 and one (0.6%) with herpes type I; another two (1.2%) showed bacterial coinfection. The main comorbidity were obesity, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and arterial hypertension. Regarding mortality, we only had four cases (2.4%). Conclusions: Obesity, cancer, hypertension, heart disease and diabetes are comorbidity present in our patients, as referred to in literature, but not coinfections. In our study, we did not have any associated mortality related to comorbidity.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la comorbilidad y de las coinfecciones presentadas por la infección por SARS-CoV-2 vs. COVID-19 en niños mexicanos. Método: Estudio prospectivo y observacional que comprendió la temporada alta de influenza 2020-2021, analizando todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de infección vs. enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 vs. COVID-19 que ingresaron al Hospital Infantil de México. Se realizó en todos RT-PCR en tiempo real para SARS-CoV-2, determinando gen E, gen RdRp, gen RP y proteína N, y RT-PCR multiplex para detección de virus respiratorios. Resultados: Los criterios de inclusión los cumplieron 163 pacientes. El grupo con mayor riesgo de enfermar fueron los adolescentes (40.4%), seguidos de los escolares y preescolares (21.4% y 19.6% de los casos, respectivamente). Hubo tres casos con coinfección viral: dos (1.2%) con parvovirus B-19 y uno (0.6%) con herpes tipo I; hubo otros dos (1.2%) con coinfección bacteriana. La principal comorbilidad correspondió a obesidad, leucemia linfoblástica aguda e hipertensión arterial. En cuanto a mortalidad, solo hubo cuatro casos (2.4%). Conclusiones: Obesidad, cáncer, hipertensión, cardiopatías y diabetes constituyen la comorbilidad en nuestros pacientes, como se refiere en la literatura, no así las coinfecciones. En nuestro estudio no hubo casos de mortalidad relacionada con la comorbilidad.

Resumen Los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 presentan un curso clínico variable, desde asintomáticos o con síntomas respiratorios leves hasta una evolución grave con gran reacción inflamatoria e inmune. La aparición de un componente monoclonal como manifestación de este estado inflamatorio e inmune está poco descrito. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 74 años que inicia en 2020 con síndrome anémico, livedo reticularis y acrocianosis, gatillados por frío y aliviados por calor. El laboratorio evidencia anemia hemolítica por anticuerpos fríos y su estudio complementario es compatible con enfermedad por crioaglutininas. Se trata con rituximab sin respuesta, posteriormente recibe rituximab-bendamustina resolviendo síntomas, disminuyendo el título de crioaglutininas, mejorando la anemia y normalizando el perfil bioquímico. En febrero de 2022 presenta neumonía multifocal por SARS COV 2, requiriendo hospitalización por 19 días, con reactivación mínima de su enfermedad de base. En esta etapa se detecta en electroforesis e inmunofijación en suero dos componentes monoclonales IgG kappa e IgG lambda, sumados a su IgM kappa conocido por su enfermedad por crioaglutininas. El seguimiento muestra que dichos componentes persisten detectables por 4 meses, pero un control posterior evidencia la persistencia de sólo IgM kappa en inmunofijación, con desaparición de los nuevos componentes. La electroforesis es también negativa. Usualmente las infecciones virales generan hipergammaglobulinemias policlonales, en contraste mostramos como en este caso la infección por SARS-CoV-2 se asocia a gammapatía biclonal transitoria, la que planteamos como manifestación de la intensa reacción inmune generada por el virus.

Abstract Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 present a variable clinical course, from asymptomatic or mild respiratory symptoms to a severe evolution with a major inflammatory and immune reaction. The appearance of a monoclonal component as a manifestation of this inflammatory and immune state is poorly described. We present the case of a 74-year-old male patient, who began in 2020 with anemic syndrome, livedo reticularis and acrocyanosis triggered by cold and relieved by heat. The laboratory showed hemolytic anemia due to cold antibodies and its complementary study was compatible with cold agglutinin disease. He was treated with rituximab without response, subsequently receiving rituximab-bendamustine, resolving symptoms, decreasing cold agglutinin titer, improving anemia and normalizing biochemical profile. In February 2022, he presented multifocal pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2, requiring hospitalization for 19 days, with minimal reactivation of his underlying disease. At this stage, two monoclonal components IgG kappa and IgG lambda are detected in electrophoresis and immunofixation in serum, added to their IgM kappa known for cold agglutinin disease. The follow-up shows that these components remain detectable for 4 months, a subsequent control shows the persistence of only IgM kappa in immunofixation, with the disappearance of the new components. The electrophoresis is also negative. Usually viral infections generate polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemias, in contrast we show how in this case the SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with transient biclonal gammopathy, which we propose as a manifestation of the intense immune reaction generated by the virus.