RESUMO A ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) é uma técnica de espectroscopia amplamente utilizada pelos químicos e físicos para determinar a estrutura química de moléculas que foi adaptada para gerar imagens, conhecidas como tomografia por imagem de ressonância magnética nuclear (IRM), amplamente utilizada em diagnóstico médico. A importância da RMN na química, física, medicina, materiais e agricultura tem sido reconhecida por vários Prémios Nobel de Física, 1952, Química, 1991 e 2002, e Medicina em 2003. Portanto, a RMN pode ser aplicada para obter: i) imagens do corpo humano, animais e materiais; ii) espectros de alta resolução para obtenção de informações estruturais e dinâmicas de produtos químicos, materiais etc.; e iii) obter informações quantitativas e qualitativas da composição química de alimentos, produtos agrícolas, utilizando relaxometria de baixa resolução. A IRM e a RMN de alta resolução tem sido aplicadas em produtos agroalimentares, principalmente na pesquisa, uma vez que normalmente dependem de instrumentos caros de grandes dimensões, o que restringe a sua utilização em aplicações rotineiras. Sensores de RMN que têm sido utilizados com mais frequência em produtos agroalimentares baseiam-se em instrumentos de baixa resolução ou de baixo campo ou domínio de tempo TD-NMR. Esses instrumentos de baixo custo tem sido utilizados para análises qualitativas e quantitativas de produtos agroalimentares, como sementes e grãos intactos, frutas intactas, carnes, óleos e alimentos processados. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma revisão das técnicas de RMN, seus principais aspectos da instrumentação, e discutidas algumas aplicações de TD-RMN e IRM na análise não invasiva de alimentos, sementes e outros produtos agrícolas. (RMN IRM, , (IRM) médico física medicina Física 1952 Química 199 2002 2003 Portanto i humano ii etc. etc iii agrícolas pesquisa dimensões rotineiras baseiamse baseiam se TDNMR. TDNMR TD NMR. NMR TD-NMR intactos intactas carnes processados artigo instrumentação TDRMN (IRM 195 19 200 1 20 2

ABSTRACT Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopy technique widely used by chemists and physicists to determine the chemical structure of molecules that was adapted to generate imaging, known as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is widely used in medical diagnosis. The importance of NMR in chemistry, physics, medicine, materials, and agriculture has been recognized with several Nobel Prizes in Physics, 1952, Chemistry, 1991 and 2002, and Medicine in 2003. Therefore, NMR can be applied to obtain: i) imaging of the human body, animal and materials; ii) high-resolution spectra to obtain structural and dynamical information of chemicals, materials etc.; and iii) quantitative and qualitative information of chemical composition of products such as food and agricultural products, using low-resolution relaxometry. High-resolution NMR and MRI have been applied in agri-food products, mostly as a research tool as they typically rely on expensive and bulk instruments, which restrict their uses in routine applications. The NMR sensors that have been more frequently used in agri-food products are based on low-resolution or low-field or time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) instruments. These low-cost instruments have been used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of agri-food products such as intact seeds and grains, intact fruits, meat, oils, and processed foods. In this paper, an overview of the NMR techniques and its main instrumentation aspects are presented, and some applications of TD-NMR and MRI in the non-invasive analysis of food, seeds, and others agricultural products are discussed. (NMR MRI, , (MRI) diagnosis chemistry physics medicine Physics 1952 Chemistry 199 2002 2003 Therefore i body ii highresolution high resolution chemicals etc. etc iii lowresolution low relaxometry Highresolution High agrifood agri lowfield field timedomain time domain TDNMR TD (TD-NMR lowcost cost grains fruits meat oils foods paper presented noninvasive non invasive discussed (MRI 195 19 200 1 20 2

ABSTRACT Essential oils used as bioherbicides are a promising alternative in agriculture. This study aimed to assess the phytotoxic potential of Piper marginatum essential oil through an in vitro study with detached and post-emergence leaves of three commercial species (lettuce, pepper, and tomato) and a weed (Spermacoce verticillata). The experiments were conducted in a randomized design with six treatments that consisted of four concentrations of essential oil (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1% [v/v]) and two control treatments (distilled water, and 1% polysorbate 80 in distilled water). The P. marginatum essential oil had a phytotoxic effect on the leaves of the experimental species. The highest essential oil concentration resulted in greater toxicity effects on tomato, lettuce, and pepper leaves. The 0.1% essential oil concentration completely destroyed the S. verticillata leaves. Seven days after application, the P. marginatum essential oil did not show adverse effects on plant growth in the post-emergence phase. It is recommended to investigate its possible phytotoxic activity in other phases of plant development to understand its mode of action and potential as an alternative to developing bioproducts for weed control. agriculture postemergence post emergence lettuce (lettuce tomato Spermacoce verticillata. . verticillata) 0.001, 0001 0 001 (0.001 01 0.01 1 0.1 v/v vv v [v/v] water 8 water. water) P S application phase 0.001 000 00 (0.00 0.0 0. [v/v 0.00 (0.0 (0. (0 (

RESUMO Óleos essenciais usados como bioherbicidas são uma alternativa promissora na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fitotóxico do óleo essencial de Piper marginatum, através de estudo in vitro com folhas destacadas e em pós-emergência de três espécies comerciais (alface, pimentão e tomate) e uma planta daninha (Spermacoce verticillata). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento casualizado com seis tratamentos que consistiram em quatro concentrações de óleo essencial (0,001; 0,01; 0,1 e 1% [v/v]), e dois tratamentos controle (água destilada, e 1% de polissorbato 80 em água destilada). O óleo essencial de P. marginatum apresentou efeito fitotóxico sobre as folhas das espécies experimentais. A maior concentração de óleo essencial resultou em maiores efeitos de toxicidade nas folhas de tomate, alface e pimentão. A concentração de 0,1% de óleo essencial foi suficiente para destruir completamente as folhas de S. verticillata. Sete dias após a aplicação, o óleo essencial de P. marginatum não evidenciou efeitos adversos no crescimento das plantas na fase pós-emergencial. Recomenda-se investigar sua possível atividade fitotóxica em outras fases do desenvolvimento vegetal, para entender o seu modo de ação e potencial como alternativa no desenvolvimento de bioprodutos para controle de plantas daninhas. agricultura pósemergência pós emergência alface, (alface tomate Spermacoce verticillata . verticillata) 0,001 0001 0 001 (0,001 0,01 01 1 0, v/v, vv v/v , v [v/v]) destilada 8 destilada. destilada) P experimentais S aplicação pósemergencial. pósemergencial emergencial. emergencial pós-emergencial Recomendase Recomenda se vegetal daninhas 0,00 000 00 (0,00 0,0 [v/v] (0,0 [v/v (0, (0 (

RESUMEN Los aceites esenciales sirven como un sustituto viable para la utilización de antimicrobianos convencionales. En la actualidad, la distribución mundial de cepas de Streptococcuspneumoniae son resistentes a la penicilina. Esta bacteria en particular posee la capacidad de causar daño a los seres humanos. Se evalúa la eficacia antimicrobiana del timol, un compuesto activo que se encuentra en el aceite de tomillo. Se examinaron un total de 30 cepas distintas de Streptococcuspneumoniae. La metodología empleada en este estudio fue la técnica de microdilución en caldo. Los resultados revelaran que la mayoría de las cepas mostraron resultados similares tanto en las pruebas de concentración inhibitoria mínima como en las de concentración bactericida mínima. Estas alteraciones permitieron a los investigadores detectar y establecer de manera efectiva la actividad antimicrobiana del timol como una posible opción de tratamiento alternativo.

ABSTRACT Essential oils serve as a viable substitute for the use of conventional antimicrobials. Currently, the worldwide distribution of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are resistant to penicillin. This particular bacterium has the ability to cause harm to humans. The antimicrobial efficacy of thymol, an active compound found in thyme oil, is evaluated. A total of 30 different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were examined. The methodology used in this study was the broth microdilution technique. The results reveal that most of the strains showed similar results in both the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration tests. These alterations allowed the researchers to effectively detect and establish the antimicrobial activity of thymol as a possible alternative treatment option.

ABSTRACT Piper marginatum and Piper tuberculatum are species used for their insecticidal properties by local indigenous people in eastern Ecuador. This study aimed to determine the acaricidal and larvicidal activity of the essential oil of these species. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. The acaricidal activity was evaluated with the contact toxicity method against larvae of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Larvicidal activity was evaluated against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae following WHO recommended guidelines. The essential oils of P. marginatum and P. tuberculatum showed an acaricidal potential with LC50 of 0.90 and 0.73 µL mL-1,respectively. In addition, excellent larvicidal activity was obtained with LC50 of 11.87 µL mL-1 (P. marginatum) and 8.42 µL mL-1 (P. tuberculatum) at 48 hours of evaluation. This is the first report of the acaricidal activity of P. marginatum and P. tuberculatum essential oils against R. microplus tick larvae. The results indicate that essential oils could serve as a natural alternative for controlling these pests, with ethnobotanical applications as a lice and tick repellent.

Piper marginatum y Piper tuberculatum son especies utilizadas por sus propiedades insecticidas por indígenas locales del este de Ecuador. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la actividad acaricida y larvicida del aceite esencial de estas especies. Los aceites esenciales se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación. La actividad acaricida se evaluó con el método de toxicidad por contacto frente a larvas de la garrapata Rhipicephalus microplus. Se evaluó la actividad larvicida contra larvas del mosquito Aedes aegypti siguiendo los lineamientos recomendados por la OMS. Los aceites esenciales de P. marginatum y P. tuberculatum mostraron un potencial acaricida con CL50 de 0.90 y 0.73 µL mL-1,respectivamente. Además, se obtuvo una excelente actividad larvicida con CL50 de 11.87 µL mL-1 (P. marginatum) y 8.42 µL mL-1 (P. tuberculatum) a las 48 horas de evaluación. Este es el primer reporte de la actividad acaricida de los aceites esenciales de P. marginatum y P. tuberculatum frente a las larvas de la garrapata R. microplus. Los resultados indican que los aceites esenciales podrían servir como una alternativa natural para el control de estas plagas, con aplicaciones etnobotánicas como repelente de piojos y garrapatas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 ºC, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011).

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy en día los contaminantes producidos en el agua superan las capacidades de sus mecanismos de descontaminación. Siendo necesario evaluar las aguas residuales pertenecientes al Central Refinería Ecuador. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua residual del Central Refinería Ecuador, para su posible aprovechamiento en riego agrícola. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua residual se evaluó mediante ensayos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los principales resultados físico, químicos y microbiológicos evaluados en dos momentos fueron: temperatura 46,6 y 43,6 ºC, conductividad eléctrica 2 359 y 1 366 µS cm-1, sólidos sedimentables 8 y 3,50 mL L-1. pH 5,80 y 6,30 unidades de pH, fósforo total 5 y 3,75 mg L-1, nitrógeno total 4,20 y 6,45 mg L-1, demanda química de oxígeno 1 832 y 1 742 mg L-1, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 1 671 y 1 451 mg L-1, grasas y aceites 296,9 y 30,9 mg L-1; cadmio 0,06 y 0,16 mg L-1, cromo total 0,10 y 0,20 mg L-1, cobre 1,19 y 1,80 mg L-1, plomo 0,43 y 0,55 mg L-1, zinc 1,37 y 2,33 mg L-1, coliformes totales 8 800 000 y 1 60 000 mg L-1 y coliformes fecales 8 800 000 y 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusiones: El efluente no cumple con los requisitos de vertimiento de la NC 27, (2012)y es clasificada de mala calidad para ser aprovechada en el riego de la caña de azúcar según NC 855, (2011).

ABSTRACT The effect of exposure to water-soluble fractions of used automobile crankcase oils (WSF-AUCO) on haematology parameters, immune system, stability of lysosomal membranes of hemocytes and lipid peroxidation in the digestive gland of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata was evaluated in this study. The oysters were exposed to 0, 1, 10 and 20 % v/v of WSF-AUCO during different periods: 3, 5 and 7 d, in static aquaria under controlled conditions (oxygenation 6 mg/L; 25 ± 1°C; pH 8.0 and 36 ‰). During the early period (3d) of exposure, an increase in the total count of hemocytes (TCH) was observed to 10 % of WSF-AUCO. In oyster exposed to 20 % during 7 d significant decreases in immuno-hematological parameters associated with high lysosomal destabilization of hemocytes and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was observed. The oysters showed compensatory cellular responses to the WSF-AUCO low concentrations, but these decreased during acute exposure. Immuno-modulator effects were induced by complex mixtures of compounds of WSF-AUCO. The molecular and immune-cellular responses estimated in P. imbricada offer appropriate information on the change in the normal physiology of organisms that inhabit impacted environments by complex mixtures of xenobiotics.

RESUMEN En este estudio se evaluaron los efectos que ocasiona la exposición a fracciones acuosas de lubricantes usados de motores de automóviles (Faluma) sobre parámetros hematológicos, sistema inmune, estabilidad de la membrana lisosomal de hemocitos y niveles peroxidación lipídica y lisozimas en la glándula digestiva de la ostra perla Pinctada imbricada. Las ostras fueron expuestas a 0, 1, 10 y 20 % v/v de Faluma durante diferentes períodos: 3, 5 y 7 días, en sistema estático de acuarios bajo condiciones controladas (oxigenación 6 mg/L; 25 ± 1°C; pH 8.0 y 36 ‰). Durante el período temprano de exposición fue observado un aumento en el número total de hemocitos (NTH) de ostras expuestas a 10 % de Faluma. En ostras expuestas a 20 % al séptimo día se observó un descenso en los parámetros inmunohematológicos, asociados a una elevada desestabilización de la membrana lisosomal y contenido de malondialdehido (MDA). Las ostras mostraron respuestas celulares compensatorias a bajas concentraciones de Faluma, resultando mermadas durante la exposición aguda. Se evidenciaron efectos immunomodulatorios inducidos por la mezcla de compuestos xenobióticos contentivos en Faluma. Las respuestas moleculares e inmune-celulares estimadas en P. imbricada pueden suministrar información sobre los cambios en la fisiología normal de organismos que habitan ambientes impactados por mezclas complejas de xenobióticos.

Resumen Lasreacciones de hidrólisispueden ser conducidas utilizando triglicéridoscon diferentes tamaños de cadena carbónica, siendoel ácido acético y etanoico losproductos más comunes, ademásdel glicerol que seríaelproductocomúnencualquierreacción de hidrólisisenlaproducción de biodiesel. Enel caso del aceite de Macaúba, se sospecha que cuando se somete a una reacción de hidrólisis, por ser una mezcla, lostriglicéridos, oleico, palmítico y esteárico probablementeseránlosreactivos de mayorimportancia y consumo enlasreacciones.Deacuerdoconla literatura, se nota una escasez de información acerca de loscompuestos involucrados enlahidrólisis de lasreacciones de aceites vegetales, por lo que ladisponibilidad de datosexperimentales de las moléculas implicadas enlasreaciones de producción de los ácidos grasos y glicerol es escasaenla literatura. Enmuchosestudios se utilizan métodos de contribución de grupos o correlaciones empíricas para predecirlaspropiedades de las moléculas. Así, en este trabajo, se realizóunanálisistermodinámico inicial de lasreacciones que ocurrenenlahidrólisisdel aceite de Macaúba, en especial de la tripalmitina y de la trioleína, enun rango de temperatura de 300 a 700 K. Los parámetrostermodinámicosempleadosen este trabajo, para algunoscompuestos, fueronestimados por métodos disponiblesenla literatura. El cálculo de laenergía de Gibbs de lasreacciones se realizóempleando resultados de entalpía de reacciones encontradas entrabajos anteriores. Finalmente, de posesióndel conjunto de estosparámetros, para lasposiblesreacciones de hidrólisis a ser estudiadas, fueposible estimar laenergía de Gibbsreaccionaria de lasmismas, lo que permitió agregar más informaciónen esta área de estudio.

Abstract Hydrolysis reactions can be carried out using triglycerides with different carbon chain sizes, with acetic acid and ethanoic acid being the most common products, in addition to glycerol which would be the common product in any hydrolysis reaction in the production of biodiesel. In the case of Macaúba oil, it is suspected that when undergoing a hydrolysis reaction, as a mixture, the triglycerides, oleic, palmitic and stearic are likely to be the most important reagents and consumption in the reactions. According to the literature, there is a shortage of information concerning the compounds involved in the hydrolysis of the reactions of vegetable oils, so the availability of experimental data on the molecules involved in the production of the fatty acids and glycerol reactions is scarce in literature. In many studies, methods of group contributions or empirical correlations are used to predict the properties of molecules. Thus, in this work, an initial thermodynamic analysis of the reactions occurring in the hydrolysis of Macaúba oil, especially of tripalmitin and triolein, was performed in a temperature range from 300 to 700 K. The thermodynamic parameters employed in this work, for some compounds, were estimated by methods available in the literature. The calculation of the Gibbs energy of the reactions was done by employing the results of the enthalpy of reactions found in previous works. Finally, from the possession of the set of these parameters, for the possible hydrolysis reactions to be studied, it was possible to estimate the reactionary Gibbs energy of the same, which allowed adding more information in this field of study.

RESUMEN La deposición de asfaltenos es un problema que se presenta en las operaciones petroleras afectando a la mayoría de los petróleos, usándose productos inhibidores/dispersantes para su solución. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura científica para analizar productos alternativos evaluados entre 2014-2023, y las características de las investigaciones publicadas. Se utilizó Google Académico y criterios de inclusión y exclusión según la declaración PRISMA, ubicándose en total 24 artículos. Venezuela destaca con la mayor producción de investigaciones, los productos sintéticos fueron más utilizados (líquidos iónicos, resinas y nanopartículas metálicas) y entre los naturales los aceites vegetales. Los métodos de ensayo principales fueron microscopía óptica y absorbancia, los análisis se basaron principalmente en descripción/comparación y se visualizaron 4 aceites vegetales y 5 productos sintéticos con eficiencias mayores a 75 %. Se resalta la necesidad de investigación con productos naturales por ser de más fácil obtención, menos costosos y amigables con el ambiente.

ABSTRACT Asphaltene deposition is a problem that occurs in oil operations, affecting most types of crude oil. Inhibitor/dispersant products are used to address this issue. A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted to analyze alternative products evaluated between 2014 and 2023, as well as the characteristics of the published research. Google Scholar was used along with inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PRISMA statement, resulting in a total of 24 articles. Venezuela stands out with the highest production of research. Synthetic products were more commonly used (ionic liquids, resins, and metallic nanoparticles), and among natural products, vegetable oils were prominent. The main testing methods were optical microscopy and absorbance. The analyses were primarily based on description/comparison, and four vegetable oils and five synthetic products were found to have efficiencies greater than 75%. The need for research with natural products is highlighted, as they are more easily obtainable, less expensive, and environmentally friendly.

Abstract The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review (SR) of the therapeutic effect of ozonated oil for oral lesions treatment. A SR was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The Medline (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo and LILACS were investigated, together with manual searches, to extract all publications until December 2020, including randomized and non-randomized clinical trials reporting the effects of ozonated oils on the management of oral lesions when compared with other methods. The risk of bias (RoB) of the studies included were assessed by using the RoB 2 tool and ROBINS-I. After analyzing the titles and reading the abstracts, 1932 articles were excluded; the remaining 25 passed a full-text evaluation. Ultimately, 13 articles were included in this SR. There was heterogeneity of the results regarding healing times and intervals of ozonated oil application for the treatment of each type of oral lesion, but in general, there was a shorter healing time when ozonated oil was used as therapy, and no adverse effects were reported. Despite the limited information found and the lack of rigorous methodological standards for the use of ozonated oil on oral lesions, a positive effect was suggested. The findings indicated an advantage in terms of shorter healing times when compared with other conventional treatments. No adverse effects were reported, showing safety and reliability for patient’s treatment.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática (RS) del efecto terapéutico del aceite ozonizado sobre las lesiones orales. Se realizó una RS siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Se realizaron búsquedas en Medline (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo y LILACS, y búsquedas manuales, que abarcaron hasta diciembre de 2020, de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados que informaran sobre el efecto de los aceites ozonizados en el tratamiento de las lesiones orales en comparación con cualquier otro método. El riesgo de sesgo (RoB) de los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante la herramienta RoB 2 y ROBINS-I. Tras analizar los títulos y leer los resúmenes, se excluyeron 1932 artículos; los 25 restantes pasaron una evaluación exhaustiva del texto completo. Finalmente, se incluyeron 13 artículos en esta RS. Hubo heterogeneidad de resultados en cuanto a los tiempos de cicatrización y los intervalos de aplicación del aceite ozonizado para el tratamiento de cada tipo de lesión oral, pero en general, hubo un menor tiempo de cicatrización cuando se utilizó el aceite ozonizado como terapia, y no se comunicaron efectos adversos. A pesar de la limitada información encontrada y de la falta de normas metodológicas rigurosas sobre el uso de aceite ozonizado en lesiones orales, se sugirió un efecto positivo del uso de aceite ozonizado para el tratamiento de lesiones orales. Los resultados indicaron una ventaja en términos de menor tiempo de curación en comparación con otros tratamientos convencionales; además, no se notificaron efectos adversos, por lo que se demostró una opción de tratamiento segura y fiable para los pacientes.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo tiene como finalidad identificar el crecimiento, las tácticas de control, la colaboración entre autores y las tendencias emergentes de la investigación científica relacionadas con estrategias de control de Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) por medio de indicadores bibliométricos. Con el fin de recuperar los artículos académicos relevantes sobre el tema, se consultaron seis bases de datos referenciales. Para recopilar la información bibliográfica, se empleó «Dactylopius opuntiae» en los campos de búsqueda: título, resumen y palabras clave. se rescataron 1 212 registros, los cuales fueron enviados al software Zotero y, posteriormente, se revisaron para descartar repeticiones ajenas al tema, con lo que resultaron solo 99 desde el año 1848 al 2022. Estos registros sirvieron para obtener cuatro indicadores bibliométricos utilizando Excel y VOsviewer. La dinámica de la producción científica fue más evidente durante los últimos siete años. El control biológico, a través de depredadores y entomopatógenos, fue el tema de investigación emergente más estudiado. De 1848 al 2000, sólo se encontraron 12 documentos de producción científica sobre tácticas de control de Dactylopius opuntiae (cochinilla silvestre); la producción se incrementó en una proporción mayor de 2016 a 2022. Las tácticas de control más destacadas estuvieron enfocadas al control biológico y al control químico no convencional utilizando diversos productos como: aceites, extractos de plantas, jabones y detergentes. Finalmente, el tema de investigación mayormente mencionado fue el «control biológico». En conclusión, se puede decir que los tópicos más investigados radicaron en los agentes de control biológico (depredadores y entomopatógenos) y la resistencia de las plantas, lo cual destacó como la táctica que podría ser más sostenible.

Abstract The objective of this article is to identify the growth, control tactics, collaboration among authors, and emerging trends in scientific research related to the control strategies of Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) through bibliometric indicators. In order to recover the relevant academic articles on the topic, six referential databases were consulted. The keyword used to retrieve bibliographic information was «Dactylopius opuntiae» in the search fields: title, abstract and keywords. 1 212 bibliographic records were obtained, which were sent to the Zotero software, and subsequently reviewed to discard repeated records unrelated to the topic, obtaining only 99 from 1848 to 2022. These records resulted in four bibliometric indicators using Excel and VOSviewer. The dynamic of scientific production has been more evident during the last seven years. Biological control, through predators and entomopathogens, was the most studied emergent research theme. From 1848 to 2000, only 12 documents of scientific production about D. opuntiae control tactics were found; production has been increasing by a greater proportion from 2016 up to 2022. The most outstanding control tactics were focused on biological control and non-conventional chemical control using various products such as oils, plant extracts, soaps, and detergents. Finally, the most frequently mentioned research topic was «biological control». Among other conclusions, the most researched topics were biological control agents (predators and entomopathogens) and plant resistance, which stood out as the tactic that could be most sustainable.

Resumen Los herbicidas sintéticos han sido la herramienta más utilizada para el control de las plantas arvenses desde su descubrimiento y desarrollo a mediados del siglo XX. Sin embargo, su uso continuado ha llevado a la aparición de biotipos de arvenses resistentes, disminuyendo su eficacia. Además, han causado problemas medioambientales, afectan a especies no diana, y pueden producir fitotoxicidad en los cultivos. Por ello, es necesario buscar nuevas materias herbicidas que sean efectivas en el control de las arvenses pero respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Los aceites esenciales de algunas plantas poseen compuestos con propiedades fitotóxicas, que pueden inhibir la germinación y el crecimiento de las arvenses. El carvacrol es un fenol monoterpénico que se encuentra principalmente en los aceites esenciales de las plantas de la familia Lamiaceae, con demostrada actividad herbicida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener una curva dosis-respuesta del carvacrol sobre las especies Lolium rigidum (modelo de arvense monocotiledónea) y Sonchus oleraceus (modelo de arvense dicotiledónea). Los ensayos se realizaron en invernadero, aplicando distintas dosis de carvacrol sobre las arvenses estudiadas a fin de obtener la curva dosis-respuesta de cada una de ellas. Para evaluar la actividad herbicida del carvacrol se determinó su eficacia. S. oleraceus fue más sensible al carvacrol que L. rigidum. La obtención de estas curvas dosis-respuesta permitirá en el futuro utilizarlas como referencia para realizar ensayos en condiciones de campo y para el estudio de interacciones sinérgicas del carvacrol con otros compuestos.

Abstract Synthetic herbicides have been the most widely used tool for weed control since their discovery and development in the mid-20th century. However, their continued use has led to the emergence of resistant weed biotypes, reducing their efficacy. They also provoked environmental problems, affecting non-target species, and causing crop stress. It is therefore necessary to look for new herbicides that could be effective in controlling weeds while also being environmentally friendly. The essential oils of some plants have compounds with phytotoxic properties, which can inhibit the germination and growth of weeds. Carvacrol is a monoterpene phenol found mainly in the essential oils of plants of the Lamiaceae family, with proven herbicidal activity. The aim of the present work was to obtain a dose-response curve of carvacrol on Lolium rigidum (monocotyledonous weed model) and Sonchus oleraceus (dicotyledonous weed model). The tests were carried out under greenhouse conditions, applying different doses of carvacrol on the weeds studied to obtain the dose-response curves. To assess the herbicidal activity of carvacrol, its efficacy on weeds were determined. S. oleraceus was more sensitive to carvacrol than L. rigidum. The dose-response curves obtained will be used in the future as a reference for field trials and for the study of synergistic interactions of carvacrol with other compounds.

Resumen Bajo la estrategia de IWM en la era post-herbicida, la alelopatía puede jugar un papel relevante, ya que muchas plantas producen una variedad de aleloquímicos con diferentes estructuras y nuevos modos de acción, capaces de inhibir la germinación y el crecimiento de malas hierbas. Inspirándonos en la práctica del abonado en verde con cultivos de cobertura, el uso de biomasa alelopática procedente de especies arvenses, plantas invasoras, residuos de plantaciones forestales, y otras plantas silvestres abundantes tiene ventajas adicionales sobre los abonos verdes cultivados in situ, u otras alternativas como la aplicación de extractos o aceites esenciales. Además de los múltiples servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por los abonos verdes, el uso de biomasa alelopática ofrece nuevas oportunidades para la investigación y la práctica de la gestión holística integrada de malas hierbas porque (i) aliviaría la inversión de recursos para producir cultivos de cobertura, y (ii) proporciona un nuevo uso de residuos agroforestales y un sumidero para la biomasa de invasoras. Hemos recopilado ejemplos de especies alelopáticas cuya biomasa utilizada como enmienda del suelo ha demostrado un control significativo de malas hierbas, revisando los complejos procesos alelopáticos que subyacen a la eficacia de los cultivos de cobertura y la biomasa alelopática utilizados como abonos verdes y enmiendas del suelo. Esta comunicación al XIX Congreso de la SEMh complementa una revisión publicada en la revista Agronomy con un resumen de las ventajas y posibles inconvenientes del seguimiento de esta estrategia basada en plantas, en la transición hacia sistemas holísticos de IWM.

Abstract Under the IWM strategy for the post-herbicide era, allelopathy may play a relevant role, as many plants produce a variety of allelochemicals with different structures and new modes of action capable of inhibiting weed germination and growth. Inspired by green manuring with cover crops, using allelopathic biomass from weed species, invasive plants, forest plantation residues, and other abundant wild plants has additional advantages over green manures grown in situ or other alternatives such as applying extracts or essential oils. In addition to the multiple ecosystem services provided by green manures, the use of allelopathic biomass offers new opportunities for research and practice of holistic, integrated weed management because (i) it would alleviate the resource investment to produce cover crops and (ii) it provides a new use of agroforestry residues and a sink for biomass of invasives. We compiled examples of allelopathic species whose biomass used as a soil amendment has demonstrated significant weed control, revisiting the complex allelopathic processes underlying the efficacy of cover crops and allelopathic biomass used as green manures and amendments. This communication to the XIX SEMh Congress complements a review published in the journal Agronomy with a summary of the advantages and possible disadvantages of following this plant-based strategy in the transition to holistic IWM systems.

ABSTRACT Introduction: at present, ozonated oils are used as a pharmaceutical method in the treatment of several diseases, among which are oral conditions with positive results after their application. Objective: to argue the importance of ozonated vegetable oils and their antimicrobial properties in the treatment of oral conditions. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out during the months of March and April 2023. The information was collected in the REDIB, SeCiMed, Scopus, MedLine, SciELO and LILACS databases, applying Semantic Scholar, BASE as search engines. and Google Scholar. Of the 53 articles retrieved, 20 were selected for the development of the research, according to the criteria established for their selection. Development: the regenerative and antibacterial mechanism of action of ozonated oils is given by direct oxidation, in which it acts by destroying the cell wall of bacteria, as well as the internal membrane of sporulated microorganisms through the oxidation of its components. In this line of ideas, it is highlighted that the mechanism of action of ozonated oils, in general, is associated in a similar way to the action produced by conventional antimicrobials. Conclusions: it was concluded that ozonated vegetable oils have an antimicrobial action, and their use in the therapy of stomatological diseases shows favorable results.

RESUMEN Introducción: en la actualidad, los aceites ozonizados se utilizan como método farmacéutico en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, entre las cuales figuran las afecciones bucodentales con resultados positivos tras su aplicación. Objetivo: argumentar la importancia de los aceites vegetales ozonizados y sus propiedades antimicrobianas en el tratamiento de afecciones bucodentales. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica durante los meses de marzo y abril del 2023. La recolección de la información se efectuó en las bases de datos REDIB, SeCiMed, Scopus, MedLine, SciELO y LILACS, aplicando como motores de búsqueda Semantic Scholar, BASE y Google Académico. De los 53 artículos recuperados se seleccionaron 20 para el desarrollo de la investigación, según los criterios establecidos para su selección. Desarrollo: el mecanismo de acción regenerativo y antibacteriano de los aceites ozonizados están dados por la oxidación directa, en la cual actúa destruyendo la pared celular de las bacterias, así como la membrana interna de los microrganismos esporulados mediante la oxidación de sus componentes. En esta línea de ideas se destaca que el mecanismo de acción de los aceites ozonizados, de manera general, se asocia de forma semejante a la acción producida por los antimicrobianos convencionales. Conclusiones: se logró concluir que, los aceites vegetales ozonizados tienen una acción antimicrobiana, y su empleo en la terapia de las enfermedades estomatológicas evidencia resultados favorables.

Abstract Bacterial contamination causes irreparable losses in the performance of alcoholic fermentation. Antibiotics are used to control these microorganisms, but they generate residues and cause microbial resistance. Today the only commercial product used by the mills is hops, but it is very expensive. As an alternative, the objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using extracts from plants grown in the Cerrado for antimicrobial control during an alcoholic fermentation to replace antibiotics. Hydraethanolic extracts of leaves and essential oil of the following species were tested: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Serjania erecta, Serjania marginata, Campomanesia adamantium and Syzygium cumini. Only the extract of Serjania marginata did not show any activity against the bacterium Bacillus sp. Both the essential oils as well as the hydroalcoholic extracts of S. terebinthifolius and C. adamantium and the extract of S. erecta showed antibacterial activity without harming the yeast, with potential to replace the hops. microorganisms resistance hops expensive alternative antibiotics tested Raddi cumini sp S C yeast

Resumo A contaminação bacteriana provoca perdas irreparáveis no desempenho da fermentação alcoólica. Antibióticos são utilizados para controlar esses microrganismos, mas geram resíduos e causam resistência microbiana. Hoje o único produto comercial utilizado pelas fábricas é o lúpulo, mas é muito caro. Como alternativa, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de extratos de plantas cultivadas no Cerrado para controle antimicrobiano durante uma fermentação alcoólica em substituição a antibióticos. Foram testados extratos hidroetanólicos de folhas e óleo essencial das seguintes espécies: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Serjania erecta, Serjania marginata, Campomanesia adamantium e Syzygium cumini. Apenas o extrato de Serjania marginata não apresentou atividade contra a bactéria Bacillus sp. Tanto os óleos essenciais como os extratos hidroetanólicos de S. terebinthifolius e C. adamantium e o extrato de S. erecta apresentaram atividade antibacteriana sem agredir a levedura, com potencial para substituir o lúpulo. microrganismos microbiana lúpulo caro alternativa antibióticos espécies Raddi cumini sp S C levedura

Resumo A mosca-branca é uma das pragas agrícolas mais difundidas no mundo. Os óleos essenciais podem ser usados para controlar esse inseto de forma ambientalmente responsável. A atividade fumigante, repelente e antioviposição de óleos essenciais extraídos com etanol de Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans e Murraya koenigii contra Bemisia tabaci foi investigada neste estudo. No experimento, foram utilizadas três concentrações de óleo essencial (2,5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL e 10 mg/mL). Trachyspermum ammi teve a maior porcentagem de morte de mosca-branca em experimentos de laboratório devido à sua toxicidade fumigante; a mesma tendência foi encontrada na toxicidade de contato e efeito repelente. A porcentagem de mortalidade aumenta à medida que a concentração de óleo essencial aumenta com o tempo do bioensaio. À medida que a concentração de óleo essencial cresce com o tempo de bioensaio, o mesmo acontece com a taxa de mortalidade. A maioria das moscas-brancas adultas escapou da estufa das plantas tratadas devido à maior concentração de óleo essencial. A maior repelência foi encontrada com óleo essencial de Trachyspermum ammi a 10 mg/mL. O óleo essencial apresentou a maior eficácia antioviposição contra moscas-brancas. Trachyspermum ammi teve o mais potente impedimento antioviposição, seguido por Withania coagulans em segundo lugar. Murraya koenigii terminou em terceiro com antioviposição moderada, o que afeta o número de ovos produzidos em relação ao controle. Como consequência, esses três óleos podem ser usados como um bioinseticida eficaz e ambientalmente aceitável para controlar B. tabaci.

Abstract Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world. Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way. The fumigant, repellent, and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans, and Murraya koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study. In the experiment, three essential oil concentrations (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were used. Trachyspermum ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity; the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect. Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time. As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time, so does the mortality rate. The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants' greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration. The greatest repellency was found with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil at 10 mg/mL. The essential oil had the greatest anti-oviposition efficacy against whiteflies. Trachyspermum ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent, followed by Withania coagulans in second place. Murraya koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition, which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control. As a consequence, these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B. tabaci.