There is growing recognition that climate change is a worldwide phenomenon with far-reaching effects and that it is linked to an increase in the frequency of extreme weather occurrences. In rural areas of most of the sub-Saharan countries and other developing countries in the world, the frequent occurrences of extreme weather events such as flooding, heat waves, and drought have significantly destroyed livelihood activities of poor communities. Unfavorable geographic characteristics, a lack of resources, and a higher reliance on climate-sensitive sources of income among many community members in poor nations all contribute to the impact. These include livelihood activities associated with land use and agricultural practices. Sadly, the population's capacity and incentive to stay in rural areas have been altered because of climate change and its detrimental impacts on agricultural output, income, and subsistence living; as a result, many rural dwellers are migrating to urban areas. Rural populations migrate to urban areas in search of economic opportunities to earn a living. It is evident that the expected opportunities in urban areas are not always available; thus, most of the rural migrants are stuck in informal settlements, shanty towns, and slums without access to services. Consequently, it is evident that climate change is somehow transferring poverty from rural to urban areas. This study adopted the push/pull theory as a theoretical framework to guide the discussion and analysis. Based on an extensive review of the existing literature using qualitative document analysis, the purpose of this article is to examine the role of climate change on rural-urban migration, which ultimately contributes to the increase in urban poverty. The article concludes by reviewing the current (limited) research on climate change and poverty and argues for a research agenda in the context of sub-Saharan Africa toward sustainable ways to respond to the challenges of climate-induced migration, urbanization, and poverty.

Abstract The problem of water availability in popular neighborhoods is part of a broader issue of the struggles for urbanization in contexts of poverty in Latin America. This experience of research and development in two blocks of the Fray Luis Beltrán (Las Dalias) neighborhood in the city of Mar del Plata is an eloquent testimony of collaborative and cross-sectional management with an active participation of the neighbors to solve the problem. Within the framework of “social technology”, this article is a contribution to some questions and theoretical issues to the field of technology in collaborative processes of “popular urbanization.” This case is of special interest for three reasons: as an emergent of the activism of popular groups, outside of state and market mechanisms; as the display of a series of social strategies of survival that show the possible interstices of the system (both institutional and non-institutional), in order to get resources to an essential material support for habitation and life; and, finally, as the promotion of another role for the university researcher in contexts of highly critical health and humanitarian situations, as a way of raising a case and proposing a solution.

Resumen El problema de acceso al agua en los barrios populares forma parte de la problemática más amplia de las luchas por la urbanización en contextos de pobreza en Latinoamérica. Esta experiencia de investigación y desarrollo en dos manzanas del Barrio Fray Luis Beltrán (Las Dalias) de Mar del Plata testimonia en forma elocuente un aporte a modos de gestión colaborativos e intersectoriales con activa participación vecinal para la solución del problema. En el marco de las denominadas “tecnologías sociales”, este artículo es un aporte de resultados a preguntas y planteos teóricos al campo de la funcionalidad de la tecnología en procesos colaborativos de “urbanización popular”. Esta experiencia interesa por tres aspectos: como emergente de un activismo de grupos populares por fuera de mecanismos mercantiles y estatales; como despliegue de una serie de estrategias sociales de sobrevivencia que efectivizan todos los intersticios posibles del sistema, institucionales y no institucionales, a fin de obtener recursos para acceder a un soporte material para el habitar y la vida y, finalmente, para promover otro rol del investigador universitario, en contextos de alta criticidad sanitaria y humanitaria, como actor analista y parte del planteo de un problema social y de su solución.

Resumo O problema do acesso à água nos bairros populares faz parte da problemática mais ampla das lutas pela urbanização em contextos de pobreza na América Latina. Esta experiência de pesquisa e desenvolvimento em dois quarteirões do Bairro Fray Luis Beltrán (Las Dalias) da cidade de Mar del Plata testemunha de forma eloquente uma contribuição a modos de gestão colaborativos e intersetoriais com ativa participação dos vizinhos na solução do problema. No marco das denominadas "tecnologias sociais", este artigo é um aporte de resultados a perguntas e propostas teóricas al campo da funcionalidade da tecnologia em processos colaborativos de "urbanização popular". Esta experiência interessa por três aspectos: como emergente de um ativismo de grupos populares por fora dos mecanismos comerciais e estatais; como desdobramento de uma série de estratégias sociais de sobrevivência que efetivam todos os interstícios possíveis do sistema, institucionais e não institucionais, a fim de obter recursos para acessar a um suporte material para o habitar e a vida e, finalmente, para promover outro papel do investigador universitário, em contextos de alta criticidade sanitária e humanitária, como ator analista e parte da abordagem de um problema social e da sua solução.

Abstract This geographic study on the epidemiology of Chagas disease (CD) highlights the importance of analyzing its spatial distribution to understand its spread. Factors such as sociodemography and the environmental and economic contexts are considered to identify high-prevalence areas. Given the transmission through triatomine insects, the study also includes entomological aspects. The study focused on the state of Yucatan, hypothesizing differences at the municipal level in the distribution of populations and the socioeconomic conditions that influence new infections with Trypanosoma cruzi. The period studied was established based on the analysis of the official statistics available about new cases of infection with T. cruzi from 2003 and the entomological indicators from 2015, both until 2022. The methodology included data by municipality loaded into a geographic information system per unit of time, followed by calculating incidence and prevalence rates. The nominal municipal marginalization index was used to assess poverty dimensions. The information was integrated with socio-demographic data from Mexico’s National Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Geografía y Estadística, INEGI) and the National Population Council (Consejo Nacional de Población, CONAPO). Finally, we conducted a correlation analysis applying a non-parametric test between entomological and socio-demographic variables, estimating the interdependence of entomological and epidemiological variables and their relationship with social factors. CD is ubiquitous in Yucatán, being more prevalent in the city of Mérida and its metropolitan area, as well as in the main urban centers and surrounding municipalities with a high population density to the south and east of the state (mainly in the municipalities of Ticul and Valladolid). The temporal distribution of the triatomine insects varied seasonally, with greater detection and collection in May 2016 and 2017. A time series analysis found no relationship between epidemiological and entomological variables. The significant correlation of epidemiological variables with the number of triatomine insects indicates the medical importance of vector transmission of the parasite in Yucatán. The evidence found suggests that living conditions - the most important socioeconomic and demographic variables at the municipal level as drivers for the vector transmission of T. cruzi and CD - were unpaved floor in houses, percentage of illiterate population aged 15 years and older, and overcrowding in households, all of them proxies of the nominal marginalization index, which was also significantly correlated with the infection rate in humans. Similarly, the correlation analysis suggests the effect of the interaction of urbanization processes, environmental modification, and the increasing human population density on the epidemiology of CD in Yucatán. In the Discussion, we argue that urbanization might influence the exposure of people to triatomine insects and affect the social vulnerability to face the threat of T. cruzi, either because it affects the household space, as well as the prevention and the availability of assets and inputs related to access to comprehensive healthcare. We also discuss the marked differences in epidemiological and entomological aspects between adjacent or similar municipalities, beyond the ecological characteristics, based on differences in the operation efficacy of monitoring programs and the urban location of technical-administrative units, and the main clinical centers and laboratories of the healthcare sector in the interior of the state. The main limitations of the study were the complexity of considering poverty as a dynamic and multidimensional process and the underreporting of CD cases due to its political and institutional neglect. This study provided a first approach to answering questions about the epidemiological situation of CD as a public health problem in Yucatán and knowing its spatial distribution. Furthermore, the present study challenges the geographically focused vision of government actions, which have addressed mainly vector control, and suggests that, due to the relationship of CD with the living conditions and socio-demographic and urbanization phenomena, this issue should be understood and approached from a broader and comprehensive perspective in public policy, including health aspects, given the complexity of the phenomenon, in parallel with the urgent need to provide access to comprehensive healthcare for those affected.

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ABSTRACT With the aim of describing the association between sociodemographic characteristics and contextual factors with COVID-19 mortality during 2020-2021 in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan in Argentina, we conducted an ecological study, which included the sociodemographic factors: age, sex and educational level, and the contextual factors: poverty and urbanization at the departmental level. The analyses were estimated using negative binomial Bayesian hierarchical models. Educational inequalities existed regardless of socioeconomic context and level of urbanization. The exception was the age group 65 years and older during 2021, which, regardless of educational level, showed a higher risk of death by COVID-19 in departments with high levels of structural poverty. In conclusion, educational inequality is an indicator of social inequality that increases vulnerability to COVID-19 mortality.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir la asociación entre las características sociodemográficas y factores contextuales con la mortalidad por COVID-19, durante 2020-2021 en las provincias de Mendoza y San Juan en Argentina se realizó un estudio de tipo ecológico, donde los factores sociodemográficos fueron la edad, el sexo y el nivel educativo y contextuales la pobreza y la urbanización a nivel departamental. Los análisis se estimaron mediante modelos jerárquicos bayesianos binomial negativos. Existieron desigualdades educacionales independientemente del contexto socioeconómico y el nivel de urbanización. La excepción fue el grupo etario de 65 a más años durante 2021 que, independientemente del nivel educativo, mostró un riesgo de muerte por COVID-19 mayor en departamentos con niveles altos de pobreza estructural. En conclusión, la desigualdad educativa es un indicador de desigualdad social que aumenta la vulnerabilidad para la mortalidad por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT The general objective of the scientific literature review article was to analyze various scientific articles that provide us with information and accurate data on the elements of the different concepts and interpretations of the right to possession of urban properties. The qualitative approach and a descriptive study of scientific articles indexed in different certified databases of national and international journals indexed in Scielo, Scopus, Dialnet, Redalyc, Sciencedirect, between the years 2018 - 2023 were used. The reviewed documents are supported by descriptive, analytical, qualitative, quantitative and inductive studies. Regarding the mentioned scientific articles, 70 scientific researches were located, being selected for the purposes of this article 52 of them that were used for the inquiry and interpretation of the information gathered and compiled from the various studies. The main finding is that land ownership in the informal sector is due to poverty and labor shortages. Finally, after an in-depth analysis, it was concluded that possession, understood as the de facto exercise over the property, gives the possessor the power to formalize and obtain the right of ownership, thus becoming the new owner.

RESUMEN El artículo de revisión de literatura científica estableció como objetivo general analizar diversos artículos científicos que nos proporcionen información y datos veraces sobre los elementos de los diferentes conceptos e interpretaciones sobre el derecho a la posesión de predios urbanos. Se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo y un estudio descriptivo de artículos científicos indexados en distintas bases de datos certificadas de revistas nacionales e internacionales indexadas en Scopus, Sciencedirect, Scielo, Dialnet y Redalyc, entre los años 2018 - 2023. Los documentos revisados se sustentan en estudios de tipo descriptivo, analítico, cualitativo, cuantitativo e inductivo. Respecto a los artículos científicos mencionados, se localizaron 70 investigaciones científicas, siendo seleccionados para efectos de este artículo 52 de ellos que se usaron para la indagación e interpretación de la información reunida y recopilada de los diversos estudios. Como principal hallazgo se tiene que las posesiones de predios en el ámbito informal se dan a causa de la pobreza y escases laboral. Finalmente, luego de un análisis profundo se concluyó que la posesión, entendida como el ejercicio de hecho sobre el bien, otorga la facultad al posesionario la facultad de formalizar y obtener el derecho de propiedad, transformándose en el nuevo propietario.

Abstract This article delves into the intricate interplay among human, animal, and environmental health, acknowledging the convergence of knowledge across diverse disciplines where traditional boundaries blur, fostering remarkable advancements in engineering, genomics, and medicine. The One Health framework transcends mere disease control, aspiring to enhance the well-being of all life forms on Earth. Positioned uniquely to address global health challenges, pandemics, and personalized medicine, this holistic approach identifies pressing issues such as pandemic preparedness, antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease surveillance, vaccine equity, climate change's health impacts, food safety, vector-borne diseases, healthcare access equity, data integration, and public awareness and education. It emphasizes the driving forces behind these challenges, encompassing demographic shifts, urbanization, migration, gender-based violence, poverty, globalization, and climate change. Most notably, we delineate One Health and Engineering (OHE) as a pioneering discipline harmoniously blending engineering, life sciences, and environmental sciences to address multifaceted health challenges. Engineers play a pivotal role in crafting innovative solutions through technology, data-driven methodologies, and sustainable infrastructure. The integration of genomics and data science into personalized medicine represents a transformative approach to disease prevention and healthcare delivery. Insights into One Health and Engineering initiatives in Colombia highlight the profound significance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing the intricate web of health, environmental, and societal challenges. We showcase the collaborative efforts between the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the establishment of the One Health Genomic Laboratory in Medellín, a beacon of research into diseases, pathogen discovery, and pandemic preparedness.

Resumo: Embora a mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração tenha diminuído nas últimas décadas na Argentina, a doença isquêmica do coração continua sendo uma das causas mais frequentes de morte. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever o papel de fatores individuais e contextuais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração e analisar como as diferenças educacionais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração mudaram durante as flutuações econômicas em duas províncias da Argentina durante o período 1990-2018. Para testar a relação entre fatores individuais (idade, sexo e escolaridade) e contextuais (urbanização, pobreza e variações macroeconômicas), estimou-se um modelo de Poisson multinível. Controlando o nível de pobreza no nível departamental, observaram-se desigualdades na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração de acordo com o nível educacional dos indivíduos, afetando a população de baixa escolaridade; a expansão econômica esteve relacionada ao aumento da mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração; no entanto, os anos de expansão não foram associados a aumentos nas desigualdades educacionais na mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração. No nível departamental, não foi detectada uma associação contextual entre nível socioeconômico da área e risco de mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração. Apesar do contínuo declínio da mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração na Argentina, este estudo destaca que as desigualdades sociais em relação ao risco de mortalidade aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Portanto, as políticas de prevenção devem ser mais focadas nas populações de menor nível socioeconômico na Argentina. Resumo morte 19902018. 19902018 1990 2018. 2018 1990-2018 idade, idade (idade escolaridade urbanização, urbanização (urbanização macroeconômicas, macroeconômicas , macroeconômicas) estimouse estimou se multinível departamental observaramse observaram indivíduos entanto tempo Portanto 1990201 199 201 1990-201 199020 19 20 1990-20 19902 1 2 1990-2 1990-

Abstract: Although mortality from ischemic heart disease has declined over the past decades in Argentina, ischemic heart disease remains one of the most frequent causes of death. This study aimed to describe the role of individual and contextual factors on premature ischemic heart disease mortality and to analyze how educational differentials in premature ischemic heart disease mortality changed during economic fluctuations in two provinces of Argentina from 1990 to 2018. To test the relationship between individual (age, sex, and educational level) and contextual (urbanization, poverty, and macroeconomic variations) factors, a multilevel Poisson model was estimated. When controlling for the level of poverty at the departmental level, we observed inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality according to the educational level of individuals, affecting population of low educational level. Moreover, economic expansion was related to an increase in ischemic heart disease mortality, however, expansion years were not associated with increasing educational inequalities in ischemic heart disease mortality. At the departmental level, we found no contextual association beween area-related socioeconomic level and the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality. Despite the continuing decline in ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina, this study highlighted that social inequalities in mortality risk increased over time. Therefore, prevention policies should be more focused on populations of lower socioeconomic status in Argentina. Abstract death 199 2018 age, age (age sex urbanization, urbanization (urbanization variations estimated individuals Moreover however arearelated area time Therefore 19 201 1 20 2

Resumen: Si bien la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica ha disminuido en las últimas décadas en Argentina, la cardiopatía isquémica sigue siendo una de las causas más frecuentes de muerte. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir el papel de los factores individuales y contextuales en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica y analizar cómo estos cambiaron las diferencias educativas en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica durante las variaciones económicas en dos provincias de Argentina durante el periodo 1990-2018. Para probar la relación entre los factores individuales (edad, género y nivel de educación) y contextuales (urbanización, pobreza y variaciones macroeconómicas), se estimó un modelo de Poisson multinivel. Controlando el nivel de pobreza en el ámbito departamental, se observaron desigualdades en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica según el nivel de educación de los individuos, lo que afecta a la población con bajo nivel de educación; la expansión económica se relacionó con el aumento de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica; sin embargo, el periodo de expansión no estuvo asociado a aumentos de las desigualdades educativas en la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica. En el ámbito departamental no se detectó asociación entre el nivel socioeconómico de la área y el riesgo de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica. A pesar de la disminución continua de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en Argentina, este estudio destaca que las desigualdades sociales con relación al riesgo de mortalidad tuvieron un aumento con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, las políticas de prevención deberán dirigirse más a las poblaciones de menor nivel socioeconómico en Argentina. Resumen muerte 19902018. 19902018 1990 2018. 2018 1990-2018 edad, edad (edad urbanización, urbanización (urbanización macroeconómicas, macroeconómicas , macroeconómicas) multinivel individuos embargo tiempo tanto 1990201 199 201 1990-201 199020 19 20 1990-20 19902 1 2 1990-2 1990-

Resumen La localidad Área Nueva, se ubica, en la porción NE de la Sierra de Guadalupe, en la ladera sur del domo La Cantera, el cual presenta un escarpe intensamente diaclasado y fracturado, de 450 m de longitud. En este estudio se realizó un inventario de 114 depósitos de caídas de rocas, en los que se obtuvo para los bloques mayores, su posición geográfica, altitud, pendiente, distancia del escarpe, volumen y adherencia del bloque sobre la superficie del terreno. Con esta información y el uso de sistemas de información geográfica, se elaboraron los mapas de pendientes, curvatura del terreno y geomorfológico. Para complementar el inventario de depósitos de caídas de rocas, se obtuvo la imagen de un drone de baja altitud, cuyo sobrevuelo fue a 80 m de altura y posteriormente se procesó la información. Además, se realizó un análisis estadístico, con la finalidad de determinar la distribución de los bloques y su posible relación con los factores que puedan influir en el tamaño del bloque y la distancia potencial de recorrido del mismo. El grado de la pendiente influye de manera significativa en el alcance potencial del recorrido de los bloques rocosos inestables, que pudieran desprenderse del escarpe. La distancia de recorrido de las rocas, es menor cuando las pendientes son mayores de 45°, correspondientes a la ubicación del escarpe y los bloques de menor volumen, son los que alcanzan distancias mayores; sin embargo por la cercanía de los asentamientos humanos a 120 m del escarpe y la intensidad de la deforestación, por la presión que ejercen los habitantes en la zona, incrementa la posibilidad de que los bloques que se desprendan del escarpe, incrementen su alcance potencial de recorrido y lleguen a impactar sobre las casas y las personas, ocasionando daños considerables. El aumento de la deforestación, ha dejado al descubierto bloques rocosos inestables, que aunado, a eventos detonantes de los desprendimientos de rocas, por las grandes avenidas durante lluvias torrenciales y la sismicidad, incrementa la susceptibilidad a caídas de rocas.

Abstract Among the natural events that have caused great human and economic damage in the world, rockslides occurring on unstable slopes, due to their geological and geomorphological characteristics, together with the triggering factors (earthquakes, torrential rains, anthropogenic processes) that accelerate their fall, stand out. Population growth and the economic position prevailing in many social nuclei, mostly in extreme poverty and in need of housing, is reflected in the occupation of hillside areas, without considering the dangers of rock falls. In areas susceptible to this process, studies have been carried out using various methodologies to determine its causes, the degree of impact on the population living there and the probability of preventing or mitigating it. Since the industrialization during the 1970s in part of the Basin of Mexico and adjacent to the Sierra de Guadalupe, migrants from different states arrived in search of employment, which increased the demand for urban land and, consequently, the territorial occupation of the hillsides of the sierra, where some leaders offered them land at low cost, without considering the risk to which they are exposed by landslides and falling blocks, mainly during the rainy season or when seismic events occur. The formation of the sierra derives from Pleistocene volcanic activity, which has given rise to several volcanoes, domes and spills that present fractures (diaclases) and faults of tectonic origin, with a predominant NW-SE and E-W direction. Prior to intense urbanization the area was used to exploit material banks, which was often done with the help of dynamite for the extraction of materials, which in some areas intensified the fracturing by blasting effects. During the earthquakes that occurred in September 2017, 2 large unstable blocks detached from the dome called "Cerro Gordo", located in the southern portion of the study area. The study area corresponds to the locality of Área Nueva, which is located in the NE portion of the Sierra de Guadalupe, on the southern slope of the La Cantera dome, and which presents an intensely diaclased and fractured escarpment, 450 m long and an average height of 30 m. In this study, an inventory of 114 rockfall deposits was carried out, in which the geographic position, altitude, slope, distance from the escarpment, volume and adherence of the block to the ground surface were obtained for the blocks. With this information and the use of geographic information systems, slope, terrain curvature and geomorphological maps were prepared. The vegetation index (NVDI) was obtained with Sentinel satellite information (analysis of satellite images from 2016 to 2021). In addition to the inventory of rockfall deposits, images of the study area were obtained from a low-altitude drone, whose overflight was at an altitude of 80 m, and the information was subsequently processed to obtain the orthophoto and digital elevation model (DEM). With this information, a statistical analysis was carried out to determine the distribution of the blocks, their size and their potential travel distance. From the results obtained, it was observed that the slope grade significantly influences the potential travel distance of the unstable rock blocks. The distance of travel of the rocks is less when the slopes are greater than 45°, corresponding to the location of the escarpment, and the blocks of smaller volume are those that reach greater distances; however, due to the proximity of human settlements (120 m from the escarpment) and deforestation, the possibility of the blocks breaking off and impacting houses and people increases, causing considerable damage. This risk increases due to the fact that informal constructions continue to be built on the hillside (the "Ricardo Flores Magón" educational complex) and a dirt road cut located between the lower part of the dome and the residential area that connects with other neighborhoods located behind it, which means that there is continuous traffic of inhabitants and their recreational activities. Likewise, deforestation has exposed potentially unstable blocks, which, together with triggering events such as torrential rains and regional and local seismicity, increases the susceptibility to rock falls. Based on the statistical analysis and the field inventory, it is recommended that the larger unstable blocks be stabilized with anchors, prevent further construction by establishing a safety strip of at least 100 meters from the base of the escarpment, and carry out reforestation programs with forest plantations native to the region. Raise awareness among the population about the risks of rockfall events in the area and restrict access in order to prevent and mitigate any event that could occur due to this type of process.

Resumen Introducción: el modelo de urbanización ha provocado un aumento de las inequidades sociales, transgrediendo los principios éticos de la justicia social y espacial. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha identificado la urbanización como uno de los principales desafíos de salud pública del siglo XXI. Objetivo: comprender el sentido de la coherencia comunitario generado a través de los activos comunitarios para la salud en el asentamiento informal El Faro al nororiente de la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación bajo una metodología de estudio de caso de alcance interpretativo, y un análisis narrativo de construcción de la explicación a partir de siete entrevistas semiestructuradas, dos talleres de fotovoz y un mapeo de activos comunitarios para la salud desarrollado entre 26 habitantes de Medellín. Resultados: desde el modelo salutogénico se reconoció el empoderamiento de la comunidad, porque les ha permitido enfrentar las resistencias del contexto, creando prácticas positivas y saludables. Estas prácticas han movilizado sus activos comunitarios, permitiendo el desarrollo de un importante Sentido Comunitario de la Coherencia, con el cual la comunidad enfrenta los desafíos de la vida y construye experiencias coherentes. Conclusiones: los habitantes han buscado encontrar soluciones que respondan a la situación de pobreza, en un proceso de abajo hacia arriba que ha buscado crear espacios significativos, un mayor sentido de pertenencia y una percepción de seguridad de habitar este territorio. Finalmente, cuanto mejor se conoce el entorno, mejor se conocen las comunidades entre sí y se preserva mejor la salud comunitaria y el bienestar social.

Abstract Introduction: The urbanization model has caused an increase in social inequities, transgressing the ethical principles of social and spatial justice. The World Health Organization has identified urbanization as one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. Objective: To understand the Sense of Community Coherence generated through community assets for health in the informal settlement El Faro in the northeast of the city of Medellin. Materials and methods: This research was conducted under a case study methodology with an interpretive scope, and a narrative analysis of construction of the explanation from seven semi-structured interviews, two photo-voice workshops and a mapping of community assets for health developed between 26 inhabitants of Medellin. Results: From the salutogenic model, the empowerment of the community was recognized because it has allowed them to face the resistance of the context creating positive and healthy practices. These practices have mobilized their community assets, allowing the development of an important Community Sense of Coherence with which the community faces the challenges of life and builds coherent experiences. Conclusions: The inhabitants have sought to find solutions that respond to the situation of poverty in a bottom-up process that has search to create significant spaces, a greater sense of belonging and a perception of security in inhabiting this territory. Finally, the better the environment is known, the better the communities know each other and the better the community health and social well-being are preserved.

Resumo Introdução: o modelo de urbanização tem provocado um aumento das inequidades sociais, transgredindo os princípios éticos da justiça social e espacial. A Organização Mundial da Saúde já identificou a urbanização como um dos principais desafios da saúde pública do século XXI. Objetivo: compreender o sentido da coerência comunitária gerada a través dos ativos comunitários para a saúde no assentamento informal O Faro ao nordeste da cidade de Medellín. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se uma pesquisa baixo uma metodologia de estudo de caso de alcance interpretativo, e uma análise narrativa de construção da explicação a partir de sete entrevistas semi-estruturadas, das oficinas de foto voz e um mapeio de ativos comunitários para a saúde desenvolvendo entre 26 habitantes de Medellín. Resultados: desde o modelo salutogênico se reconheceu o empoderamento da comunidade, porque lhes permitiu enfrentar as resistências do contexto, criando práticas positivas e saudáveis. Estas práticas tem mobilizado seus ativos comunitários, permitindo o desenvolvimento de um importante Sentido Comunitário da Coerência, com o qual a comunidade enfrenta os desafios da vida e constrói experiencias coerentes. Conclusões: os habitantes procuraram encontrar soluções que respondam à situação de pobreza, em um processo de abaixo para arriba que tem buscado criar espaços significativos, um maior sentido de pertinência e uma percepção de segurança de habitar este território. Finalmente, quanto melhor se conhece o entorno, melhor se conhecem as comunidades entre si e se preserva melhor a saúde comunitária e o bem-estar social.

Resumen Este artículo retrata la invisibilidad social y espacial en el caso del Vertedero Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho (VMJG), ubicado en Duque de Caxias (RJ), Brasil. Su objetivo es relacionar los agentes responsables por el proceso de invisibilidad social y espacial del VMJG. Especificamente, se pretende analizar los efectos de su funcionamiento en el territorio. Con base en análisis empíricos y documentales, fueron identificadas injusticias ambientales y 'negligencias urbanas' de agentes públicos, privados y del mercado inmobiliario en todo el proceso de implementación, operación y cierre del VMJG. Aún con la repercusión internacional de este caso extremo, se constató que no han sido implementadas soluciones efectivas para minimizar aspectos de exclusión social, pobreza y contaminación hasta hoy. De esta forma, las contribuciones de este artículo evidencian la omisión de los agentes responsables por la actual situación de degradación ambiental, precariedad e insalubridad, y advierten sobre la necesidad de desarrollar planes eficazes para la recuperación adecuada del área.

Abstract This article portrays the social and spatial invisibility in the case of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho (MLJG), located in Duque de Caxias (RJ), Brazil. Its objective is to relate the responsible agents for MLJG's social and spatial invisibility process. Specifically, it aims to analyze the effects of its operation on the territory. Based on empirical and documentary analysis, environmental injustices and 'urban negligence' were identified by public, private and real estate agents in the entire process of implementation, operation and closure of MLJG. Even with the international repercussion of this extreme case, it was observed that effective solutions to minimize aspects of social exclusion, poverty and contamination have not been implemented until today. Therefore, the contributions of this article demonstrate the omission of the responsible agents for the current situation of environmental degradation, precarity and unhealthy conditions, and warn about the need to develop effective plans for the appropriate reclamation of the area.

Résumé Cet article dépeint l'invisibilité sociale et spatiale sur le cas de la Décharge Métropolitaine de Jardim Gramacho (DMJG), situé à Duque de Caxias (RJ), Brésil. Il a pour objectif de relier les acteurs responsables du processus d'invisibilité sociale et spatiale de la DMJG. Spécifiquement, il s'agit d'analyser les effets de son fonctionnement sur le territoire. À partir d'analyses empiriques et documentaires, des injustices environnementales et 'négligences urbanistiques' ont été identifiées par des acteurs publics, privés et du marché immobilier dans l'ensemble du processus de déploiement, de fonctionnement et de fermeture de la DMJG. Même avec la répercussion internationale de ce cas extrême, il a été constaté que des solutions efficaces pour minimiser les aspects de l'exclusion sociale, de la pauvreté et de la contamination à ce jour-là n'ont pas été mises en oeuvre. Ainsi, les contributions de cet article montrent l'omission des acteurs responsables de la situation actuelle de dégradation de l'environnement, de précarité et d'insalubrité, et avertissent la nécessité d'élaborer des plans efficaces pour la réhabilitation adéquate de la zone.

Resumo Este artigo retrata a invisibilidade social e espacial no caso do Aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho (AMJG), localizado em Duque de Caxias (RJ), Brasil. Tem como objetivo relacionar os agentes responsáveis pelo processo de invisibilidade social e espacial do AMJG. Especificamente, pretende-se analisar os efeitos de seu funcionamento no território. A partir de análises empíricas e documentais, foram identificadas injustiças ambientais e 'negligências urbanísticas' por parte de agentes públicos, privados e do mercado imobiliário em todo o processo de implantação, funcionamento e encerramento do AMJG. Mesmo com a repercussão internacional deste caso extremo, constatou-se que não foram implementadas soluções efetivas para minimizar aspectos de exclusão social, pobreza e contaminação até hoje. Desta forma, as contribuições deste artigo evidenciam a omissão dos agentes responsáveis pela atual situação de degradação ambiental, precariedade e insalubridade, e alertam sobre a necessidade de desenvolver planos eficazes para a recuperação adequada da área.

Resumo No início de 2020, assentamentos urbanos em todo o mundo experimentaram a rápida expansão da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2). As cidades foram os focos de contaminação nos países que apresentaram notificações significativas de Covid-19. Neste estudo, investigamos primeiramente a disseminação do novo coronavírus entre cidades espraiadas e compactas, examinando aspectos como densidade urbana, localização de pessoas e empregos e padrões de deslocamento. Nessa análise, a literatura anterior e os dados recentes de três grandes cidades distintas (Nova York, Los Angeles e São Paulo) apoiam a discussão. Com base na revisão da literatura, demonstra-se que a morfologia urbana, a infraestrutura e os projetos de mobilidade e atividades econômicas são aspectos relevantes do desenvolvimento urbano que podem afetar as interações entre os cidadãos e a disseminação da Covid-19. Além disso, observa-se que a escala regional e a análise da rede urbana também são importantes nos estudos que investigam o crescimento da Covid-19. Por fim, a revisão da literatura mostra que a vulnerabilidade socioespacial urbana é relevante em tempos de pandemia, diante das associações entre a disseminação da Covid-19 e aspectos socioespaciais nas cidades, como pobreza e desigualdade.

Abstract In early 2020, urban settlements worldwide have experienced the rapid expansion of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Cities were the hotspots of virus contamination within countries presenting significant COVID-19 notifications. In this study, we first investigate the COVID-19 dissemination between compact and sprawling big cities, examining aspects such as urban density, location of people and jobs and commuting patterns. Previous literature and recent data from three distinct big cities (New York, Los Angeles and Sao Paulo) support our discussion. Our literature review demonstrates that urban morphology, infrastructure, mobility projects and economic activities are relevant aspects of urban development that might affect interactions among citizens and COVID-19 dissemination. In addition, we show that regional scale and urban network analysis are also relevant in studies investigating COVID-19 growth. Finally, our literature review shows that urban socio-spatial vulnerability is also relevant in times of pandemic, highlighting the associations between COVID-19 dissemination and socio aspects within cities, such as poverty and inequality.

Resumen A principios de 2020, los asentamientos urbanos de todo el mundo experimentaron la rápida expansión del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2). Las ciudades fueron los puntos críticos de contaminación por el virus dentro de los países que presentaron notificaciones significativas de COVID-19. En este estudio, primero investigamos la diseminación de COVID-19 en grandes ciudades compactas y extensas, y examinamos aspectos como la densidad urbana, la ubicación de personas y trabajos, y los patrones de desplazamiento. En este análisis, la literatura previa y los datos recientes de tres distintas grandes ciudades (Nueva York, Los Ángeles y San Pablo) apoyan nuestra discusión. Aquí, confirmamos que la morfología urbana, la infraestructura, los proyectos de movilidad y las actividades económicas son aspectos relevantes del desarrollo urbano que pueden afectar las interacciones entre los ciudadanos y la difusión de la COVID-19. Además, demostramos que la escala regional y el análisis de redes urbanas también son importantes en los estudios que investigan el crecimiento de COVID-19. Finalmente, investigamos la vulnerabilidad socioespacial urbana en tiempos de pandemia, destacando las asociaciones entre la diseminación de la COVID-19 y aspectos socio-dentro de las ciudades, como la pobreza y la desigualdad.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an empirical study on the social and educational gaps between Recife and São Paulo, cities characterized by fast urbanization and strongly unequal urban configurations. Based on the notion of social space and statistical data from the last Population Census (IBGE/ 2010), we present a study on the space of educational disparities in the two metropolises. The objective was to test the relevance of the notion of social space in the Brazilian context, identifying at once, the distribution of social groups and their educational investments. We argue that the notion of social space can integrate several other key concepts of Bourdieusian sociology. We mobilize a large set of variables captured simultaneously, bringing to light the differences within the two metropolises and between the cities. The study’s originality lies in starting from this wide range of objective indicators related to living conditions, associating it with the use of indicators likely to be perceived as “subjective.” As expected, the first axis strongly correlates with longevity, household income, and education level. The second axis is the result of the correlation between the possession of a high school diploma and the presence of greater public infrastructure. In Recife, this second axis concerns a few neighborhoods in the city. In São Paulo, however, the same correlation is observed with a much larger set of neighborhoods in intermediate social positions. It is also noticeable that Recife has a much larger number of regions in extreme poverty compared to São Paulo. Paulo configurations IBGE/ IBGE (IBGE 2010, 2010 , 2010) context once investments sociology simultaneously studys s conditions subjective. subjective “subjective. expected longevity income level infrastructure city however positions 201 “subjective 20 2

RESUMO Neste artigo nós apresentamos um estudo empírico sobre as clivagens sociais e educacionais Recife e São Paulo, cidades caracterizadas pela urbanização acelerada e configurações urbanas fortemente desiguais. Com base na noção de espaço social e, em dados estatísticos do último Censo Populacional (IBGE/ 2010), apresenta-se um estudo sobre o espaço das disparidades educacionais nas duas metrópoles. O objetivo foi testar a pertinência da noção de espaço social no contexto brasileiro, identificando de uma só vez, a distribuição dos grupos sociais e seus investimentos educativos. Argumenta-se que a noção de espaço social é capaz de integrar vários outros conceitos chaves da sociologia bourdiesiana. Mobilizamos um grande conjunto de variáveis capturadas simultaneamente, trazendo à tona as diferenças internas das duas metrópoles e entre as cidades. A originalidade do estudo reside em partir dessa gama ampla de indicadores objetivos, relativos às condições de vida, associando-o ao uso de indicadores suscetíveis de serem percebidos como “subjetivos”. Como esperado, o primeiro eixo corresponde a uma forte correlação entre longevidade, renda domiciliar e nível de escolaridade. O segundo eixo é o resultado da correlação entre a posse do diploma de ensino secundário e a presença de maior infraestrutura pública. Em Recife, esse segundo eixo concerne a alguns bairros da cidade. Em São Paulo observa-se a mesma correlação, contudo, com a particularidade de apresentar um conjunto muito maior de bairros em posições sociais intermediárias. Nota-se ainda que Recife possui um número muito maior de regiões em situação de extrema pobreza se comparado à São Paulo. desiguais IBGE/ IBGE (IBGE 2010, 2010 , 2010) apresentase apresenta brasileiro vez educativos Argumentase Argumenta bourdiesiana simultaneamente objetivos vida associandoo associando subjetivos. subjetivos . “subjetivos” esperado longevidade escolaridade pública cidade observase observa contudo intermediárias Notase Nota 201 “subjetivos 20 2

Resumen Los "asentamientos" o "tomas de tierra" en el gran Buenos Aires fueron objeto de estudios y debate en los últimos años, muchas discusiones giran en torno a las características de las áreas ocupadas, sus formas espaciales y quienes intervienen desde diferentes lugares en el proceso. No obstante, algunas relaciones entre esas especificidades fueron poco exploradas. En ese contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es dar cuenta de las articulaciones multiactorales y el espacio construido en el proceso de extensión de estos asentamientos, a los fines de poner en consideración los territorios de los que se trata en cuanto a sociabilidad y construcción de comunidad. Para esto se recurrió a diferentes textos, cartografías, entrevistas semiestructuradas y otras fuentes primarias. Desde ese lugar se muestra cómo los entramados de actores construyen los espacios de socialización de manera diferente según las estrategias que despliegan, y su relación con la conformación de comunidad.

Resumo Les "implantations" ou "accaparements de terres" dans le Grand Buenos Aires ont fait l'objet d'études et de débats ces dernières années, de nombreuses discussions tournent autour des caractéristiques des zones occupées, de leurs formes spatiales et qui intervient de différents endroits du processus. Cependant, certaines relations entre ces spécificités ont été peu explorées. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail est de rendre compte des articulations multi-acteurs et de l'espace construit dans le processus d'extension de ces implantations, afin de prendre en compte les territoires concernés en termes de sociabilité et de construction de communauté. Pour cela, différents textes, cartographies, entretiens semi-structurés et autres sources primaires ont été utilisés. De cet endroit, on montre comment les cadres des acteurs construisent les espaces de socialisation d'une manière différente selon les stratégies qu'il déploie et sa relation avec la formation de la communauté.

Abstract The "settlements" or "land occupations" in Greater Buenos Aires have been the subject of studies and debate in recent years, many discussions revolve around the characteristics of the occupied areas, their spatial forms and who intervenes from different places in the process. However, some relationships between these specificities were little explored. In this context, the objective of this work is to account for the different actors articulation and the space built in the process of extension of these settlements, in order to take into consideration the territories in question in terms of sociability and construction of community. For this, different texts, cartographies, semi-structured interviews and other primary sources were used. From that place it is shown how the frameworks of actors construct the spaces of socialization in a different way according to the strategies that it deploys, and its relation with the conformation of the community.

Résumé Os "assentamentos" ou "grilagem de terras" na Grande Buenos Aires têm sido objeto de estudos e debates nos últimos anos; muitas discussões giram em torno das características das áreas ocupadas, de suas formas espaciais e de quem intervém em diferentes lugares do país. processo. No entanto, algumas relações entre essas especificidades foram pouco exploradas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é levar em consideração as articulações de múltiplas partes interessadas e o espaço construído no processo de extensão desses assentamentos, a fim de levar em consideração os territórios em questão em termos de sociabilidade e construção de comunidade. Para isso, foram utilizados diferentes textos, cartografias, entrevistas semiestruturadas e outras fontes primárias. A partir daí, mostra-se como as estruturas dos atores constroem os espaços de socialização de maneira diferente, de acordo com as estratégias que implanta, e sua relação com a formação da comunidade.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados da análise de três programas estaduais implantados no maior assentamento da cidade de Mar del Plata. Surge no contexto de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre tecnologias sociais e habitats populares em territórios altamente excluídos, onde o grupo de pesquisa participa ativamente dos processos que estuda. Três eixos estão interligados: a análise das políticas públicas, a gestão alternativa e a urbanização popular com o objetivo de investigar as diversas formas de gestão de cada experiência. Para isso, são caracterizados os diferentes atores que participam, suas interações e as formas de vinculação com a sociedade civil. Refletir neste sentido contribui para pensar as políticas de integração sócio-urbana em contextos de pobreza com maior ancoragem nas territorialidades locais. As técnicas e métodos utilizados para o trabalho no território baseiam-se na identificação de situações problemáticas e alianças entre atores sociais para co-construir estratégias de solução de problemas.

Abstract This paper presents the results of the analysis of three state programs implemented in a sprawling poor neighborhood in Mar del Plata’s city. The present work is a part of broader research on social technologies and popular habitat in highly excluded territories, where the research group actively participates in the processes it studies. Three axes are linked: the analysis of public policies, alternative management and popular urbanization with the aim of investigating the different forms of management of each experience. For this purpose, the different actors involved, their interactions and the ways of linking with civil society are characterized. Reflecting on this, contributes to thinking about policies of socio-urban integration in contexts of poverty with greater anchorage in local territorialities. The techniques and methods used for work in the territory are based on the identification of problematic situations and alliances between social actors to co-construct problem-solution strategies.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis de tres programas estatales implementados en el asentamiento de mayor dimensión de la ciudad de Mar del Plata. Se plantea en el contexto de una investigación más amplia en tecnologías sociales y hábitat popular en territorios de alta exclusión, donde el grupo de investigación participa activamente de los procesos que estudia. Se vinculan tres ejes: el análisis de políticas públicas, la gestión alternativa y la urbanización popular, con el objetivo de indagar en las diversas formas de gestión de cada experiencia. Para eso se caracterizan los distintos actores que participan, sus interacciones y los modos de vinculación con la sociedad civil. Reflexionar en ese sentido contribuye a pensar políticas de integración socio-urbana en contextos de pobreza con mayor anclaje en territorialidades locales. Las técnicas y métodos empleados para el trabajo en el territorio se basan en la identificación de situaciones problemáticas y alianzas entre actores sociales para co-construir estrategias problema-solución.

Resumen La desigualdad de ingresos en Chile se ha mantenido constante, con leves variaciones y las cuales no han sido sostenidas en el tiempo. Desde 1865, el coeficiente para medir la desigualdad promedia 0,54; lo cual es alto y si bien los últimos años se ha detectado una reducción de la desigualdad, el problema estructural no permite alimentar el optimismo. Menos aún tras los eventos recientes que decantan en el estallido social de octubre de 2019, cuando la ciudadanía ha gritado que ya no puede más con las injusticias a causa de este fenómeno. A partir de un análisis estadístico, el presente artículo elabora un estudio de los factores económicos que más inciden sobre la reducción del coeficiente de desigualdad (Gini) en busca de identificar mecanismos eficaces para reducirla. Se utilizan las técnicas econométricas del análisis de componentes principales y regresión lineal múltiple para determinar las variables que más influyen sobre la desigualdad. Los resultados indican que el rol del Estado sobre la economía es relevante para reducir la desigualdad. Por otro lado, se estudian los factores específicos que son más eficientes en su reducción y se identifican como tales las remuneraciones, los procesos de urbanización y el precio del cobre. A modo de conclusiones, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de complementar este análisis con estudios históricos cualitativos y se plantea la necesidad de romper el cerco metodológico de las ciencias económicas en Chile, para reintegrarse a las ciencias sociales y contribuir a la producción de conocimiento útil para la producción de políticas públicas contra la desigualdad estructural.

Abstract Income inequality in Chile has remained constant, with slight variations and which have not been sustained over time. Since 1865, the coefficient to measure inequality averages 0.54; which is high and although in recent years a reduction in inequality has been detected, the structural problem does not allow optimism to feed. Even less after the recent events that take place in the social outbreak of October 2019, when citizens have shouted that they can no longer cope with injustices due to this phenomenon. Based on a statistical analysis, this article prepares a study of the economic factors that most affect the reduction of the inequality coefficient (Gini) in order to identify effective mechanisms to reduce it. The econometric techniques of principal component analysis and multiple linear regression are used to determine the variables that most influence inequality. The results indicate that the role of the State on the economy is relevant to reduce inequality. On the other hand, the specific factors that are most efficient in their reduction are studied and remunerations, urbanization processes 1 Chileno, Doctor en Planificación para el Desarrollo. Director Centro Producción del Espacio de la Universidad de Las Américas. Investigador Responsable Proyecto FONDECYT 11180569. 49, abril 2020 2982-3004 2983 and the price of copper are identified as such. By way of conclusions, the need to complement this analysis with qualitative historical studies is reflected and the need to break the methodological fence of the economic sciences in Chile, to reintegrate into the social sciences and contribute to the production of useful knowledge for the production of public policies against structural inequality