Abstract This paper reveals how the use of density as a building parameter in Mexican urban regulation, which aims to manage the intensity of development, has a land prices’ increase effect, higher as the houses get smaller and decrease in quality. This means that low-cost housing production must deal with land costs relatively higher, increasing significantly the huge structural-origin disadvantage that poor families face to get access to housing.

Resumen En el presente artículo se demuestra que en la normatividad urbana de México, el uso de densidades para regular la intensidad de ocupación tiene como efecto el encarecimiento del suelo, mayor entre menor es el tamaño y calidad de las viviendas. Ello significa que la producción de viviendas de bajo valor tiene que enfrentar un costo del suelo relativamente mayor, que aumenta de manera significativa la enorme desventaja de origen estructural que enfrentan las familias pobres para acceder a la vivienda.

Abstract This article addresses the transplant of urban ideas from New York City to Mexico City. Following recent developments in urban history and critical geography, the article suggests an interpretation of the import of ideas (a process also known as policy mobilities), that stresses the lack of reflexivity on the part of those who import ideas from contexts that differ from their own. In this case, the point of departure is the global influence of New York City and the goal is to examine the variety of forms that such influence adopts in a particular place - Mexico City in this case. The article concludes by stressing the need to incorporate this approach to the research agenda of urban ideas and institutions in peripheral countries.

Resumen El artículo explora el trasplante de ideas urbanísticas de la Ciudad de Nueva York a la Ciudad de México, siguiendo la metodología de la historia urbana y la geografía crítica. El fenómeno del trasplante se interpreta como un proceso complejo que incluye, predominante pero no exclusivamente, la falta de reflexividad con la que se implantan en un contexto local ideas provenientes de otras latitudes. Se parte de un hecho conocido (la influencia de la ciudad de Nueva York a nivel mundial) para examinar las diversas formas en que esa influencia se hace sentir en una ciudad determinada, en este caso la capital mexicana. Se concluye que es preciso incorporar estos temas a la agenda de investigación urbana con el fin de mejorar nuestro conocimiento sobre los orígenes de las ideas y las instituciones que rigen los procesos urbanos en contextos periféricos.

Abstract The situation of environmental vulnerability of some urban populations tends to be associated with their ignorance or indifference regarding the geological risk of their territories. However, this does not take into account that urban land occupation does not result simply from individual decisions, but from a complex dynamics between income, social class, race, social movements, and political-institutional arrangements. Based on this understanding, this study presents a reflection on the spatial distribution of risk and environmental and social vulnerabilities in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). The analysis is based on the comparison between environmental risk maps and zoning maps of the three municipalities that make up the contributing area of the Arrudas watershed, the unit of analysis selected within the MRBH.

Resumo A situação de vulnerabilidade ambiental de algumas populações urbanas tende a ser associada a uma espécie de ignorância ou indiferença dessas populações sobre o risco geológico dos seus territórios. Isso, contudo, ignora que a ocupação do solo urbano não é simples fruto de decisões individuais, mas, sim, da dinâmica complexa entre renda, classe social, racialidade, movimentos sociais e arranjos político-institucionais. A partir dessa compreensão, apresenta-se uma reflexão acerca da distribuição espacial do risco e das vulnerabilidades ambiental e social na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). A análise baseia-se no cruzamento de mapas de riscos ambientais e de zoneamento dos três municípios componentes da área de contribuição da bacia hidrográfica do Arrudas, unidade de análise selecionada dentro da RMBH.

Although evidence assessing the provision of urban green spaces (UGS) corroborates their decline, they have, however, not evaluated conformity to zoned UGS in physical development plans (PDPs). To fill the gap, this article examines conformity to zoned UGS in PDPs. It also investigates the drivers of the observed non-conformities. Anchored in the theory of regulatory compliance, the study was undertaken in Kisii Town, Kenya, as a case study of the zoned UGS in the Kisii Town Physical Development Plan (KTPDP). The population comprised a list of 367 developers occupying the zoned UGS, out of which a sample of 186 was randomly selected. Spatial and descriptive data were respectively collected using satellite images and questionnaires. The analysis relied on GIS, descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 75 hectares (ha) of zoned UGS declined by 52% between 2005 and 2022, resulting in a low per capita UGS of 1.95 m² against the recommended 9 m². These changes were caused by developing without permits, the County Government of Kisii (CGOK) granting permits to non-applicants, as well as approving developments without the mandatory change or extension of use, insufficient monitoring of developments, laxity in enforcing zoning regulations, and uncertainty in the engagement of registered architects during the development control process. Recommendations are made for a revised physical development plan covering the entire town to provide adequate UGS, ensuring that building plans are submitted by authorised professionals and regular surveillance audits to deter unauthorised developments. The article concludes that, in the absence of effective development control, UGS in Kisii Town will further decline, resulting in the residents not enjoying their acknowledged benefits.

Le hoja bopaki bo lekanyang phano ea libaka tsa tlholeho tsa litoropo (UGS) bo tiisa ho theoha ha boleng ba tsona, ha ho so be le tekolo ea kananelo ea li-UGS tse kahar'a merero ea ntlafatso (PDPs). Ho tlatsa lekhalo lena, sengoloa sena se hlahloba kananelo ea UGS e kenyelelitsoeng ka hara PDPs. E boetse e batlisisa se bakang ho se ananele kenyeletso ena. Ka ho ikamahanya le khopolo-taba ea kananelo ea taolo, boithuto bo entsoe Kisii Town, Kenya, e le mohlala oa UGS ka tlasa Kisii Town Physical Development Plan (KTPDP). Thuto-patlisiso e entsoe ka sampole ea bahlahisi ba 186 ba khethiloeng ka hara kakaretso ea ba 367 ba fumanoeng ka hara UGS. Lintlha tse bonts'ang le ho hlalosa sebaka sa boithuto li ile tsa bokelloa ka ho latellana ho sebelisoa litsoantso tsa sathelaete le lethathamo la lipotso. Tlhahlobo e ne e itsetlehile ka GIS le lipalo-palo tse hlalosang liphetho. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore boleng ba lihekthere tse 75 (ha) tsa UGS bo theohile ka 52% lipakeng tsa 2005 le 2022, e leng se entseng hore motho ka mong a be le UGS e tlase ea 1.95 m2 khahlanong le 9 m2 e khothaletsoang. Liphetoho tsena li bakiloe ke ho etsa ntlafatso ntle le tumello ea semolao, 'Muso oa Setereke oa Kisii (CGOK) o fana ka litumello ho batho bao e seng bakopi, hammoho le ho amohela lintlafatso ntle le phetoho e tlamang kapa ho atolosoa ha ts'ebeliso, ho se be le tlhokomelo e lekaneng ea nts'etsopele, ho se phethahatse melaoana ea ntlafatso ea libaka, le ho hloka bonnete ba ho kenya letsoho ha litsebi tsa meralo tse ngolisitsoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea taolo ea nts'etsopele. Litlhahiso li etsoa bakeng sa moralo o fetotsoeng oa ntlafatso o akaretsang toropo eohle ho fana ka li-UGS tse lekaneng, ho netefatsa hore meralo ea meaho e romelloa ke litsebi tse lumelletsoeng le tlhahlobo ea khafetsa ea ho thibela nts'etsopele e sa lumelloeng. Sengoliloeng se phethela ka hore, ha ho se na taolo e sebetsang ea nts'etsopele, UGS Toropong ea Kisii e tla fokotseha le ho feta, e leng se tla etsa hore baahi ba se ke ba thabela melemo ea bona e ananeloang.

Alhoewel 'n bewyse wat die voorsiening van stedelike groen ruimtes (SGR) beoordeel, hul agteruitgang staaf, het hulle egter nie ooreenstemming met gesoneer SGR in fisiese ontwikkelingsplanne (FOP's) geëvalueer nie. Om die gaping te vul, ondersoek hierdie artikel ooreenstemming met gesoneer SGR in FOP's. Dit ondersoek ook die drywers van die waargenome nie-konformiteite. Geanker in die teorie van regulatoriese voldoening, is die studie in Kisii Town, Kenia, onderneem as 'n gevallestudie van die gesoneer SGR in die Kisii Town Physical Development Plan (KTPDP). Die populasie het bestaan uit 'n lys van 367 ontwikkelaars wat die gesoneer SGR beset, waaruit 'n steekproef van 186 lukraak gekies is. Ruimtelike en beskrywende data is onderskeidelik ingesamel met behulp van satellietbeelde en vraelyste. Die ontleding het op GIS, beskrywende en afleidingsstatistieke staatgemaak. Resultate het getoon dat 75 hektaar (ha) gesoneerde SGR tussen 2005 en 2022 met 52% afgeneem het, wat gelei het tot 'n lae per capita UGS van 1,95 m² teenoor die aanbevole 9 m². Hierdie veranderinge is veroorsaak deur ontwikkeling sonder permitte, die distriksregering van Kisii (CGOK) wat permitte aan nie-aansoekers toestaan, sowel as die goedkeuring van ontwikkelings sonder die verpligte verandering of uitbreiding van gebruik, onvoldoende monitering van ontwikkelings, laksheid in die toepassing van soneringsregulasies, en onsekerheid in die betrokkenheid van geregistreerde argitekte tydens die ontwikkelingsbeheerproses. Aanbevelings word gemaak vir 'n hersiene fisiese ontwikkelingsplan wat die hele dorp dek om voldoende SGR te voorsien, om te verseker dat bouplanne deur gemagtigde professionele persone ingedien word en gereelde toesigoudits om ongemagtigde ontwikkelings af te weer. Die artikel kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, in die afwesigheid van effektiewe ontwikkelingsbeheer, SGR in Kisii Town verder sal afneem, wat daartoe lei dat die inwoners nie hul erkende voordele geniet nie.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de proponer y analizar factores para la construcción de un índice de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de acuíferos kársticos costeros urbanizados. Debido a las altas modificaciones antrópica de los territorios, se tomó como área de estudio la ciudad de Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. Se abordaron cuatro factores: relieve, clima, ascenso del nivel de mar y el uso de suelo. Para el relieve se identificaron las depresiones utilizando datos LiDAR del INEGI. El factor clima se trabajó con datos meteorológicos de CONAGUA, empleando el Índice Modificado de Fournier. El ascenso del mar se recreó con proyecciones del aumento del mar y se consideró el nivel piezométrico y la distancia a la línea de costa. Finalmente, para el uso de suelo, se consideró la zonificación secundaria del Programa de Desarrollo Urbano y el coeficiente de ocupación del suelo. A cada factor se asignó una diferenciación de vulnerabilidad, la cual define la susceptibilidad del territorio a la contaminación. Los resultados para el relieve, muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad en el uso de suelo turístico residencial y mixto, con una frecuencia de 30 a 37 depresiones, predominando las dolinas y dolinas-úvalas. Para el clima se identificó la zona vulnerable al sureste de la ciudad, para el ascenso del mar se encontró en el primer kilómetro con respecto a la línea de costa, afectando el 20% de las depresiones. Los usos de suelo con mayor vulnerabilidad fueron de uso comercial, turismo residencial, habitacional de alta densidad y uso mixto.

Abstract The aim of this work is to propose and analyse factors for the construction of an index of vulnerability to contamination of urbanised coastal karst aquifers. Due to the high anthropic modifications of the territories, the city of Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, was taken as the study area. Four factors were addressed: relief, climate, sea level rise and land use. For relief, depressions were identified using LiDAR data from INEGI. The climate factor was worked with meteorological data from CONAGUA, using the Modified Fournier Index. Sea rise was recreated with sea rise projections and the piezometric level and distance to the coastline were considered. Finally, for land use, the secondary zoning of the Urban Development Programme and the land use coefficient were considered. Each factor was assigned a vulnerability differentiation, which defines the susceptibility of the territory to pollution. The results for relief show a greater vulnerability in residential and mixed tourist land use, with a frequency of 30 to 37 depressions, predominantly sinkholes and sinkholes -uvalas. For climate, the vulnerable zone was identified to the southeast of the city; for sea rise, it was found in the first kilometre with respect to the coastline, affecting 20% of the depressions. The most vulnerable land uses were commercial use, residential tourism, high-density residential and mixed use.

Abstract Maria José Abrunhosa de Castro (1949-1999) is an undeniable figure in the history of the social housing programme SAAL-Norte, as of the history of the architecture of Guarda city. This article establishes itself as the first contribution to a more robust bibliographical research on the trajectory of this architect. Following an education enmeshed with the contestation of the Oporto student movement, at the end of the Estado Novo regime, SAAL-Norte was one of her first professional experiences. Afterwards, in the 1980s, in the Beira Interior Region, namely, the city of Guarda, she developed a broad line of work in urban management, on the production of architectural projects and zoning plans, as a municipal technician. In the following decade, she worked as an independent professional. Besides this, she detained a professional practice not alien to permanent public intervention, writing in scientific journals, participating in seminars and congresses, TV-shows and the Association of Portuguese Architects. Through bibliographic review, interviews and archival research, the primary goal of this article is to make visible her professional path. By analysing these documents and by focusing on her opinion articles published in regional and national newspapers, this paper examines how she detains a disciplinary discourse that concerns the specific contexts of its exercise. It is rooted in her comprehension that the city is not indissociable from politics and democracy. Furthermore, its discussion should be held by an involved, knowledgeable, and critical society.

Resumo Maria José Abrunhosa de Castro (1949-1999) é uma figura incontornável da história do programa habitacional SAAL-Norte, bem como da história da arquitetura da cidade da Guarda. Este artigo estabelece-se como um contributo inicial para o futuro de uma investigação biográfica mais robusta sobre o percurso desta arquiteta. Após uma formação superior envolvida nas lutas estudantis do Porto, no final do Estado Novo, o programa SAAL-Norte foi uma das suas primeiras experiências profissionais. Posteriormente, foi a partir da Beira Interior, nomeadamente da cidade da Guarda, que desenvolveu um trabalho amplo na gestão urbana, na elaboração de projetos e planos de ordenamento, enquanto técnica municipal, durante a década de 80, e como profissional liberal nos dez anos seguintes. Apesar disso, a sua atividade profissional nunca esteve alheia de uma intervenção pública constante, escreveu em revistas da especialidade, participou em seminários e congressos, em programas televisivos e nas atividades da Associação dos Arquitetos Portugueses. Recorrendo a revisão bibliográfica, a entrevistas e a material de arquivo, a investigação aqui apresentada tem como principal objetivo dar a conhecer o trajeto profissional desta arquiteta, em particular a partir da sua produção escrita presente em artigos de opinião publicados em jornais de circulação regional e nacional. A partir de tais documentos, escrutina-se um discurso disciplinar que incide nos contextos específicos do seu exercício e que radica na sua compreensão de que a cidade não pode ser indissociável da política e da democracia, elementos indispensáveis para uma sociedade crítica, informada e envolvida no seu debate.

Resumen La incorporación del enfoque de los servicios ecosistémicos, en la planificación de los espacios urbanos, contribuye con la mitigación el impacto hidrológico de la urbanización. Bajo esta premisa, el objetivo del trabajo fue analizar las reglamentaciones asociadas al manejo de aguas pluviales en la capital nacional y las capitales provinciales de la Argentina y reconocer así, antecedentes en la implementación de políticas, que favorezcan la provisión del servicio ecosistémico de regulación hídrica. Para ello, se revisaron de ordenanzas y códigos de zonificación. Los resultados obtenidos se agruparon en: indicadores urbanísticos, zonificaciones y medidas de infraestructura verde. Si bien, el 87,5% de las ciudades analizadas presenta algún tipo de medida urbanística, relacionada con el servicio ecosistémico de regulación hídrica en la mayoría de los casos, no existe una mención explícita. Esto dificulta la cuantificación, su nivel de provisión servicio y, por lo tanto, su incorporación efectiva en los instrumentos de planificación.

Abstract The inclusion of ecosystem services in the planning of urban spaces contributes to mitigating the hydrological impact of urbanization. Under this premise, the objective of the present work was to analyze the regulations associated with the management of stormwater in the capital and provincial capital cities of Argentina, and thus recognize background information regarding the implementation of policies that favor the provision of ecosystem services relevant to the regulation of water resources. Accordingly, zoning ordinances and codes were reviewed. The results obtained were grouped into: urban indicators, zones and green infrastructure measures. Although 87.5% of the considered cities exhibit some type of rule related to ecosystem services pertaining to the regulation of water resources, there is no explicit mention. The above situation makes it difficult to quantify the level of provision of ecosystem services and, therefore, hampers its effective inclusion in urban planning instruments.

Abstract Moringa oleifera (Moringa) is a multipurpose species with food and medicinal applications. The purpose of this research was to delimit the areas with agroecological potential for the cultivation of Moringa in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. For this, an agroecological zoning was used integrating scientific and georeferenced data on agroclimatic requirements of this species, land uses and the location of urban communities, through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The agroclimatic requirements for the Moringa crop were derived from two data sources. The first, of a bibliographic type, with scientific publications and official databases. The second, integrated georeferenced data, semi-structured interviews and collection of soil samples. The criteria for the identification of potential areas for cultivation were defined and then a GIS was built to generate the maps of the areas with agroecological potential, using five categories: Very high, High, Medium, Low and Very Low, according to their potential for Moringa cultivation. The agroecological potential maps included only the surface area categorized by the National Institute for Statics and Geography as for agricultural use. The results indicate that the territorial space with very high potential has an area of 1 008 119 ha, equivalent to 18 % of the total territory available in 37 % of the municipalities of the entity. It is concluded that the state of Veracruz has optimal agroecological conditions for the cultivation of Moringa oleifera in vast areas of its territory and that the incorporation of the information obtained from local producers is important to define the areas with potential for its cultivation.

Resumen Moringa oleifera (moringa) es una especie multipropósito con aplicaciones alimentarias y medicinales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue delimitar las áreas con potencial agroecológico para el cultivo de moringa en el estado de Veracruz, México. Para ello, se utilizó una zonificación agroecológica que integra datos científicos y georreferenciados sobre sus requerimientos agroclimáticos, los usos de suelo y la localización de comunidades urbanas, mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los requerimientos agroclimáticos para el cultivo de moringa derivaron de dos fuentes de datos: una bibliográfica, con publicaciones científicas y bases de datos oficiales; y otra que integró datos georreferenciados, entrevistas semiestructuradas y recolecta de muestras de suelo. Se definieron los criterios para la identificación de áreas potenciales y se construyó un SIG para generar los mapas de las áreas con potencial agroecológico para el cultivo de moringa con cinco categorías: Muy alto, Alto, Medio, Bajo y Muy Bajo. Los mapas del potencial agroecológico incluyeron solo la superficie categorizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía como de uso agropecuario. Los resultados indican que el espacio territorial con muy alto potencial tiene una extensión de 1 008 119 ha, equivalente a 18 % del territorio total disponible en 37 % de los municipios de la entidad. Se concluye que el estado de Veracruz tiene condiciones agroecológicas óptimas para el cultivo de M. oleifera en gran parte de su territorio, y que la incorporación de la información obtenida de los productores locales es importante para definir las áreas con potencial para su plantación.

Abstract Landslides are among the most common natural events that cause mass destruction worldwide. For this reason, studying the causes, behavior, and mitigation of landslides is essential to reduce their adverse impacts. These occur most frequently in tropical environments because of the amount and intensity of rainfall that, combined with steep relief, damages urban, livestock, agricultural, and industrial infrastructure, leading to changes in the environment and even loss of human life. Several studies have investigated the origin and effect of morphodynamic processes associated with landslides. However, given their complexity, there is still uncertainty about the prediction of their incidence. Although landslides result from various interactions, where relief morphology and the evolution of slopes play a primary role, a single factor, such as precipitation or an earthquake, is considered the external triggering factor. The Huehuetan River basin, located on the Chiapas coast, is highly susceptible to landslides caused by heavy rains. Therefore, this study aimed to identify areas prone to landslides due to soil saturation associated with precipitation. To this end, we calculated the Stability Index (SI) and the Soil Saturation Index (SSI) through the SINMAP (Stability INdex MAPping) model to be used as support elements in urban planning and for the prevention or amelioration of landslides through structural and non-structural measures. The Huehuetan River basin is located in southeast Chiapas, covering an area of 319.27 km2, and is part of the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. It is characterized by a hilly relief, mainly in the upper portion, with elevations ranging from 19 to 2690 meters above sea level, and 83.15% of the total surface area has slopes greater than 10%. The predominant soil is Litosol (36.63%), followed by Andosol (28.71%), while its geology is dominated by igneous (more than 85%) and sedimentary rocks. The basin was delimited using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model based on the Digital Elevation Model (MDE) with a 10 m spatial resolution and the drainage network from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (National Institute of Statistics and Geography). We built a landslide inventory for the period 2005 to 2021. First, we performed field trips across the Huehuetan River basin, supported by GPS equipment for the spatial location of landslide polygons. Landsat 7 and Sentinel 2A satellite images were used as support tools for locating and detecting landslides larger than 100 m2; smaller landslides were recorded based on field trips and located on Google Earth®. The SINMAP model was executed from the MDE, the mechanical and hydrogeological properties of the soils, and the landslide inventory. The terrain stability was classified by estimating the spatial distribution of SI and SSI across the Huehuetan River basin. We determined that 24.36% (77.76 km2) of the basin is an unstable area and 75.64% (241.51 km2) is stable. The highest slope instability values were observed in the highlands due to the relief conditions, soil type, and vegetation cover. The performance of the SINMAP model was evaluated by comparing the spatial distribution of the SI with the landslide inventory obtained for the basin using the ROC curve method; it yielded an 85.60% accuracy that grades it as excellent. The SINMAP model allowed for determining the SI and SSI easily and accurately. Both indices can be used for urban planning and to reduce serious damage from landslides. The results of this study suggest that using the SINMAP model as a tool for mapping landslide susceptible areas is a feasible option. It will allow decision-makers to plan for urban growth by identifying and zoning vulnerable areas and applying structural and non-structural control measures.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é mapear os principais atores que buscam exercer influência na arena regulatória da política urbana paulistana e identificar suas convergências ou não com princípios de transformação urbana sustentável, conforme preceitos de uma cidade compacta, de baixa emissão de carbono, que visa a reduzir desigualdades socioterritoriais e promover qualificação ambiental. Elegeu-se como arena de análise duas tentativas de alteração extemporânea da lei de zoneamento, ocorridas em 2018 e 2019. Entre os principais atores e interesses em disputa nessa arena, identificaram-se incorporadoras imobiliárias (aumento da margem de lucro), associações de bairro presentes no centro expandido da cidade (proteção das características da localidade) e movimentos sociais por moradia (habitação digna acessível). Nesse contexto, o artigo discute as principais pressões para alterações do pacto sociopolítico definido pelo Plano Diretor de São Paulo de 2014.

Abstract The objective of this article is to map the main actors that seek to exert influence in the regulatory arena of urban policy in São Paulo and to identify whether they converge or not with the principles of sustainable urban transformation, according to the precepts of a compact city, with low-carbon emissions, and which aims to reduce social inequalities and promote environmental qualification. Two attempts to change the zoning law, which ocurred in 2018 and 2019, have been chosen as the stage for analysis. Among the main actors and interests in dispute in this arena, the study has identified real estate developers (increased profit margin), neighborhood associations in the expanded central area of the city (protection of local characteristics) and social movements for housing (accessible decent housing). Within this context, the present article discusses the main pressures for changes in the socio-political pact defined by the 2014 São Paulo Master Plan.

The Brazilian Federal District surrounding areas have been experiencing transformations arising from significant infrastructure public investments. In the southwestern portion of the Brazilian Federal District Integrated Development Region (RIDE-DF), the process is exemplified by the BR-060 highway and the Corumbá IV Hydroelectric Power Plant reservoir implementation. As the result of a post-doctoral research, this paper aims at analyzing the correlation between two planning instruments - Environmental Plan for the Reservoir Surrounding Area Water Preservation and Usage and Urban Zoning - affecting the reservoir surrounding area with urban expansion processes within the municipalities of Santo Antonio do Descoberto, Alexânia, and Abadiânia. For that purpose, bibliographical and documental research, as well as maps, tables, and comparative charts production, and on-site visits, were developed. The results determine that the instruments play little to no role as territorial land regulation adjustments or effective parameters. In fact, they serve as a tool to legitimize the interests of local prevalent groups tied to the overvaluation of the urban expansion target land for second residence and tourism purposes within environmentally compromised areas in the municipalities. Added to the conflicts of an area controlled and subdued by different administrative spheres, these processes have led to relevant socioeconomic impacts

O entorno do Distrito Federal tem sofrido importantes transformações decorrentes de investimentos públicos significativos em infraestrutura. No vetor sudoeste da Região Integrada de Desenvolvimento Econômico do Distrito Federal, tal processo pode ser exemplificado pela implantação da rodovia BR-060 e, mais especificamente, do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica Corumbá IV. Este trabalho, resultante de uma pesquisa de pós-doutoramento, tem por objetivo analisar a relação de dois instrumentos de planejamento (Plano Ambiental de Conservação e Uso da Água do Entorno do Reservatório e Planos Diretores) incidentes no entorno desse reservatório com processos de expansão urbana nos municípios de Santo Antonio do Descoberto, Alexânia e Abadiânia. Para tal, foram utilizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, bem como visitas de campo e produção de mapas, tabelas e quadros comparativos. Como resultado, constatou-se que ambos os instrumentos não têm servido como regulações ou parâmetros efetivos de ordenação territorial, mas sim como ferramentas para legitimar interesses de grupos locais dominantes vinculados à valorização de terras em vetores de expansão urbana voltados à segunda residência e turismo em áreas ambientalmente frágeis dos municípios analisados. Tais processos, somados aos conflitos na gestão de um território que perpassa e sobrepõe esferas administrativas diversas, têm ocasionado relevantes impactos socioambientais no recorte estudado

Resumo Fortaleza aprovou seu Plano Diretor Participativo (PDP) em 2009 orientado a uma agenda urbana progressista. Mas uma década de vigência deixou evidente a retomada da agenda urbana pelo setor imobiliário: alterações ao plano potencializaram vantagens para a construção civil em áreas estratégicas à captura da valorização do solo, especialmente onde há interesse privado na verticalização, ao passo que se inviabilizaram avanços na inclusão territorial e proteção do patrimônio cultural edificado. A falência seletiva do PDP remonta às contradições de sua implementação, apoiada em novas regulações mercantilizadoras do espaço urbano. Dessa forma, apresentamos as estratégias do novo ajuste do marco regulatório do planejamento às demandas do capital imobiliário, utilizando a categoria “deregulated regulation” proposta por Aalbers (2016).

Abstract The city of Fortaleza (Northeastern Brazil) enacted a Participatory Master Plan (PMP) in 2009, targeted at a progressive urban agenda. However, after a 10-year term, the resumption of the urban agenda by the real state sector became evident: amendments to the Plan have enhanced advantages to civil construction in strategic areas for land value increase, especially where there is private interest in high-rise building development. In addition, such amendments have had negative effects on social inclusion in the city and on the protection of urban landmarks. PMP’s asymmetrical regulatory failure is related to contradictions in its enforcement, supported by new regulations for urban space commodification. We present, in this article, the strategies that adjusted the legal framework of urban planning to the demands of real estate capital, using the category “deregulated regulation” proposed by Aalbers (2016).

RESUMO O Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico (ZEE) é um instrumento de gestão territorial, uma forma de organização do território em zonas indicando atividades que considerem suas potencialidades e fragilidades. A pesquisa analisou de forma integrada a paisagem na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Preto, situada no sul do Estado de Goiás (Brasil) com o objetivo de propor um zoneamento aliando conservação ambiental e desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A partir da análise da paisagem, foram delimitadas cinco zonas: 1) zona de uso restrito (32%), caracterizada pelas áreas de vegetação remanescente, vertentes com dissecação forte/muito forte e solos hidromórficos; 2) zona de expansão urbanoindustrial (0,53%); 3) zona de produção sucroenergética consolidada (19,47%), área onde se localizam uma usina e suas respectivas áreas de plantio de cana-de-açúcar; 4) zona de uso agrosilvopastoril I (18%), caracterizada por ser favorável ao plantio de grãos, silvicultura e pastagem; 5) zona de uso agrosilvopastoril II (30%), com as mesmas características da zona anterior, mas com possibilidade de expansão dos plantios de cana-de-açúcar. Propõe-se a criação de um cinturão de unidade de conservação aproveitando as serras, além de estabelecer corredores ecológicos em todo o Rio Preto, o que resultaria em médio prazo no aumento da produção de água.

ABSTRACT The Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) is a territorial management instrument, a king of territory organization in zones which indicate activities that consider its potentialities and fragilities. The research analyzed in an integrated way the landscape of Rio Preto’s watershed, located in the south of Goiás State (Brazil) with the objective of proposing a zoning which ally environmental preservation and socioeconomic development. From the landscape analysis, five zones were delimited: 1) zone of restrict use (32%), characterized by remaining vegetation areas, slopes with strong/very strong dissection and hydromorphic soils; 2) urban industrial expansion one (0.53%); 3) consolidated sugar-energy production zone (19.47%), area which a power plant and its respective areas of sugarcane crops are localized; 4) zones of agrosilvopastoral use I (18%), characterized for being favorable to grains cultivation, forestry and pasture; 5) agrosilvopastoral zone use II (30%), with the same characteristics of the previous zone, however with the possibility of expansion of sugarcane plantation. It was proposed the creation of a belt of preservation unities taking advantage of the mountains, besides establishing ecological corridors all over Rio Preto, which would result in an average deadline on the water production increase.

Abstract: The text analyzes the impact of industrial activity in the socio-spatial configuration of the Yungay neighborhood during a period of urban regulation, expansion of manufacturing, and state incentives for production. As a result of the relationship between the actors of industrialization and the dynamics of the conformation of a worker-factory environment in the northeast region of Santiago, three variables will be explored in-depth: the location of a manufacturing network that acted as a marker of the neighborhood space; the business initiatives with respect to urban infrastructure and services in this part of the city; and the sense of belonging among the population that inhabited the neighborhood in their double condition of workers and residents. The methodology located at the crossover between urban history and the history of the world of work incorporates a relational approach to identify, in the physical and representational organization of the place analyzed, a weaving of ties to the historical context that frames the 1930s and 1950s. The research results, by deepening the repercussions of industrial activity in a neighborhood little studied from this perspective, contribute to strengthening studies of factory zoning in Santiago and integrating the spatial variable in the analysis of the origins of industrialization in the Chilean capital.

Resumen: El texto analiza la incidencia de la actividad industrial en la configuración socioespacial del barrio Yungay durante un periodo de regulación urbana, expansión fabril e incentivo a la producción por parte del Estado. A partir de la relación entre los actores de la industrialización y las dinámicas de conformación de un hábitat obrero-fabril en la región norponiente de Santiago, se profundizará en tres variables: el emplazamiento de una red manufacturera que caracterizó el espacio barrial; la iniciativa empresarial en materia de infraestructura y servicios urbanos en esta parte de la ciudad, y el sentido de pertenencia de la población que habitó el barrio en su doble condición obrera y residente. La metodología, situada en el cruce entre la historia urbana y la historia del mundo del trabajo, incorpora el enfoque relacional para identificar, dentro de la organización física y representacional del lugar analizado, un tejido de vínculos inscritos en el contexto histórico que enmarca las décadas de 1930 y 1950. Los resultados de la investigación, al profundizar en las repercusiones de la actividad industrial en un barrio poco estudiado desde esta perspectiva, contribuyen a reforzar los estudios sobre zonificación fabril en Santiago, junto con integrar la variable espacial en el análisis de las derivas de la industrialización en la capital chilena.

Abstract Volcanic activity in the equator is concentrated in the continental volcanic arc of the central-north portion of the Andes resulting from the subduction of the Nazca plate underneath the South American plate. This produces a high risk, evidenced in recent decades as an increased volcanic activity and a high impact on the population - especially those in poverty and extreme poverty - and on the country’s economy. The Guagua Pichincha volcano developed in three periods during the late Pleistocene and Holocene; together with the Rucu Pichincha, it forms the Pichincha volcanic complex. This complex recorded its latest eruption between 1999 and 2001 through the Crystal Dome with vulcanian-subplinian explosions. Guagua Pichincha is considered the third most dangerous volcano in continental Ecuador, posing a threat mainly to vulnerable rural population settled in areas close to the volcano and dedicated to agriculture and livestock raising. This research has used general parameters such as height of the eruptive column, duration of the eruption, volume of magma, and a statistical distribution of wind profiles. We obtained four eruption events that are consistent with events that occurred in the past recorded by several authors. Using a statistical analysis, we modeled 120 numerical simulations per event with the Ash 3D code. Using algorithms produced with digital tools, the dispersal and fall of ash was defined under a 75% probability of occurrence for the period 2008 - 2017, for zoning volcanic threat through the eruptive scenarios suggested. Census data of the 15 indicators (eight for vulnerability and seven for resilience) for the year 2010 were processed separately. As a result, we obtained a cover with parochial disaggregation at country level using the weights assigned in the Index for Risk Management (INFORM) methodology. Following this procedure, we estimated the magnitudes of rural-urban population and land-use categories that would be affected by using spatial analysis and automation processes through Phyton programming. Impact scenarios would have different effects according to the maximum expected thickness values estimated. The lower limit of the range is 5 mm assuming the most frequent scenario within the yearly eruptive cycle, with a volcanic explosiveness index (VEI) of 2; the upper limit is 150 mm of ash accumulation in a scenario with a VEI5, which occurs every 25 eruptive cycles and has been recorded every 2,500-21,250 years; the latter involves a significant increase in the number of villages, urban areas and, land-use categories affected. The maps obtained show the following. 1) For the VEI2 (minor) event, some 23,435 hectares dedicated to agriculture would be directly affected by the different ash thicknesses, representing one parish with moderate impact and seven parishes with low impact; for this scenario, the experience derived from the latest activity event recorded may be used to quantify the potential impact of the Guagua Pichincha volcano in the country. 2) A VEI3 (moderate) event, which occurs with a frequency between one and two events within an eruptive cycle, would result in 1,101,847 ha of farming land directly affected by ash fall, with thicknesses reaching 45 mm; 20 parishes would have a high impact, 119 parishes a moderate impact, and 78 parishes a low impact. 3) For a major event (VEI4) of the Guagua Pichincha volcano, which occurs every three to five eruptive cycles, recorded every 300-4,250 years, the expected ash thicknesses would range between 0.01 mm and 90 mm, affecting 1,130,405 ha of farmland; 98 parishes would suffer moderate impact and 66 low impact; a total of 4,240,559 inhabitants would be directly affected. 4) For scenario VEI5, 1,899,861 ha of farming land would be directly affected, including 33 parishes with a high impact, 235 parishes with moderate impact and 139 with a low impact. A VEI5 event would affect 30% of the population of Ecuador.

Resumen El volcán Guagua Pichincha es considerando el tercer volcán más peligroso en el Ecuador continental, y representa una amenaza potencial para la población expuesta. En esta investigación se modela, mediante un análisis estadístico de simulaciones numéricas, la dispersión y caída de ceniza al 75% de probabilidad de ocurrencia para zonificar la amenaza volcánica a través de escenarios eruptivos y datos censales con ayuda de herramientas computacionales. Así, se estimó la cantidad de población rural-urbana y categorías de uso de suelo que se verían afectadas. Estos escenarios de impacto tendrían diferentes efectos en función de los espesores máximos esperados, que van desde los 5 mm para el escenario con un índice de explosividad volcánica 2 (VEI, por sus siglas en inglés) y de 150 mm de acumulación de ceniza para el escenario con un VEI5; incrementando significativamente el número de poblados, zonas urbanas y categoría de uso de suelo afectados en cada escenario planteado. Los mapas obtenidos muestran, para el evento VEI2 (menor), siete parroquias con un impacto bajo, mientras que para el escenario VEI5 (extenso-muy extenso) se tendría un impacto alto en 33 parroquias, incluida la capital del Ecuador.