Abstract The onus of re-constructing a diverse socio-spatial and economically-prepared urban framework in the design of greenfield cities rests on the foresight of a Master Plan document. The conceptualisations in the making of a ‘brand-new city’ are challenged with its subsequent realisation. Often, urbanisation doesn’t tread its planned course, and contentious dualities of planned vs unplanned persists. In Navi Mumbai, five decades later, small-scale slum-settlements emerge as landscapes of dispossession and inevitable gentrification creating urban ruptures within the city morphology. Navi Mumbai was an expression of India’s euphoria as a newly independent nation, exemplified by pragmatic city planning. However, five decades later, the emergence of planning disruptions continues to indicate inadequacies. The paper examines the spatial logics of habitation under changing economic conditions and built-in spatial inequalities. It initiates a discourse on the type of environments planned cities foster towards residents from lower economic and social backgrounds. The key research questions addressed are: How do master plans further socio-economic segregations? What was the impact of neoliberal changes on affordable housing? Points of critique: Navi Mumbai’s reliance on ‘Euro-American’ visions and Fordist planning present several delinkages with adjacent industrial districts, indigenous farming settlements and sensitive ecological edges. The analysis conferred that affordable housing schemes became an unequal instrument of social cohesion, in light of built-in inequities. The Development Plan of Navi Mumbai excluded its original inhabitations- agricultural and fishing villages, a characteristic adopted by several development plans in contemporary Indian cities. Close examination of mechanisms of ‘incrementality’, as a hall-mark of affordable housing projects, suggests disconnections between designer’s vision and dweller’s aspirations.

Abstract The adoption of urban branding strategies is a recurrent practice among local governments One of the negative impacts of this type of strategies is gentrification, a phenomenon that implies the displacement of the original population. The objective of this paper is to identify the gentrifying effects of the Programa Pueblos Mágicos in the conurbation localities of San Pedro Cholula and San Andrés Cholula, Puebla. This case study shows the link between the program and specific modalities of gentrification and displacement, which are at the origin of conflicts in which the physical and symbolic appropriation of the territory is disputed.

Resumen La adopción de estrategias de branding urbano constituye una práctica recurrente entre los gobiernos locales. Entre los impactos negativos de este tipo de tácticas destaca la gentrificación, fenómeno que implica el desplazamiento de la población originaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los efectos gentrificadores del Programa Pueblos Mágicos en los municipios conurbados de San Pedro Cholula y San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, en México. Mediante este estudio de caso se constata la vinculación del programa con modalidades específicas de gentrificación y desplazamiento, las cuales están en el origen de conflictos en los que se disputa la apropiación física y simbólica del territorio.

Abstract: After a long period of disinvestment and decline, recent years have seen a growing interest in the rehabilitation of municipal markets in European and South American countries, often culminating in the gentrification of those commercial facilities. Our working hypothesis is that some agents in the search for good urban planning practices use as a reference some markets that, through the molds used for rehabilitation, promote gentrification processes. Faced with an apparent contradiction between academic studies that confirm the gentrification of rehabilitated municipal markets and the practice of political agents who see the current rehabilitation model as good urban planning practice, we aim to analyze and discuss the current rehabilitation process of municipal markets in Portugal. In methodological terms, this work is supported by a qualitative approach, based on theoretical analysis on the subject in question and on interviews carried out with managers of three Portuguese Municipal Councils, as well as two interviews with consulting companies involved in the process. Using the conceptual framework of gentrification to help interpret the results, we conclude that the motivation for the rehabilitation of markets is based on a reading of declining markets and that the current intervention models are due to benchmarking strategies and the transfer of models understood as being good practices, also highlighting the role of consulting firms in its dissemination.

Resumo: Após um longo período de desinvestimento e declínio, nos últimos anos tem-se assistido a um crescente interesse na reabilitação dos mercados municipais em países europeus e sul-americanos, culminando frequentemente na gentrificação daqueles equipamentos comerciais. A nossa hipótese de trabalho é que alguns agentes na busca por boas práticas de planeamento urbano utilizam como referência certos mercados que, por via dos moldes usados para reabilitação, promovem processos de gentrificação. Face a uma aparente contradição entre os estudos académicos que confirmam a gentrificação dos mercados municipais reabilitados e a prática dos agentes políticos que encaram o atual molde de reabilitação como uma boa prática de planeamento urbano, temos como objectivo analisar e discutir no atual processo de reabilitação de mercados municipais em Portugal. Em termos metodológicos, este trabalho é suportado por uma abordagem qualitativa, baseando-se na análise teórica acerca da temática em causa e em entrevistas realizadas a responsáveis de três Câmaras Municipais portuguesas, assim como duas entrevistas a empresas de consultoria envolvidas no processo. Recorrendo ao quadro concetual da gentrificação para auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados, concluímos que a motivação para a reabilitação dos mercados é baseada numa leitura dos mercados em declínio e que os atuais moldes de intervenção se devem a estratégias de benchmarking e de transferências de modelos entendidos como sendo boas práticas, destacando-se, ainda, o papel das empresas de consultoria na sua disseminação.

ABSTRACT Mass housing neighborhoods emerged in the second half of the twentieth century as an important part of the affordable social housing stock in Southern Europe, but now these are suffering from social problems and physical degradation. This article, which focuses on a case study of an archetypical transformation of a housing estate in Barcelona (Canyelles), aims at identifying the conditions needed to reduce social inequalities in this type of neighborhood and implement urban rehabilitation programs. The mixed methodology applied consisted of a combination of semi-structured interviews with the main actors involved, a focus group with the neighborhood council, and a multivariate statistical analysis of intra-urban fine-scale social indicators. Based on these methods, the urban transformation projects and their social consequences, which can be observed in the evolution of the social composition of the neighborhood, are analyzed. A significant improvement in the quality of life of the neighbors is seen as a result of the housing rehabilitation and renovation of public spaces programs. Ultimately, these changes are contributing to increasing social integration, as well as initiating a gentrification process.

RESUMEN Los barrios de vivienda masiva desarrollados en la segunda mitad del siglo XX constituyen una parte importante del parque de viviendas sociales y asequibles del sur de Europa, pero sufren problemas sociales y degradación física. Centrado en un estudio de caso de transformación arquetípica de una urbanización en Barcelona (Canyelles), este artículo pretende identificar las condiciones necesarias para reducir las desigualdades sociales en este tipo de barrios, además de la implementación de programas de rehabilitación urbana. La metodología mixta aplicada consistió en una combinación de entrevistas semiestructuradas con los principales actores involucrados, un grupo focal con la junta de vecinos y un análisis estadístico multivariante de indicadores sociales a escala fina intraurbana. A partir de estos métodos, analizamos los proyectos de transformación urbana, así como sus consecuencias sociales, que se pueden observar en la evolución de la composición social del barrio. Por lo tanto, observamos una mejora significativa en la calidad de vida de los vecinos como resultado de programas, tanto de rehabilitación de viviendas como de renovación de espacios públicos. Finalmente, estos cambios están contribuyendo a aumentar la integración social, así como también a iniciar un proceso de gentrificación.

Abstract In this article, we highlight the importance of art and culture as elements of transformation in the contemporary city. Adopting a critical urban perspective, we developed ethnographic fieldwork between 2018 and 2019, taking as a starting point the ambivalences of art and culture in the transformation of territories. We look at three territories in Lisbon where the relationship between the city and the arts stands out: the Intendente, as a reference case of public policies that transformed a decadent space into a fashionable one; Marvila, as an old industrial space that has undergone important changes; and the hill of Santana, as a space designed for the future, where built heritage, structures and cultural and artistic events leverage the transformation process. Evidence suggests that Lisbon has replicated the prevailing neoliberal urban model. Furthermore, the social dynamics of resistance, although tenuous and often impotent to change hegemonic dynamics, is an important force in the territories. The three cases presented allow us to understand the direction of socio-territorial change, highlighting the importance of the presence of classified built heritage, structures and artistic and cultural events in valuing spaces, promoting their commodification and contributing to urban competitiveness.

Resumo Neste artigo, colocamos em destaque a importância da arte e da cultura enquanto elementos de transformação da cidade contemporânea. Adotando uma perspetiva urbana crítica, desenvolvemos trabalho de campo etnográfico entre 2018 e 2019, tendo como ponto de partida as ambivalências da arte e da cultura na transformação dos territórios. Olhamos para três territórios de Lisboa onde a relação entre a cidade e as artes se destaca: o Intendente, enquanto caso de referência de políticas públicas que transformaram um espaço decadente num espaço da moda; Marvila, enquanto antigo espaço industrial que tem passado por importantes mudanças; e a Colina de Santana, enquanto espaço projetado para o futuro, onde o património edificado, estruturas e eventos culturais e artísticos alavancam o processo de transformação. As evidências sugerem que Lisboa tem replicado o modelo urbano neoliberal predominante. Para além disso, a dinâmica social de resistência, apesar de ténue e, muitas vezes, impotente para alterar as dinâmicas hegemónicas, é uma importante força nos territórios. Os três casos apresentados permitem compreender o sentido da mudança socioterritorial, ficando clara a importância da presença de património edificado classificado, estruturas e eventos artísticos e culturais na valorização dos espaços, fomentando a sua mercantilização e contribuindo para a competitividade urbana.

Abstract Between the start of the financial crisis (2007-08) and the pandemic crisis (2020-), Lisbon was at its peak as a fashionable European tourist destination. During this period, in a singular concentra-tion in the Portuguese capital, associations and other collectives proliferated as alternative spaces, overlapping political and cultural action. In this dossier, through a qualitative methodology of eth-nographic nature, we show that these spaces form a model of urban development of their own. If, since the 1970s, alternative spaces have played a role in resisting gentrification in several western countries, the case of Lisbon stands out for its contrast with a national context of weak civic partic-ipation.

Resumo Entre o início da crise financeira (2007-08) e a crise pandémica (2020-), Lisboa estava no auge como destino turístico europeu da moda. Nesse período, numa singular concentração na capital portuguesa, associações e outros coletivos proliferaram como espaços alternativos, imbricando ação política e cultural. Neste dossiê, através de uma metodologia qualitativa de pendor etnográfico, mostramos que estes espaços configuram um modelo de desenvolvimento urbano próprio. Se, desde os anos 1970, os espaços alternativos têm desempenhado um papel de resistência à gentrificação em vários países ocidentais, o caso de Lisboa sobressai pelo contraste com um contexto nacional de fraca participação cívica.

Abstract Covil is a self-managed social centre in Lisbon. Anarchist, connected to the punk scene and located in an area of the city that houses specific dynamics of collective resistance, it contrasts with the hegemonic city of gentrification. An epicentre of resistance, it is experienced as a space of collective and personal development and emancipation. Through ethnographic research, this article analyses Covil, enabling us to understand and problematize how anarchism, punk and gentrification intersect in it.

Resumo O Covil é um centro social autogerido em Lisboa. Anarquista, ligado à cena punk e localizado numa zona da cidade que abriga dinâmicas sociais próprias de resistência coletiva, contrasta com a cidade hegemónica da gentrificação. Polo de resistência, é vivido como um espaço de desenvolvimento e emancipação coletiva e pessoal. Através de pesquisa etnográfica, este artigo analisa o Covil, permitindo compreender e problematizar como nele se entrecruzam anarquismo, punk e gentrificação.

Abstract For decades, urban transformations have been taking place in Latin American cities that respond to capitalist logic. From the gentrification paradigm, two cases are analyzed in the city of Córdoba (Argentina), the Colón corridor and the Güemes neighborhood. The common characteristic of both is that the modifications produced an increase in the value of the land and changes in its use (from residential to commercial) together with population with higher economic income. The objective is to describe the particularities of the process. The methodology is qualitative and quantitative, it is described and analyzed real estate strategies (valuation attributes), the role of the State (regulatory and infrastructural changes) and how it is articulated with the increase in value of urban land and built space. As conclusions, it is identified: gentrification takes place in central, intermediate and peripheral areas, furthermore the real estate developers, the State and architectural design deepen the process.

Resumen En las urbes latinoamericanas desde hace décadas se producen transformaciones urbanas que responden a la lógica capitalista. A partir del paradigma de la gentrificación, se analizan dos casos de en la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina): el corredor Colón y el barrio Güemes. La característica común de ambos es que las modificaciones produjeron un alza en el valor del suelo y cambios en su uso (de residencial a comercial), junto con población de mayores ingresos económicos. El objetivo es describir las particularidades del proceso. La metodología es cualitativa y cuantitativa, se describen y analizan las estrategias inmobiliarias (atributos de valorización), el rol del Estado (cambios normativos e infraestructurales) y cómo se articula con el aumento de valor en el suelo urbano y espacio construido. Como conclusiones se identifica que la gentrificación sucede en áreas centrales, intermedias y periféricas, además de que los promotores inmobiliarios, el Estado y el diseño arquitectónico profundizan el proceso.

Resumo Por décadas, transformações urbanas vêm ocorrendo nas cidades latino-americanas que respondem à lógica capitalista. A partir do paradigma da gentrificação, analisam-se dois casos na cidade de Córdoba (Argentina), o corredor Colón e o bairro de Güemes. A característica comum de ambos é que as modificações produziram uma valorização do terreno e mudanças em seu uso (de residencial para comercial) juntamente com uma população com maior renda econômica. O objetivo é descrever as particularidades do processo. A metodologia é qualitativa e quantitativa, são descritas e analisadas as estratégias imobiliárias (atributos de valorização), o papel do Estado (mudanças regulatórias e infraestruturais) e como estas se articulam com a valorização do solo urbano e do espaço construído. Como conclusões, identifica-se que a gentrificação ocorre em áreas centrais, intermediárias e periféricas, além das incorporadoras, do Estado e do projeto arquitetônico aprofundando o processo.

ABSTRACT Among the studies that address socio-territorial transformations, those that refer to the concept of gentrification to allude to the process of reappropriation of a territory by the capital, stand out. More precisely, by addressing socio-territorial transformations I refer to the expansion of large cities towards their peripheral areas, and by reappropriation of a territory, I propose to highlight the processes that set-in motion diverse transformations that result in the displacement of the original population. Based on a socio-spatial transformation index, this work identifies the different expressions of the gentrification process in two municipalities that are in the capital of the state of Puebla, in the central region of Mexico. From this case, I discuss the specific modalities of gentrification and displacement that accompany the process of urban growth in the Latin American peripheries, highlighting the important role played by the State in generating appropriate conditions for the reinvestment of capital in specific areas of the periphery.

RESUMEN Entre los estudios que abordan los cambios socioterritoriales inducidos por la expansión de las grandes ciudades sobre sus áreas periféricas, destacan aquellos que retoman el concepto de gentrificación para aludir al proceso de reapropiación de un territorio por parte del capital, el cual pone en marcha transformaciones de diversa índole que derivan en el desplazamiento de la población originaria. Con base en un índice de transformación socioespacial (ITSE), el presente trabajo identifica las distintas expresiones del proceso de gentrificación en dos municipios conurbados a la capital del estado de Puebla, en la región centro de México. A partir de este caso se discuten las modalidades específicas de gentrificación y desplazamiento que acompañan el proceso de crecimiento urbano en las periferias latinoamericanas, evidenciando el importante papel que desempeña el Estado en la generación de condiciones apropiadas para la reinversión de capital en áreas específicas de la periferia.

ABSTRACT During the last decade, a set of urban renewal policies has been taking place in some south-pericentral neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires City, an area historically dismissed by capital investments but also by the State. Based on a critical review of the concept of gentrification, this paper addresses the socio-territorial effects of the Economic Districts policy, focused on the Technological and Art Districts, both located in Comuna 4. The qualitative-quantitative methodology considers four fundamental dynamics: socio-housing structure, appreciation of the real estate and land market, renewal policies and local community networks. Among the results, an increasing real estate and land market appreciation is noted, showing no strong evidence of gentrification in some Districts. However, the socio-housing structure and the absence of “anti-displacement” mechanisms in the current policies allow to confirm the existence of exclusionary urban renewal dynamics, which should be monitored due to future impacts.

RESUMEN Durante la última década, en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires ha tenido lugar un conjunto de políticas de renovación urbana orientadas a la valorización de su zona sur, un área históricamente relegada por el capital y el Estado. Partiendo de una revisión crítica y situada del concepto de gentrificación, el presente trabajo analiza los efectos socioterritoriales de la política de Distritos Económicos, específicamente el Tecnológico y de las Artes. La metodología, cualicuantitativa, considera cuatro dinámicas fundamentales: la estructura sociohabitacional, la valorización del mercado inmobiliario y de suelo, las políticas de renovación y, finalmente, el tejido organizativo y comunitario. Entre los resultados, se verifica una acelerada valorización inmobiliaria que, en algunos cases, no está acompañada por evidencias de gentrificación en sentido estricto. No obstante, la estructura sociohabitacional y la ausencia de mecanismos “antidesplazamiento” de las políticas en curso permiten constatar dinámicas de renovación urbana excluyente, cuyos impactos a futuro deben continuar monitoreándose.

Resumen El desarrollo industrial y económico requirió la organización y distribución del espacio, incluido el de las viviendas. En este texto, desde una perspectiva genealógica, se describe y analiza el uso de las políticas y distribución de la vivienda social. En los países occidentales, las políticas de vivienda social empiezan en la última década del siglo XIX, continúan a lo largo del siglo XX y cambiarán con el nuevo milenio. En América Latina, los programas de vivienda social se inician en el siglo XX y producirán segregación residencial, apoyarán intereses de gentrificación y serán la vía para controlar posturas críticas al estado. Saberse acreedor al derecho a la vivienda produjo trabajadores dispuestos a luchar por su cumplimiento; otra actitud resulta cuando las sociedades legitiman que los habitantes en condiciones vulnerables solo pueden aspirar a la supervivencia.

Abstract Industrial and economic development required the organization and distribution of space, including housing. In this paper it is describe and analyze the use of politics and construction of social housing, from a genealogical perspective. In the occidental countries, the social housing politics began at the last decade of XIX century, it continues throughout next century and it will change in the new millennial. In Latin America, social housing programs began in the 20th century and will produce residential segregation, will support gentrification interests and will be the way to control positions critical of the government. Knowing that they had the right to housing produced worked willing to fight for its fulfillment; another attitude results when societies legitimize that the citizens in vulnerable conditions can only aspire to survival.

Abstract: The processes of urban renewal hide, behind a euphemistic and propagandistic discour se, the increasing commodification of cities and the deepening of social differences in the territory. They involve a restructuring of the dynamics of the spaces in which they are developed and entail material and immaterial transformations, led by private and / or pu blic agents, causing the value of properties to rise and the consequent displacement and / or substitution, direct and indirect, of the resident population by other social groups with greater purchasing power. This article aims to identify, characterize and analyze the socio-spatial transformations that have occurred in a sector of the city where the former Mercado de Abasto is located; taking into account that these transformations are framed in a process of gentrification and social stratification through which there is the gradual replacement of the groups that traditionally lived and worked there by other groups with high economic incomes. It intends to focus the look on the current morphological and functional status of the plots identified and perceptions that residents and workers argue that changes to the area.

Resumen: Los procesos de renovación urbana esconden, detrás de un discurso eufemístico y pro pagandístico, la creciente mercantilización de las ciudades y la profundización de las diferencias sociales en el territorio. Implican una reestructuración de la dinámica de los espacios en los cuales se desarrollan y conllevan transformaciones materiales e inmate riales, conducidas por agentes privados y/o públicos, provocando la suba del valor de las propiedades y el consiguiente desplazamiento y/o sustitución, directa e indirecta, de la población residente por otros grupos sociales con mayor poder adquisitivo. Este artículo tiene por objetivo identificar, caracterizar y analizar las transformaciones socio-espacia les ocurridas en un sector de la ciudad donde se ubica el ex Mercado de Abasto; teniendo en cuenta que estas transformaciones se enmarcan en un proceso de gentrificación y de estratificación social mediante el cual se produce el gradual reemplazo de los grupos que tradicionalmente vivían y trabajan allí por otros grupos con ingresos económicos elevados. Se propone centrar la mirada en el estado morfológico y funcional actual de las parcelas identificadas y en las percepciones que residentes y trabajadores de dicha zona sostienen ante los cambios ocurridos.

Urban development in South Africa has generally sustained and reproduced spatially unequal and exclusionary trends and outcomes particularly for the majority of the poor non-White populace. This article re-examines the urban redevelopment processes and ecosystems of South Africa to identify why this might be the case. Atuahene's 'dignity' concept and framework is adopted for this inquiry. Her framework posits the combination of systematic property deprivation, dehumanisation and infantilisation of poor non-White South Africans as evidence to theorise that the urban land situation in post-apartheid South Africa constitutes 'dignity takings' (DT) and demands a 'dignity restoration' (DR) response. This article explores the applicability and usefulness of this DT/DR framework in advancing more spatially just and inclusive frameworks and futures for South Africa. It does this by applying the framework to the dynamics of urban socio-spatial change in post-apartheid South Africa, with a focus on the phenomenon of gentrification and its exclusionary effects in four urban case vignettes. The lived experiences of these cases are used to demonstrate that there are both material and non-material aspects to unjust urban development, and that both types of deprivation require attention. The article proposes that gentrification can be viewed as 'dignity takings', as it strips residents of their sense of place, ownership, and access to a better quality of life. It is thus argued that policymakers could consider the DR/DT framework as an urban development lens through which to understand the unsuccessful attempts to merely accept, resettle, or compensate displaced residents, proposing DR as a means to fully redress - rather than reproduce - the injustices of the past. The DR/DT framework could contribute towards achieving South Africa's Integrated Urban Development Framework's transformation goal of having development policies and approaches that move towards systematic DR that includes spatial justice, sustainability, efficiency, resilience, and good administration.

Ka kakaretso, ntlafatso ea litoropo Afrika Boroa e tsitsisitse le ho hlahisa bocha mekhoa le liphetho tse senang tekatekano, tse qhelelang batho ba bangata ka thoko, haholo-holo Sechaba se futsanehileng sa batho ba bats'o. Sengoliloeng sena se etsa hlahlobo-bocha ea mekhoa ea ntlafatso ea litoropo le tikoloho ea Afrika Boroa. Sena se etsoa ho lekola se bakang ntlafatso e hlokang tekatekano. Mohopolo le moralo oa 'seriti' oa Atuahene o sebelisitsoe bakeng sa patlisiso ena. Moralo oa hae o tiisa kopano ea ho amohuoa thepa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng, le ho nyenyefatsoa ha maAforika Boroa a futsanehileng ao e seng Makhooa. Sena o se sebelisa e le bopaki ba maikutlo a hore sebopeho sa litoropo ka mor'a puso ea khethollo ea Afrika Boroa ke 'se nkang seriti' sa baahi ('dignity takings' DT) 'me naha e hloka 'puseletso ea seriti' ('dignity restoration' DR). Sengoliloeng sena se hlahloba ts'ebetso le melemo ea moralo ona oa DT/DR ho ntsetseng pele meralo le bokamoso ba Afrika Boroa tse nang le toka, li bile li kenyeletsa bohle. Sena e se etsa ka ho sebelisa moralo ona ho lekola phetoho ea litoropo tsa Afrika Boroa ka mor'a puso ea khethollo, se tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a ketsahalo ea 'gentrification' le litla-morao tsa eona litoropong tse 'ne tse khethiloeng. Litla-morao tseo baahi ba litotopo tsena ba tobaneng le tsona li sebelisoa e le mehlala e senolang lithloko tsa bona tse bonahalang le tse ipatileng, tse bakoang ke nts'etsopele e hlokang toka. Li boetse tse sebelisoa ho senola hore mefuta ena ea bohloki ka bobeli e hloka ho lokisoa. Sengoliloeng sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ntlafatso ea 'gentrification' e ka talingoa e le 'ho nka seriti', kaha e amoha baahi maikutlo a bona a sebaka, borui, le phihlello ea bophelo bo betere. Kahona, sengoliloeng se sisinya hore bo ketsa-molao ba sebelise moralo oa DR/ DT ele lense ea nts'etsopele ea litoropo eo ka eona ho ka utloisisoang liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho amohela, ho fallisa, kapa ho lefa baahi ba tlositsoeng mahaeng a bona. Ba sisinya hore ho fapana le ho atisa mokhoa oa puso e fetileng, DR e sebelisoe ho lokisa thlokahalo ea toka ka botlalo. DR/DT e ka kenya letsoho ho fihlelleng lipehelo tsa Moralo Kopanetsoeng oa Ntlafatso ea Litoropo Afrika Boroa, haholo tse shebaneng le ho tlisa toka, botsitso, bokhoni le le tsamaiso e ntle.

Stedelike ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika het oor die algemeen ruimtelik ongelyke en uitsluitingstendense en uitkomste volgehou en weergegee, veral vir die meerderheid arm nie-Blanke bevolking. Hierdie artikel ondersoek weer die stedelike herontwikkelingsprosesse en ekosisteme van Suid-Afrika om te identifiseer hoekom dit die geval kan wees. Atuahene se 'waardigheid'-konsep en -raamwerk word vir hierdie ondersoek gebruik. Haar raamwerk stel die kombinasie van sistematiese eiendomsontneming, ontmensliking en infantilisering van arm nieBlanke Suid-Afrikaners as bewys om te teoretiseer dat die stedelike grondsituasie in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika uit 'waardigheidsneming' (DT) bestaan en 'waardigheidsherstel' (DR) vereis. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die toepaslikheid en bruikbaarheid van hierdie DT/DR-raamwerk om meer ruimtelik regverdige en inklusiewe raamwerke vir Suid-Afrika te bevorder. Die artikel doen dit deur die raamwerk toe te pas op die dinamika van stedelike sosio-ruimtelike verandering in postapartheid Suid-Afrika, met 'n fokus op die fenomeen van gentrifikasie en die uitsluitingseffekte daarvan in vier stedelike geval-vignette. Die geleefde ervarings van hierdie gevalle word gebruik om te demonstreer dat daar beide materiële en nie-materiële aspekte aan onregverdige stedelike ontwikkeling is, en dat beide tipes ontberings aandag verg. Die artikel stel voor dat gentrifikasie gesien kan word as 'waardigheidsnemings' aangesien dit inwoners ontneem van hul gevoel van plek, eienaarskap en toegang tot 'n beter lewensgehalte. Daar word dus geargumenteer dat beleidmakers die DR/DT-raamwerk kan beskou as 'n stedelike ontwikkelingslens waardeur die onsuksesvolle pogings om bloot ontneemde inwoners te aanvaar, hervestig of vergoed, deur DR voor te stel as 'n manier om die ongeregtighede van die verlede ten volle reg te stel eerder as om dit te reproduseer. Die DR/ DT-raamwerk kan bydra tot die bereiking van Suid-Afrika se Geïntegreerde Stedelike Ontwikkelingsraamwerk se transformasiedoelwit om ontwikkelings-beleide en -benaderings te hê wat na sistematiese waardigheidsherstel beweeg wat ruimtelike geregtigheid, volhoubaarheid, doeltreffendheid, veer-kragtigheid en goeie administrasie insluit.

Resumen: Esta investigación de historia urbana atiende el vacío historiográfico sobre el tema de las vecindades en la ciudad de Chihuahua a través de la identificación, descripción y análisis de la función social que cumplieron entre 1934 y 1971: satisfacer el déficit de vivienda tras la intensa migración del campo a la ciudad. Las fuentes utilizadas fueron planos, informes y reportes de gobierno, además de correspondencia entre las autoridades y el pueblo. Paralelamente, se describen y analizan algunas de las formas de vida que se desarrollaron dentro de las vecindades, así como la percepción que tenía la sociedad sobre este tipo de vivienda y las personas que las habitaron a través del testimonio de aquellos que convivieron con sus moradores y de las fotografías que dan cuenta de su existencia. También, se argumenta complementariamente que las políticas estatales de urbanización y reurbanización del periodo de 1956-1971 fueron clave en la modernización de la ciudad, la cual implicó la destrucción indiscriminada de edificios y construcciones, además de la gentrificación y sectorización de la población. Se concluye que las vecindades, como en otras ciudades de la República, fueron albergue para la otredad social y lo ‘indeseable’.

Abstract: This urban history research addresses the historiographic gap on the theme of ‘vecindades’ in the city of Chihuahua through the identification, description, and analysis of the social function that they fulfilled between 1934 and 1971: satisfying the housing deficit after the intense migration from the countryside to the city. The sources used were maps, reports, and government records, as well as correspondence between the authorities and the people. At the same time, some of the ways of life that developed within the neighborhoods are described and analyzed, as well as the perception that society had about this type of housing and the people who inhabited it through the testimony of those who lived with its inhabitants and the photographs that attest to its existence. Also, I complementarily argue that the state urbanization and redevelopment policies of the 1956-1971 period were key in the modernization of the city, which implied the indiscriminate destruction of buildings and constructions, in addition to the gentrification and sectorization of the population. I conclude that the ‘vecindades’, as it was the case in other cities of the republic, were shelters for social otherness and the ‘undesirable’.

Abstract: The struggle for the right to housing in Brazil continued to exist during the Covid-19 pandemic and had to adopt new strategies in the face of health restrictions. This article addresses the demands of the Museum of Removals movement and its performance in defense of the right to housing. The research is based on qualitative data from the transcript of debates held in 2020 and 2021 by the Removals Museum with other social movements on the internet. The results reveal that the main challenges faced by social movements during the pandemic were the failure of the Brazilian State to ensure the right to housing with dignity in cities and the continuous violence in evictions and removals that occurred even in the face of health restrictions. The research shows that the dispute over territories in urban centers fundamentally serves the interests of real estate capitalism, capable of even making it impossible to comply with sanitary measures in public health in the midst of a pandemic with high lethality.

Resumo: A luta pelo direito à moradia no Brasil continuou existindo durante a pandemia de Covid-19 e precisou adotar novas estratégias diante das restrições sanitárias. Este artigo aborda as reivindicações do movimento do Museu das Remoções e sua atuação em defesa do direito à moradia. A pesquisa baseia-se em dados qualitativos da transcrição de debates realizados em 2020 e 2021 pelo Museu das Remoções com outros movimentos sociais na Internet. Os resultados revelam que os principais desafios enfrentados por movimentos sociais durante a pandemia foram a insuficiência do Estado brasileiro em assegurar o direito à moradia com dignidade nas cidades e a contínua violência nos despejos e nas remoções ocorridos mesmo diante das restrições sanitárias. A pesquisa mostra que a disputa por territórios nos centros urbanos atende fundamentalmente aos interesses do capitalismo imobiliário, capaz de inviabilizar inclusive o cumprimento de medidas sanitárias em saúde pública em meio a uma pandemia com elevada letalidade.