ABSTRACT Introduction: The discharge of hospital wastewater leads to the establishment of microorganisms from human biota in aquatic ecosystems. This is risky, as there is the possibility of horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from bacteria to other bacterial strains in the aquatic ecosystem and the environment in general, contributing to the expansion of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the therapeutic ineffectiveness of these medicines. Objective: To demonstrate the environmental risk due to discharge of wastewater from a hospital into an urban river in Santa Clara, Cuba. Materials and Methods: Bacteria were isolated from sediment and soil from the banks of the Bélico river and their resistance to parenteral antibiotics for intra-hospital use employed between 2015 and 2019 was determined. If positive, the environmental risk of these medicines in terrestrial surface waters was estimated, and the resistance of in-hospital strains was assessed. Results and Discussion: All isolated bacterial strains were resistant to at least one of the parenteral antibiotics for intra-hospital use employed in the period under study. All antibiotics were environmentally risky in terrestrial surface waters. There was a high antibiotic resistance of the strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Conclusions: The discharge of untreated wastewater into the Bélico river led to the establishment of bacterial strains which can have a negative impact on the environment, including human health.

RESUMEN Introducción: El vertimiento de aguas residuales hospitalarias conduce al establecimiento de microorganismos de la biota humana en ecosistemas acuáticos. Lo anterior es riesgoso, al existir la posibilidad de transferencia génica horizontal de genes de resistencia de antibióticos de las bacterias a otras cepas bacterianas del ecosistema acuático y del ambiente en general; contribuyendo a la expansión de la resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos y la inefectividad terapéutica de estos medicamentos. Objetivo: Demostrar el riesgo ambiental por vertimiento de aguas residuales de un hospital a un río urbano en Santa Clara, Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: Se aislaron bacterias del sedimento y suelo de la ribera del río Bélico y se determinó su resistencia a los antibióticos parenterales de uso intrahospitalario empleados entre 2015 y 2019. De ser esta positiva, se estimó el riesgo ambiental de estos medicamentos en aguas superficiales terrestres y se valoró la resistencia de cepas intrahospitalarias. Resultados y Discusión: Todas las cepas bacterianas aisladas fueron resistentes al menos a uno de los antibióticos parenterales de uso intrahospitalario empleados en el período objeto de estudio. Todos los antibióticos resultaron ambientalmente riesgosos en aguas superficiales terrestres. Existió una elevada resistencia microbiana a antibióticos en las cepas aisladas de pacientes hospitalizados. Conclusiones: El vertimiento de las aguas residuales sin tratar al río Bélico, condujo al establecimiento de cepas bacterianas que pueden tener un impacto negativo en el ambiente, incluyendo la salud humana.

Abstract: The article seeks to provide evidence to the characterization of a long-standing process of social construction of disaster risk, in which risk-insensitive territorial planning is recognized as the main underlying risk drivers. Through a processual approach, we conclude about the close relationship between neoliberal urbanization processes and the multilevel deployment of business power, which mobilizes real estate developments that have promoted an environmentally predatory urban-tourist expansion for the area of interest and directly influenced in the exposure to disaster risk of residents and built infrastructure. Through the forensic investigation methodology that analyzes the underlying causes of disasters (FORIN), it is possible to deconstruct the situation currently experienced by a group of buildings located in the exclusive coastal residential sector of Cochoa, Reñaca Norte, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso Region Chile, which they have been categorized as uninhabitable due to two neighboring sinkholes that condition their stability and occupation since august 2023. Located on a fragile ecosystem such as a dune field, there were technical studies that accounted for the risk of overloading it with buildings, however, the recognition of risk was omitted in the respective territorial planning instrument —Communal Regulatory Plan of Viña del Mar— defining the location area as a residential zone.

Resumen: El artículo busca aportar evidencia a la caracterización de un proceso de construcción social del riesgo de desastres de larga data, en el cual la planificación territorial insensible al este se reconoce como el principal factor subyacente. Mediante un enfoque procesual se concluye sobre la estrecha relación existente en procesos de urbanización neoliberal y el despliegue multinivel del poder empresarial, el que moviliza desarrollos inmobiliarios que han promovido una expansión urbana-turística depredadora ambientalmente para la zona de interés e incidido directamente en la exposición a riesgo de desastres de los residentes y de la infraestructura construida. Mediante la metodología de investigación forense que analiza las causas de base de los desastres (Forensic Investigations of Disaster, FORIN), es posible deconstruir la situación que experimenta actualmente un conjunto de edificios ubicados en el exclusivo sector costero residencial de Cochoa, Reñaca norte, Viña del Mar, Región de Valparaíso en Chile, los que han sido categorizados como inhabitables debido a dos socavones aledaños que condicionan suestabilidad y ocupación desde el mes de agosto de 2023. Emplazados sobre un ecosistema frágil, como lo es un campo dunar, existieron estudios técnicos que daban cuenta del riesgo de sobrecargarlo con edificaciones, no obstante, se omitió el reconocimiento de riesgo en el respectivo instrumento de planificación territorial —Plan Regulador Comunal de Viña del Mar— definiendo el área de emplazamiento como zona residencial.

Abstract Mature, leafy trees are characterized by their large size and longevity. They provide many ecosystem services and sometimes are part of the cultural and historical heritage of cities. The objective of this research was to analyze the economic, social, and ecological value of mature, leafy trees in the city of Durango, Mexico. Through satellite images and field inventories, 83 trees were identified with the characteristics of size and longevity. Diameter at breast height, height, diameter and crown condition were measured, as well as temperature and solar radiation. A survey was administered to residents and park visitors to learn about their perceptions of the importance of these trees. The inventory data were analyzed in the i-Tree Eco v6 platform to determine the quantity and economic value of the ecosystem services. Mature, leafy trees in this city store about 1.3 CO2 tons per year, intercept 375 kg of particles smaller than 10 µm, and their substitution value was estimated at MXN $23.6 million. From data taken under and outside the canopy, a difference between 400 and 1 200 Wm2 of intercepted solar radiation and between 6 and 20 °C of temperature was calculated. Derived from the factor analysis, the questionnaires revealed three latent variables, in this order: "disservices", "benefits" and "existential values". No significant differences in the factor scores were found among these variables. This information will allow city managers to define plans for the management and conservation of these type of trees.

Resumen Los árboles frondosos se caracterizan por su gran tamaño y longevidad, la cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos que proveen y, en ocasiones, destacan por su contribución al acervo cultural e histórico de las ciudades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el valor económico, social y ecológico que representan los árboles frondosos en la ciudad de Durango, México. A través de imágenes satelitales e inventarios de campo, se identificaron 83 árboles frondosos. Se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura, diámetro y estado de la copa, además de la temperatura y la radiación solar. Se aplicó una encuesta para conocer las percepciones sociales de la importancia de estos individuos. Los datos del inventario se analizaron en la plataforma i-Tree Eco v6 para determinar la cantidad y valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos. Los árboles frondosos de esta ciudad secuestran alrededor de 1.3 t de CO2 por año, interceptan alrededor de 375 kg de partículas menores a 10 µm y su valor de sustitución se estimó en MXN $23.6 millones. A partir de datos tomados bajo y fuera del dosel, se calculó una diferencia de entre 400 y 1 200 Wm2 de radiación solar interceptada y de 6 a 20 °C de temperatura. Derivado del análisis factorial, las encuestas revelaron tres variables latentes: “perjuicios”, “beneficios” y “valores existenciales”. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones factoriales de las variables. La información generada permitirá definir planes para el manejo y conservación de este tipo de ejemplares.

Abstract The green areas in urban areas have provided a variety of ecosystem services which influence the quality of life of the inhabitants. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of green areas on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) recorded by remote sensors in the city of Durango, Durango. The existing public and private green areas in the city were differentiated and the area in square meters per inhabitant was calculated. A classification by land use (urban, body of water, bare soil and green area) was carried out in order to analyze the ST derived from Landsat 8 satellite images and geographic information systems (QGIS), in addition a comparison of ST in three types of green areas (parks, squares and gardens, and ridges). The behavior of the ST was analyzed in two seasons of the year, in winter 2021 and spring 2022, identifying the areas with the highest incidence of temperature in two periods. The results indicate a lower ST in green areas compared to urban areas (concrete, construction and asphalt areas), as well as a regulatory trend in larger green areas (parks). The ST satellite product allowed to evaluate the temperature in spaces with vegetation within an urban area and it is shown that the larger the green area, the more thermal regulation exists in urban areas.

Resumen Las áreas verdes de las zonas urbanas contribuyen a la regulación térmica y por lo tanto al confort de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto de las áreas verdes en la temperatura superficial (TS) registrada mediante sensores remotos en la ciudad de Durango, Durango. Se diferenciaron las áreas verdes públicas y privadas existentes en la ciudad y se calculó la superficie en metros cuadrados por habitante. Se realizó una clasificación por uso de suelo (urbano, cuerpo de agua, suelo desnudo y área verde) con el fin de analizar la TS derivada de imágenes del satélite Landsat 8 y sistemas de información geográfica (QGIS); además, se hizo una comparación de TS en tres tipos de áreas verdes (parques, plazas, jardines y camellones). Se analizó el comportamiento de la TS en dos estaciones del año, en invierno de 2021 y primavera de 2022; a partir de lo cual se identificaron las zonas con mayor incidencia de temperatura en dos periodos. Los resultados indicaron una TS menor en las áreas verdes comparada con el uso de suelo urbano (zonas de concreto, construcción y asfalto), así como una tendencia regulatoria en las áreas verdes de mayor extensión (parques). El producto satelital TS permitió evaluar la temperatura en espacios con vegetación dentro de una zona urbana, y se demuestra que entre mayor es el área verde, más regulación térmica existe en las zonas urbanas.

This article analyzes how Nature-based Solutions are integrated into the urban agenda in Brazilian cities. We sought to understand the co-benefits of those strategies, the main facilitators, their potentials and limitations. This article fills in the gaps of the research on Nature-based Solutions through a political science approach, providing more elements to analyze climate governance in the urban context and is based on the experiences in the Brazilian context. We analyzed two cases in depth, namely the cities of Campinas and Santos. We analyzed official government documents and attended events and meetings that took place between local governments and partner institutions. The results showed that Nature-based Solutions are being integrated into urban planning and development through existing sectoral policies and the regulation of specific policies. Specific institutional arrangements directed towards the challenges of environmental change were important facilitators of the strategies in both cities, driven mainly by the participation of local governments in projects led by cooperation networks of municipalities and international cooperation agencies. We verified a potential for social innovation based on the inclusion of gender issues, the involvement of vulnerable social groups in the planning of actions and a greater understanding of ecosystem services and the co-benefits of NbS, mainly by public managers. The strategies have the potential to be replicated, which generates social learning. There are knowledge gaps regarding the co-benefits of the analyzed strategies, as well as the generated impacts. Naturebased Nature cobenefits co benefits limitations approach depth Santos institutions agencies issues NbS managers replicated learning impacts

Abstract Green areas have important social, biological and aesthetical values. They might provide house and food for fauna, protect biodiversity and can provide several ecosystem services of provision, regulation, support and culture. This research aimed to analyze composition of native and exotic species in urban parks in São Paulo (Brazil), in response to variables considered drivers of diversity adapted to urban environment and to socioeconomic aspects. We expected that socio-economic factors and age and size of parks would be important determinants of species richness All county parks (municipal management) larger than 1 ha were selected, which summed 68 parks throughout São Paulo. Socioeconomic variables for this study were population, growth rate of population, average per capita income, IDH and population density. We also accessed native and exotic species richness of plants and trees from the flora list of each park. In order to determine the effects of park size and age and neighbourhood socio-economic status on richness of plants and trees we used multiple regression analyses. We found a great species richness in urban parks in São Paulo and that richness associated to park age and size, and to some socio-economic factors, especially when combined to age and size of parks. Bigger sites could offer more resources and area for the growth and establishment of native plants, and older parks in São Paulo likely had more management and interventions improving its biodiversity. Lastly, in vulnerable regions and in smaller and newer parks, we recommend improvement in plant species diversity by managers. social values fauna provision regulation culture Brazil, Brazil , (Brazil) aspects socio economic municipal selected 6 income density analyses Lastly managers (Brazil

Abstract Coastal dunes have a crucial role in offering the ecosystem service of natural coastal protection. This paper investigates the importance of dunes in providing the ecosystem service of natural coastal protection on the North Coast of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in southern Brazil. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST®) Coastal Vulnerability Model was used to quantify the relative susceptibility to coastal erosion and flooding within the study area. First, the model was run to assess the susceptibility to coastal hazards considering the presence of dunes. Then, the model was run again without the presence of dunes. By comparing the results of the two model simulations, it was possible to identify where dunes contribute to reducing coastal exposure, which indirectly reflects their role in providing the ecosystem service of natural coastal protection. There are two main dune fields in the study area, one in the northern coastal sector and one in the southern sector, respectively in the municipalities of Torres and Cidreira. The index of exposure values produced by the two model simulations were very similar for locations along the Torres coastline. In contrast, along the coast of Cidreira, results from the model simulation without dunes produced higher exposure values than the simulation with the presence of dunes, suggesting that the dunes have an important role in offering natural coastal protection. Dunes are a natural barrier against coastal erosion and flooding, but they are not the only factor influencing the ecosystem service of coastal protection. In Torres, for instance, the local topography and the wind patterns contribute to reducing local exposure. The greatest threat in this sector is the urban sprawl. RS (RS Brazil InVEST® InVEST (InVEST® area First Then Cidreira coastline contrast instance sprawl (InVEST

Resumo As dunas desempenham um papel crucial nos ecossistemas da costa, fornecendo o serviço ecossistêmico de proteção costeira. Este artigo investiga a relevância das dunas na oferta do serviço ecossistêmico de proteção costeira no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul - RS. A análise empregou o modelo Coastal Vulnerability do Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs - InVEST para quantificar a suscetibilidade à erosão e inundação. Os resultados refletem o valor relativo do nível de exposição a esses riscos costeiros considerando a presença de dunas. Posteriormente, o modelo foi usado novamente, desta vez excluindo a presença das dunas. Assim, foi possível identificar onde a presença das dunas contribui para reduzir a exposição costeira e, indiretamente atribuir no papel das dunas em prover o serviço de proteção costeira. A análise comparativa dos resultados entre as duas simulações mostrou maiores diferenças no setor sul da área de estudo. Os dois principais campos de dunas na área de estudo estão localizados em Cidreira e Torres. No município de Torres, a simulação sem a presença de dunas não apresentou diferenças expressivas de exposição costeira. Já em Cidreira, os valores de exposição costeira aumentaram, indicando que neste local a presença das dunas desempenham um papel relevante no serviço ecossistêmico de proteção costeira. Com isto, as dunas são uma barreira natural contra eventos como de erosão e inundação na linha de costa, porém no processo de mapeamento do serviço ecossistêmico de proteção costeira não é a única variável que é identificada. Isto ficou evidente na porção norte, em Torres, a topografia local, associada com a dinâmica dos ventos influência na barreira natural contra estes eventos. A maior ameaça nesta região está ligada ao processo de expansão da zona urbana. Já na porção sul as dunas contribuem para promover o serviço ecossistêmico de proteção. costa RS Posteriormente novamente Assim Torres aumentaram isto identificada norte urbana

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores asociados, en el área urbana de un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Amazonia occidental. Se trata de una encuesta transversal, de base poblacional, realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre del 2021, con 983 hogares seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, adoptando los siguientes criterios: valor de p < 20% en el análisis bivariado y valor de p < 5% para el ajuste multivariado. Los resultados de los análisis se describieron como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las siguientes variables se asociaron significativamente con la inseguridad alimentaria leve o moderada: inseguridad hídrica en el hogar, número de residentes ≥ 5 en el hogar, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica “D” o “E”, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia y tener a algún residente como beneficiario del Programa Bolsa Familia. En el modelo de análisis para la inseguridad alimentaria severa se encontró que vivir en hogar con inseguridad hídrica, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica D o E, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia, edad del jefe de familia < 55 años, y un ingreso familiar más bajo que dos salarios mínimos aumentó las probabilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria grave, en comparación con aquellos en situación de seguridad alimentaria. En conclusión, se constató una alta prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el Municipio de Itapiranga, en el interior del Amazonas, Región Norte de Brasil, asociada a la situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica, a la falta de servicios públicos y a la inseguridad hídrica de los hogares. Resumen asociados Amazonas occidental transversal poblacional 2021 98 estratificado multinomial criterios 20 multivariado OR (OR 95 IC95%. IC95 IC IC95% . (IC95%) moderada “D E , “E” padre Familia años grave conclusión Itapiranga Brasil económica 202 9 2 IC9 (IC95% “E (IC95 (IC9 (IC

Abstract: This study analyzed food insecurity and associated factors in the urban area of a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Western Amazon. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from August to November 2021 with 983 households selected by stratified probability sampling. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, adopting the following criteria: p-value < 20% in the bivariate analysis and p-value < 5% for the multivariate adjustment. The results of the analyses were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The following variables were significantly associated with mild or moderate food insecurity: household water insecurity; number of residents ≥ 5 in the household; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; and having any resident as a beneficiary of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program. The analysis model for severe food insecurity showed that living with household water insecurity; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; age of the head of the family < 55 years; and family income lower that two minimum wages increased the chances of severe food insecurity when compared to those with food security. In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of food insecurity in the Municipality of Itapiranga, State of Amazonas, North Region of Brazil, associated with social and economic vulnerability, lack of public services, and household water insecurity. Abstract basin crosssectional cross sectional populationbased population based 202 98 sampling used criteria pvalue p value 20 adjustment OR (OR 95 95%CI. 95CI CI 95%CI . (95%CI) E father Program years security conclusion Itapiranga Amazonas Brazil vulnerability services 9 2 (95%CI

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a insegurança alimentar e os fatores a ela associados na área urbana de um município na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Amazônia Ocidental. Trata-se de pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, realizada de agosto a novembro de 2021, com 983 domicílios selecionados por amostragem probabilística estratificada. Empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial, adotando-se os seguintes critérios: valor de p < 20% na análise bivariada e valor de p < 5% para o ajuste multivariado. Os resultados das análises foram descritos como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram significantemente associadas à insegurança alimentar leve ou moderada as seguintes variáveis: insegurança hídrica domiciliar, número de moradores ≥ 5 no domicílio, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro, como chefe da família e ter algum morador beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família. No modelo de análise para a insegurança alimentar grave constatou-se que viver em insegurança hídrica domiciliar, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro chefe da família, e tendo este menos que 55 anos, e renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos aumentaram as chances de insegurança alimentar grave, comparativamente àqueles em segurança alimentar. Em conclusão, verificou-se alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar no Município de Itapiranga, Amazonas, Região Norte do Brasil, associada à situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, à falta de serviços públicos e à insegurança hídrica domiciliar. Resumo Amazonas Ocidental Tratase Trata se transversal populacional 2021 98 estratificada Empregouse Empregou multinomial adotandose adotando critérios 20 multivariado OR (OR 95 IC95%. IC95 IC IC95% . (IC95%) variáveis domiciliar domicílio E pai Família constatouse constatou anos conclusão verificouse verificou Itapiranga Brasil econômica 202 9 2 IC9 (IC95% (IC95 (IC9 (IC

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a insegurança alimentar e os fatores a ela associados na área urbana de um município na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Amazônia Ocidental. Trata-se de pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, realizada de agosto a novembro de 2021, com 983 domicílios selecionados por amostragem probabilística estratificada. Empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial, adotando-se os seguintes critérios: valor de p < 20% na análise bivariada e valor de p < 5% para o ajuste multivariado. Os resultados das análises foram descritos como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram significantemente associadas à insegurança alimentar leve ou moderada as seguintes variáveis: insegurança hídrica domiciliar, número de moradores ≥ 5 no domicílio, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro, como chefe da família e ter algum morador beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família. No modelo de análise para a insegurança alimentar grave constatou-se que viver em insegurança hídrica domiciliar, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro chefe da família, e tendo este menos que 55 anos, e renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos aumentaram as chances de insegurança alimentar grave, comparativamente àqueles em segurança alimentar. Em conclusão, verificou-se alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar no Município de Itapiranga, Amazonas, Região Norte do Brasil, associada à situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, à falta de serviços públicos e à insegurança hídrica domiciliar.

Abstract: This study analyzed food insecurity and associated factors in the urban area of a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Western Amazon. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from August to November 2021 with 983 households selected by stratified probability sampling. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, adopting the following criteria: p-value < 20% in the bivariate analysis and p-value < 5% for the multivariate adjustment. The results of the analyses were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The following variables were significantly associated with mild or moderate food insecurity: household water insecurity; number of residents ≥ 5 in the household; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; and having any resident as a beneficiary of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program. The analysis model for severe food insecurity showed that living with household water insecurity; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; age of the head of the family < 55 years; and family income lower that two minimum wages increased the chances of severe food insecurity when compared to those with food security. In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of food insecurity in the Municipality of Itapiranga, State of Amazonas, North Region of Brazil, associated with social and economic vulnerability, lack of public services, and household water insecurity.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores asociados, en el área urbana de un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Amazonia occidental. Se trata de una encuesta transversal, de base poblacional, realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre del 2021, con 983 hogares seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, adoptando los siguientes criterios: valor de p < 20% en el análisis bivariado y valor de p < 5% para el ajuste multivariado. Los resultados de los análisis se describieron como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las siguientes variables se asociaron significativamente con la inseguridad alimentaria leve o moderada: inseguridad hídrica en el hogar, número de residentes ≥ 5 en el hogar, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica “D” o “E”, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia y tener a algún residente como beneficiario del Programa Bolsa Familia. En el modelo de análisis para la inseguridad alimentaria severa se encontró que vivir en hogar con inseguridad hídrica, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica D o E, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia, edad del jefe de familia < 55 años, y un ingreso familiar más bajo que dos salarios mínimos aumentó las probabilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria grave, en comparación con aquellos en situación de seguridad alimentaria. En conclusión, se constató una alta prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el Municipio de Itapiranga, en el interior del Amazonas, Región Norte de Brasil, asociada a la situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica, a la falta de servicios públicos y a la inseguridad hídrica de los hogares.

Abstract Many species of Bromeliaceae store water among their leaves creating microhabitats for several biological groups. Using bromeliads in enrichment of reforestation offers an opportunity to understand the occupation of tank habitat, and the impacts of these plants in increasing biodiversity. We translocated 20 rescued individuals of tank-bromeliad Hohenbergia ramageana to enrich a reforested area in Atlantic Forest. Then, we recorded the visiting dynamics of animals in the tank habitat of H. ramageana. Ten orders of vertebrates and invertebrates visited nine terrestrial and eight epiphyte tank-habitats just one month after the translocation. Richness and composition were similar between epiphyte and terrestrial translocations. We found that precipitation explained a significant proportion of variation of the number of visited plants and richness of animal orders. Our results confirm the importance of using tank-bromeliads in reforested ecosystems and bring novelty that reintroduced bromeliads in alternative habitats also play the same role for animal groups as in their original habitat. This knowledge will orientate future plans of conservation of bromeliads and of ecosystem restoration. biodiversity 2 tankbromeliad bromeliad Forest Then H tankhabitats translocation translocations tankbromeliads restoration

Resumo Muitas espécies de Bromeliaceae armazenam água entre suas folhas criando microhabitats para diversos grupos biológicos. O uso de bromélias no enriquecimento de reflorestamentos oferece uma oportunidade para entender a ocupação do habitat tanque e os impactos dessas plantas no aumento da biodiversidade. Foram translocados 20 indivíduos resgatados da bromélia-tanque Hohenbergia ramageana para enriquecimento de uma área reflorestada de Mata Atlântica. Em seguida, foi gravada a dinâmica de visitação de animais no habitat tanque de H. ramageana. Dez ordens de vertebrados e invertebrados visitaram nove habitats tanques terrícolas e oito epífitos apenas um mês após a translocação. A riqueza e a composição foram semelhantes entre as translocações epífitas e terrícolas. Descobrimos que a precipitação explicou uma proporção significativa de variação do número de plantas visitadas e da riqueza de ordens de animais. Nossos resultados confirmam a importância do uso de bromélias-tanque em ecossistemas reflorestados e trazem novas evidências de que as bromélias reintroduzidas em habitats alternativos também desempenham o mesmo papel para grupos de animais que em seu habitat original. Esse conhecimento orientará planos futuros de conservação de bromélias e de restauração de ecossistemas. biológicos biodiversidade 2 broméliatanque bromélia Atlântica seguida H translocação broméliastanque original

Abstract Sapajus nigritus (Primates: Cebidae) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest, occurring from the Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil to Northeastern Argentina. This species plays a role in two ecosystem services: seed dispersal through endozoochory and insect population control in agricultural plantations and forest environments. Fruits and invertebrates represent approximately 90% of their diet, and there is a large number of insects in the diet of S. nigritus in urban and conserved areas. However, it is known that insect diversity decreases in anthropized environments. Our objective was to identify the insects present in the fecal samples of S. nigritus from five Conservation Units in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. We aim to estimate the percentage of each taxon of insects found in feces either, hypothesizing that there are a greater variety of insect species in the diet of S. nigritus that inhabit preserved forested areas. A fecal screening was conducted using a light microscopy and the insects were identified based on their external morphology. Insect fragments were found in eight out of ten fecal samples of S. nigritus, revealing that they belonged to insects from five orders: Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Blattodea, suggesting a good conservation status of the sampling areas. Primates (Primates Cebidae Forest Argentina services environments 90 S areas However state either morphology orders Hymenoptera Hemiptera Orthoptera Blattodea 9

Abstract The signs of the environmental crisis are becoming more pronounced and multiple actions seek to protect ecosystems. These actions come into tension with other forms of valuing the territory. The objective of this paper is to analyze the conflicting values that emerge in the representations and strategies of organizations and institutions in relation to the San Martín Urban Nature Reserve in the city of Córdoba. We use a qualitative methodology with the combination of three techniques: analysis of secondary sources, analysis of actors, and in-depth interviews. We suggest that resilience strategies to climate change can be understood as a form of urban value production based on native forest care and its ecosystem services.

Resumen Los signos de crisis ambiental son cada vez más pronunciados y existen múltiples acciones llevadas adelante que buscan la protección de los ecosistemas. Estas acciones entran en tensión con otras formas de valoración del territorio. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los valores en conflicto presentes en las representaciones y estrategias de organizaciones e instituciones en relación con la Reserva Natural Urbana San Martín de la ciudad de Córdoba. Utilizamos una metodología cualitativa con la combinación de tres técnicas: análisis de fuentes secundarias, análisis de actores y entrevistas en profundidad. Planteamos que las estrategias de resiliencia frente al cambio climático pueden entenderse como una forma de producción de valor urbano, en este caso con base en la defensa de la preservación y cuidado del bosque nativo y sus servicios ecosistémicos.

Resumo Os sinais da crise ambiental são cada vez mais acentuados e múltiplas ações buscam proteger os ecossistemas. Essas ações entram em tensão com outras formas de valorização do território. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os valores conflitantes que emergem nas representações e estratégias de organizações e instituições em relação à Reserva Natural Urbana San Martín na cidade de Córdoba. Utilizamos uma metodologia qualitativa com a combinação de três técnicas: análise de fontes secundárias, análise de atores e entrevistas em profundidade. Sugerimos que as estratégias de resiliência às mudanças climáticas podem ser entendidas como uma forma de produção de valor urbano a partir do cuidado da floresta nativa e de seus serviços ecossistêmicos.

Abstract We aimed to characterize the adult and regenerating tree components and their relationships with soil characteristics of a native vegetation remnant in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The area of the fragment is stratified into “dry area” (lithic neosoil) and “damp area” (gleisoil). We conducted a forest inventory with a random distribution of 25 parcels. We analyzed the physical and chemical components of the soil. We evaluated the vegetation's horizontal structure, diversity, and sample sufficiency using the Bootstrap richness estimator. We classified the species according to dispersal syndrome and ecological group. Overall, we found 93 species in the adult layer and 70 species in the regenerating layer. The similarity dendrograms based on the two evaluated indices demonstrated the existence of the two initially stratified environments in both strata. The IndVal (%) indicated that the set of indicator species differed between the strata. Thereby, the fragment is in an intermediate stage of successional progression. PCA showed that plots in the wet area had higher pH values and Ca, Zn, and Fe levels, while plots in the dry area did not clearly distinguish, varying in terms of K, B, and organic matter content. In CCA, a set of species that occurred exclusively in the damp area showed a strong relationship with the analyzed variables. The area is a diverse ecosystem that efficiently provides ecosystem services to society and should be the subject of long-term conservation and research. Cuiabá Grosso Brazil lithic neosoil gleisoil. gleisoil . (gleisoil) 2 parcels vegetations s structure diversity estimator group Overall 9 7 strata % (% Thereby progression Ca Zn levels distinguish K B content CCA variables longterm long term research (gleisoil (

Resumo Nós objetivamos caracterizar os componentes de arbóreos adultos e em regeneração, bem como suas relações com as características do solo de um remanescente de vegetação nativa em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A área do fragmento foi estratificada em “área seca” (neossolo lítico) e “área úmida” (gleissolo). Realizamos um inventário florestal com uma distribuição aleatória de 25 parcelas. Analisamos os componentes físicos e químicos do solo. Avaliamos a estrutura horizontal da vegetação, além da diversidade e suficiência amostral por meio do estimador de riqueza Bootstrap. Classificamos as espécies de acordo com a síndrome de dispersão e o grupo ecológico. No geral, encontramos 93 espécies no extrato adulto e 70 espécies no extrato regenerante. Os dendrogramas de similaridade com base nos dois índices avaliados demonstraram a existência dos dois ambientes inicialmente estratificados em ambos os extratos. O Índice de Valor de Indicação (IndVal %) indicou que o conjunto de espécies indicadoras diferiu entre os extratos. Assim, o fragmento encontra-se em um estágio intermediário de progressão sucessional. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) mostrou que as parcelas na área úmida apresentavam valores de pH mais elevados e níveis elevados de cálcio (Ca), zinco (Zn) e ferro (Fe), enquanto as parcelas na área seca não se distinguiram claramente, variando em termos de potássio (K), boro (B) e teor de matéria orgânica. Na Análise de Correspondência Canônica (CCA), um conjunto de espécies que ocorreu exclusivamente na área úmida mostrou uma forte relação com as variáveis analisadas. A área é um ecossistema diversificado que fornece eficientemente serviços ecossistêmicos à sociedade e deve ser objeto de conservação e pesquisa de longo prazo. regeneração Cuiabá Grosso Brasil neossolo lítico gleissolo. gleissolo . (gleissolo) 2 Bootstrap ecológico geral 9 7 regenerante extratos IndVal % Assim encontrase encontra sucessional PCA (PCA Ca, Ca , (Ca) Zn (Zn Fe, Fe (Fe) claramente K, K (K) B (B orgânica CCA, CCA (CCA) analisadas prazo (gleissolo (Ca (Fe (K (CCA

Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

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Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5