ABSTRACT The research entitled Approach by competencies - Perspectives for the implementation of the credit system in Higher Education in Paraguay, aims to analyze the situation of the approach by competencies and its relationship with the perspective for the implementation of the credit system in Paraguay. Methodologically it had a mixed, analytical approach; The population was made up of teachers from the National University of Itapúa, from the Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Guaraní Culture. Totaling 50 teachers and the sample 45 teachers. Among the most notable results, it was determined that 59% of teachers stated that a competency-based curriculum allows for more active learning; and the same percentage stated that it helps students solve life problems; Another important fact to highlight is that 78% of teachers take into account the three dimensions: cognitive, procedural and attitudinal. Regarding the linking of the credit system with the competency-based approach, it has been consulted, according to his perception as a university professional, when transferring the current curriculum to the Higher Education Credit System (SCES) whether it will improve educational quality at this level; The response was quite varied, with 37% stating that they somewhat agreed, while 30% strongly agreed and 22% neither agreed nor disagreed. In conclusion, from the teaching perspective, the competency-based approach is related to the implementation of the credit system in Paraguay.

Resumen La investigación titulada Enfoque por competencias - Perspectivas para la implementación del sistema de créditos en la Educación Superior en el Paraguay, tiene por objetivo analizar la situación del enfoque por competencias y su relación con la perspectiva para la implementación del sistema de créditos en Paraguay. Metodológicamente tuvo un enfoque mixto, de tipo analítica; la población estuvo compuesta por docentes de la Universidad Nacional de Itapúa, de la Facultad de Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y Cultura Guaraní. Totalizando 50 docentes y la muestra 45 docentes. Entre los resultados más resaltantes se ha determinado que, el 59 % de los docentes manifestaron que un currículo basado en competencias permite un aprendizaje más activo; y un mismo porcentaje manifestó que sirve a los estudiantes para solucionar problemáticas de la vida; otro dato importante a resaltar es que el 78 % de los docentes tiene en cuenta las tres dimensiones: cognitiva, procedimental y actitudinal. Respecto a la vinculación del sistema de créditos con el enfoque por competencias se ha consultado, según su percepción como profesional universitario, al pasar el currículo actual al Sistema de Créditos en la Educación Superior (SCES) si va mejorar la calidad educativa en este nivel; la respuesta fue bastante variada, siendo que el 37% manifestó estar algo de acuerdo, mientras que el 30 % estar muy de acuerdo y el 22% ni de acuerdo ni en desacuerdo. En conclusión, desde la perspectiva docente el enfoque por competencias guarda relación con la implementación del sistema de créditos en Paraguay.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

It is human nature to see the world as imperfect, because people strive towards improving existing and designing new systems. The education system is one such system which is regarded as being a challenge in South Africa, since it affects the quality of education received by every young South African. The serious nature of dysfunctionality could be attributed to the lack of competent leadership in schools. Learners' education and examination results are being impaired by inadequate teaching, dysfunctional school management, inefficient procedures and poor resources, which foster low educational standards. Leadership practices make a significant contribution to the desired outcomes of a school. Department heads are responsible for educational leadership; however, as they rarely receive leadership training, it is impossible for them to acquire the knowledge and skills to prepare them for their task as educational leaders. There is a dire need for educational leaders who could run a school professionally. The principal and staff should be professional leaders and managers capable of establishing a culture of learning and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to establish if department heads have the required knowledge and skills to prepare them for their leadership and management role in a secondary school, how they see their competence in this regard, to identify the gaps regarding their preparation as effective educational leaders, and to submit proposals for improving the preparation of department heads for their leadership role. The research methodology was based on quantitative research strategies whereby the research question could accordingly be answered by means of a once-off cross-sectional survey obtained from a random cluster sampling of secondary schools in a district with approximately 70 schools in the Free State province. Self-designed questionnaires, which had to be completed by all the department heads at the schools, were used. A total of 186 department heads participated in the investigation. Ethical approval to conduct the research was obtained from the North-West University. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used to identify latent variables. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the variables involved. Hierarchical linear models were used to determine relationships among variables. The results showed that the heads of department view training and development as important, but they also indicated that they did not receive management training before their appointment in their position. Finally, suggestions are provided for improving the preparation of department heads.

Alle bestaande stelsels, waaronder onderwysstelsels, verander voortdurend. Die onderwys-stelsel is een van die stelsels in Suid-Afrika wat as 'n uitdaging gesien word, omdat dit die gehalte van onderrig beïnvloed. Die ernstige aard van disfunksionaliteit kan toegeskryf word aan die gebrek aan bevoegde leierskap in skole. Leerders se opvoeding en eksamenuitslae word benadeel deur swak onderrig, disfunksionele skoolbestuur, ondoeltreffende prosedures en swak hulpbronne, wat lae onderwysstandaarde tot gevolg het. Leierskapspraktyke lewer 'n groot bydrae tot die gewenste uitkomste van 'n skool. Departementshoofde is verantwoordelik vir onderrigleierskap, maar aangesien hulle selde leierskapsopleiding ontvang, is dit vir hulle onmoontlik om kennis en vaardighede op te doen om hulle voor te berei vir hulle taak as onderrigleiers. Daar is 'n ernstige behoefte aan onderrigleiers wat 'n skool professioneel kan bestuur. Die skoolhoof en personeel moet professionele leiers en bestuurders wees, sodat 'n kultuur van leer en effektiwiteit geskep kan word. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om te bepaal of departementshoofde oor die nodige kennis en vaardighede beskik om die leierskap- en bestuursrol in 'n sekondêre skool te vervul, hoe departementshoofde hulle bevoegdheid in hierdie verband sien, wat die leemtes ten opsigte van die voorbereiding van departementshoofde vir hulle taak/rol as effektiewe onderrigleiers is, en om voorstelle ter verbetering van die voorbereiding van departementshoofde vir hul leierskapsrol te maak. Die navorsingsmetodologie is gebaseer op kwantitatiewe navorsingstrategieë waarvolgens die navorsingsvraag beantwoord kon word deur middel van 'n eenmalige dwarsdeursnitopname wat verkry is met behulp van ewekansige trossteekproefneming by sekondêre skole in 'n distrik in die Vrystaat. Daar is gebruik gemaak van selfontwerpte vraelyste wat deur al die departementshoofde van die betrokke skole voltooi moes word. 'n Totaal van 186 departements-hoofde het aan die ondersoek deelgeneem. Etiese goedkeuring om die studie te onderneem is van die Noordwes-Universiteit verkry. Beskrywende statistiek (frekwensies, persentasies, gemiddeldes en standaardafwykings) en eksploratiewe faktorontleding is gebruik om onderliggende latente veranderlikes te identifiseer. Cronbach se alfa-koëffisiënt is gebruik om die betroubaarheid van betrokke veranderlikes te bepaal. Hiërargiese lineêre modelle is gebruik om verbande met biografiese en demografiese veranderlikes te bepaal. In hierdie studie is bevind dat daar 'n duidelike verband tussen onderrig en leierskap is en dat die meeste van die departementshoofde kwaliteitonderrig belangrik ag en as 'n prioriteit in hul departemente sien. Die departementshoofde in hierdie studie is ook van mening dat die leiding van skoolbestuurspanne die kwaliteit van onderrig in die departement beïnvloed. Departementshoofde vir wie onderrig, leierskap en leerderprestasie belangrik is, heg ook hoë waarde aan opleiding en voorbereiding. In hierdie studie is ook bevind dat departementshoofde oor die algemeen nie bestuursopleiding ontvang het voor hul aanstelling in dié posisie nie. Sommige van die departementshoofde kon staatmaak op die kennis wat hulle opgedoen het tydens hul kollege- of universiteitsopleiding, wat hulle voorberei het vir hulle taak. 'n Klein aantal van die departementshoofde was oortuig dat hul voordiensopleiding nie van waarde was nie en dat hulle nie voorbereid was vir hul rol as beginnerdepartementshoofde nie.

Resumo: Este manuscrito aborda a atribuição de valores na autoavaliação da pós-graduação, especificamente no Mestrado em Saúde Integral e Movimento Humano (MSIMH) da Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica com base nas diretrizes nacionais de acreditação. Destaca-se a importância de realizar este trabalho de forma sistemática e organizada, com uma fundamentação clara, para se conseguir uma análise objetiva dos aspectos que garantem a qualidade do curso. Diferentes agentes estiveram envolvidos no processo de autoavaliação, incluindo gestores, funcionários administrativos, professores, estudantes e tutores. Os resultados revelaram que as dimensões “Recursos” e “Processo Educativo” são centrais, com especial atenção para os componentes relativos a “Infraestruturas”, “Pesquisa” e “Corpo Docente”. Embora, componentes como a ementa e a metodologia de ensino e aprendizagem sejam relevantes, destaca-se também a importância da gestão académica e financeira para o desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade do curso. Em pesquisas futuras, recomenda-se contrastar os resultados da ponderação com os resultados da autoavaliação do MSIMH para identificar pontos fortes e áreas de melhoria em relação aos valores ponderados estabelecidos. Em síntese, este estudo salienta a importância da atribuição de valores adequados na autoavaliação da pós-graduação e promove a participação de múltiplos atores neste processo. Este documento serve de guia para novos processos de atribuição de valores nesta modalidade de acreditação.

Resumen: Este estudio, realizado en 2022, aborda la asignación de valores en la autoevaluación de posgrados, específicamente, en la Maestría en Salud Integral y Movimiento Humano (MSIMH) de la Universidad Nacional, con base en el Manual Oficial de Acreditación de carreras de Posgrado del Sistema Nacional de Acreditación (SINAES). Se destaca la importancia de realizar esta labor de manera sistemática y organizada, con un fundamento claro, para lograr un análisis objetivo de los aspectos que aseguran la calidad de la carrera. Además, se involucran diferentes agentes en el proceso de autoevaluación, incluyendo responsables, personal administrativo, docentes, estudiantes y tutores. Los resultados revelan que las dimensiones “Recursos” y “Proceso Educativo” son centrales, con una atención especial en los componentes “Infraestructura”, “Investigación” y “Personal académico”. Aunque componentes como el plan de estudio y la metodología de enseñanza y aprendizaje son relevantes, también se resalta la importancia de la gestión académica y financiera para el desarrollo y sostenibilidad de la carrera. En futuras investigaciones, se recomienda contrastar los resultados de la ponderación con los hallazgos de la autoevaluación de la MSIMH para identificar fortalezas y áreas de mejora en relación con los valores ponderados establecidos. En resumen, este estudio destaca la importancia de asignar valores adecuados en la autoevaluación de posgrados y promueve la participación de múltiples actores en este proceso. Por lo tanto, este documento sirve como guía para nuevos procesos de asignación de valores en este tipo de acreditaciones.

Abstract: This manuscript addresses value assignment in the self-evaluation of postgraduate programs, specifically in the Master’s Degree in Integrative Health and Human Movement (MSIMH) of the National University of Costa Rica, based on the national accreditation guidelines. It emphasizes the importance of carrying out this work in a systematic, organized, and clear manner to objectively analyze the aspects that guarantee the quality of the program. Different actors participated in the self-evaluation process, including managers, administrators, teachers, students, and tutors. The results showed that the dimensions “Resources” and “Educational Process” are fundamental, and that special attention should be given to the components “Infrastructure”, “Research” and “Academic Staff”. Although components such as curriculum and teaching and learning methodology are relevant, it also highlights the importance of academic and financial management for the development and sustainability of the program. It is recommended that future research should contrast the results of the weighting with the results of the MSIMH self-evaluation to identify strengths and areas for improvement in relation to the established weighted values. In short, this study highlights the importance of assigning appropriate values in the self-evaluation of postgraduate programs and encourages the participation of multiple stakeholders in this process. This document can be used as a guide for new processes of value assignment for this type of accreditation.

Abstract Several studies have reported a link between emotional competencies and academic achievement in higher education, and about the need to implement strategies for young university students to face educational demands. Along this line, the aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of emotional regulation that affect the academic performance of a group of university students, with the purpose of designing a psychoeducational proposal aimed at strengthening the emotional self-management of this population. For this, a diagnostic phase was carried out in which 80 university students participated, 33.8 % male and 66.2 % female, aged between 18 and 25 years (M = 21.09; SD = 1.92), to whom the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) instrument and the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) Learning Assessment Scale were applied. The results showed the presence of difficulties in goal-orientation behaviors, as well as a significant association between academic performance and lack of emotional acceptance and clarity. With these findings, the Logical Framework methodology was used to design a proposal of seven workshops to promote the development of competencies related to emotional recognition and management, stress and anxiety management, decision making and conflict management, intrinsic motivation and self-knowledge, time management and administration.

Resumen Varios estudios han reportado una asociación entre competencias emocionales y logros académicos en educación superior, y sobre la importancia de implementar estrategias para que los jóvenes afronten las demandas educativas. En esta línea, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en explorar las características de la competencia de regulación emocional que inciden en el rendimiento académico de un grupo de jóvenes universitarios, con la finalidad de diseñar una propuesta psicoeducativa orientada a fortalecer la autogestión emocional de esta población. Para ello, se realizó una fase diagnóstica en la que participaron ochenta estudiantes universitarios, 33,8 % de sexo masculino y 66,2 % de sexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años (M = 21,09; DE = 1,92), a quienes se les aplicó el instrumento Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) y la Escala de Valoración de Aprendizajes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE). Los resultados mostraron la presencia de dificultades en conductas dirigidas a metas, así como una asociación significativa entre rendimiento académico y falta de aceptación y de claridad emocional. Con estos hallazgos, se empleó la metodología del Marco Lógico para diseñar una propuesta de siete talleres para fomentar el desarrollo de competencias relacionadas con reconocimiento y gestión de emociones, manejo de estrés y ansiedad, toma decisiones y manejo de conflictos, motivación intrínseca y autoconocimiento, gestión y administración del tiempo.

RESUMEN El artículo aborda la incidencia de la plataformización social en universidades públicas de Córdoba, Argentina, posterior al período de excepcionalidad pedagógica que tuvo lugar entre 2020 y 2022. Comprendemos que la pandemia de COVID-19 precipitó una serie de tendencias preexistentes y puso en escena la necesidad de diseñar modalidades de enseñanza-aprendizaje que desafían las divisiones clásicas entre la educación presencial y a distancia. En tal sentido, se reconstruye el proceso desarrollado en las últimas décadas y se hace foco en los avances de la plataformización y los procesos de transformación de las prácticas socioeducativas. Para ilustrar dicho proceso se analizan algunas políticas llevadas adelante en instituciones del nivel superior de la provincia de Córdoba y la sistematización de experiencias docentes y en el área de gestión educativa.

ABSTRACT The article addresses the incidence of social platformization in public universities in Córdoba, Argentina, after the period of pedagogical exceptionality that took place between 2020 and 2022. We understand that the COVID-19 pandemic precipitated a series of pre-existing trends and brought to light the need to design teaching-learning modalities that challenge the classic divisions between face-to-face and distance education. In this sense, the process developed in recent decades is reconstructed and the focus is placed on the advances of platformization and the processes of transformation of socio-educational practices. To illustrate this process, some policies carried out in higher level institutions in the province of Córdoba and the systematization of teaching experiences and in the area of educational management are analyzed.

RESUMO O artigo aborda a incidência da plataformização social nas universidades públicas de Córdoba, Argentina, após o período de excepcionalidade pedagógica ocorrido entre 2020 e 2022. Entendemos que a pandemia da COVID-19 precipitou uma série de tendências pré-existentes e trouxe à luz a necessidade de desenhar modalidades de ensino-aprendizagem que desafiem as divisões clássicas entre educação presencial e a distância. Nesse sentido, reconstrói-se o processo desenvolvido nas últimas décadas e o foco é colocado nos avanços da plataformização e nos processos de transformação das práticas socioeducativas. Para ilustrar este processo, são analisadas algumas políticas realizadas em instituições de nível superior na província de Córdoba e a sistematização de experiências docentes e na área de gestão educacional.

Abstract Public university education is an option to expand job opportunities and raise the standard of living of young people, although educational programs do not adapt quickly or adequately to the educational, economic, and technological changes demanded by the productive sector. The objective was to analyze students´ expectations about the bachelor’s degree in Tourism Services Management at UQROO, related to the graduate profile. The method was descriptive, cross-sectional during 2021, with a survey with response options in Likert scale, applied to a sample of 183 active students of the Cozumel campus. Tests were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test and Exploratory Factor Analysis. It was determined that "administration" is the most important factor among the expectations to form a job graduation profile in accordance with the bachelor's degree. The results are useful for redesigning the formative processes of careers in tourism.

Resumo O ensino universitário público é uma opção para ampliar as oportunidades de emprego e elevar o padrão de vida dos jovens, embora os programas educacionais não se adaptem rápida ou adequadamente às mudanças formativas, económicas e tecnológicas exigidas pelo sector produtivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as expectativas dos alunos da licenciatura em Gestão de Serviços Turísticos da UQROO relacionadas ao perfil da graduação. O método foi descritivo, transversal durante 2021, com uma pesquisa com opções de respostas em escala Likert, aplicada a uma amostra de 107 alunos da Unidade Cozumel. Foram realizados testes U de Mann-Whitney e análise fatorial exploratória. Foi determinado que “administração” é o fator mais importante entre as expectativas para formar um perfil de formação profissional de acordo com a graduação. Os resultados são úteis para redesenhar os processos de formação das carreiras turísticas.

Resumen La educación pública universitaria es una opción para ampliar las oportunidades laborales y elevar el nivel de vida de los jóvenes, aunque los programas educativos no se adapten de forma rápida o adecuada a los cambios formativos, económicos y tecnológicos que exige el sector productivo. Por ende, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las expectativas de los estudiantes de la licenciatura en Gestión de Servicios Turísticos de la UQROO relacionadas 0con el perfil de egreso. El método fue descriptivo, transversal durante el 2021, con una encuesta con opciones de respuesta en escala de Likert, aplicada a una muestra de 107 estudiantes de la Unidad Cozumel. Se realizaron pruebas con la U de Mann-Whitney y un análisis factorial exploratorio. Se determinó que la “administración” es el factor más importante entre las expectativas para formar un perfil de egreso laboral acorde a la licenciatura. Los resultados son útiles para rediseñar los procesos formativos de las carreras en turismo.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to define the professional competencies and subjects of the conservation and environmental protection axis of the new educational model of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics career of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, which establishes that the teacher and the student know the competencies by axes in order to make their educational processes more efficient from a global perspective. To do this, we worked with a core academic core of teachers from the academic unit, who were supported by a bibliographic methodology, synthesis and analysis, as well as the understanding of analyzed documents from the field of veterinary medicine. As a result of the teamwork of 50 teachers and 2 specialists in veterinary education, during workshops and based on the documentary review of research articles in veterinary education, through searching in databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences , Google Schoolar and Dialnet, the following competencies were defined in the axis of conservation and protection of the environment, where the student must be competent in carrying out adequate management and disposal of hazardous infectious biological waste (RPBI), as well as corrosive, reactive, explosive, toxic, flammable and biological material infectious (CRETIB) generated by medical and agricultural activity to avoid environmental contamination and promote good public health. In addition, it must have the capacity to carry out integrated management of the waste produced as a result of agricultural activity to take advantage of it and avoid environmental contamination, as well as design and apply the methodology for the conservation and use of natural resources. The subjects contained in the curricular plan were defined from these competencies.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi definir as competências e disciplinas profissionais do eixo conservação e proteção ambiental do novo modelo educacional da carreira de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Autônoma de Zacatecas, que estabelece que o educador e o aluno conheçam o competências por eixos, com o objetivo de tornar os seus processos educativos mais eficientes numa perspectiva global. Para o que trabalhamos com um núcleo académico constituído por docentes da Unidade Académica, que se apoiaram numa metodologia bibliográfica, de síntese e análise, bem como na compreensão de documentos analisados da medicina veterinária. Como resultado do trabalho em equipe de 50 professores e 2 especialistas em educação veterinária durante oficinas e com base na revisão documental de artigos de pesquisa em educação veterinária por meio da busca nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar e Dialnet, foram definidas as seguintes competências no eixo de conservação e proteção do meio ambiente onde o aluno deve ter competência na realização de gestão e destinação adequada de resíduos biológicos infecciosos perigosos (RPBI), bem como de resíduos biológicos corrosivos, reativos, explosivos, tóxicos, inflamáveis e infecciosos (CRETIB) gerados pela atividade médica e agrícola para evitar a contaminação ambiental e promover a boa saúde pública. Da mesma forma, deve ter capacidade para realizar a gestão integrada dos resíduos produzidos pela actividade agrícola para aproveitá-los e evitar a contaminação ambiental, bem como conceber e aplicar a metodologia de conservação e aproveitamento dos recursos naturais. recursos. As disciplinas constantes do plano curricular são definidas a partir destas competências.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue definir las competencias profesionales y las materias del eje de conservación y protección al medio ambiente del nuevo modelo educativo de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, la cual establece que el docente y el educando conozcan las competencias por ejes con la finalidad de hacer mas eficientes sus procesos educativos desde una óptica global. Para ello, se trabajó con un núcleo académico base de docentes de la unidad académica, los cuales se apoyaron en una metodología bibliográfica, síntesis y análisis, así como en la comprensión de documentos analizados del ámbito de la medicina veterinaria. Como resultado del trabajo en equipo de 50 docentes y 2 especialistas en educación veterinaria, durante talleres de trabajo y con base en la revisión documental de artículos de investigación en educación veterinaria, a través de la búsqueda en bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Schoolar y Dialnet, se definieron las siguientes competencias en el eje de conservación y protección al ambiente, donde el estudiante debe de ser competente en la realización de un manejo y disposición adecuada de los residuos peligrosos biológico infecciosos (RPBI), así como de material corrosivo, reactivo, explosivo, tóxico, inflamable y biológico infeccioso (CRETIB) generados por la actividad médica y agropecuaria para evitar la contaminación del ambiente y propiciar una buena salud pública. Además, debe tener la capacidad de realizar un manejo integrado de los residuos producidos como resultado por la actividad agropecuaria para aprovecharlos y evitar la contaminación del ambiente, así como diseñar y aplicar la metodología para la conservación y aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. De estas competencias se definieron las asignaturas contenidas en el plan curricular.

ABSTRACT With the dissemination and development of the concept of Ideological and Political Teaching in all Courses in many specialties of Chinese universities, a new trend of teaching strategy reform emerged. However, the limited EIPC reform in the Hispanic philology major at LinYi University limits the development of the educational level. The purpose of this article is to socialize the current situation of the EIPC in the PEA of the audiovisual course at LinYi University. In this research, research methods and techniques are adopted that recognize documentary review and survey, carrying out an analysis of a quantitative and qualitative nature. The results demonstrate the current situation of the EIPC, in this context, highlighting the limitations in the knowledge and management of the EIPC of teachers in the audiovisual PEA, corresponding with other results at an international level and in China. This reality expresses the need to transform the current state from a scientific perspective, for which it will be necessary to conceive alternatives in the future.

RESUMO Com a disseminação e desenvolvimento do conceito de Ensino Ideológico e Político em todos os Cursos de muitas especialidades das universidades chinesas, surgiu uma nova tendência de reforma da estratégia de ensino. No entanto, a reforma limitada do EIPC na especialização em filologia hispânica da Universidade LinYi limita o desenvolvimento do nível educacional. O objetivo deste artigo é socializar a situação atual do EIPC no PEA do curso de audiovisual da Universidade LinYi. Nesta pesquisa são adotados métodos e técnicas de pesquisa que reconhecem a revisão e levantamento documental, realizando uma análise de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa. Os resultados demonstram a situação atual do EIPC, neste contexto, destacando as limitações no conhecimento e gestão do EIPC dos professores do PEA audiovisual, correspondendo a outros resultados a nível internacional e na China. Esta realidade expressa a necessidade de transformar o estado atual a partir de uma visão científica, a partir de alternativas no futuro.

RESUMEN Con la difusión y el desarrollo del concepto de Enseñanza Ideológica y Política en todos los Cursos en muchas especialidades de las universidades chinas, surgió nueva tendencia de reforma de estrategia didacta. Sin embargo, la escasa reforma de EIPC en la carrera de filología hispánica en la Universidad de LinYi limita el desarrollo del nivel educativo. El propósito de este artículo es socializar la situación actual de la EIPC en el PEA del curso audiovisual en la Universidad de LinYi. En esta investigación se adoptan métodos y técnicas de investigación que reconoce la revisión documental y encuesta, realizando un análisis de naturaleza cuantitativa y cualitativa. Los resultados demuestran la situación actual de la EIPC, en este contexto, singularizando las limitaciones en el conocimiento y la dirección de la EIPC de los profesores en el PEA audiovisual, haciéndose corresponder con otros resultados a nivel internacional y en China. Esta realidad expresa la necesidad de transformación del estado actual desde una visión científica, desde alternativas en el futuro.

ABSTRACT Pedagogical oral communication is currently presented as a social need that transcends all educational levels and, especially, the training of Education professionals. For these reasons, the objective was to develop a pedagogical model for the improvement of the training process of pedagogical oral communication, which is implemented through a strategy for students of the Bachelor's degree in Computer Education, from the University of Pinar del Río. A dialectical conception of research was used that had the dialectical-materialist method as a methodological basis, for which a system of theoretical and empirical methods and statistical techniques were used. As a novel element, this systemic model was conceived from the triad of the instructional, educational and developer, in transit through the elementary, intermediate and advanced stages, articulating in the groups of the academic years and in the communication strategy, to give it an outlet. to the academic, labor, investigative and extension aspects, mediated by didactic management and the relationships established between the Comprehensive Practice of the Spanish Language and Labor and Investigative Practice disciplines. Through the focus groups, the results were obtained for the theoretical and practical validation of the proposal, and the pedagogical experiment in its pre-experimental variant was used for the practical validation of the strategy. The results obtained demonstrated that the model meets the requirements to contribute to the training process of the pedagogical oral communication of the future professional and to its integral preparation.

RESUMO A comunicação oral pedagógica constitui uma necessidade social que transcende a formação dos profissionais da Educação. Por estes motivos, objetivou-se socializar um modelo pedagógico para a melhoria do processo de formação da comunicação oral pedagógica, implementado através de uma estratégia para alunos do Bacharelado em Educação em Informática, da Universidade de Pinar del Río. Os principais métodos considerados foram o dialético-materialista, como geral, bem como teórico, como o histórico-lógico e empírico, a entrevista, o levantamento e a análise de documentos juntamente com as estatísticas para a posterior análise dos dados obtidos. Como resultado, foi desenhado e implementado o modelo sistêmico, concebido a partir da tríade instrutivo, educativo e desenvolvimentista, em trânsito pelos estágios elementar, intermediário e avançado, articulado nos grupos dos anos letivos e na estratégia de comunicação, para dar uma saída para o âmbito acadêmico, laboral, de pesquisa e extensão, mediado pela gestão didática e pelas relações estabelecidas entre as disciplinas Prática Integral da Língua Espanhola e Prática Laboral e Investigativa. Por meio dos grupos focais foram obtidos os resultados para a validação teórica e prática da proposta, e o experimento pedagógico em sua variante pré-experimental foi utilizado para a validação prática da estratégia. A principal conclusão foi que o modelo atende aos requisitos para contribuir no processo de formação da comunicação oral pedagógica do futuro profissional e na sua preparação integral.

RESUMEN La comunicación oral pedagógica constituye una necesidad social que trasciende a la formación de los profesionales de la Educación. Por tales razones, se planteó como objetivo socializar un modelo pedagógico para el mejoramiento del proceso de formación de la comunicación oral pedagógica, instrumentado mediante una estrategia para los estudiantes de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación Informática, de la Universidad de Pinar del Río. Como principales métodos se contemplaron, el dialéctico-materialista, como general, así como teóricos, como el histórico -lógico y empíricos, la entrevista, la encuesta y el análisis de documentos que junto a los estadísticos para el análisis posterior de los datos obtenidos. Como resultados se diseñó e implementó el modelo sistémico se concibió desde la triada de lo instructivo, educativo y desarrollador, en el tránsito por las etapas elemental, intermedia y avanzada, articulándose en los colectivos de los años académicos y en la estrategia de comunicación, para darle salida a lo académico, laboral, investigativo y extensionista, mediado por la gestión didáctica y las relaciones que se establecen entre las disciplinas Práctica Integral de la Lengua Española y Práctica Laboral e Investigativa. A través de los grupos focales se obtuvieron los resultados para la validación teórica y práctica de la propuesta, y el experimento pedagógico en su variante prexperimental se empleó para la validación práctica de la estrategia. La principal conclusión estuvo en que el modelo reúne los requisitos para contribuir al proceso de formación de la comunicación oral pedagógica del futuro profesional y su preparación integral.

RESUMEN Las universidades albergan gran cantidad de datos sensibles, proteger estos datos es crucial para la privacidad y seguridad de la comunidad universitaria. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la relación entre la confidencialidad y seguridad de los datos personales en estrategias de marketing digital en instituciones de educación superior. El enfoque metodológico es mixto que combina análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos, así como métodos inductivo-deductivo y analítico-sintético. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes perciben sus datos como seguros y están más dispuestos a utilizar medios digitales para informarse sobre programas educativos. Sin embargo, existe una preocupación significativa sobre la protección de datos, y muchas veces, un desconocimiento sobre las políticas de privacidad de las instituciones. El estudio concluye que las instituciones de educación superior deben enfocarse en fortalecer la confianza y la seguridad de la información, mediante prácticas transparentes y seguras de manejo de datos en estrategias de marketing digital.

ABSTRACT Universities host a large amount of sensitive data, protecting this data is crucial for the privacy and security of the university community. The objective of this research analyzes the relationship between confidentiality and security of personal data in digital marketing strategies in higher education institutions. The methodological approach is mixed combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as inductive-deductive and analytical-synthetic methods. The results indicate that students perceive their data as safe and are more willing to use digital media to inform themselves about educational programs. However, there is a significant concern about data protection, and often, a lack of knowledge about the privacy policies of the institutions. The study concludes that higher education institutions should focus on strengthening trust and information security through transparent and secure data management practices in digital marketing strategies.

Abstract The study presented in this article was developed within the framework of Project 724-C1-714 Thematic Observatory of Costa Rican Technical and Vocational Education and Training, registered at the Institute for Research in Education of the University of Costa Rica. In this qualitative study, with a descriptive scope, the phenomenological method and the questionnaire were used as a technique for the collection of information; 8 of 11 Guidance professionals who work in the Professional Technical High Schools of the Regional Educational Directorate of Puriscal of the Ministry of Public Education participated. It was carried out during the second cycle of 2022 and the first cycle of 2023. The information obtained was grouped into 3 categories: Status of the Technical and Vocational Education and Training, About Guidance in the Professional Technical High Schools and Guidance in the Professional Technical High Schools over the next five years. As part of the results, it is highlighted that the people consulted foresee a positive future for Technical and Vocational Education and Training, due to the attention that is being given in Costa Rica to this educational modality, based on the need for young people to join the world of work, which leads to the mention of the opportunities that Guidance has in this context. In this regard, it is indicated in relation to Vocational Guidance, the exploration of interests, skills and knowledge of the environment. This depends on the vocational decision-making associated with the specialty they are going to study, their incorporation into the world of work and the possibility of continuing or not with tertiary education. Regarding the challenges, the need to have spaces that allow students to be offered vocational guidance is indicated, specifically the lesson of Guidance for the diversified cycle is mentioned. Among the conclusions obtained are that; Technical and Vocational Education and Training is an educational modality that allows the country to increase its competitiveness and opens opportunities for the student population to obtain a job. However, it is stated that there are aspects that must be paid attention to in order to improve this educational modality. It is mentioned, for example, that administrative management should seek to create spaces to offer vocational guidance. The opportunities that arise for Guidance in the Professional Technical High Schools refer to actions to be developed from Vocational Guidance, exploration of the interests and abilities of the students and for knowledge of the environment. As challenges, the need to be able to involve students in their processes of self-knowledge, decision-making and life project is emphasized. It is considered that in the immediate future, Guidance must integrate the use of Information and Communication Technologies into its work, which requires that continuous training processes be planned for the group of professionals in Guidance.

Resumen El estudio que se presenta en este artículo se desarrolló en el marco del Proyecto 724-C1-714 Observatorio Temático de la Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional Costarricense, inscrito en el Instituto de Investigación en Educación de la Universidad Costa Rica. En este estudio cualitativo, con alcance descriptivo, se utilizó el método fenomenológico y el cuestionario como técnica para la recolección de la información; participaron 8 de 11 profesionales de Orientación que laboran en los Colegios Técnicos Profesionales de la Dirección Regional Educativa de Puriscal del Ministerio de Educación Pública. Se realizó durante el segundo ciclo del año 2022 y primero del 2023. La información obtenida se agrupó en 3 categorías: Situación de la EFTP, Sobre la Orientación en los CTP y la Orientación en los CTP en los próximos cinco años. Como parte de los resultados, destaca que las personas consultadas vislumbran un futuro positivo para EFTP, por la atención que se le está dando en nuestro país a esta modalidad educativa, a partir de la necesidad de que las personas jóvenes se incorporen al mundo del trabajo, lo que lleva a que se mencionen las oportunidades que tiene la Orientación en este contexto. Al respecto se indica, en relación con la Orientación vocacional, la exploración de los intereses, habilidades y el conocimiento del entorno. Lo anterior, en función de la toma de decisiones vocacionales asociadas a la especialidad que van a cursar, la incorporación al mundo del trabajo y la posibilidad de continuar o no con estudios superiores. Respecto a los desafíos se indica la necesidad de contar con espacios que permitan ofrecer al estudiantado Orientación vocacional, de manera específica se menciona la lección de Orientación para el ciclo diversificado. Entre las conclusiones obtenidas están; la ETFP se constituye una modalidad educativa que permite al país incrementar su competitividad y a la población estudiantil le abre oportunidades para la obtención de un empleo. No obstante, se afirma que existen aspectos a los que se les debe poner atención para mejorar esta modalidad educativa. Se menciona por ejemplo que, desde la gestión administrativa, se debe procurar la creación de espacios para ofrecer Orientación vocacional. Las oportunidades que se presentan para la Orientación en los CTP remiten a acciones a desarrollar desde la Orientación vocacional, exploración de los intereses y habilidades del estudiantado y para el conocimiento del entorno. Como desafíos se recalca la necesidad de poder involucrar al estudiantado en sus procesos de autoconocimiento, toma de decisiones y proyecto de vida. Se considera que la Orientación en el futuro más inmediato, debe integrar en su quehacer, el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC), lo cual requiere que se planifiquen procesos de formación continua para el grupo de profesionales en Orientación.

ABSTRACT In the context of digital education, Learning Management Systems (LMS) play a critical role in the delivery and management of educational content. This study focuses on the use of Moodle Logs Analytics, an open-source tool, to analyze student interactions on the Moodle platform, within five editions of a Digital Narratives course in the Master's program of Digital Environments at the Bolivarian University of Ecuador. Through a quantitative analysis of 108,482 activity logs, student behavior was characterized in relation to resource access, forum participation, assignment submissions, and quiz completions. Additionally, non-parametric ANOVA tests (Kruskal-Wallis) and Spearman's correlation analyses were used to assess differences between course editions and the relationship between studied variables. The results revealed significant differences in access patterns and learning activities, highlighting variability in participation that did not always correspond with the number of resources available. It was observed that the edition PM-EED-B23-02P4-30 showed a significant increase in activities, though without a proportional increase in forum participation. Based on these findings, recommendations for implementing adaptive pedagogical strategies are proposed, and directions for future research that delve into learning analytics and its application in improving digital educational environments are suggested.

RESUMEN En el contexto de la educación digital, los Sistemas de Gestión del Aprendizaje (LMS) juegan un papel crítico en la entrega y gestión de contenido educativo. Este estudio se centra en la utilización de Moodle Logs Analytics, una herramienta de código abierto, para analizar la interacción de los estudiantes en la plataforma Moodle, dentro de cinco ediciones de un curso de Narrativas Digitales en la Maestría de Entornos Digitales de la Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador. A través de un análisis cuantitativo de 108,482 registros de actividad, se caracterizó el comportamiento de los estudiantes en relación con el acceso a recursos, la participación en foros, la entrega de tareas, y la realización de cuestionarios. Adicionalmente, se emplearon pruebas ANOVA no paramétricas (Kruskal-Wallis) y análisis de correlación de Spearman para evaluar las diferencias entre las ediciones del curso y relación entre variables estudiadas. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas en los patrones de accesos y actividades de aprendizaje, destacando una variabilidad en la participación que no siempre se correspondía con el número de recursos disponibles. Se observó que la edición PM-EED-B23-02P4-30 mostró un incremento significativo en las actividades, aunque sin un aumento proporcional en la participación en foros. Basado en estos hallazgos, se proponen recomendaciones para la implementación de estrategias pedagógicas adaptativas y se sugieren direcciones para investigaciones futuras que profundicen en la analítica de aprendizaje y su aplicación en la mejora de los entornos educativos digitales.

Clinical education is a heart of education. The improvement of it is a challenge for every university. African countries like Iran are developing, especially in higher education. So the work context is almost the same. The present study was conducted to identify the clinical education challenges and improving it by a cooperative action research approach. This study was conducted from 2016 to 2021. The participants were 41 nurses and head nurses, 86 nursing students, and 26 nursing teachers. They worked through two cycles of reflection for 50 months. The data were collected and analyzed using the qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the qualitative data by 11 semi-structured interviews and ten focus group discussion revealed that the 8 sub-categories (lack of attention to the evaluation process, non-participatory evaluation, low-staff educational cooperation, ineffective trainer, non-educational clinical context, student educational disability, student drowning in bed, non-planning Participatory) and 3 main themes (planning challenges, implementing challenges and evaluation challenges) were obtained. After change in planning and implementation process, evaluation was done by a standard researcher made questionnaire according to the sub-categories of qualitative data. That showed satisfaction Improvement in 3 main themes in two cycle (planning, implementing, and evaluating). Reflection in every cycle caused change in planning, implementing and evaluating process. Moreover, it caused learning for all participants. These participants made a small change in the style of educational management from authoritarian to participatory. So, run programs introduced in this action research could be applicable for educational managers and policymakers.

ABSTRACT The study was developed in the virtual context considering the greater needs and demands in the work of university teachers, taking into account that the management of teaching staff, the culture of teamwork, as well as the factors associated with organizational commitment have an impact on work performance and educational quality. The research determined the differences regarding the levels of organizational commitment in virtual environments according to the work status of teachers at a private university in Lima, Peru. We worked under a quantitative approach, basic study type, descriptive non-experimental design, with a sample of full-time teachers, the instrument used was the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, consisting of items with a Likert scale response with five response alternatives and three dimensions: affective, normative and continuity. The results showed that the majority of hired and regular teachers have a regular level of commitment to the organization, so it is concluded that the level of commitment can affect the achievement of goals, plans and institutional projects that are planned annually, as well as the teaching performance, these results will be used by researchers and authorities in decision making.

RESUMEN El estudio se desarrolló en el contexto virtual, al considerar las mayores necesidades y exigencias en la labor del docente universitario, teniendo en cuenta que la gestión del personal docente, la cultura de trabajo en equipo, así como los factores asociados al compromiso organizacional impactan en el desempeño laboral y en la calidad educativa. La investigación determinó las diferencias respecto a los niveles de compromiso organizacional en entornos virtuales, en función de la condición laboral en docentes de una Universidad Privada en Lima, Perú. Se trabajó bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, tipo de estudio básico, diseño no experimental de carácter descriptivo, con una muestra conformada por docentes a tiempo completo y el instrumento utilizado fue el Cuestionario de Compromiso Organizacional, constituido por ítems con respuesta de escala de Likert con cinco alternativas de respuesta y tres dimensiones: afectivo, normativo y continuidad. Los resultados demostraron que la mayoría de los docentes contratados y ordinarios poseen un nivel regular de compromiso con la organización, por lo que se concluye que el nivel de compromiso puede afectar el logro de metas, planes y proyectos institucionales que se planifican anualmente, así como el desempeño docente. Estos resultados serán utilizados por investigadores y autoridades en la toma de decisiones.

RESUMO O estudo foi desenvolvido no contexto virtual ao considerar as maiores necessidades e demandas no trabalho do professor universitário, levando em consideração que a gestão do corpo docente, a cultura do trabalho em equipe, bem como os fatores associados ao comprometimento organizacional impactam no desempenho do trabalho e na qualidade educacional. A pesquisa determinou as diferenças em relação aos níveis de comprometimento organizacional em ambientes virtuais com base na situação de trabalho dos professores de uma Universidade Privada em Lima, Peru. Trabalhamos sob a abordagem quantitativa, tipo de estudo básico, delineamento não experimental de natureza descritiva, com uma amostra composta por professores em tempo integral, o instrumento utilizado foi o Questionário de Comprometimento Organizacional, composto por itens com resposta em escala Likert com cinco alternativas de resposta e três dimensões: afetiva, normativa e continuidade. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos professores contratados e regulares tem um nível regular de comprometimento com a organização, portanto conclui-se que o nível de comprometimento pode afetar o alcance das metas, planos e projetos institucionais que são planejados anualmente, bem como para desempenho docente, esses resultados serão utilizados por pesquisadores e autoridades na tomada de decisões.