Abstract The birth of the influencers phenomenon within advertising linked to social networks and technology and its necessary regulation by the Law is analyzed. The importance of delimiting and defining when the promotion of a product through these influencers is paid or not is presented and the legal consequences for the free market and consumers thereof.

Resumen Se analiza el nacimiento del fenómeno de los influencers dentro de la publicidad ligada a redes sociales y tecnología y su necesaria regulación por parte del Derecho. Se presenta la importancia de delimitar y definir cuándo la promoción de un producto a través de estos influencers, es pagada o no y las consecuencias jurídicas para el libre mercado y los consumidores de ello.

Resumo Analisa-se o nascimento do fenômeno dos influenciadores na publicidade vinculada às redes sociais e de tecnologia e sua necessária regulamentação pela Lei. A importância de delimitar e definir quando a promoção de um produto por meio desses influenciadores é paga ou não é apresentada e as consequências jurídicas para o mercado livre e seus consumidores.

Abstract The fashion sector is constantly subjected to the pressure of imitation, normally designers and entrepreneurs resort to intellectual property rights (industrial design and brands) to avoid the copying, imitation or usurpation of their creations and products. Despite the high cost involved in the procedure for granting intellectual property rights in an industry in constant renewal, it determines that many creations and services are orphaned of protection through exclusive rights, and, therefore, exposed to imitation by competitors after recognizing the legislation the principle of free imitation in the market. Unfair competition law serves as a complementary tool to combat behavior that exceeds what is reasonable, but its application is restrictive and will always depend on the circumstances in each specific case.

Resumen El sector de la moda está sujeto constantemente a la presión de la imitación, recurriendo normalmente diseñadores y empresarios a los derechos de propiedad intelectual (diseño industrial y marcas) para evitar la copia, imitación o usurpación de sus creaciones y productos. No obstante el elevado coste que implica el procedimiento de concesión de derechos de propiedad intelectual en una industria en constante renovación, determina que muchas creaciones y prestaciones queden huérfanas de tutela mediante derechos exclusivos, y, por tanto, expuestas a la imitación de los competidores, tras reconocer la legislación el principio de libre imitación en el mercado. El Derecho de competencia desleal sirve como herramienta complementaria para combatir comportamientos que exceden lo razonable, pero su aplicación tiene carácter restrictivo y dependerá siempre de las circunstancias concurrentes en cada caso concreto.

Resumo O setor da moda está constantemente sujeito à pressão da imitação, normalmente designers e empresários recorrem aos direitos de propriedade intelectual (desenho industrial e marcas) para evitar a cópia, imitação ou usurpação das suas criações e produtos. Apesar do alto custo envolvido no procedimento de concessão de direitos de propriedade intelectual em um setor em constante renovação, ele determina que muitas criações e serviços ficam órfãos de proteção por direitos exclusivos e, portanto, expostos à imitação de concorrentes depois de reconhecer na legislação o princípio da livre imitação no mercado. O direito da concorrência desleal serve como ferramenta complementar para combater comportamentos que excedem o razoável, mas sua aplicação é restritiva e dependerá sempre das circunstâncias de cada caso específico.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene por propósito responder a una pregunta relativa a la publicidad comparativa en la Ley 20.169 sobre competencia desleal chilena (en adelante LCD): ¿depende su licitud del hecho de que esta sea veraz y demostrable? Una lectura preliminar de la letra e) de su artículo 4.° podría inclinarnos a responderla afirmativamente. Sin embargo, un examen más detenido de la comparación publicitaria, a partir del método dogmático y del análisis empírico, muestra que, al menos en dos casos, no es así necesariamente.

ABSTRACT. This paper intends to answer a question about comparative advertising in the Chilean Unfair Competition Act (Law n.° 20169) are veracity and demonstrability requirements of loyal comparative advertising? Apparently so it goes from its article 4.° letter e). However, a closer look, based on the dogmatic method and the empirical analysis, shows that, in at least two cases, this is not the case, it is not necessarily so.

Resumen: La comunicación que las marcas de moda realizan sobre la sostenibilidad está hoy más cuestionada que nunca. La nueva propuesta de directiva de la Comisión Europea -Green Claims Directive-, marcará un antes y un después para muchas compañías, pues pretende alertar sobre diversas prácticas comunicativas que confunden al consumidor, incluyendo las etiquetas: “mostrar una etiqueta sostenible que no esté basada en una certificación o no esté establecida por autoridades públicas, constituye una práctica de competencia desleal en todas las circunstancias”1. En este artículo analizaremos la comunicación de la sostenibilidad realizada por Inditex -en concreto, sobre su colección Join Life distinguida como la más sostenible-, tanto en su Política de Sostenibilidad y Hoja de Ruta, como en las nueve tiendas físicas de ZARA Barcelona (2022), precisamente un año antes de que Inditex haya eliminado la etiqueta del mercado. Hemos utilizado el método del Case Study, integrando: análisis de textos (Política de Sostenibilidad y Hoja de Ruta); estudio descriptivo de las tiendas físicas, incluyendo breve entrevista a los empleados; análisis del contenido de las etiquetas de las prendas en tienda; y finalmente, análisis del contenido de la ficha de producto de esas prendas en la web. Aunque se trata de una certificación recién suprimida por Inditex (marzo 2023), pensamos que las conclusiones obtenidas en este estudio pueden contribuir a una mejora en la gestión de la comunicación de la sostenibilidad por parte de las marcas de moda.

Abstract: The communication that fashion brands make about sustainability is today more questioned than ever. The new proposal for a Directive of the European Commission -Green Claims Directive-, will mark a before and after for many companies, as it aims to warn about various communication practices that confuse the consumer, including labels:;to show a sustainable label that is not based on a certification or is not established by public authorities, constitutes an unfair competition practice in all circumstances” (Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on substantiation and communication of explicit environmental claims, 2023).In this article we will analyze the sustainability communication carried out by Inditex -specifically, its Join Life collection, distinguished as the most sustainable-, both in its Sustainability Policy and Roadmap, and in the 9 physical stores of ZARA Barcelona (2022), precisely one year before Inditex removed the label from the market. We have used the Case study method, integrating: text analysis (Sustainability Policy and Reports); descriptive study of the physical stores, including a brief interview with the employees; analysis of labels content of the garments in the store; and finally, content analysis of the product information of these garments on the website. Although it is a certification recently suppressed by Inditex (March 2023), we believe that the conclusions obtained in this study can contribute to an improvement in the management of sustainability communication by fashion brands.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como propósito identificar la ética implícita en el marketing en Colombia a partir de la visión de profesores expertos de las mejores universidades del país. El diseño metodológico fue el análisis hermenéutico de la información recogida en entrevistas semidirigidas. Los resultados identifican que la ética impartida en los pregrados de Colombia: tiene una postura moral hegemónica basada en la ética utilitarista; es importante para el profesional de mercadeo; deviene de la moral religiosa; se enseña a través de códigos de ética y tiende a ser incluida transversalmente en los currículos. Varias universidades incorporan, transversalmente, cuestiones éticas en sus currículos, mientras que otras eliminan o dejan a elección del estudiante el aprendizaje de este componente. El enfoque de ética que se imparte en los programas de pregrado en marketing en Colombia debe ser revisado, para evitar fenómenos del contexto nacional que se consideran inadecuados, como la competencia desleal o la publicidad engañosa.

Abstract This paper is aimed to identify the implicit ethics in marketing in Colombia according to many expert professors’ perspectives from the best Colombian universities. The methodological design used was the hermeneutic analysis of the information gathered through semi-directed interviews. The results show that the ethics taught in Colombian undergraduate programs has a hegemonic moral position based on utilitarian ethics, which is important for the professionals of marketing and comes from religious morality. It is also taught through ethical codes and tends to be a cross subject in curricula. Although several universities try to incorporate the ethical issues throughout their curricula, other universities have eliminated this component or have left the learning of this component as a student's choice. The ethics approach taught in undergraduate marketing programs in Colombia should be reviewed to avoid phenomena in the national context that are considered inappropriate, such as unfair competition or misleading advertising.

Afgesien van die lewensverlies weens die Covid-19-pandemie gaan Suid-Afrika, soos die res van die wêreld, gebuk onder die sosioëkonomiese uitwerking daarvan, wat grootliks tot die agteruitgang van die ekonomie en werkverliese bygedra het. Dit, tesame met die toenemende uitwerking van klimaatsverandering, is van die grootste krisisse wat Suid-Afrika tans teister. Suid-Afrika gaan gebuk onder 'n abnormale reënpatroon, wat storms in sekere gebiede en droogtes in ander tot gevolg het. Hierdie omgewingskrisisse maak die ekonomies worstelende Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing nog meer kwesbaar. Van die belangrikste gevolge van klimaatsverandering en die ekonomiese agteruitgang in Suid-Afrika is kospryse wat die hoogte inskiet, terwyl oproer al hoe meer dikwels voorkom. Hierdie situasie sal nog verder agteruitgaan na gelang die gevolge van klimaatsverandering op die landbou en dus die beskikbaarheid en bekostigbaarheid van kos oor die volgende dekades vererger. Suid-Afrika se voedselsekerheid is ook in die gedrang weens die onvermoë van die regering om die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking teen buitelandse belange in Suid-Afrika te beskerm. Die afhanklikheid van Suid-Afrika van kos uit Oos-Europa en Asië word geopenbaar wanneer mens die effek van die oorlog in Oekraïne op die beskikbaarheid van sonneblomolie en koring in Suid-Afrika sien. Vis, wat eens die goedkoopste vleisbron was, is nou vir die meeste Suid-Afrikaners onbetaalbaar duur weens die oorbenutting van visbronne deur buitelandse vissers, veral van China, wat binne ons gebiedswaters vis vang. Suid-Afrika voer ongeveer 6 miljoen hoenders per week uit die buiteland in, hoofsaaklik uit Brasilië, wat die inheemse hoender- en graanboere ekonomies bedreig en werksgeleenthede in die gedrang bring. Hierdie ongesonde situasie ondermyn plaaslike landbou en vissery en veroorsaak dat Suid-Afrika se voedsel-sekerheid deur die politieke beleid van die regering jeens ander BRICS-lande in die gedrang kom. Landbou is een van die grootste oorsake van die vernietiging van die natuur en een van die belangrikste redes vir klimaatsverandering. Boerderye is een van die hoofbronne van metaan en stikstofdioksied, wat veel erger kweekhuisgasse as koolstofdioksied is. Terselfdertyd word amper tweederdes van Suid-Afrika se water deur landbou en bosbou gebruik. Die oorbenutting van water, die vergiftiging van riviere, vleilande en grondwater met landbou-chemikalieë, die toediening van gifstowwe en die gepaardgaande vernietiging van die ekologie, insluitende dié van riviere, stuur reeds op 'n ekologiese ramp af. 'n Derde van die riviere in Suid-Afrika bereik al klaar nie meer die see nie, wat tot die ineenstorting van vleilande en riviermonding ekosisteme gelei het. Oewerbosse, wat rivierwalle stabiliseer, vrek in plekke waar boere waterpompe in of langs rivierbeddings in gebruik het. Veenlande, wat oor duisende jare vorm en water stoor en suiwer wat deur vleilande vloei, droog uit en brand weens die ooronttrekking van grondwater op plase en bosbougebiede. 'n Groot deel van die uitwerking wat die landbou op die ekologie het, kan vermy word as alternatiewe kosproduksiemetodes ondersoek word. Dit is 'n wanpersepsie dat 'n vegetariese dieet minder skade aan die ekologie doen as een wat vleis bevat. Gewasverbouing het 'n veel groter uitwerking op die natuur as wat natuurlike vleisproduksie het. Die grootste negatiewe uitwerking wat vleisproduksie op die natuur het, is metaangas, hoë watergebruik en die verbouing van graan wat as voer gebruik word. Insekte bied egter 'n alternatiewe bron van voer, wat op 'n baie goedkoper en betroubare manier tot voedselsekerheid in Suid-Afrika kan bydra en talle plaaslike werksgeleenthede kan skep. Die larwes van insekte soos die swart soldaatvlieg (Hermetia illucens) word reeds wêreldwyd, maar veral in die Verre Ooste, met groot sukses as voer vir lewende hawe gebruik. Hierdie hoëkwaliteitbron van proteïene, onversadigde vette, vitamiene, minerale en vesel kan bykans gratis met behulp van organiese afval geproduseer word. Daarbenewens kan hierdie insekte sonder gif of kunsmis en met min water in 'n relatief klein gebied, vergeleke met weiding of mielielande, geproduseer word.

The Covid-19pandemic has had a devastating socio-economic effect on the country, including the death of more than 102 000 people, many ofwhom were the breadwinners of their families. This could not have happened at a worse time, since the economy of the country was in a recession even before the pandemic. The situation is exacerbated by the highest level of unemployment in the world, widespread nepotism and corruption, the plundering of state coffers and the favouring of the business interests of ERICS partners by government officials over those of South Africans. The government's commitment to prioritising their ERICS partners' business interests over those of the South African people contributes to food insecurity in South Africa. This includes the export of coal from mines in Mpumalanga to China and India, while nothing is done to rehabilitate the region, which was once known for its agriculture. The government handed over to the Chinese company SAEME the Musina-Makhado Special Economic Zone, where four opencast mines, a 3 300 MWpower station and an iron smelting plant will be developed. This development, however, requires the government to build a dam that will harvest 60% of the annual runoff of the Limpopo River, which in turn will have a devastating effect on farmers and communities downriver in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique who irrigate their crops with water from the Limpopo River. The same kowtowing of the South African government to its ERICS partners can be seen in the reluctance with which the government responds to the plundering of our marine resources by Chinese fishing boats and abalone smugglers. The unfair competition imposed on local chicken farmers by distributers of dumped chicken, mainly from Brazil, with the approval of government, caused the closure of several South African chicken farms and the resulting loss of tens of thousands ofjobs along the supply chain. The reluctance of the government to take sides in the Russia-Ukraine war is partly linked to the fact that South Africa imports fertilizer and wheat from Russia. South Africa, a water-scarce country, is more vulnerable than many other countries to the effects of global climate change. The abnormal rain pattern, that is characterised by severe droughts in certain regions and heavy rainstorms and floods in others, has a devastating impact on the already economically struggling South African community. Abroad, attempts are made to ensure that mean temperatures do not exceed the pre-industrial level mark by more than 1,5 °C. South Africa, however, heats up twice as fast as many other countries, and has already exceeded the pre-industrial era level by more than 2 °C; it will continue to get warmer and drier, causing most of the country to become desertified by 2050. A third of South African rivers do not reach the sea anymore because of over abstraction ofwater from rivers; similarly, there is extensive abstraction of groundwater. Together farming and forestry account for 70% of water use in South Africa. This over abstraction of water, worsened by the heat and aridification resulting from climate change, led to the degradation of most wetland and estuarine ecosystems and the drying and burning of irreplaceable peatlands. These political, socioeconomic and environmental calamities create the worst possible scenario for food security in South Africa. Already one in four people in Africa suffers from food insecurity and this number will rapidly rise in the wake of global climate change, which will result in the loss of two thirds of arable land by 2025. South Africa is nearing socioeconomic collapse. This, in conjunction with continuing droughts, storms and rising temperatures associated with global climate change, will lead to food insecurity, starvation and anarchy. The effect of global climate change will make it progressively more difficult to produce enough food for the South African population. It is imperative that South Africans consider alternative methods of food production, including water use. Entomophagy is widely practiced throughout the world, but is especially prevalent in South America, the Far East and Africa, where approximately 2 billion people use 1 900 species of insects as food. The nutritional value of insects is unsurpassed and, in some respects, even more nutritious than meat. The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens are a source of high-quality proteins and unsaturated fats that are used worldwide as animal feed. Insects are a source of minerals such as iron, calcium, copper, zinc and magnesium and high levels of vitamin A, B2 and C. The ecological and socioeconomic benefits of using BSF larvae instead of grain as feed for fish, chickens and pigs are enormous. BSF larvae can be bred almost for free by feeding it a wide variety of organic waste, including rotten vegetables and fruit, manure and even carcases that would have ended up in rubbish dumps and would have contributed to the methane and carbon dioxide pollution emanating from such dumps. The water use of BSF is negligible, because the water in the organic waste that would have been discarded in waste dumps is sufficient to sustain them. BSF affords the subsistence and small-scale farmer the opportunity to raise chickens at a lower input cost than ever before. The conversion of feed to food in insects is far greater than that of chickens, pigs or cattle. In the case of the house cricket (Acheta domestica) the conversion rate of feed to food is twice as effective as that of chickens, four times as effective as pigs and twelve times greater than that of cattle. Compared to conventional farming, this implies that with insects far more exceptionally nutritious food can be produced in a smaller area, with little water and no poison or fertilizer whatsoever, while waste and the associated methane gas are removed from the environment at the same time. A few South African companies have already seen the potential of insects as food and feed. Even though insect farming is still in its infancy, it is already generating jobs and new socioeconomic opportunities in South Africa. Insect farming, especially BSF farming, will in the near future probably grow in popularity all over the world as an affordable, healthy, ecologically sustainable alternative food source that will, directly or indirectly, be consumed by humans. BSF afford the environmentally conscious homesteader who wants to produce livestock such as chickens, fish, or pigs in a sustainable manner an unsurpassed environmentally friendly alternative. BSF will also give the desperate, impoverished and starving population of the future an alternative free source of feed that will offer them economic prospects and food security.

Resumen La oferta de carreras universitarias multidisciplinarias está originando en el mercado de trabajo el fenómeno de invasión del campo profesional de las carreras tradicionales y una competencia desleal por los puestos de trabajo entre sus egresados, situación poco investigada y que es preciso estudiar para entender esta problemática. El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el ejercicio profesional de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Administración con el de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Ciencias Empresariales y de Ingeniería en Gestión Empresarial, con el fin de identificar la acción de invasión en los campos profesionales de estos. Mediante información obtenida de tres reportes de resultados de investigación sobre la situación laboral de los egresados de tres carreras administrativas y empleando una metodología mixta, se compararon las áreas, los puestos y las exigencias en conocimientos especializados para llevar a cabo sus actividades laborales. Se encontró una notoria actividad de invasión del campo profesional del licenciado en administración por parte de egresados de carreras administrativas de la reciente oferta, lo que ha ocasionado una competencia desleal que abona al concepto de indefinición profesional o carreras profesionales sin límites.

Abstract The offer of multidisciplinary university carees is causing inthe labor market the phenomenon of invasión of the profesional field of traditional careers and an unfair competititon for Jobs among their graduates, a situation that has been Little researched and that needs to be studied to undesrtand this problema. The objective is to compare the profesional practice of the graduates of the Bachelor’s Degree in Administratión, against the graduates of the Bachelor’s Degree in Business Sciences and Business Management Engineering, in order to identify the action of invasión in their profesional fields. Using information obtained from three research reports on the employment situation of the graduates of three administrative careers, and employing a mixed methodology, the areas, positions and the demands in specialized knowledge to carry out their work activities were compared. A notorious activity of invasion of the profesional field of the Bachelor’s Degree in Administration by graduates of the recent offer of administrative careers was found, causing an unfair competition that contributes to the concept of profesional indefinition or professional careers without limits.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legality of the rental of furnished real estate through digital platforms. It develops, fundamentally, four factors that lead to conclude its illegality: (i) infringement of the property rights of other co-owners, (ii) commercial exploitation of real estate for residential use, (iii) conduct constituting unfair competition, and (iv) abuse of rights. In particular, it studies how the simultaneous and relevant non-compliance with tax, labor, sectorial, and other legislation, which leaves an offeror in an improved position, constitutes unfair competition conduct under article 3 of the law on unfair competition. Technological disruption, innovation and new contracting modalities that favor users must be welcomed, but under equal conditions for all competitors or suppliers. Although, as the paper will show, it is an unregulated activity, this does not put it outside the legislation and the legislation of similar acts should be applied as in the case of all unnamed contracts.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la legalidad del arriendo de inmuebles amoblados a través de plataformas digitales. Se desarrollan, fundamentalmente, cuatro factores que llevan a concluir su ilegalidad: (i) afectación del derecho de propiedad de otros comuneros, (ii) explotación comercial de inmuebles de uso habitacional, (iii) conducta constitutiva de competencia desleal, y (iv) abuso del derecho. En especial, se estudia cómo el incumplimiento simultáneo y relevante de la legislación tributaria, laboral, sectorial, y de otra índole, que deja en una posición mejorada a un oferente, constituye una conducta de competencia desleal al amparo del artículo 3° de la ley sobre competencia desleal. La disrupción tecnológica, la innovación y nuevas modalidades de contratación que favorecen a los usuarios deben ser acogidas, pero en igualdad de condiciones para todos los competidores u oferentes. Si bien, como se desarrolla, se trata de una actividad no regulada, ello no la pone al margen de la legislación debiendo aplicarse la de actos similares como ocurre con todo contrato innominado.

Abstract Meat labelling is important to avoid unfair competition practices of producers, processors and sellers aiming gain an economic advantage from misrepresenting cheaper meat products as premium quality ones. Genetic traceability is an ideal tool for the detection and prevention of fraud in the sale of beef. In this work, a method for validating protected status based on a combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a high-throughput real-time PCR protocol was developed. A total of 1,911 beef samples were used to develop and validate an OpenArray® panel consisting of 26 SNPs selected from an ISAG-ICAR panel. The applicability of the method was determined by comparing 143 blind pairs of samples. The combined probability of identity (PI) with the 26 SNPs selected was 2.09-11 with 22 SNPs showing an individual PI lower than 0.4. In all tests, the blind pair of samples were correctly as-signed. The panel designed and validated in this study is of great utility to confirm genetic content of the specific genetic group tested and detect fraud in a routine way that requires a minimum amount of time and is cost effective.

ABSTRACT The linkage between credit unions and the population residing in the same territory where they operate may be a premise for finding member loyalty. This can be derived from the merger of entities under the criterion of geographic proximity, which means that they have members with more homogeneous characteristics. Thus, a different classification of these entities could be sought in order to improve their financial efficiency and, in addition, to reduce unfair competition in the sector.

RESUMEN La vinculación entre las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito (COACs) y la población que reside en el mismo territorio donde opera puede ser una premisa para encontrar lealtad por parte de los socios. Ello puede derivarse de la fusión de entidades bajo el criterio de proximidad geográfica, que concibe que estas tengan socios con características más homogéneas. Así, se podría buscar una clasificación de estas entidades diferente a la actual para mejorar su eficiencia financiera y, además, disminuir la competencia desleal en el sector.

Abstract This comment analyzes the sentences handed down by virtue of an action in defense of the collective interest initiated by SERNAC aimed at declaring the abusiveness of the terms and conditions set forth on the website of an e-commerce platform, to which consumers had to adhere at the time to make your purchases. The study focuses on reasoning, in light of the criteria established in article 16 letter g) of Law No. 19,496, carried out in the different instances and by the Supreme Court when examining the clauses referring to the right of withdrawal; the formation of consent in electronic contracting and the rules on competition in the face of conflicts suffered by consumers.

Resumen Este comentario analiza las sentencias pronunciadas en virtud de una acción en protección del interés colectivo iniciada por el SERNAC destinada a declarar la abusividad de los términos y condiciones predispuestos en el sitio web de una plataforma de comercio electrónico, al cual los consumidores debían adherir al momento de realizar sus compras. El estudio se centra en el razonamiento, a la luz de los criterios establecidos en el artículo 16 letra g) de la ley n.° 19496, efectuado en las distintas instancias y por la Corte Suprema al examinar las cláusulas referidas al derecho de retracto, la formación del consentimiento en la contratación electrónica y las reglas sobre la competencia ante conflictos sufridos por los consumidores.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo tiene por propósito indagar las diferentes perspectivas de tutela de la publicidad engañosa en el derecho chileno a partir de un examen de la Ley sobre protección de los derechos de los consumidores, de la Ley sobre composición nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad, del código civil, de la Ley sobre Competencia Desleal, de la Ley sobre Propiedad Intelectual y de la Ley sobre Propiedad Industrial, evidenciando un eventual concurso entre ellas y determinando si este puede solucionarse a través del principio de especialidad o de la elección que realice el afectado por ella según su propio interés.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this article is to tackle the different perspectives for the protection of Deceptive Advertising in Chilean Law. The research will be made by examining the Consumer Protection Rights Law, the Nutritional Composition of Food and its Advertising Law, the Unfair Competition Law, the Copyright Law and the Industrial Property Law in order to highlight any concurrence between them and determine if this might be resolved through the principle of specialty or by the choice made by the affected by it according to their own interest.

ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the problem of unfair terms in contract farming, with regard to those imposed on farmers or food producers by their buyers. After the examination of the causes of the disadvantaged position that generally affects the agricultural producer in the agri-food supply chain, and the European initiatives dealing with this problem, the paper analyzes whether Chilean positive law offers alternatives for the control of these clauses.

RESUMEN: El trabajo analiza la problemática de las cláusulas abusivas presentes en la contratación agrícola, en particular, aquellas que son impuestas al productor agrícola por sus compradores. Luego de examinar los factores que influyen en la posición de desventaja que afecta, generalmente, al productor agrícola en la cadena agroalimentaria, se exponen las inicitivas que a nivel europeo han tratado el problema, para posteriormente analizar si el derecho positivo chileno ofrece alternativas para el control de estas cláusulas.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze a grassroots movement against the Chinese immigrants in the Mexican state of Sinaloa, since its attempts to weaken and segregate them until demanding their expulsion on the pretext that they exerted unfair competition against local workers and small businessmen, as well as to prevent the degeneration of the Mexican race. The main argument of this article is that the leaders of this movement felt marginalized from the distribution and exercise of the post-revolutionary political power, but at the same time they felt protected by the broad ideological-symbolic umbrella that the revolutionaries had created to legitimize their own authority. The leaders of the anti-Chinese movement not only wanted to participate in exercising power, but to make decision about who had the right to be a part of the new national project, so they combined racism with the prevailing nationalist ideology in their program and practice.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar un movimiento popular contra los inmigrantes chinos en Sinaloa, desde los intentos por debilitarlos y segregarlos, hasta la exigencia de su expulsión, so pretexto de que ejercían una competencia desleal contra los trabajadores y pequeños empresarios mexicanos, y evitar la degeneración de la raza mexicana. El argumento principal de este artículo es que los líderes de ese movimiento se sentían marginados del reparto y ejercicio del poder político revolucionario, pero a la vez actuaron bajo el amplio paraguas ideológico-simbólico creado por los revolucionarios para legitimar su dominación. Ellos querían participar del poder, pero también decidir quiénes tenían derecho a formar parte del nuevo proyecto nacional, de manera que combinaron el racismo con el nacionalismo prevaleciente en su programa y prácticas.

Abstract: The possible confrontation and harmonization between two pursued objectives is analyzed pursued by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization, is analyzed, using the current regulations of two specific countries. For this purpose, we compare the measures of the internal regulations of Argentina and Chile, which seek to prevent unfair tax competition according to the parameters set by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, with the precepts of the World Trade Organization conventions, which seek to avoid unfair discrimination in the international trade of services, to whose contents both countries adhere. The study of this confrontation originated in a complaint presented by Panama against Argentina before the World Trade Organization in 2012, which will allow us to identify the points of conflict between the internal and conventional regulations of the analyzed countries, and make regulatory proposals to avoid them. Although the paper focuses on the regulations of two specific countries, we propose tools to assess and solve the situation of other States facing similar legal disputes.

Resumen: Se analiza la posible confrontación y armonización entre dos objetivos perseguidos por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos y la Organización Mundial de Comercio valiéndonos de la normativa vigente de dos países concretos. A estos efectos, confrontamos las medidas de la normativa interna de Argentina y Chile, que buscan impedir la competencia fiscal desleal según los parámetros fijados por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, con los preceptos de los convenios de la Organización Mundial de Comercio, que procuran evitar la discriminación desleal en el comercio internacional de servicios, a cuyo contenido adhirieron ambos países. El estudio de esta confrontación, originada en una denuncia de Panamá en contra de Argentina ante la Organización Mundial de Comercio en el año 2012, nos permitirá identificar los puntos de conflicto entre la normativa interna y convencional de los países analizados y realizar propuestas normativas para evitarlos. Si bien el trabajo se enfoca en la normativa de dos países concretos, en realidad se proponen herramientas para valorar y solucionar la situación de otros Estados ante conflictos legales similares.