Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

RESUMO O monitoramento ambiental da água é essencial para uma gestão eficiente da conservação dos mananciais em Bacias Hidrográficas. Contudo, faltam estudos com esta sinergia aplicando técnicas não convencionais. Avaliamos características químicas das águas superficiais e subterrâneas (2021-2022), incluindo pela primeira vez analise da composição isotópica de amostras de águas coletadas de fontes hídricas ao longo da Bacia do Educandos, na cidade de Manaus- AM/Brasil, para avaliar as alterações química-isotópica diante dos impactos antropogênicos. Foram utilizadas análises estatísticas para comparação de médias, análises gráficas e de componentes Principais para identificar os principais padrões dos conjuntos de dados. Nossos resultados demostraram aumento significativo no pH, condutividade elétrica e aumento de nitratos em águas subterrânea poluída e redução do OD nas águas poluídas superficiais. Além disso, a assinatura isotópica não indicou poluição através das mudanças da composição isotópica de águas naturais e poluídas, porém mostrou assinaturas mais empobrecidas em um dos poços subterrâneos de monitoramento, indicando um local de impacto vulnerável à interação de águas do aquífero com Rio Negro ou com Igarapé. Ao analisar os parâmetros químicos com a composição isotópica permite melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de circulação e mineralização das águas subterrâneas e superficiais em Bacia Hidrográfica Urbana. Hidrográficas Contudo convencionais 20212022, 20212022 2021 2022 , (2021-2022) Educandos Manaus AMBrasil AM Brasil AM/Brasil químicaisotópica química antropogênicos médias dados pH disso Igarapé Urbana 2021202 202 (2021-2022 202120 20 (2021-202 20212 2 (2021-20 (2021-2 (2021- (2021 (202 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Environmental monitoring of water is essential for efficient management of water source conservation in river basins. However, there is a lack of studies with this synergy applying unconventional techniques. We evaluated chemical characteristics of surface and underground waters (2021-2022), including for the first time the analysis of the isotopic composition of waters collected from water sources throughout Educandos`s Basin, in the city of Manaus-AM/Brazil, to evaluate chemical-isotopic changes in the view of anthropogenic impacts. Statistical analyzes were used to compare means, graphical analyzes and Principal Component Analysis to identify the main patterns of the data sets. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in pH, electrical conductivity and an increased in nitrates in polluted groundwater and reduced DO in contaminated surface waters. Furthermore, the isotopic signature did not indicate pollution through changes in the isotopic composition of natural and polluted waters, however, it showed more depleted signatures in one of the underground monitoring wells, indicating an impact site vulnerable to the interaction of aquifer waters with Rio Negro and Igarapé. When analyzing chemical parameters with isotopic composition, it can be allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms of circulation and mineralization of underground and surface waters in the Urban Hydrographic Basin. basins However techniques 20212022, 20212022 2021 2022 , (2021-2022) Educandoss Educandos s Basin ManausAM/Brazil, ManausAMBrazil Manaus AM/Brazil, AM Brazil Manaus-AM/Brazil chemicalisotopic impacts means sets pH Furthermore however wells Igarapé 2021202 202 (2021-2022 ManausAM ManausAM/Brazil AMBrazil AM/Brazil 202120 20 (2021-202 20212 2 (2021-20 (2021-2 (2021- (2021 (202 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT. The scarcity of surface water has led to the use of underground sources as an alternative for crop irrigation by farmers in semi-arid regions. However, these water sources generally have high salinity, which prevents agricultural production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pre-germination treatments with plant growth regulators and bioactivators on melon seeds to attenuate salt stress caused by irrigation water during germination and seedling development. Two trials were carried out separately with the hybrids, Goldex and Grand Prix. The design was completely randomized in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme (four seed treatments and three dilutions of irrigation water). Seeds were treated with salicylic acid and gibberellic acid and the insecticide, thiamethoxam, in addition to the control. Local supply water, artesian well groundwater, and dilution of these waters at a 1:1 ratio were employed for irrigation. Fourteen days after sowing, morphological and physiological analyses were performed, and the material was collected for biochemical determination. The use of saline well water affected the initial development of melon seedlings of the Goldex and Grand Prix hybrids. Pre-germination treatment of Goldex hybrid seeds with gibberellic acid was inefficient at mitigating salt stress. However, the effects of irrigation water salinity on Grand Prix melon seeds pretreated with salicylic acid and thiamethoxam were attenuated. ABSTRACT semiarid semi arid regions However production pregermination pre hybrids four water. . water) insecticide control groundwater 11 1 1: sowing performed determination Pregermination Pre attenuated

Resumen En el mundo gran parte de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua subterránea y superficial se ven afectadas por la presencia de manganeso (Mn2+), uno de los mayores contaminantes que impacta al medio ambiente. Las labores mineras subterráneas generan aguas ácidas, cuyo pH está entre 2 y 6; pero las compañías mineras no presentan metodologías para su control; por ello el objetivo de esta investigación es proponer el uso de hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) como un agente oxidante para permitir la precipitación y separación del manganeso. Para el desarrollo, se obtuvieron muestras de agua ácida desde la bocamina del área industrial de la unidad de producción minera Carahuacra (Compañía Minera Volcán S.A.A.), en la provincia de Yauli, Región Junín, de acuerdo al Protocolo de Monitoreo de Aguas de la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), a los 4600 msnm. El agua ácida estudiada tiene pH entre 3.5 a 5.5 y una concentración de Mn2+ hasta 250 mg/L. Para cumplir con la normativa vigente se requiere reducir la concentración por debajo de 0.2 mg/l (ECA-2017). Se realizaron pruebas a diferentes pH, concentraciones (%) y consumos de hipoclorito de sodio (mg/l). Se logró una remoción de 99.96% de Mn2+. El rango óptimo de pH logrado está entre 8.5 y 8.8, mientras que la concentración y consumo del hipoclorito de sodio responden a 0.05% y 1.0 mg/l respectivamente. El presente procedimiento puede ser aplicado por otras compañías para disminuir el ion Mn2+.

Abstract In the world, most of the underground and surface water supply sources are affected by the presence of manganese Mn2+, which is one of the biggest pollutants and causes an impact on the environment. Underground mining operations generate acidic water, whose pH is between 2 and 6; however, the mining companies do not present methodologies for control. Acid water samples were obtained from the industrial area of the Carahuacra mining production unit (Volcán S.A.A. Mining Company), according to the Water Monitoring Protocol of the National Water Authority (ANA) at 4600 meters above sea level, in the province of Yauli, Junín Region. The acidic water studied has a pH between 3.5 and 5.5 and a Mn2+ concentration of up to 250 mg/L. According to current regulations, the concentration is required to be reduced below 0.2 mg/L (ECA-2017). The objective of this work is proposing the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as an oxidizing agent to allow its precipitation and separation. Tests were performed at different pH, concentrations (%) and sodium hypochlorite consumption (mg/L); achieving 99.96% Mn2+ removal. The optimum pH range achieved was between 8.5 and 8.8 while the concentration and consumption of sodium hypochlorite was 0.05% or 1.0 mg/L respectively. The present procedure can be applied by other companies to decrease the Mn2+ concentration ion.

Summary: In Mexico, one of the main sources of agricultural irrigation supply is groundwater, irrigating approximately two million hectares of land and also providing 75% of water volume in rural and urban areas nationwide. However, these water resources have been largely affected by pollutants from industrial waste, as well as leaching of chemical substances in agricultural soils. To assess the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater, this study was performed in Zacoalco de Torres and Autlan de Navarro, which are located in areas of the agricultural valley and thus influenced by agricultural and urban activities. Samples were collected in the dry and rainy seasons in 2017. The sampling sites were deep wells and water wheels. In total 48 samples were obtained corresponding to the two stations. In each sample, the following parameters were analyzed: pH, anions and cations, electric conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), as well as hydrogeochemical classification. The underground waters of Zacoalco are mostly chlorinated-magnesium waters and in Autlan bicarbonate-magnesium with medium and low concentrations, so they are recommended for irrigation; with respect to salinity Zacoalco has 40% high salinity waters in dry and 66% medium salinity waters in rains; Autlan has 75% high salinity waters in dry and 75% medium salinity waters, so its use shows moderate restrictions.

Resumen: En México una de las principales fuentes de abastecimiento del riego agrícola es el agua subterránea, irrigando aproximadamente dos millones de hectáreas, aporta 75% del volumen de agua en zonas rurales y urbanas a nivel nacional. Estos recursos hídricos se han visto afectados por contaminantes provenientes de desechos industriales y residuales, así como el lixiviado de sustancias químicas en suelos agrícolas. Con la finalidad de evaluar las características fisicoquímicas de las aguas subterráneas, se realizó el presente estudio en Zacoalco de Torres y Autlán de Navarro. Se realizaron muestreos en la temporada seca y lluviosa en 2017. Los sitios de muestreo fueron pozos profundos y norias. En total se obtuvieron 48 muestras correspondientes a las dos estaciones; en cada muestra se analizaron pH, aniones y cationes, conductividad eléctrica (CE), carbonato de sodio residual (CSR), relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS), así como la clasificación hidrogeoquímica. Las aguas subterráneas de Zacoalco son en su mayoría aguas cloradas-magnésicas y en Autlán bicarbonatadas-magnésicas, con concentraciones medias y bajas, por lo que se consideran recomendables para el riego. Con respecto a la salinidad Zacoalco presenta 40% aguas de alta salinidad en secas y 66% aguas de media salinidad en lluvias; Autlán presenta 75% aguas de alta salinidad en secas, y en lluvias 75% aguas de media salinidad, por lo que su uso presenta restricciones moderadas.

ABSTRACT Background: Factors such as lithology, geomorphology, climate and anthropogenic activities, cause ionic variability of surface, subsurface and underground water. The study of this variability allows to know its hydrochemical characteristics for its subsequent use. The interpretation of the ionic variability is carried out by mean of graphic methods, and multivariate statistics have been integrated into these analyses during the last few years. Objective: To perform a chemical analysis, to identify the factors affecting the water, and to prove that complementing the Piper diagram with a multivariate analysis helps to obtain a better interpretation of results. Methods: This work was carried out in the Oaxaca-Puebla hydrographic network, considering the complex relief and the heterogeneous lithological and climate conditions, especially in Oaxaca. A total of 90 samples were collected, three of which were taken in salt flats in Zapotitlán, Puebla and the rest of them in the state of Oaxaca. A Piper diagram was used for water classification, as well as the principal component analysis (PCA) to improve the interpretation of data. Results: The triangular diagram allowed to classify the waters of the hydrographic network into two large groups, calcium-magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium-magnesium sulfate, in addition to the separation of saline waters. The PCA, in addition to showing the same groups of waters, allowed to prove a higher concentration of sodium chloride at the highest point of the salt flat, as compared to the other two that were taken at this site. With the PCA, the water of the Copalita river basin could be classified as calcium-magnesium bicarbonate, coinciding with previous studies. Conclusions: By complementing a Piper diagram with a PCA, the interpretation of the ionic variability of the Oaxaca-Puebla hydrographic network improved.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Factores como la litología, la geomorfología, el clima y las actividades antropogénicas, causan variabilidad iónica del agua superficial, sub-superficial y subterránea. El estudio de dicha variabilidad permite conocer sus características hidroquímicas para su posterior uso o consumo. La interpretación de la variabilidad iónica se realiza mediante métodos gráficos, y en los últimos años se han integrado las estadísticas multivariadas a dichos análisis. Objetivos: Se desea obtener un análisis químico e identificar qué factores afectan el agua y demostrar que el complementar el diagrama de Piper con el análisis multivariado ayuda a obtener una mejor interpretación de resultados. Métodos: El presente trabajo se realizó en la red hidrográfica Oaxaca-Puebla, contemplando el complejo relieve y las heterogéneas condiciones de litología y clima, sobre todo en Oaxaca. Se colectaron 90 muestras en total, de las cuales tres se tomaron en salinas de Zapotitlán, Puebla y el resto en el estado de Oaxaca. Se empleó el diagrama triangular de Piper para la clasificación de las aguas y el análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para mejorar la interpretación. Resultados: El diagrama triangular permitió clasificar las aguas de la red hidrográfica en dos grandes grupos, bicarbonatadas cálcico-magnésicas y sulfatadas cálcicas-magnésicas, además de la separación de las aguas salinas. Por su parte, el ACP, además de mostrar los mismos grupos de aguas, permitió observar una mayor concentración de cloruro de sodio en el punto más alto de la salinera, en comparación con los otros dos que se tomaron en este sitio. Con el ACP se pudo clasificar el agua de la cuenca del río Copalita como bicarbonatada cálcica-magnésica, lo que coincide con estudios previos. Conclusiones: Finalmente, al complementar el diagrama triangular de Piper con el ACP, se mejoró la interpretación de la variabilidad iónica de la red hidrográfica Oaxaca-Puebla.

Resumo O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a dinâmica que marcou a convivência entre diferentes atores no conflito ambiental causado pela salinização de águas superficiais e subterrâneas durante a implantação do Porto do Açu, no município de São João da Barra, que fica localizado na região Norte Fluminense. O trabalho procura demonstrar os vínculos entre este conflito em particular e o perfil dos grandes projetos estabelecidos para ampliar a inserção do Brasil na economia mundial enquanto exportador de produtos primários e semi beneficiados. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o trabalho recorreu a uma metodologia qualitativa baseada em levantamento bibliográfico e documental relativo aos impactos e conflitos ambientais causados pela implantação do Porto do Açu. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram a importância de que haja um processo decisório transparente, participativo e pautado pela sustentabilidade das ações estatais no planejamento e na implantação de Grandes Projetos de Investimento.

Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze the dynamics that marked the coexistence between different actors in the environmental conflict caused by the salinization of surface and underground waters during the implantation of the Açu Port, in the municipality of São João da Barra, which is located in the Northern Fluminense region. The work seeks to demonstrate the links between this particular conflict and the profile of the major projects established to expand Brazil’s insertion in the world economy as an exporter of primary and semi-benefited products. From a methodological point of view, the work used a qualitative methodology based on a bibliographic and documentary survey related to the environmental impacts and conflicts caused by the Açu Port. The research results demonstrate the importance of having a transparent, participatory decision-making process guided by the sustainability of state actions in the planning and implementation of Large Investment Projects.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica que marcó la convivencia entre diferentes actores en el conflicto ambiental provocado por la salinización de aguas superficiales y subterráneas durante la implantación del Puerto de Açu, en el municipio de São João da Barra, que se ubica en la región Fluminense Norte. El trabajo busca enfatizar los vínculos entre este conflicto particular y el perfil de los grandes proyectos establecidos para expandir la inserción de Brasil en la economía mundial como exportador de productos primarios y semi beneficiados. El trabajo utilizó una metodología cualitativa basada en un relevamiento bibliográfico y documental relacionado con los impactos y conflictos ambientales provocados por la implantación del Puerto de Açu. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de contar con un proceso de toma de decisiones transparente, participativo y guiado por la sostenibilidad de las acciones estatales en la planificación e implementación de Grandes Proyectos de Inversión.

RESUMEN. Este trabajo revisa casos de daños ambientales en aguas subterráneas en Chile, conocidos por los tribunales ordinarios y ambientales. Analiza las normas que determinan cuándo existe daño, cuándo es "significativo", en qué consiste la "reparación" material, cuándo el daño es irreparable, etc., y cómo han interpretado estas normas los tribunales. Para concluir que la jurisprudencia ha evolucionado en relación con las medidas de reparación material ordenadas, centrándose preferentemente en los aspectos preventivos. La labor científica resulta primordial para identificar medidas concretas y efectivas de reparación, y para determinar cuándo un daño es irreparable.

ABSTRACT. This paper reviews cases of environmental damage to Groundwater in Chile, known by the Ordinary and Environmental Courts. It will explain the norms that determine when there is damage, when it is "significant", what material "reparation" consists of, when the damage is irreparable, etc., and how these norms have been interpreted by the Courts. It is concluded that the Jurisprudence has evolved, but remains diverse, in the ordered material reparation measures, focusing rather on the preventive ones. Scientific work is essential to identify concrete and effective reparation measures, and to determine when damage is irreparable.

Abstract The concept of “Saline Domain in Northern Chile” is defined and described as a result of the combination of geological, geomorphological and climatic/paleoclimatic factors. These determine that in the Norte Grande region of Chile (18°-27°South Lat.) the presence of salts has a wide distribution in soils, sedimentary sequences, evaporitic basins, underground and surface waters and in dynamic fogs. The majority presence of chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, borates, and other rather unusual salts in Nature such as nitrates, iodates, chromates, dichromates, chlorates and perchlorates is recognized. This Saline Domain includes the formation of some of the main deposits of Industrial Minerals in Chile as in the case of nitrates and iodine, salt, lithium and other subordinates such as those of borates and potassium. The geological, geomorphological and climatic/ paleoclimatic settings, the role of salts as weathering and erosion agents and the main Industrial Minerals saline ore deposits are described. The importance of these saline environments is recognized as an exceptional habitat for a varied microbiota with great biotechnological potential.

Resumen Se define y describe el concepto “Dominio Salino en el Norte de Chile” como el resultado de la combinación de factores geológicos, geomorfológicos y climáticos/paleoclimáticos. Estos determinan que en la región del Norte Grande de Chile (18°-27°Lat.Sur) la presencia de sales tenga una amplia distribución en suelos, secuencias sedimentarias, cuencas evaporíticas, aguas subterráneas y superficiales y en nieblas dinámicas. Se reconoce la presencia mayoritaria de cloruros, sulfatos, carbonatos, boratos y de otras sales poco comunes en la Naturaleza, como nitratos, yodatos, cromatos, dicromatos, cloratos y percloratos. Este Dominio Salino incluye la formación de los principales yacimientos de Minerales Industriales de Chile, como en el caso de los de nitratos y yodo, sal, litio y otros subordinados, como los de boratos y potasio. Se describen el marco geológico, geomorfológico y climático/paleoclimático, el rol de las sales como agentes de meteorización y erosión y los yacimientos principales. Se reconoce la importancia de estos ambientes salinos como un hábitat excepcional para una variada microbiota con un gran potencial biotecnológico.

The present work analyzes the hydrogeological characteristics of the groundwater in the Guanchín River Valley, Province of La Rioja. For this, antecedents of the geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical character were collected, which were complemented in the field with hydraulic determinations and sampling of groundwater. Chemical analyzes were interpreted to determine the characteristics and evolution of the valley waters. The information provided by deep perforations made it possible to determine the presence of im-portant underground water reservoirs, especially in semi-confined and confined gravel-sandy levels, located between 80 and 170 m deep. The piezometric levels measured in the field vary between 30 and 50 m.b.b.p., the pumping flows between 60 and 160 m4/h and the specific yields between 2 and 6 m4/h/m. The waters have a dominant chemical composition of calcium bicarbonate to calcium sulfate, resulting in good to acceptable quality for irrigation and to a lesser extent for human consumption.

El presente trabajo analiza las características hidrogeológicas de las aguas subterráneas en el Valle del Río Guanchín, Provincia de La Rioja. Para ello, se recopilaron antecedentes de la zona de carácter geológico, hidrogeológico e hidroquímico, los que se complementaron en el campo con determinaciones hidráulicas y muestreo de aguas subterráneas. Los análisis químicos se interpretaron para determinar las características y evolución de las aguas del valle. La información aportada por perforaciones profundas, posibilitó determinar la presencia de importantes reservorios de agua subterránea, especialmente en niveles gravo-arenosos semiconfinados y confinados, localizados entre los 80 y 170 m de profundidad. Los niveles piezométricos medidos en el campo varían entre 30 y 50 m.b.b.p., los caudales de bombeo entre 60 y 160 m4/h y los rendimientos específicos entre 2 y 6 m4/h/m. Las aguas presentan una composición química dominantemente bicarbonatada cálcica a sulfatada cálcica, resultando de buena a aceptable calidad para el riego y en menor medida para consumo humano.

RESUMEN La técnica del fracking a nivel mundial está siendo considerada como un método efectivo en la extracción de hidrocarburos teniendo en cuenta que paises como Estados unidos y Canada incrementaron la producción de hidrocarburos al implementar esta técnica. La principal crítica a la técnica del fracking es la contaminación de acuíferos por fluidos conectados a través de las fracturas generadas y/o pre existentes. En el presente trabajo se evalúa la viabilidad del fracking en el territorio colombiano con base en el estudio de modelos análogos, considerando las propiedades elásticas de la roca usando gelatina, arena y arcilla, simulando presiones o cargas escaladas (litostática, a escala). La gelatina es utilizada para simular la zona fuente y reservorio, la arcilla para simular sellos y la arena para simular zonas de acuíferos. En total se generaron 7 modelos diferentes, donde se simuló 1) la presencia de anisotropías pre existentes, 2) la presencia de roca sello y 3) ranuras de inyección de fluido en la tubería. Los modelos realizados muestran que la distancia requerida entre el reservorio no convencional y los acuíferos para evitar la contaminación por fluidos es de ~200 m, entre el punto de fracturamiento hidráulico y las fallas que conectan de una manera u otra con la superficie es de ~350 m, y se sugiere estudiar de manera detallada la permeabilidad tanto de las fallas cercanas como de la roca sello. Dos cuencas colombianas (Valle Medio del Magdalena y Llanos) se tomaron como base para analizar la viabilidad de la técnica del fracking según los resultados mencionados anteriormente, concluyendo que es viable especialmente en áreas como las de los Llanos y tomando algunas precauciones en zonas similares a las del Valle Medio del Magdalena.

ABSTRACT Hydraulic Fracturing, known like Fracking, is being considered around the world as a potential method in the hydrocarbons extraction given the increase of production in USA and Canada during the last years with its implementation. The most criticized feature of the technique of hydraulic fracturing is the contamination of underground waters by fluids connected through the generated and/or pre-existing fractures. This work evaluates the viability of hydraulic fracturing in Colombian territory based in the study of the analogue models, considering the elastic properties of the reservoir rocks using gelatin, sand and clay that apply scaled pressure (lithostatic pressure to scale). The gelatin is used to simulate the source and reservoir zone, the clay will simulate one seal and the sand will simulate reservoir rocks of underground water. As a result seven different models were generated. There were simulated as 1) the anisotropy presence, 2) the rock seal presence, and 3) the injection groove of fluids in the pipeline. The completed models show that the required distance between the unconventional reservoir and underground waters to avoid contamination by fluids is ~200 m, also between the hydraulic fracturing point and the faults that connect with the shallows area is ~350 m, and it is suggested to study in detail the permeability of both: nearby faults and the rock seal. Two Colombian basins (Middle Magdalena Valley and Llanos) were taken as the main base to analyze the assessment of hydraulic fracturing according to the previously mentioned results, concluding that it is viable particularly in areas like Llanos Basin and with some precautions in similar zones to Middle Magdalena Valley Basin.

ABSTRACT The present work shows the thematic maps on the main cations presented in the underground waters of the Cienfuegos province. These were obtained through interpolation with the ArcGIS version 10.1 and Mapinfo 10.5 software through the Discoveri 12 tool. The hardness, sodium, osmotic pressure, langelir and Scott index maps determined them. Based on the results obtained, an analysis of the health impact of these elements is made by areas of the Province, which serves as a tool for decision making of a specific nature or to devise alternative and integrating solutions.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo presenta los temáticos sobre los principales cationes presentes en las aguas subterráneas de la provincia Cienfuegos. Los mismos se obtuvieron por medio de la interpolación con el programa ArcGIS versión 10.1 y Mapinfo 10.5 a través de la herramienta Discoveri 12. Fueron determinados por los mapas de dureza, sodio, presión osmótica, índices de Langelir y de Índice de Scott. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se hace un análisis de la incidencia en la salud de estos elementos por zonas de la Provincia lo cual sirve de herramienta para la toma de decisiones de carácter puntual o para idear soluciones alternativas e integradoras

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is the conversion of coal in situ into a usable synthetic gas. One of the major environmental concerns with UCG is the possibility of groundwater from the coal seam aquifer contaminating the shallow aquifers via hydraulic connections. The coal seam aquifers are usually confined aquifers but can have hydraulic connections to the shallow aquifers due to faults/fractures or any man-made connections, including boreholes. The aim of this paper is to study groundwater hydraulic connections across various aquifers at the UCG site at Majuba, using hydrochemistry and stable isotope (6(18)O and 6²H) tools. Physical and chemical processes such as diffusion and condensation generate isotopic differentiation in natural waters that can be used to deduce the origins of different waters, and in groundwater the spatial isotopic distribution can be used to deduce hydraulic connections between different aquifers. The Majuba UCG site consists of shallow, intermediate, and saline deep aquifer systems at a depth of 70 m, 180 m, and 300 m respectively. Samples were taken from each aquifer system together with supplementary samples from an on-site water storage dam. The analyses of isotopic compositions led to the determination of the possible sources of each sample. The deep aquifer is represented by an isotopic signature that is depleted in heavy isotopes with average values of -41.7% and -7.02% for 8(18)O and 6²H respectively, while the shallow aquifer is enriched with corresponding average values of -19.9% and -3.3%. Hydrochemical data also showed different water types: a sodium chloride type in the deep aquifer and a sodium bicarbonate water in the shallow aquifer. The results indicate that the shallow aquifer and the deep aquifer are not hydraulically connected, and therefore it is unlikely that groundwater from the gasification zone would contaminate the shallow aquifer.

The Pantanos de Villa, in Lima, Peru, originated from the underground waters of the Surco River, one of the branches of the Rimac River. The marshes have become places of great scientific, economic and social importance; with a high degree of endemism and particular biogeographical elements. The marshes have suffered many form variations. In the beggining of the 20th century its extension was 2000 hectares. Nowadays, it is 263.27 hectares. The defined habitats in Pantanos de Villa are: lagoon and waterbodies, reedbed, shrubland, Cyperaceae meadow, grasslands, canals and depressions, marine littoral, parks and gardens. This study shows that the loss and deterioration of habitats in the Pantanos de Villa is associated with inadequate management of water resources and anthropogenic pressures factors. The conservation of the habitats of the Pantanos de Villa is an important aspect to guarantee the survival of the biological diversity that lives there

Los Pantanos de Villa, en Lima, Perú, se originaron a partir de las aguas subterráneas del río de Surco, uno de los ramales del río Rímac, que ha dado origen a estos ambientes de gran importancia científica, económica y social; con alto grado de endemismo y elementos biogeográficos particulares. Los pantanos han sufrido muchas variaciones de forma. Su extensión se ha reducido de 2000 hectáreas a principios de siglo, a 263,27 hectáreas al 2018. Los hábitats definidos son: laguna con espejo de agua, totoral, zona arbustiva, vega de ciperaceas, gramadales, canales y depresiones, litoral marino, parques y jardines. En este estudio se evidencia que la pérdida y el deterioro de hábitats en los Pantanos de Villa está asociado al manejo inadecuado del recurso hídrico y a las presiones antropogénicas. La conservación de los hábitats de los Pantanos de Villa constituye un aspecto importante para garantizar la supervivencia de la diversidad biológica que allí habita

RESUMO As reservas hídricas subterrâneas na Região Semiárida apresentam-se em grande parte com elevadas salinidades. Entretanto, a escassez do recurso obriga a utilização dessas águas para diversas atividades, inclusive para agricultura. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o uso de águas salobras no cultivo de agrião (Nasturtium officinale) em sistema hidropônico NFT (fluxo laminar de nutrientes) e os efeitos sobre o consumo hídrico, crescimento, rendimento e extração de nutrientes pela planta. Foram estudados seis níveis de salinidade da água (0,2; 1,2; 2,2; 3,2; 4,2 e 5,2 dS m-1), no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A salinidade foi obtida pela adição de NaCl na água de abastecimento local, a qual foi utilizada no preparo da solução nutritiva e na reposição do volume evapotranspirado. Houve redução da área foliar, das massas fresca e seca da parte aérea, do teor de K e do consumo hídrico da cultura e aumento dos teores de P, Na e Cl na planta, com o aumento da salinidade da solução. É possível utilizar água salobra para a produção de agrião, em cultivo hidropônico, como alternativa para produtores que tenham disponibilidade de água salobra e restrita disponibilidade de água doce, porém com redução na massa seca com o incremento da condutividade elétrica da água.

ABSTRACT The underground water reserves in the semi-arid region present high salinity levels. However, the scarcity of the resource compels the use of this water for several human activities, including agriculture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of brackish water for watercress cultivation (Nasturtium officinale) in a hydroponic NFT system (laminar flow of nutrients) and effects on water consumption, growth, yield and nutrient extraction by the plant. We studied six levels of salinity (0.2; 1.2; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2 and 5.2 dS m-1), in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replicates. Salinity was obtained by the addition of NaCl into the local water supply, being these waters used to prepare the nutrient solution and to replace the evapotranspirated water volume. We noticed a reduction in leaf area, fresh and dry mass of shoot, K content in plant and water consumption of the crop and, increased contents of P, Na, Cl in the plants, with increasing salinity of the solution. The use of brackish water for watercress cultivation in hydroponics is possible as an alternative for producers who have availability of brackish water and restricted possibility of fresh water. A reduction in dry mass of plants was observed with increasing electrical conductivity.