Resumen La agricultura protegida coadyuva a mejorar la productividad agrícola, pero si el manejo no es el adecuado, incrementará el riesgo de afectar al ambiente y la rentabilidad de los cultivos. Por lo anterior, en el municipio de Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, durante 2021 se evaluó el ambiente químico del suelo en invernaderos de la región que emplean el fertirriego. Para identificar los pormenores de las actividades agrícolas, se aplicó un cuestionario elaborado ex profeso a agricultores cooperantes, colectando una muestra de suelo compuesta (cinco submuestras) por unidad de producción evaluada y se incluyeron terrenos sin cultivar como referencia de la condición inicial. El análisis de las muestras se basó en la NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 (NOM). El rendimiento promedio anual de jitomate es de 31 ±7.6 kg m-2 y 87% de los invernaderos tienen una superficie inferior a 3 000 m2. Cuentan con asistencia técnica provista por empresas y particulares, que incluyen cursos de capacitación y análisis periódico del suelo. En este estudio se detectaron en el suelo niveles excesivos de todos los indicadores químicos establecidos en la NOM; sin embargo, continúa el mismo programa de fertilización que se realiza desde hace varios años en la región.

Abstract Protected agriculture helps improve agricultural productivity, but if the management is not adequate, it will increase the risk of affecting the environment and the profitability of crops. Therefore, in the municipality of Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, in 2021, the chemical environment of the soil in greenhouses in the region that use fertigation was evaluated. To identify the details of agricultural activities, a questionnaire prepared specifically was applied to cooperating farmers, collecting a composite soil sample (five subsamples) per unit of production evaluated and uncultivated lands were included as a reference of the initial condition. The analysis of the samples was based on the NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 (NOM). The average annual yield of tomato is 31 ±7.6 kg m-2 and 87% of greenhouses have an area of less than 3 000 m2. They have technical assistance provided by companies and individuals, which include training courses and periodic soil analysis. In this study, excessive levels of all the chemical indicators established in the NOM were detected in the soil; nevertheless, the same fertilization program that has been carried out for several years in the region continues.

Entre os direitos senhoriais cobrados nos coutos do mosteiro de Alcobaça encontravam-se aqueles que podiam ser cobrados pela fruição dos incultos, nomeadamente dos espaços florestais, com toda a gama de potencialidades que tais espaços continham e podiam oferecer. Entre essas contribuições contava-se, como uma das mais importantes, o pagamento do montado, que em Alcobaça impendia apenas sobre a pastagem dos porcos nas matas senhoriais, durante o período da montanheira, entre Setembro e Janeiro. Omisso nos forais concedidos pelo mosteiro às vilas dos coutos, o tributo só se desenvolveria por meados do século XIV, dando origem a longo conflito com as comunidades locais, apenas resolvido pelos forais novos do século XVI

Among the manorial rights collected by the monastery of Alcobaça were those that could be gathered upon the fruition of the uncultivated lands, particularly the forests, given the range of the potential that such areas had and could offer. Among those rights, one of the most important was the payment of the montado, which in Alcobaça impended only upon the pasture of pigs in the manor woods during the period known as montanheira, between September and January. Omitted in the primitive charters granted by the monastery to its villages, this tax was developed just by the middle of the fourteenth century, giving rise to a long conflict with the local communities, only solved by the new charters of the sixteenth century

Neste trabalho pretendo discutir alguns significados mais gerais da fundamentação conceitual da imigração e as apropriações e substituições do termo que estão presentes nos debates sobre as políticas de colonização estrangeira no Brasil, objeto de polêmicas desde o século XIX. Em contrapartida, a análise contempla as representações de senso comum de imigrantes alemães acerca da imigração e da conseqüente identidade liminar produzida pela decisão de se estabelecer, em caráter definitivo, no Brasil. O trabalho aborda os entendimentos da imigração associados mais diretamente ao processo de colonização privilegiado pelo Estado brasileiro, inclusive na legislação correspondente, no longo percurso histórico que vai de 1818 até meados do século XX.

In this text I analyze some of the conceptual and subjective meanings of the notion of immigration, observing how these are appropriated in the debates on foreign colonization that influenced immigration policy in Brazil during the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. I also discuss everyday representations of immigration contained in writings by German immigrants sent to colonize areas of southern Brazil, exploring the liminal identity that emerges as a result of the difficulty experienced settling in still untamed areas of Brazil. The text examines understandings of immigration more directly associated with the colonization process promoted by the Brazilian state, still included in the 1945 Law of Foreigners, through which large areas of uncultivated lands in the south of the country were occupied by European immigrants (and their descendants) in the form of family smallholdings. Under these circumstances, German immigration preceded other flows of migrants, despite Brazilian nationalistic concerns over assimilation.

The Sierra de Guadalupe, located north of Mexico City, is an important geoecological system of the dry Mexican basin. Its topographical features, lithological materials and soil characteristics influence its biodiversity and ecosystem processes; conversely, patterns of biodiversity affect the soil properties at different scales. Unfortunately, although widespread land disturbance, severe soil degradation, and slopes severely affected by slumps and landslides are present in this region, soil and landscape preservation strategies have received surprisingly little attention. This paper attempts to examine and define the pedodiversity context that characterizes the geoecological system of the Sierra de Guadalupe. We consider that characterizing this system provides a unique and indispensable tool for evaluating the environmental risks of the geoecosystem as well as the interactions and interrelations in the environment. The goals of this paper center on the rationale to identify soil units, determine their spatial distribution, define their variation in soil morphology and properties, and to classify them appropriately. Our results revealed that the studied soils are derived from volcanogenic materials that are too young to be strongly weathered. Uncultivated and incipiently developed soils, polycyclic soils and buried soils were detected in the study area. Their soil characteristics and properties are ascribed mainly to successive processes of mass movement, erosion and redeposition (K cycles) as well as to their spatial arrangement on the slope profile. Laboratory analyses showed that these soils are slightly acid and rich in organic matter. In addition, they have high cation exchange capacity saturated by Ca2+ and Mg2+. The clay fraction is composed of halloysite > kaolinite > smectite. The soils exhibit large quantities of SiO2, besides total oxides abundances in the order SiO2>Al2O3>Fe2O3, which indicates their incipient degree of weathering. We conclude that the characteristics of the Sierra de Guadalupe soils can be explained within the context of a slope model, with an erosional and depositional toposequence pattern, common in the dry lands of the Mexican basin.

La Sierra de Guadalupe, localizada al norte de la Ciudad de México, representa un sistema geoecológico importante de la cuenca seca de México. Sus rasgos topográficos, materiales litológicos y características del suelo influencian su biodiversidad y procesos del ecosistema; a la inversa, los patrones de biodiversidad afectan las propiedades del suelo a diferentes escalas. En esta región están presentes el disturbio diseminado de la tierra, degradación severa del suelo y pendientes severamente afectadas por hundimientos y derrumbes, no obstante, las estrategias para la preservación del paisaje y del suelo han recibido, sorprendentemente, poca atención. Este trabajo es un intento para examinar y definir el contexto de pedodiversidad que caracteriza el sistema geoecológico de la Sierra de Guadalupe. Se considera que su caracterización provee una herramienta única e indispensable para evaluar los riesgos ambientales del geoecosistema y las interacciones e interrelaciones en el medio ambiente. Las metas de esta investigación se centran en identificar las unidades de suelos, determinar su distribución espacial, definir su variación en morfología y propiedades del suelo y hacer una clasificación apropiada de ellos. Los resultados revelaron que los suelos estudiados derivaron de materiales volcanogénicos que son demasiado jóvenes para estar intemperizados fuertemente. Con base en suelos con desarrollo incipiente, en el área de estudio fueron detectados suelos policíclicos y suelos sepultados. Las características y propiedades del suelo son atribuidas principalmente a procesos sucesivos de movimiento de masa, erosión y redepositación (ciclos K), así como a su arreglo espacial sobre la pendiente del perfil. Los análisis de laboratorio mostraron que estos suelos son ligeramente ácidos y ricos en materia orgánica. Además, tienen alta capacidad de intercambio catiónico saturada con Ca2+ y Mg2+ . La fracción de arcilla está compuesta de haloisita>caolinita>esmectita. De la misma manera, los suelos exhiben grandes cantidades de SiO2 y la secuencia de abundancia de óxidos totales es SiO2>Al2O3>Fe2O3, resultado de su grado incipiente de intemperismo. Se concluye que las características de los suelos de Sierra de Guadalupe se pueden explicar en el contexto de un modelo de pendiente, el cual acentúa un patrón de toposecuencia de erosión y depósito, común en las tierras secas de la cuenca de México.