Resumo O patrimônio cultural no Brasil e na Espanha encontra tutela constitucional. Afirma-se que o meio ambiente, nas suas diferentes acepções, é tratado como direito fundamental em ambos os países e, portanto, afasta-se argumentos de menor robustez jurídica, inclusive normas infraconstitucionais, para eventual desrespeito aos bens ambientais, dentre os quais a vida animal. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, portanto, que a vida animal possui maior valoração jurídica que normas positivadas sob o argumento de patrimônio cultural. O artigo se pautou pela metodologia hipotética dedutiva com técnica de pesquisa legislativa comparada, assim como bibliográfica e referências em revistas nacionais e internacionais. Os resultados apontados demonstram que no Brasil e Espanha a vida animal deve ter maior tutela jurídica que argumentos fundados no patrimônio cultural, concluindo-se que, em homenagem à teoria dos direitos fundamentais e ao constitucionalismo moderno, normas que permitem o sofrimento animal padecem de inconstitucionalidade devendo, pois, serem afastadas do ordenamento no Brasil e na Espanha. constitucional Afirmase Afirma ambiente acepções portanto afastase afasta infraconstitucionais ambientais demonstrar comparada internacionais concluindose concluindo moderno devendo pois

Abstract Cultural heritage in Brazil and Spain has constitutional protection. It is stated that the environment, in its different meanings, is treated as a fundamental right in both countries and, therefore, arguments of lesser legal strength, including infra-constitutional norms, for possible disrespect toward environmental goods, including animal life, are ruled out. Thus, the aim of this article is to demonstrate that animal life has greater legal value than norms established under the argument of cultural heritage. The article was based on the hypothetical deductive methodology with a comparative legislative research technique, as well as bibliographical research and references in national and international journals. The results show that in Brazil and Spain animal life should have greater legal protection than arguments based on cultural heritage, concluding that, in honor of the theory of fundamental rights and modern constitutionalism, rules that allow animal suffering are unconstitutional and should therefore be removed from the legal system in Brazil and Spain. environment meanings strength infraconstitutional infra goods out Thus technique journals constitutionalism

Resumen El patrimonio cultural en Brasil y España encuentran tutela constitucional. Se afirma que el medio ambiente, en sus diferentes acepciones, es tratado como un derecho fundamental en ambos países y, por lo tanto, se rechazan argumentos de menor robustez jurídica, incluidas normas infraconstitucionales, para cualquier falta de respeto a los bienes ambientales, incluida la vida animal. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar, por lo tanto, que la vida animal tiene una valoración jurídica mayor que las normas positivadas bajo el argumento de patrimonio cultural. El artículo se basó en la metodología hipotético-deductiva con técnica de investigación legislativa comparada, así como bibliográfica y referencias en revistas nacionales e internacionales. Los resultados indican que, en Brasil y España, la vida animal debe tener una mayor protección jurídica que los argumentos basados en el patrimonio cultural, concluyendo que, en honor a la teoría de los derechos fundamentales y al constitucionalismo moderno, las normas que permiten el sufrimiento animal son inconstitucionales y, por lo tanto, deben ser eliminadas del ordenamiento jurídico en Brasil y España. constitucional ambiente acepciones tanto infraconstitucionales ambientales demostrar hipotéticodeductiva hipotético deductiva comparada internacionales moderno

Given South Africa's shameful apartheid past, equality before the law should seep through every stratum of its society. Arguably, equality should be more of a consideration in areas where apartheid caused significant damage, such as in property relations. Yet, this is far from being the case. In this article, the authors contend that legal protection of certain categories of property is based on who the property owners are and on the value of the asset. This argument is based on a case study of the legal protection afforded to homeless people's ownership of property. Property relations in capitalist "post"-apartheid South Africa operate and exist within a hierarchy of property interests, resulting in more protection being afforded to certain forms of property interests and less (and sometimes no) protection given to other forms of property interests. Thus, certain forms of property ("formal property"), such as immovable property, enjoy more protection than "informal property", such as the makeshift homes of homeless people. This dichotomy is most evident in South Africa in light of the housing crisis. While the State focuses on preserving the free market, safeguarding rights over formal property, and minimising the existence of "nuisance" in urban areas, homeless people remain the most destitute people in the country. Hence, it is contended that property law does not protect homeless people and their belongings as informal property owners. Two chief arguments are made in this regard. First, it is asserted that there is an ordering of property rights protection in a capitalist society and a correlating hierarchy of property interests. Although informal property is property deserving of legal protection, it is generally deprived of such protection because it is perceived as less valuable. This article focuses primarily on homeless people's belongings (informal property), which, it is emphasised constitutes "property" as envisaged under section 25(1) of the Constitution, and extends to the materials that shelter homeless people. Thus, law enforcement agencies' appropriation of homeless people's belongings constitutes an arbitrary deprivation of property. The authors posit that the tendency to prioritise "formal" property over "informal" property is arbitrary and unconstitutional. A second contention is that this difference in treatment of, and protection afforded to, informal property constitutes discrimination on the ground of poverty, which falls foul of the equality clause under section 9(3) of the Constitution, and of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (PEPUDA). The argument is made that the difference in treatment between legal protection afforded to certain property owners as opposed to others constitutes indirect unfair discrimination.

The right to basic education is enshrined in section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, which clearly states that basic education is extended to 'everyone'. In 2016 the Eastern Cape Department of Education took a decision to stop funding the education of learners without birth certificates, passports or permits. In 2019 the High Court in Makhanda declared this decision unconstitutional and found that all learners, irrespective of their documentary status or their nationality, are entitled to attend school in South Africa. This article considers the Centre for Child Law & Others v Minister of Basic Education & Others judgment and its role in advancing the right to basic education in South Africa. It maps the events leading up to the litigation, the strategy in bringing the matter and the findings of the Court, and considers the challenges in implementing the judgment. It finds that while the findings of the Court have provided some clarity on the interpretation of section 29(1) of the Constitution and its application to undocumented learners, some ambiguity in the framing of the order and a lack of awareness of the judgment among schools and provincial education departments have hampered implementation. In addition, new legislative and policy developments may undo some of the strides occasioned by the judgment.

Resumen Este artículo analiza una propuesta específica para la supervisión del proceso democrático por parte de los tribunales constitucionales denominada teoría de la competencia política. Argumentamos que la teoría ofrece conocimientos metodológicos que pueden orientar a los tribunales, incluido el Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) brasileño, sobre cómo abordar y resolver disputas relacionadas con la constitucionalidad de las reglas electorales que estructuran el proceso democrático. Destacamos, sin embargo, limitaciones de la propuesta que recomiendan cautela en su eventual adopción por los tribunales. Así, ofrecemos una relectura de la decisión del STF en la ADI n. 4.650, en la que sugerimos que una preocupación estructural con la preservación de la competencia política guió, aunque a veces de forma poco articulada, las posiciones de las corrientes mayoritarias y minoritarias respecto la constitucionalidad de las donaciones electorales por personas jurídicas. Según esta lectura, existen buenas razones por las que las donaciones de este tipo no deben ser consideradas una práctica anticompetitiva extrema capaz de justificar su prohibición por vía judicial. (STF brasileño Destacamos embargo Así n 4650 4 650 4.650 guió articulada jurídicas lectura judicial 465 65 4.65 46 6 4.6 4.

Resumo Este artigo analisa uma proposta específica de supervisão do processo democrático por cortes constitucionais denominada teoria da competição política. Argumentamos que a teoria oferece insights metodológicos que podem orientar as cortes, inclusive o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), na abordagem e resolução de disputas relacionadas à constitucionalidade de regras eleitorais que estruturam o processo democrático. Oferecemos uma releitura da decisão do STF na ADI n. 4.650, sugerindo que uma preocupação estrutural com a preservação da competição política orientou, ainda que de forma nem sempre articulada, as posições das correntes majoritária e minoritária a respeito da constitucionalidade das doações eleitorais por pessoas jurídicas. De acordo com essa releitura, existiriam boas razões para que doações desse tipo não fossem consideradas uma prática anticompetitiva extrema que justifique sua proibição pela via judicial. STF, , (STF) n 4650 4 650 4.650 orientou articulada jurídicas judicial (STF 465 65 4.65 46 6 4.6 4.

Abstract This article analyses a specific approach to the judicial oversight of the democratic process by constitutional courts, the Theory of Political Competition. We argue that the theory offers methodological insights that may instruct constitutional courts, including the Brazilian Supreme Court, on how to handle constitutional disputes concerning the validity of electoral rules that structure the democratic process. Based on the theory’s proposed approach, we offer a reinterpretation of the Brazilian Supreme Court’s decision on the ADI No. 4.650, whereby we emphasize a structural concern with the protection of political competition. We argue that both the majority and the dissenting opinions shared a structural concern with political competition in their assessment of the constitutionality of corporate electoral donations, and that there exist sound reasons for the court not to consider such donations an extreme anticompetitive practice and, thus, unconstitutional. courts Competition Court theorys s Courts No 4650 4 650 4.650 thus unconstitutional 465 65 4.65 46 6 4.6 4.

In this article, I rethink the perceived/received wisdom of the mandatory vaccine policy which has been punted so ardently, largely uncritically, in South Africa. I investigate whether this line of argument could be justified from a comparative South African constitutional perspective. It became evident in the early stages of my research that the legal perspective is too narrow and constricting to allow for a proper understanding of the puzzle. Following Friedman's suggestion of the schism between Western-based curative medicine and preventive strategies, I employ a critical public health theoretical framework complemented by insights from the social sciences. Given that the vaccine is a product of an outdated paradigm, South Africa's erroneous approach to the pandemic led to disastrous consequences and fared less favourably than the rest of Africa. It is concluded that a mandatory vaccine policy is both unconstitutional and unjustifiable, in the wider view.

Abstract The 2022-2023 electoral reform-President López Obrador’s “Plan B”-aimed to profoundly transform the Mexican electoral system. Due to its numerous unconstitutional issues, it was controversial and eventually invalidated in its entirety by the Supreme Court. It has been said that this decision demonstrates how institutions and checks and balances have curbed democratic backsliding in Mexico. However, the Court annulled this reform exclusively due to violations of the legislative procedure and did not analyze any of the substantive aspects of Plan B. Consequently, after 2024, similar or identical reforms could be approved. This article argues that the Court’s decision provided a forceful solution for the 2024 elections, but constituted a limited precedent for future reforms.

Resumen La reforma electoral de 2022-2023 -el “Plan B” del presidente López Obrador- pretendía transformar profundamente el sistema electoral mexicano. Por sus múltiples problemas de inconstitucionalidad, fue controvertida y eventualmente invalidada en su totalidad por la Suprema Corte. Se ha dicho que esta decisión muestra cómo las instituciones y contrapesos han frenado el retroceso democrático en México. Sin embargo, la Corte anuló esta reforma exclusivamente por violaciones al procedimiento legislativo y no analizó ninguno de los aspectos sustantivos del Plan B. Consecuentemente, después de 2024, se podrían aprobar reformas similares o idénticas. Este artículo muestra que la decisión de la Corte brindó una solución contundente de cara a las elecciones de 2024, pero constituyó un precedente acotado para futuras reformas.

ABSTRACT: The Chilean Constitution puts under the Constitutional Court’s jurisdiction the review of constitutional amendments. The notion of an unconstitutional constitutional amendment appeals to the existence of legal limits to the constitutional amending power. This article discards several alternatives of interpretation of the constitutional amendment’s limits and favors, instead, a formal, restrictive reading of such limits as the only ones compatible with the principles of democracy and popular sovereignty. This restrictive interpretation has enormous significance for understanding the amending power in times of constitutional change.

RESUMEN: La Constitución Política atribuye competencia al Tribunal Constitucional para resolver las cuestiones de constitucionalidad que se susciten durante la tramitación de proyectos de reforma constitucional. La noción de una reforma constitucional inconstitucional apela a la existencia de límites jurídicos de la potestad de reforma constitucional. Este artículo descarta varias alternativas de justificación e interpretación de los límites de la potestad de reforma constitucional y favorece, en cambio, una lectura restrictiva formal de tales límites como los únicos compatibles con los principios de la democracia y de la soberanía popular. Esta interpretación restrictiva tiene una enorme significación para la comprensión de la potestad de reforma constitucional en tiempos de redefinición constitucional.

Resumen Los derechos constitucionales y su proporcionalidad, o ponderación de derechos dentro del ámbito jurídico, es un método utilizado para saber qué derecho humano debe prevalecer ante otro cuando ambos colisionan o se contraponen. En México, la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, mediante la Acción de inconstitucionalidad 146/2007, realizó la ponderación del derecho a la vida del no nacido contra los derechos de la madre (salud, sexuales y reproductivos y libre desarrollo de la personalidad). Se determinó que estos últimos deben predominar sobre el derecho a la vida, lo cual dio pauta a la despenalización del aborto en la Ciudad de México. En la presente investigación se analiza, mediante el método deductivo y sintético, el razonamiento de ponderación realizado por la Suprema Corte en su resolución, y los derechos fundamentales que se encuentran dentro de la misma.

Abstract The Constitutional rights and proportionality (weighing of rights) within the legal sphere is a method used to know which human right should prevail over another when both collide. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation in Mexico, through Action of unconstitutionality 146/2007, made the weighing of the right to life of the unborn against the rights of the mother (health, sexual and reproductive andfree development of personality). It was determined that the latter should prevail over the right to life, which gave way to the decriminalization of abortion in Mexico City. In the present research, we analyze, through the deductive and synthetic method of investigation, the weighting made by the Supreme Court, its resolution and the fundamental rights found within it.

Resumen Al resolver la acción de inconstitucionalidad 148/2017, la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación analizó la constitucionalidad de algunos artículos del Código Penal del Estado de Coahuila de Zaragoza, que regulan el delito de aborto. La Corte decidió que algunas de las normas que fueron impugnadas son contrarias a diversos derechos de las mujeres y personas gestantes, entre ellos el derecho a decidir, a la dignidad humana y a la igualdad, al criminalizarles por interrumpir el embarazo, motivo por el cual decidió invalidarlas. Al resolver este asunto, la corte sentó un precedente funcional para todo el país que, por primera vez, reconoce una prohibición de criminalización de las mujeres y las personas con capacidad de gestar que decidan interrumpir un embarazo.

Abstract Through the ruling of the unconstitutional action 148/2017, the National Supreme Court of Justice analyzed the constitutionality of some articles of the Penal Code of the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza that regulate the crime of abortion. The Court decided that some of the norms which were questioned are contrary to various rights of women and pregnant people such as the one to decide and to human dignity and equality, by criminalizing them for interrupting pregnancy, are the reason why the Court invalidated them. By resolving this matter, the Court established a functional precedent for the entire country that, for the first time, recognizes a prohibition of criminalization of women and people with the capacity to gestate who decide terminating a pregnancy.

Resumen En la década de 1930 la Iglesia católica buscó recuperar el espacio educativo público que había resignado desde la implementación del proyecto liberal de fines del siglo XIX el cual se enmarcó en un proceso de secularización del Estado. En este período se observa como distintos representantes del nacionalismo católico, ocupan cargos directivos en organismos vinculados al ámbito educativo, como el Consejo Nacional de Educación, a la vez que la jerarquía eclesiástica empieza a intensificar sus manifestaciones sobre la importancia de la implementación de la enseñanza religiosa. Entre 1930 y 1946 se puede observar la conformación de una alianza entre los gobiernos de orden constitucional y de facto con la Iglesia para buscar legitimar su poder debido a su origen fraudulento o a su llegada mediante un golpe de Estado. El presente trabajo, pretende indagar sobre cómo se fue construyendo el discurso que logró reposicionar a la Iglesia en el ámbito educativo observando las medidas implementadas, pero también a partir de las manifestaciones de sus funcionarios y de la jerarquía eclesiástica que poco a poco fue logrando establecer su proyecto educativo.

Abstract In the 1930s, the Catholic Church tried to recover the public educational space that it had resigned to because of the implementation of the liberal project during the late 19th century, which was framed in a process of secularization of the State. In this period, it is observed how different representatives of Catholic nationalism hold management positions in organizations linked to the educational field, such as the National Council of Education, while the ecclesiastical hierarchy begins to intensify its manifestations on the importance of the implementation of religious teachings. . Between 1930 and 1946, the formation of an alliance between constitutional and unconstitutional governments with the Catholic Church can be observed to seek legitimation of their power due to their fraudulent origin or their forceful ascent to government. The present work intends to investigate how the discourse that managed to reposition the Church in the educational field was built, observing the implemented measures, but also the manifestations of its officials and the ecclesiastical hierarchy that little by little were managing to establish their educational project.

Abstract This paper seeks to analyze measures that restructure courts, especially the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court, to verify the compatibility of such changes with the principle of separation of powers. This proposal draws its importance from the study of legislative changes that, at first glance, seem legitimate, but when analyzed contextually, reveal marks of deep unconstitutionality due to violation of the distribution of powers and the system of checks and balances. A comparative law study was then carried out to see how this process has happened in other countries that are or have been democracies (USA, Venezuela, Hungary, and Poland). From this analysis, and using an inductive argument, a concept was developed for the phenomenon here called “court taming”, as well as a typology that allows an objective analysis of cases. Armed with this tool, four potentially characterizing situations of “domestication” were investigated in the national territory. In the final sections, it was demonstrated that the events that occurred in Brazil are cases of court taming, representing a violation of the separation of powers and therefore being unconstitutional. An interpretation was also presented that can prevent the occurrence of the taming phenomenon. courts Court glance legitimate contextually balances USA, USA (USA Venezuela Hungary Poland. Poland . Poland) argument , taming” tool domestication “domestication territory sections unconstitutional

Resumo O presente trabalho busca analisar medidas de reestruturação de tribunais, em especial do Supremo Tribunal Federal, para verificar a compatibilidade de tais alterações com o princípio da separação de poderes. A proposta tem sua importância ligada ao estudo de alterações legislativas que, a priori, parecem legítimas, porém, quando analisadas contextualmente, revelam marcas de profunda inconstitucionalidade por violação à distribuição de poderes e ao sistema de freios e contrapesos. Realizou-se, então, um estudo de direito comparado para verificar como esse processo tem acontecido em outros países que são ou que foram democracia (EUA, Venezuela, Hungria e Polônia). A partir dessa análise, e utilizando um argumento indutivo, desenvolveu-se um conceito para o fenômeno aqui denominado de “domesticação de cortes”, bem como uma tipologia que permite uma análise objetiva dos casos. Munido de tal instrumento, investigou-se, em território nacional, quatro situações potencialmente caracterizadoras de “domesticação”. Nas seções finais, demonstrou-se que os eventos ocorridos no Brasil são casos de domesticação de cortes, representando uma violação à separação de poderes e sendo, portanto, inconstitucionais. Apresentou-se, ainda, uma interpretação apta a obstar a ocorrência do fenômeno da domesticação. tribunais Federal priori legítimas porém contextualmente contrapesos Realizouse, Realizouse Realizou se, se Realizou-se então EUA, EUA (EUA Venezuela Polônia. Polônia . Polônia) indutivo desenvolveuse desenvolveu cortes , cortes” instrumento investigouse, investigouse investigou investigou-se nacional “domesticação” finais demonstrouse demonstrou sendo portanto inconstitucionais Apresentouse, Apresentouse Apresentou Apresentou-se ainda

Abstract This document explains the origin of the controlling beneficiary in Mexican tax legislation, the scope of effective control and the consequences of the exchange of this information internationally in the face of tax crime. The objective of this article is to define the controlling beneficiary in Mexico, address its origin at the international level and whether its incorporation into our current tax legislation is constitutional. The hypothesis is if the law that regulate the public registry of the controlling beneficiary and if the sanction established in the Federal Tax Code is unconstitutional. The methodology applied is the qualitative case study method, since it is intended to analyze through comparative law the introduction of the figure of controlling beneficiary, identifying the norms that originate it and its consequences, to confirm or reject the hypothesis about whether said figure it is constitutional or not, according to Mexican and international law.

Resumen El presente documento explica el origen del beneficiario controlador en la legislación fiscal mexicana, los alcances del control efectivo y las consecuencias del intercambio de esta información a nivel internacional frente al delito fiscal. El objetivo de este artículo es definir el beneficiario controlador en México, abordar su origen en el plano internacional y si su incorporación en nuestra legislación fiscal vigente es constitucional. La hipótesis es que dicha norma, por la cual se establece el registro público del beneficiario controlador y sus medios sancionatorios establecidos en el Código Fiscal de la Federación, es inconstitucional. La metodología aplicada es el método de estudio de casos cualitativos, ya que se pretende analizar a través del derecho comparado la introducción de la figura de beneficiario controlador identificando las normas que lo originan y sus consecuencias, para confirmar o rechazar la hipótesis sobre si dicha figura es constitucional o no, de acuerdo con el derecho mexicano e internacional.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present argumentative elements of legal content that will contribute to a deepening of the debate on the growing attempt of private companies to carry out the Prior, Free and Informed Consultation processes in Brazil during environmental licensing process. Starting from the monitoring of consultation rights violation’s case judicialized at the national level, identifying the recurrent transfer of Brazilian State’s competence in consultation’s fulfillment with traditional peoples and communities affected by major infrastructure works, it goes through the normative foundations about its impossibility and exposes the international jurisprudence established on the subject. The thesis evidenced proposes to reinforce the unconstitutional state of affairs in socio-environmental matters - especially in guaranteeing the collective rights of peoples and traditional communities in Brazil - wich is capturing the State's duty and bringing negative impacts to the implementation and effectiveness of the right to Prior, Free and Informed Consultant and Consent in national territory. Prior process violations violation s level States State consultations works subject socioenvironmental socio territory

Resumo É a proposta deste estudo apresentar elementos argumentativos de teor jurídico que venha a contribuir para um aprofundamento do debate sobre a crescente tentativa das empresas privadas realizarem os processos de Consulta Prévia, Livre e Informada no Brasil no curso de procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental. Partindo do acompanhamento de casos de violação do direito à consulta judicializados a nível nacional, identifica-se a recorrente transferência da competência do Estado brasileiro na realização da consulta aos povos e comunidades tradicionais afetados por grandes obras de infraestrutura. Perpassa-se os fundamentos normativos sobre sua impossibilidade e expõe a jurisprudência internacional fixada a respeito da matéria. A tese evidenciada se propõe a reforçar o estado de coisas inconstitucional (ECI) em matéria socioambiental, sobretudo na garantia de direitos coletivos de povos e comunidades tradicionais, ao se identificar a recorrente captura do dever estatal e os entraves à implementação do direito à consulta e consentimento prévio, livre e informado (CPLI) em território nacional. Prévia ambiental nacional identificase identifica infraestrutura Perpassase Perpassa ECI (ECI socioambiental prévio CPLI (CPLI

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze militarized schools stemming from the 2019 National Civic-Military School Program. Documentary and bibliographic research on the topic was conducted to that effect. Intervention Bioethics provides methodological tools to analyze conflicts when Public Security acquires a role in schools. The discussion instrumentalizes the concepts of Coloniality of Power and Intervention Bioethics as critical tools. Unconstitutional in nature, the militarization of schools follows a political agenda that materializes in the curtailment of rights and a threat to education. It is concluded that the militarization experience promotes an increase in violence in the school environment instead of promoting a culture of peace. 201 CivicMilitary Civic Military Program effect nature education peace 20 2

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as escolas militarizadas a partir do Programa Nacional das Escolas Cívico-Militares de 2019. Para isso foi realizada pesquisa documental e bibliográfica sobre a temática. A Bioética de Intervenção apresenta ferramentas metodológicas para analisar conflitos quando a Segurança Pública adquire função na escola. A discussão instrumentaliza a Teoria da Colonialidade do Poder e a Bioética de Intervenção como ferramentas críticas. De natureza inconstitucional, a militarização das escolas segue agenda política que se materializa em cerceamento de direitos e ameaça à educação. Conclui-se que a experiência da militarização apresenta ampliação de violências no ambiente escolar, em vez de promover cultura de paz. CívicoMilitares Cívico Militares 2019 temática escola críticas inconstitucional educação Concluise Conclui escolar paz 201 20 2

Resumo Na Carta de 1988, a tutela ambiental expressa comandos constituintes que não são facultativos e que compelem todas as estruturas do poder público, como também da sociedade, a assumir posturas em conformidade com os ditames de proteção ambiental, pertencentes ao núcleo de identidade constitucional. A concorrência de interesses políticos, sociais e econômicos, também salvaguardados pelo texto constitucional, com a proteção dos recursos naturais voltados à existência digna e ao desenvolvimento de gerações presentes e futuras, contextualiza deficiências e omissões na prestação de políticas ambientais que exigem reação dos poderes constituídos para que não se perpetue a mora inconstitucional. A jurisdição representa um dos caminhos para a efetivação da Constituição Ambiental, legitimada formalmente e materialmente pelas balizas do controle judicial, como ilustram recentes abordagens dos tribunais brasileiros face ao silêncio ou inércia do legislador ou do Poder Executivo brasileiro. A mudança de paradigmas tradicionais, contudo, afeta relações jurídicas e não deixa de provocar críticas que exigem reflexão e análise pela comunidade jurídica. O estudo utiliza o método dedutivo, propondo-se a examinar a problemática à luz dos vetores neoconstitucionais de proteção ambiental, utilizando-se da pesquisa exploratória, bibliográfica e documental para apreciar recentes construções jurisdicionais fundamentadas na efetivação da tutela do meio ambiente no Brasil. 1988 público sociedade constitucional políticos econômicos futuras inconstitucional Ambiental judicial brasileiro tradicionais contudo jurídica dedutivo propondose propondo utilizandose utilizando exploratória Brasil 198 19 1

Abstract In the 1988 Charter, environmental protection expresses constituent commands that are not optional and compel all governmentstructures, as well as society, to assume postures in accordance with the dictates of environmental protection, belonging to the core of constitutional identity. The competition of political, social and economic interests, also safeguarded by the constitutional text, with the protection of natural resources aimed at a dignified existence and the development of present and future generations, contextualizes deficiencies and omissions in the provision of environmental policies that require a reaction from the constituted powers so that the unconstitutional fault is not perpetuated. Jurisdiction represents one of the ways to implement the Environmental Constitution, formally and substantially legitimized by the principles of judicial review, as illustrated by recent Brazilian courts’ approaches to the silence or default by the Brazilian legislator or Executive Power. The change in traditional paradigms, however, affects legal relationships and is not immune to criticism, which requires reflection and analysis by the legal community. The study uses the deductive method, proposing to examine the problem in the light of the neoconstitutional guidelines of environmental protection, and carries out exploratory, bibliographical and documental research to appreciate recent jurisdictional constructions based on the effectiveness of environmental protection in Brazil. 198 Charter governmentstructures society identity political interests text generations perpetuated Constitution review courts Power paradigms however criticism community method exploratory Brazil 19 1

Resumen En la Carta de 1988, la protección ambiental expresa mandatos constituyentes que no son facultativos y que obligan a todas las estructuras del poder público, así como a la sociedad, a asumir posiciones acordes con los dictados de la protección ambiental, perteneciente al núcleo de identidad constitucional. La concurrencia de intereses políticos, sociales y económicos, también salvaguardados por el texto constitucional, con la protección de los recursos naturales orientada a la existencia digna y al desarrollo de las generaciones presentes y futuras, contextualiza deficiencias y omisiones en la prestación de políticas ambientales que exigen reacción de los poderes constituidos para que no se perpetúe el retardo inconstitucional. La jurisdicción representa uno de los caminos para la aplicación de la Constitución Ambiental, legitimada formal y materialmente por los objetivos del control judicial, como ilustran los recientes abordajes de los tribunales brasileños ante el silencio o la inercia del Legislativo o del Poder Ejecutivo brasileño. El cambio de paradigmas tradicionales, sin embargo, afecta a las relaciones jurídicas y no deja de provocar críticas que requieren reflexión y análisis por parte de la comunidad jurídica. El estudio utiliza el método deductivo, proponiendo examinar el problema a la luz de los vectores neoconstitucionales de protección ambiental, utilizando investigaciones exploratorias, bibliográficas y documentales para apreciar las recientes construcciones jurisdiccionales basadas en la eficacia de la protección ambiental en Brasil. 1988 público sociedad constitucional políticos económicos futuras inconstitucional Ambiental judicial brasileño tradicionales embargo jurídica deductivo exploratorias Brasil 198 19 1