Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on food security worldwide. Colombian farmers were adversely affected by prolonged periods of lockdown, disruptions in the agricultural supply chain, increased poverty levels, and heightened socioeconomic uncertainty. The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of pea producers with regard to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, and ex-ante (2019) and ex-post (2020-2022) diagnostic analysis was conducted in the south of Nariño. We carried out semi-structured interviews with 35 farmers, four key informants, and three focus groups. A sentiment analysis (text mining) was conducted to process sensitive information on environmental, economic, and intrinsic aspects of the productive system. The results revealed that participants maintained constant levels of happiness and confidence across the two-time periods. However, in the period subsequent to the pandemic, higher levels of anger and sadness were reported, attributed to effects of the pandemic itself and the inherent challenges associated with pea cultivation. The implementation of confinement measures resulted in an increase in feelings of uncertainty and sadness, in addition too the emergence of challenges in fieldwork context. Moreover, the increased production costs were attributed to the greater demand for agricultural inputs and labour in 2020. However, in 2022, the increased the price paid per kilogram of pea grains helped mitigate the adverse impact of the pandemic. The study concludes that the econ economic uncertainty introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic affected crop profitability. Nevertheless, small-scale farmers exhibited remarkable resilience and adaptability, allowing them to persist in growing and selling their pea harvest.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la seguridad alimentaria en todo el mundo. El agricultor colombiano se vio afectado por bloqueos prolongados, interrupciones en la cadena de suministro agrícola, mayores niveles de pobreza y una mayor incertidumbre socioeconómica. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los productores de arveja sobre el COVID-19, realiza un diagnóstico ex ante (2019) y ex post (2020-2022) en el sur de Nariño. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 35 agricultores, 4 informantes clave y 3 grupos focales. A través de un análisis de sentimiento (Text Mining) se procesó información sensible sobre aspectos ambientales, económicos e intrínsecos del sistema productivo. Los resultados revelaron que los participantes mantuvieron niveles constantes de felicidad y confianza durante dos períodos de tiempo. Sin embargo, en el período posterior a la COVID-19, se informaron niveles más altos de ira y tristeza, atribuidos a los efectos de la pandemia y los desafíos inherentes asociados con el cultivo de arvejas o guisantes. Las medidas de confinamiento intensificaron los sentimientos de incertidumbre y tristeza, además de desafíos en el trabajo de campo. Asimismo, atribuyeron el aumento de los costos de producción a la mayor demanda de insumos agrícolas y mano de obra en 2020. Sin embargo, en 2022, el aumento del precio pagado por kilogramo de granos de arvejas ayudó a mitigar el impacto adverso de la pandemia. El estudio concluye que la COVID-19 introdujo incertidumbre económica en la región y, en consecuencia, afectó la rentabilidad de los cultivos. Sin embargo, los pequeños agricultores mostraron una notable resiliencia y adaptabilidad, lo que les permitió persistir en el cultivo y venta de su cosecha de guisantes.

A inadequação da legislação autoral brasileira gera um cenário de insegurança jurídica capaz de impactar a realização de atividades de preservação e difusão de bens culturais por instituições de inegável interesse público, como os museus. Esse problema se torna ainda mais complexo no caso das chamadas "obras órfãs", ou seja, aquelas cujo autor ou titular de direitos não pode ser identificado ou, quando identificado, não pode ser localizado. Empregando pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, este artigo busca contribuir para o debate sobre as mudanças legislativas necessárias para que instituições museológicas possam cumprir sua missão institucional. Para isso, o estudo apresenta o conceito de obras órfãs, analisa as causas de sua existência e as consequências de seu crescimento contínuo. Em seguida, discute o panorama regulatório vigente no Brasil e em outras jurisdições, destacando abordagens adotadas em diferentes jurisdições. Por fim, propõe contribuições concretas tanto para a reforma legislativa quanto para ações no âmbito do Poder Executivo. Parte-se da hipótese de que a regulamentação adequada do uso de obras órfãs traria benefícios não apenas para os museus, que ganhariam maior segurança jurídica, mas também para a sociedade, ao ampliar o acesso a bens culturais, e para autores e titulares, ao possibilitar a circulação e o reconhecimento de suas obras.

The inadequacy of the Brazilian copyright legislation creates a scenario of legal uncertainty that affects the ability of public interest institutions, such as museums, to carry out activities related to the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. This issue becomes even more complex in the case of so-called "orphan works," that is, works whose author or rights holder cannot be identified or, when identified, cannot be located. Through bibliographic and documentary research, this article seeks to contribute to the debate on the legislative changes necessary for museums to fulfill their institutional mission. To this end, the study presents the concept of orphan works, analyzes the reasons for their existence, and examines the consequences of their continuous growth. It then discusses the current regulatory framework in Brazil and other jurisdictions, highlighting different approaches adopted worldwide. Finally, the article offers concrete proposals for both legislative reform and executive branch initiatives. The central hypothesis is that adequate regulation of orphan works would benefit not only museums, by providing greater legal certainty, but also society as a whole, by expanding access to cultural heritage, and authors and rights holders, by facilitating the circulation and recognition of their works.

Abstract The literature review on which this article is based attests to the need for a renewed Education system, adapted to the demands of a globalized knowledge society imposed by continuous and constant social evolution. It starts with an understanding of the implications of technological advancement to reflect the contradictions currently experienced in classrooms, confirming the importance of educational systems and, consequently, the fundamental role of schools in developing key 21st-century skills. The relevant function of transferable knowledge is highlighted as a driving force behind the cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal domains, and four pedagogical models are listed that, according to the state of the art, are suitable for developing the referenced domains and skills: i. project-based research work; ii. problem-solving learning; iii. cooperative learning; and iv. experientialism, methodologies that presuppose the use of technology. The role of the teacher as a facilitator of knowledge and mentor is addressed, and the implications of changes in the teaching and learning process and classroom dynamics are analysed. It is concluded that there is a need to adopt classroom working methodologies that are more aligned with the objectives pursued by educational systems, particularly regarding the development of autonomy and independence in adulthood, reflected in a critical and participatory citizenship. Finally, there is a discussion on the need to adapt both initial and ongoing teacher training to the new educational goals.

Resumo A revisão de literatura na qual se baseia este artigo atesta a necessidade de uma Educação renovada, adaptada às exigências da sociedade globalizada do conhecimento impostas pelo devir social contínuo e constante. Parte-se da compreensão das implicações da evolução tecnológica para espelhar as contradições que se vivem atualmente nas salas de aula, corroborando a importância dos sistemas educativos e, consequentemente, do papel fundamental da Escola no desenvolvimento dos principais skills do século XXI. Destaca-se a função relevante do conhecimento transferível enquanto motor dos domínios cognitivo, intrapessoal e interpessoal, e elencam-se quatro modelos pedagógicos que, segundo o estado da arte, se adequam ao desenvolvimento dos domínios e dos skills referenciados: i. o trabalho de projeto baseado na pesquisa; ii. a aprendizagem através da resolução de problemas; iii. a aprendizagem cooperativa; e iv. o experimentalismo, metodologias que pressupõem o recurso às tecnologias. Aborda-se o papel do professor enquanto facilitador do conhecimento e mentor para, seguidamente, analisar as implicações da mudança no processo de ensino e aprendizagem e nas dinâmicas de trabalho em sala de aula. Conclui-se pela necessidade da adoção de metodologias de trabalho em sala de aula mais consoantes com os objetivos a prosseguir pelos sistemas educativos, concretamente no que respeita ao desenvolvimento da autonomia e independência na vida adulta que se reflita numa cidadania crítica e participativa. Finalmente, discorre-se sobre a necessidade de adequação da formação inicial e contínua de professores aos novos desígnios educativos.

Resumen La revisión de la literatura en la que se basa este artículo atestigua la necesidad de una Educación renovada, adaptada a las exigencias de la sociedad globalizada del conocimiento impuestas por el devenir social continuo y constante. Se parte de la comprensión de las implicaciones de la evolución tecnológica para reflejar las contradicciones que se viven actualmente en las aulas, corroborando la importancia de los sistemas educativos y, consecuentemente, del papel fundamental de la Escuela en el desarrollo de las principales habilidades del siglo XXI. Se destaca la función relevante del conocimiento transferible como motor de los dominios cognitivo, intrapersonal e interpersonal y se enumeran cuatro modelos pedagógicos que, según el estado del arte, se adecuan al desarrollo de los dominios y habilidades mencionados: i. el trabajo por proyectos basado en la investigación; ii. el aprendizaje a través de la resolución de problemas; iii. el aprendizaje cooperativo; y iv. el experimentalismo, metodologías que suponen el uso de tecnologías. Se aborda el papel del profesor como facilitador del conocimiento y mentor para, finalmente, analizar las implicaciones del cambio en el proceso de Enseñanza y aprendizaje y en las dinámicas de trabajo en el aula. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de adoptar metodologías de trabajo en el aula más coherentes con los objetivos a perseguir por los sistemas educativos, concretamente en lo que respecta al desarrollo de la autonomía e independencia en la vida adulta, que se refleje en una ciudadanía crítica y participativa. Finalmente, se discute la necesidad de adecuar la formación inicial y continua de los profesores a los nuevos designios educativos.

Abstract One of the key objectives in short-term mine planning is to establish a sequence of contiguous blocks organized into diglines, each characterized by consistent low-grade variability and minimal fluctuations, ensuring a stable output. This practice guarantees a steady and reliable supply of ore to the processing plant across various operational phases, each phase outlined for clarity. The creation of this digline requires the generation of multiple random models and involves choosing a model whose grade histogram aligns closely with the predefined criteria. In stochastic mine planning, geological uncertainty and transfer functions are employed to propagate the risk into the mining schedule focusing on grade control. This is accomplished by opting for blocks that present the lowest risk associated with grade uncertainty, a process enhanced by prioritizing blocks situated in geopositions with a proven high probability of occurrence. This study unveils detailed simulation models, clearly outlined digline selection methodologies, and a thorough optimization process, each aspect exemplified within the practical context of a phosphate mine. Our findings confirm the viability of this approach in real industry practice.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with the fear of dental students infecting their relatives with COVID-19 as a result of clinical practice. Material and Methods: Online questionnaires were sent by e-mail and social media to dental students from a Brazilian School of Dentistry. The outcome was "fear of infecting the family." The independent variables were sociodemographic data, personal protective equipment use, adoption of infection control measures, and knowledge and feelings about the pandemic and the future of Dentistry. Data analysis used Pearson's Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (p≤0.05). Results: With 65 participants, the prevalence of fear was 61.5%. Measures to prevent COVID-19, such as frequent hand cleansing (p=0.028) and avoiding the use of aerosol-generating instruments (p=0.027), not having or not knowing if they have been infected by the disease (p=0.038), and feelings of more significant anxiety during the pandemic period (p=0.047), and that Dentistry will undergo major post-pandemic changes (p=0.020) were associated with fear. Conclusion: Changes in behavior about biosafety and feelings of anxiety and uncertainty about the disease were associated with the dental students' fear of infecting their relatives with COVID-19 as a result of clinical practice. Objective COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 practice Methods email e mail family. family data measures Pearsons Pearson s Chisquare Chi square Fishers Fisher p≤0.05. p005 p p≤0.05 . 0 05 (p≤0.05) Results 6 participants 615 61 5 61.5% COVID19, 19, p=0.028 p0028 028 (p=0.028 aerosolgenerating aerosol generating p=0.027, p0027 p=0.027 , 027 (p=0.027) p=0.038, p0038 p=0.038 038 (p=0.038) p=0.047, p0047 p=0.047 047 (p=0.047) postpandemic post p=0.020 p0020 020 (p=0.020 Conclusion COVID1 1 COVID- p00 p≤0.0 (p≤0.05 61.5 p=0.02 p002 02 (p=0.02 (p=0.027 p003 p=0.03 03 (p=0.038 p004 p=0.04 04 (p=0.047 p0 p≤0. (p≤0.0 61. p=0.0 (p=0.0 (p=0.03 (p=0.04 p≤0 (p≤0. p=0. (p=0. p≤ (p≤0 p=0 (p=0 (p≤ p= (p= (p

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior em 47 países ao longo do “Cinturão e Rota”, o modelo Tobit é utilizado para analisar os efeitos da distância cultural e das cidades amigas nas taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento da China em terras aráveis no exterior. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças na distância cultural, na distância de poder e no grau de prevenção de incertezas têm efeitos positivos significativos sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China, e as diferenças no individualismo têm um efeito negativo significativo sobre as taxas de produção. As cidades amigas têm um efeito positivo, mas insignificante, sobre as taxas de produção, enquanto estas podem enfraquecer o impacto positivo da distância cultural sobre as taxas de produção de terras aráveis contratadas no investimento em terras aráveis no exterior da China. A proporção de investimento cooperativo entre a China e o país anfitrião, o nível econômico e o ambiente institucional do país anfitrião terão um impacto sobre as taxas de produção. Por fim, são propostas recomendações para promover as taxas de produção das terras aráveis contratadas, tais como a concentração no papel positivo da distância cultural, a criação de cidades da amizade e o investimento em países de acolhimento com elevado potencial. RESUMO 4 Cinturão Rota, Rota , Rota” insignificante fim potencial

ABSTRACT: Based on the data of China’s overseas arable land investment in 47 countries along the “Belt and Road”, the Tobit model is used to analyze the effects of cultural distance and friendship cities on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. This study provided theoretical basis and empirical support for promoting China’s agricultural “going abroad” and improving the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The results show that differences in cultural distance, power distance and the degree of uncertainty avoidance have significant positive effects on the production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment, and differences in individualism have a significant negative effect on the production rates. Friendship city has a positive but insignificant effect on the production rates, meanwhile, it also weaken the positive impact of cultural distance on production rates of contracted arable land in China’s overseas arable land investment. The proportion of joint ventures with host country, the economic level and institutional environment of the host country will all have an impact on the production rates. Finally, recommendations are proposed to promote the production rates of contracted arable land, such as focusing on the positive role of cultural distance, establishing friendship cities, and investing host countries with high potential precisely. ABSTRACT Chinas China s 4 Belt Road, Road , Road” going abroad meanwhile Finally precisely

The 4th Industrial Revolution is well described as a digital revolution in which the integration between the physical, biological and digital fields can prompt unprecedented results in terms of research, innovation and products. Our brief discussion is built upon chemistry as a fundamental science in this context: it emerges with contributions for advanced digital technologies along with clean energy, sustainable processes and circular economy for the industry 4.0. Since the previous industrial revolutions brought uncertainty in the environment-chemistry binomial it is urgent achieving a systemic industrial innovation in order to promote a technological, energetic and social transition toward a sustainable future, especially in the alarming context of climate change. Despite the Brazilian chemical industry represents the largest in the Southern hemisphere it has few integrated chemical supply chains which represents a bottleneck toward advances in the manufacturing base. Within both academy and industry, the groundbreaking shift in the chemical sector can enable opportunities to chemists build a better future. At the same time, a paradigm shift is leading us to new methods, models and, consequently, disruption in the way of producing and sharing knowledge. Finally, some skills were proposed for chemists within the framework of the 4.0 era. th physical research products energy 40 4 0 environmentchemistry environment technological future change base time methods consequently knowledge Finally 4. era

ORIENTATION: Expatriate entrepreneurs (EEs) willingly seek to relocate abroad independently and belong to the self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) group. They possess the classic behavioural characteristics of entrepreneurs, have the propensity to embrace risk and uncertainty and have high self-efficacy and control while seeking opportunities to initiate business development RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study explores the drivers behind EEs' decisions to migrate to South Africa MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The global demand for talent remains the most crucial issue facing many countries. South Africa must attract EE's to grow the economy as they will start their businesses and provide employment RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: The research philosophy used in the study was interpretivism. A qualitative methodology adopting snowball sampling was used to identify focus groups, as no reliable records existed. Thematic analysis was adopted to analyse the data collected MAIN FINDINGS: Drivers to migrate included infrastructure development, business and trade, education, family problems, political instability and the desire to travel abroad PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Expatriate entrepreneurs should acquire the knowledge and understanding of the local culture to help them integrate into South African society. Expatriate entrepreneurs and their families should be willing to learn and speak the local dialects, especially isiXhosa and isiZulu. The Department of Home Affairs needs to make the acquisition of permits and visas less problematic CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The study examines EEs who choose to live and start their own businesses abroad by exploring the drivers behind North-South mobility on the African continent

Resumen El impacto de los cambios en el mundo del trabajo sobre la constitución de la identidad y las carreras de los trabajadores no es uniforme, a pesar de su alcance e intensidad, como demuestran estudios recientes sobre el tema. Así, el objetivo fue comprender específicamente el proceso de construcción de las identidades de trabajo de los trabajadores del área de tecnologías de la información (TI), por estar asociada a nuevos modelos de carrera. Este es un estudio de casos múltiplos, realizado a través de entrevistas con ocho trabajadores de TI, con la información sometida al análisis narrativo. Los resultados mostraron que la forma narrativa de la identidad y el discurso de posibilidad de carrera se destacan en los relatos de los participantes y, en algunos casos, sus narrativas están ancladas en discursos asociados a la empleabilidad, la movilidad, la precariedad del trabajo y la incertidumbre con relación al futuro. Se concluye, por tanto, que la identidad laboral de los investigados está formada por aspectos de identidad organizacional, profesional y vocacional, siendo esta última la más destacada, lo que parece indicar una tendencia de los procesos de carrera en el contexto del trabajo contemporáneo.

Resumo O impacto das mudanças ocorridas no mundo do trabalho sobre a constituição identitária e as carreiras dos trabalhadores não é uniforme, apesar de sua abrangência e intensidade, conforme evidenciam estudos recentes sobre o tema. Assim, objetivou-se compreender especificamente o processo de construção das identidades de trabalho de trabalhadores da área da tecnologia da informação (TI) por se associarem aos novos modelos de carreira. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado por meio de entrevistas com oito trabalhadores de TI, sendo as informações submetidas à análise narrativa. Os resultados evidenciaram que a forma identitária narrativa e o discurso de carreira possibilidade destacam-se nos relatos dos participantes, sendo que, em alguns casos, suas narrativas se encontram ancoradas em discursos associados à empregabilidade, mobilidade, precarização do trabalho e incerteza em relação ao futuro. Conclui-se, assim, que a identidade de trabalho dos investigados é formada por aspectos da identidade organizacional, profissional e vocacional, sendo essa última a mais saliente, o que parece indicar uma tendência dos processos de carreira no contexto do trabalho contemporâneo.

Abstract The impact of changes in the world of work on the identity constitution and careers of workers is not uniform, despite its scope and intensity, as evidenced by recent studies on the subject. Thus, the objective was to specifically understand the process of construction of work identities of workers in the information technology (IT) area, as they are associated with new career models. This is a multiple case study, carried out through interviews with eight IT workers, with the information submitted to narrative analysis. The results showed that the narrative identity form and the career possibility discourse stand out in the participants' reports, and, in some cases, their narratives are anchored in discourses associated with employability, mobility, precariousness of work and uncertainty in relation to the future. It is concluded, therefore, that the work identity of those investigated is formed by aspects of organizational, professional and vocational identity, the latter being the most salient, which seems to indicate a trend of career processes in the context of contemporary work.

The Government of Indonesia has set a roadmap towards net zero emissions by 2060, which includes accelerating the adoption of electric motorcycles. The government assigned the State Electricity Company (PLN) to accelerate the adoption by optimizing the potential of conventional motorcycle users and ride hailing. The battery swapping scheme is an attractive choice for companies to increase their profits. However, users still experience uncertainty about battery swapping. It is thus imperative to implement a battery reservation strategy to make it easy for battery swapping users to exchange them. The battery swapping industry is a complex system that involves many interrelated elements. Such a development of strategy would require a holistic view of the process and a definition of the relationships between the elements. This research aimed to develop a conceptual model for a battery swapping industry development strategy with a system dynamic modelling approach and a business model canvas framework. The conceptual model is presented in a system diagram, and a causal loop diagram provides the first information that has an impact on the company's intervention in the battery swapping industry development strategy. Furthermore, the business model canvas should help to communicate the key aspects easily.

Die regering van Indonesia het 'n padkaart opgestel vir netto nul-emissies teen 2060, insluitend die versnelling van die aanvaarding van elektriese motorfietse. Die regering het die Staatselektrisiteits-maatskappy (PLN) aangewys om die aanvaarding te versnel deur die potensiaal van konvensionele motorfietsgebruikers en ritte te optimeer. Die batteryruilskema is 'n aantreklike keuse vir maatskappye om wins te verhoog. Gebruikers ervaar egter steeds onsekerheid oor batterywisseling. Dit is dus noodsaaklik om 'n batterybespreking-strategie te implementeer om dit maklik te maak vir batteryruilgebruikers om batterye te ruil. Die batteryruilbedryf is 'n komplekse stelsel wat baie onderling verwante elemente behels. So 'n strategie vereis 'n holistiese siening om die proses te begryp en die verhoudings tussen elemente te definieer. Hierdie navorsing het ten doel om 'n konseptuele model vir battery-uitruiling industrie-ontwikkelingstrategie te ontwikkel met 'n stelseldinamika-modelleringbenadering en besigheidsmodel-raamwerk. Die konseptuele model is teenwoordig in 'n stelseldiagram; die oorsaaklike lusdiagram verskaf die eerste inligting wat 'n impak het op die maatskappy se ingryping in die battery-uitruilingsbedryf-ontwikkelingstrategie. Verder sou die sakemodel raamwerk help om die sleutelaspekte maklik te kommunikeer.

The South African extended producer's responsibility has made cradle-to-grave life cycle assessments a mandatory requirement for the paper and paper packaging industry. This is an intensive undertaking that requires a lot of data and time if primary data sets were to be created. The aim was to evaluate the applicability of using secondary and modified data sets in the life cycle assessment to speed up the process and reduce the amount of primary data required, with white-lined chipboard as the case study. Four white-lined chipboard data sets were used, a South African data set created from local industry data, a European data set from the Ecoinvent database and two modified European data sets, Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, to better represent the South African landscape. On an inventory level, the results indicated that the goal, scope and objective of the local and European life cycle assessments were similar, with minor differences. On an impact assessment level, the South African data had a much higher impact compared to the European data. This was mainly due to their reliance on fossil fuels for energy and electricity. On an uncertainty level, the uncertainty of the South African data was much higher, but this was due to the uncertainty related to the adjusted pedigree matrix and the cumulative nature of uncertainty in the life cycle inventory tiers. The results indicated that modified data sets with a base data set that has a similar goal and scope to the original South African study, and in which the data entries, data values and uncertainties are adjusted to match the South African process more closely would suffice. SIGNIFICANCE: • International life cycle inventory data can be used to conduct local life cycle assessments provided that some minor modifications are made. • In the South African context, the use of coal in the electric grid and boilers has the largest influence on the life cycle assessment outcomes. • On a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) level, uncertainty is cumulative, resulting in high uncertainty scores even if the variability of primary data (life cycle inventory level) is low.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar los efectos de los medios masivos de comunicación digitales en la formación de expectativas de inflación. En particular, este trabajo evalúa los efectos de las noticias digitales sobre la brecha o GAP de expectativas de inflación entre consumidores y expertos en pronóstico. Para ello, como estudio de caso, se utiliza la economía colombiana para el periodo 2010-2018. La metodología empleada consiste en evaluar los efectos de las noticias sobre inflación su- ministrada por cinco periódicos digitales representativos sobre el GAP de expectativas. Por medio de regresiones econométricas se encuentra que una mayor exposición de los consumidores a medios masivos de comunicación como los periódicos digitales, se convierte en un medio de información útil para su proceso de formación de expectativas de inflación. En particular, las noticias con un tono negativo ejercen mayor incertidumbre y amplifican el GAP, un tono positivo permite mejorar los pronósticos, mientras que las noticias con tono neutro tienden ampliar la brecha. Clasificación JEL: E37, E58, E61.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of digital mass media on the formation of inflation expecta- tions. In particular, this work evaluates the effects of digital news on the inflation expectation GAP between consumers and forecasting experts. For this purpose, the Colombian economy for the period 2010-2018 is used as a case study. The methodology involves evaluating the effects of inflation news provided by five representative digital newspapers on the expectation GAP. Through econometric regressions, it is found that greater exposure of consumers to mass media. such as digital newspapers, becomes a useful information source for their inflation expectations formation process. Specifically, news with a negative tone exerts greater uncertainty and amplifies the GAP, a positive tone improves forecasts, while neutral-tone news tends to widen the gap.

Resumen La pandemia por Covid-19 generó incertidumbre en los consumidores, desaceleración en el consumo y aumento del ahorro agregado a nivel mundial, la evidencia microeconómica mostró tendencia al desahorro y consumo creciente. Estas variaciones motivan cuestionamientos sobre las consecuencias del confinamiento en el consumo intertemporal, al tiempo que permiten aportar nueva evidencia empírica sobre los modelos de ciclo de vida en sus versiones estándar o neoclásica y comportamental. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar experimentalmente los patrones de consumo intertemporal a partir de los postulados de ambos modelos de ciclo de vida. Para ello se planteó un ejercicio experimental de simulación de compras en línea de productos básicos en el que participaron 210 consumidores quienes fueron sometidos a tratamientos que incluyeron una línea de base, escenarios de aumento de los ingresos y escenarios de retiro con ausencia de ingresos. Los resultados permitieron verificar la existencia de respuestas consistentes con el modelo comportamental en 85% de los casos y con el modelo estándar para el 15% restante, esto es, las tendencias a suavizar el consumo y elevar el ahorro fueron minoritarias en el grupo evaluado y el contexto de confinamiento no se tradujo en conductas de consumo intertemporal más autocontroladas. JEL: C09; D01; D11; D12; E21.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic generated uncertainty among consumers, a slowdown in consumption and an increase of the added saving at world level, the microeconomic evidence showed a tendency towards dissaving and growing consumption. These variations activate questioning about the consequences of confinement in intertemporal consumption, at the same time they allow to provide new empirical evidence about life-cycle models in their standard or neoclassical and behavioral versions. The purpose of this work was to experimentally evaluate the intertemporal consumption patterns from the postulates of both life cycle models. To this end, an experimental simulation exercise of online purchases of commodities was carried out with the participation of 210 consumers who were subjected to treatments that included a baseline, income increase scenarios and no-income withdrawal scenarios. The results verified the existence of consistent responses with the behavioral model in 85% of the cases and with the standard model for the remaining 15%; that is, the tendencies to smooth consumption and increase savings were in the minority in the group evaluated and the confinement context did not translate into more self-controlled intertemporal consumption behaviors. JEL: C09; D01; D11; D12; E21.

Resumo A pandemia de Covid-19 gerou incerteza entre os consumidores, um abrandamento do consumo e um aumento da poupança agregada em todo o mundo; os dados microeconómicos mostraram uma tendência para a despoupança e o consumo crescente. Estas variações motivam questões sobre as consequências do confinamento no consumo intertemporal, ao mesmo tempo que permitem fornecer novas evidências empíricas sobre modelos de ciclo de vida nas suas versões padrão ou neoclássica e comportamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar experimentalmente padrões de consumo intertemporais com base nos postulados de ambos os modelos de ciclo de vida. Para o efeito, foi proposto um exercício experimental de simulação de compras online de produtos básicos, no qual participaram 210 consumidores e foram submetidos a tratamentos que incluíram uma linha de base, cenários de aumento de rendimento e cenários de retirada sem rendimento. Os resultados permitiram verificar a existência de respostas consistentes com o modelo comportamental em 85% dos casos e com o modelo padrão para os restantes 15%, ou seja, as tendências para suavizar o consumo e aumentar a poupança foram minoria no grupo avaliado e O contexto de confinamento não se traduziu em comportamentos de consumo intertemporais mais autocontrolados. JEL: C09; D01; D11; D12; E21.

ABSTRACT Interlaboratory comparison is an instrument for evaluating the laboratory performance in specific tests. In this work, the uncertainty in the quantitative chemical analysis of the nickel concentration was determined in paired solid samples of the materials: lateritic ore (LO), nickel sulfide (NiS) and sintered nickel oxide (NiO), using the simple linear regression. The analytical determinations were made by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) with the participation of three laboratories of the corporative group for the production of nickel in Cuba. The assumptions of the linear regression model were verified using the Durbin-Watson statistic, homoscedasticity and normality test. The uncertainty in the slope (Sm), the uncertainty in the intercept (Sb) and the standard deviation of the measurement (Sy) were determined. As a result, the expected value (x) of the nickel concentration presented a maximum error according to: LO: (0.06 %, NiS: (0.51 % y NiO: (0.33 % at the extreme ends of the measurement range. This method provides information to evaluate the laboratories continuous performance, and in turn the historical database of interlaboratory comparison is analyzed.

RESUMEN La comparación interlaboratorio es un instrumento para evaluar el desempeño del laboratorio en pruebas específicas. En este trabajo, se determinó la incertidumbre en el análisis químico cuantitativo de la concentración de níquel en muestras sólidas pareadas de los materiales: mineral laterítico (ML), sulfuro de níquel (NiS) y óxido de níquel sinterizado (NiO), mediante regresión lineal simple. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica con la participación de tres laboratorios del grupo empresarial para la producción de níquel en Cuba. Los supuestos del modelo de regresión lineal se comprobaron mediante el estadístico de Durbin-Watson, pruebas de homocedasticidad y normalidad. Se determinó la incertidumbre de la pendiente (Sm), la incertidumbre del intercepto (Sb) y la desviación estándar de la medición (Sy). Como resultado, el valor esperado (x) de concentración de níquel presentó un error máximo según: ML: (0.06 %, NiS: (0.51 % y NiO: (0.33 % en los extremos del intervalo de concentración. El método aporta información para evaluar el desempeño continuo de los laboratorios, a la vez que se analiza la base de datos históricos de comparación interlaboratorio.

RESUMEN En Paraguay, la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional (OSN) desempeña un papel fundamental en la carrera profesional de los músicos de orquesta. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la situación laboral de los músicos sinfónicos de la OSN durante el año 2022. Para ello, se empleó una metodología cualitativa y un diseño descriptivo. Las herramientas utilizadas incluyeron entrevistas semiestructuradas y revisión documental. Los resultados revelaron que las condiciones laborales de los músicos sinfónicos presentan características propias del empleo precario, como la incertidumbre debido a contratos temporales, bajos salarios y falta de protección social. Además, se identificaron estereotipos que limitan la participación de mujeres en ciertos instrumentos musicales considerados “feminizados”, y se observó una ausencia de mujeres en los niveles jerárquicos más altos.

ABSTRACT In Paraguay, the National Symphony Orchestra (OSN) plays a crucial role in the professional careers of orchestral musicians. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the working conditions of the OSN symphonic musicians during the year 2022. To achieve this, a qualitative methodology and descriptive design were employed. The tools used included semi-structured interviews and document review. The results revealed that the working conditions of the symphonic musicians have characteristics typical of precarious employment, such as uncertainty due to temporary contracts, low salaries, and lack of social protection. Additionally, stereotypes that limit women's participation in certain musical instruments considered 'feminized' were identified, and an absence of women in the highest hierarchical levels was observed.