Abstract Introduction: Urban development and expansion have led to the loss and transformation of Andean ecosystems. However, remnant forests that maintain biodiversity still exist around Colombia’s major cities, but these forests are threatened by the road infrastructure. Road ecology in the Neotropics has been focused specifically in documenting the effects of roadkill from a taxonomic point of view, mainly in rural areas. Objective: To evaluate ecologically and spatially, the collision of fauna on roads located in areas of urban expansion in the Northern Colombian Andes. Methods: We assessed vertebrate mortality rate and identified the critical areas of roadkill by taxonomic and functional groups. This was achieved through spatial ecology analysis, specifically Kernel density analysis and hotspot spatial statistical analysis. Additionally, we identified landscape features associated with road mortality and assessed the role of roads as resistance and permeability factors. Results: A total of 279 roadkilled animals belonging to 64 species were found, accounting for 28 % of the 273 vertebrate species recorded in the reserve near the studied roads. The average mortality rate for vertebrates was estimated from 42 to 170 individuals annually. Differential patterns were detected in roadkill density across taxonomic and functional groups, where nocturnal species and the trophic guilds are the most vulnerable. Likewise, it was found that the sections of the roads close to the forest have a greater roadkill species richness with greater ecological requirements. These sections constitute an important resistance to species movement in the area. Conclusions: Road mortality in the study area exhibits heterogeneous spatial patterns not only at a taxonomic but also at a functional level, suggesting the deterioration of protected ecosystems in adjacent peri-urban areas.

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo y expansión urbana han generado la pérdida y transformación de los ecosistemas andinos. Sin embargo, alrededor de las grandes ciudades colombianas aún se encuentran relictos boscosos que mantienen gran riqueza de biodiversidad, la cual es amenazada por la infraestructura vial. El énfasis de los trabajos de Ecología de Carreteras en el Neotrópico ha estado centrado en el efecto del atropellamiento de fauna desde el punto de vista taxonómico. Objetivo: Evaluar, ecológica y espacialmente, el atropellamiento de la fauna en carreteras ubicadas en zonas de interés para la expansión urbana del norte de los Andes colombianos. Métodos: Se evaluaron la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados, las zonas críticas de atropellamientos por grupo taxonómico y grupos funcionales. Esto se realizó por medio de análisis de ecología espacial, específicamente análisis de densidad de Kernel y análisis de estadística espacial de puntos calientes. Adicionalmente, se identificó las características del paisaje asociadas al atropellamiento y se evaluó el papel de las vías como factor de resistencia y permeabilidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 279 animales atropellados de 64 especies que representan el 28 % de las 273 especies vertebradas presentes en las áreas protegidas en inmediaciones de las carreteras estudiadas. Se estimó una tasa promedio entre 42 y 170 individuos atropellados por año. Se detectaron patrones diferenciales en la densidad de atropellamiento por grupos taxonómicos y funcionales, donde las especies nocturnas y el tipo de gremio trófico son los más vulnerables. Asimismo, se encontró que los tramos de las vías en cercanía a coberturas boscosas presentan mayor riqueza de especies atropelladas y con mayores requerimientos ecológicos. Estos tramos representan una resistencia importante al movimiento de las especies de la zona. Conclusiones: El atropellamiento presenta patrones espaciales heterogéneos, no solo a nivel taxonómico, sino también a nivel funcional, lo cual representa un deterioro para los ecosistemas protegidos en zonas periurbanas.

Abstract Weeds play an important role in the trophic network of agroecosystems since they interact directly or indirectly with other of their components and offer a wide spectrum of ecological functions. The objective of this work was to determine the relationship between plant species and pollinating insects in the autonomous community of Aragón, Spain. Based on a list of 354 species found by the authors in winter cereal fields and adjacent margins during vegetation sampling in recent decades, a bibliographic search was carried out using 6 databases and other sources of information for each species plant to determine the associated insects. The species found mostly corresponded to the botanical families Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae. 80.5% of species presented entomophilous pollination, where bees were the main pollinating insects (23%), followed by lepidopterans (11%). Both types of insects were reported in a large number of plant species (21.5%). The difficulty of finding information for typical plant species in the region justifies the compilation work and motivates its continuity, which in addition to pollinators, will cover other functional groups of insects such as pests, natural enemies, and virus vectors. These preliminary results aid to know which weed species with flowers potentially attractive to insects should be conserved within and around agroecosystems, as they can favour the provision of the ecosystem service of pollination, contributing to the correct functioning of ecosystems and to food production.

Resumen Las especies arvenses (malas hierbas) desempeñan un papel importante en la red trófica de los agroecosistemas, ya que interaccionan directa o indirectamente con otros de sus componentes y ofrecen un amplio espectro de funciones ecológicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la relación entre especies vegetales arvenses e insectos polinizadores en la comunidad autónoma de Aragón, España. A partir de un listado de 354 especies vegetales encontradas por los autores en campos de cereal de invierno y en márgenes colindantes durante los muestreos de vegetación de las últimas décadas, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando 6 bases de datos y otras fuentes de información por cada especie vegetal para determinar los insectos asociados. Las especies encontradas correspondieron en su mayoría a las familias botánicas Poaceae, Asteracea, Fabaceae y Brassicaceae. Un 80,5% presentó polinización entomófila, donde las abejas fueron los principales insectos polinizadores (23%), seguido de lepidópteros (11%). En una gran cantidad de especies (21,5%) se reportaron ambos tipos de insectos. La dificultad de encontrar información para especies vegetales típicas de la región justifica el trabajo de recopilación iniciado y motiva su continuidad, que además de polinizadores, abarcará otros grupos funcionales de insectos, como plagas, enemigos naturales y vectores de virus. Estos resultados preliminares ayudan a conocer qué especies arvenses conviene conservar por tener flores potencialmente atractivas para insectos, dentro y alrededor de los agroecosistemas, favoreciendo la prestación del servicio ecosistémico de polinización y contribuyendo al correcto funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y a la producción de alimentos.

Resumen Los márgenes de las rutas que contienen vegetación natural brindan condiciones biológicas estables y promueven la biodiversidad. Estas áreas son importantes para mejorar los servicios ecosistémicos en los paisajes agrícolas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron i) evaluar la diversidad de insectos como visitantes florales (excluyendo apiformes), y la riqueza de especies de plantas en los márgenes de las rutas, ii) determinar los Grupos Funcionales de insectos registrados como visitantes florales en los márgenes de rutas, y iii) analizar el rol ecológico de los insectos presentes en ocho márgenes de rutas ubicados en la región centro-este de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El estudio se realizó a lo largo de cuatro rutas provinciales (N°. 6, 10, 62 y 64) y la ruta nacional N°. 19; de noviembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se registraron un total de 1614 insectos, Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) y Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), fueron las especies más abundantes. Las familias Brassicaceae, Apiaceae y Asteraceae recibieron el mayor número de visitas de insectos. Se registraron un total de 225 interacciones planta-insecto. Se discute la importancia de los márgenes de ruta con vegetación natural para proporcionar alimento y refugio a insectos polinizadores, depredadores, parasitoides, herbívoros y descomponedores.

Abstract The roadside margins that contain natural vegetation provides biological stable conditions and promote biodiversity. These areas are important to enhance ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. The aims of this study were i) to assess the diversity of insects as floral visitors (excluding apiformes), and plant species richness in roadside margins, ii) to determine the Functional Groups of insects recorded as floral visitors of roadside margins, and iii) to analyze the ecological role of insects presents in eight roadside margins located in the central-eastern region of the Santa Fe province. The study was conducted along four provincial roads (No. 6, 10, 62, and 64) and the national road No. 19, on November 2013 to September 2015. A total of 1614 insects were recorded. Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were the most abundant species. The families Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae received the highest number of insect visits. A total of 225 plant-insect interactions were recorded. The importance of roadside margin with natural vegetation to provide food and shelters for pollinators, predators, parasitoids, herbivores, and decomposers insects is discussed.

Resumo A identificação da flora com potencial meliponícola é fundamental para a preservação das abelhas, além de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo de polinizadores e reflorestamento. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os tipos de pólen encontrados nos potes de mel e pólen da abelha Melipona fasciculata em Arari-Ma, durante o período de agosto de 2022 a julho de 2023. Foram identificados 40 tipos de pólen distribuídos em 18 famílias botânicas, com destaque para Fabaceae (46,15% nos potes de pólen e 37,86% nos potes de mel), Myrtaceae (11,53% em pólen e 13,51% em mel) e Rubiaceae com 7,69% em pólen e 5,40% em mel. Sapindaceae, nos potes de mel, representou 5,40%. As demais famílias apresentaram percentuais menores, sendo 3,84% nos potes de pólen e 2,70% nos potes de mel. Quanto à similaridade, tanto nos potes de pólen quanto nos de mel, foram observados dois grupos distintos. Nos potes de pólen, o grupo A (mai-jun ~ 97%) e o grupo B (fev-mar ~ 99%) se destacaram, enquanto nos potes de mel, o grupo A (mar-abr ~ 98%) e o grupo B (jun-jul-set ~ 98%) apresentaram maiores percentuais. Essas descobertas ressaltam a ampla gama de recursos utilizados pela espécie M. fasciculata, bem como sua preferência por Fabaceae e Myrtaceae, devido à diversidade e disponibilidade dos recursos tróficos. A compreensão da flora meliponícola é fundamental para embasar estratégias eficazes de conservação, que visam não apenas garantir a sobrevivência das abelhas, mas também assegurar a continuidade da produção de mel, um recurso de grande importância para as comunidades locais. abelhas reflorestamento contexto ArariMa, ArariMa Arari Ma, Ma Arari-Ma 202 2023 4 1 botânicas 46,15% 4615 46 15 (46,15 3786 37 86 37,86 , 11,53% 1153 11 53 (11,53 1351 13 51 13,51 769 7 69 7,69 540 5 5,40 Sapindaceae menores 384 3 84 3,84 270 2 70 2,70 similaridade distintos maijun mai jun 97% 97 fevmar fev mar 99% 99 destacaram marabr abr 98% 98 junjulset jul set M tróficos conservação locais 20 46,15 461 (46,1 378 8 37,8 11,53 115 (11,5 135 13,5 76 6 7,6 54 5,4 38 3,8 27 2,7 9 46,1 (46, 37, 11,5 (11, 13, 7, 5, 3, 2, 46, (46 11, (11 (4 (1 (

Abstract The identification of meliponicultural flora is fundamental for the preservation of bees, as well as enabling the development of pollinator management and reforestation programs. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the types of pollen found in the honey and pollen pots of the Melipona fasciculata bee in Arari, State of Maranhão, between August 2022 and July 2023. 40 types of pollen were identified, distributed among 18 botanical families, with Fabaceae standing out (46.15% in pollen pots and 37.86% in honey pots), Myrtaceae (11.53% in pollen and 13.51% in honey) and Rubiaceae (7.69% in pollen and 5.40% in honey). Sapindaceae, in the honey pots, accounted for 5.40%. The other families showed lower percentages, 3.84% in the pollen pots and 2.70% in the honey pots. In terms of similarity, two distinct groups were observed in both the pollen and honey pots. In the pollen pots, group A (May-June ~ 97%) and group B (Feb-Mar ~ 99%) stood out, while in the honey pots, group A (Mar-Apr ~ 98%) and group B (Jun-Jul-Sept ~ 98%) showed the highest percentages. These findings highlight the wide range of resources used by the M. fasciculata species, as well asits preference for Fabaceae and Myrtaceae, due to the diversity and availability of trophic resources. An understanding of the meliponicultural flora is essential to support effective conservation strategies, which aim not only to guarantee the survival of the bees, but also to ensure the continued production of honey, a resource of great importance to local communities. bees programs context Arari Maranhão 202 2023 4 identified 1 46.15% 4615 46 15 (46.15 3786 37 86 37.86 , pots) 11.53% 1153 11 53 (11.53 1351 13 51 13.51 7.69% 769 7 69 (7.69 540 5 5.40 honey. . Sapindaceae percentages 384 3 84 3.84 270 2 70 2.70 similarity MayJune May June 97% 97 FebMar Feb Mar 99% 99 MarApr Apr 98% 98 JunJulSept Jun Jul Sept M species strategies communities 20 46.15 461 (46.1 378 8 37.8 11.53 115 (11.5 135 13.5 7.69 76 6 (7.6 54 5.4 38 3.8 27 2.7 9 46.1 (46. 37. 11.5 (11. 13. 7.6 (7. 5. 3. 2. 46. (46 11. (11 7. (7 (4 (1 (

ABSTRACT Functional traits, short life cycles, and the pivotal role in the ocean make copepod diversity a solid foundation for assessing the effect of global changes in marine food webs and ecosystem functioning. Climate change and extreme events, particularly El Niño, can affect coastal ecosystems. The Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve (MPA), located in highly productive coastal waters of the Southern Brazilian Bight, presents complex climate and oceanographic conditions. This study investigates the influence of oceanographic processes and El Niño 2015-2016 on the copepod functional diversity from 2014 to 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA. Horizontal tows were performed using a WP2 net with a mesh size of 200 µm. The 41 species accounted for 19 functional entities and four functional groups. Our findings reveal that the seasonal intrusion of water masses influenced copepod functional diversity. During summer, the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water increased nutrient availability and favored large herbivore-omnivores and carnivores. The Plata Plume Water enrichment during winter coincided with a decline in functional richness and abundance, leading to the predominance of the Oithona nana, a small-sized omnivore. Compensatory mechanisms were observed as functional equivalence and species composition shifts. Acartia lilljeborgii and Temora turbinata exhibited functional equivalence and compensated for each other in response to salinity changes associated with upwelling and El Niño. The copepod assemblage demonstrated the ability to maintain functional diversity despite changes in copepod abundance. However, the decline in functional diversity and abundance during the intense winter indicated potential disruption in trophic dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Maintaining balance and compensating for disturbances such as El Niño is crucial for marine food web resilience. The functional trait approach provided a comprehensive understanding of the copepod assemblage in Arvoredo MPA, contributing to a broader knowledge of the impact of oceanographic processes intensification. Monitoring functional diversity and abundance is crucial for evaluating the effects of copepod assemblage changes in ecosystem functionings. traits cycles functioning events ecosystems MPA , (MPA) Bight conditions 20152016 2015 2015-201 201 WP 20 µm 4 1 groups summer herbivoreomnivores herbivore omnivores carnivores nana smallsized small sized omnivore shifts However resilience intensification functionings (MPA 2015201 2015-20 2 201520 2015-2 20152 2015-

Resumo Relações tróficas moldam a estrutura dos ecossistemas ao regular o fluxo de energia e o ciclo de nutrientes, impactando o consumo de presas e promovendo adaptações comportamentais nas espécies de presas para mitigar riscos. Embora muito seja conhecido sobre o comportamento antipredador de peixes em ambientes marinhos, pouco se sabe sobre essas dinâmicas em ambientes de água doce. Investigamos o comportamento antipredador de um peixe da planície de inundação amazônica, Crenuchus spilurus, em diferentes complexidades estruturais de habitat. Através de experimentos, examinamos como o número de indivíduos (1 e 4 indivíduos) e a complexidade estrutural do habitat (baixa, média, alta e muito alta) influenciam a resposta do peixe à presença de predadores. Grupos pequenos apresentaram maior distância de iniciação de fuga (DIF) do que indivíduos solitários, sugerindo uma estratégia de defesa coletiva contra predadores em aproximação. A complexidade estrutural do habitat não teve um efeito direto sobre a DIF. Além disso, observamos variações no uso de refúgios pelos peixes em diferentes complexidades estruturais de habitat. Esses achados ressaltam a interação entre fatores comportamentais e ambientais na adaptação das presas ao risco de predação em ecossistemas aquáticos. nutrientes riscos marinhos doce amazônica spilurus experimentos 1 ( baixa, baixa (baixa média DIF (DIF solitários aproximação disso aquáticos

Abstract Trophic relationships shape ecosystem structure by regulating energy flow and nutrient cycling, impacting prey consumption and prompting behavioral adaptations in prey species to mitigate risks. While much is known about fish antipredator behavior in marine environments, less is understood about these dynamics in freshwater environments. We investigated the antipredator behavior of an Amazonian floodplain fish, Crenuchus spilurus, across different habitat structural complexities. Through experiments, we examined how the number of individuals (1 and 4 individuals) and habitat structural complexity (low, medium, high, and very high) influence the fish response to predator presence. Small groups showed longer flight initiation distance (FID) than solitary individuals, suggesting a possible collective defense strategy against approaching predators. The structural complexity of the habitat did not have a direct effect on FID. Additionally, we noted variations in refuge usage by the fish across different habitat structural complexities. These findings underscore the interplay between behavioral and environmental factors in prey adaptation to predation risk in aquatic ecosystems. cycling risks environments spilurus complexities experiments 1 ( low, low (low medium high presence FID (FID predators Additionally ecosystems

ABSTRACT Background. The Sontecomapan Lagoon is a protected natural area and is part of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve on the south coast of the State of Veracruz, with significant fishing productivity and little ecological knowledge about its fish community. Objectives. Analyze space-time variations in diversity, richness, abundance, dominant species, community inhabitants, fish assemblages, and trophic groups. Methods. The fish collections were made between 2014 and 2020, in 10 stations with a trawl net. The sampling effort was validated using non-parametric estimators. Analysis of variance was used to indicate statistically significant differences in community ecological parameters between sites and months. Canonical correspondence analysis (ACC) was performed to determine species-habitat relationships. Results. Fifty species, 35 genera and 23 families were identified, with 2 new records, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) and Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) and 2 dominant species, Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) and Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904). The diversity values (H´ = 0.84 to 2.07, D = 2.36 to 3.83, J´= 0.26 to 0.64) and abundance (density = 0.009 to 0.035 ind./m2, biomass = 0.105 to 0.044 g/m2, average weight = 5.91 to 16.72 g/ind), are considered low compared to other similar coastal systems. The spatial and temporal fluctuations of these parameters are related to the life cycles of the species present and with the environmental dynamics of the system. The ACC analysis indicated that fish assemblages are determined by changes in salinity, transparency, and depth. Conclusion. The ecological information analyzed represents a broad frame of reference for a little-studied coastal area that requires management and conservation strategies for its biotic resources.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. La Laguna de Sontecomapan es un Área Natural Protegida y forma parte de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas en la costa sur del Estado de Veracruz, con productividad pesquera y escaso conocimiento ecológico sobre su comunidad de peces. Objetivos. Analizar las variaciones espacio temporales de diversidad, riqueza, abundancia, especies dominantes, componentes comunitarios, conjuntos de peces y grupos tróficos. Métodos. Las recolectas de los peces se realizaron entre 2014 y 2020, en 10 estaciones con una red de arrastre. El esfuerzo de muestreo se validó utilizando estimadores no-paramétricos. Se utilizó análisis de varianza para indicar diferencias estadísticas significativas de los parámetros ecológicos de la comunidad entre sitios y meses. Se realizó análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) para determinar las relaciones especie-hábitat. Resultados. Se identificaron 50 especies, 35 géneros y 23 familias, con 2 nuevos registros, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) y Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) y 2 especies dominantes, Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) y Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904). Los valores de diversidad (H´ = 0.84 a 2.07, D = 2.36 a 3.83, J´= 0.26 a 0.64) y abundancia (densidad = 0.009 a 0.035 ind./m2, biomasa = 0.105 a 0.044 g/m2, peso promedio = 5.91 a 16.72 g/ind), se consideran bajos comparados con otros sistemas similares. Las fluctuaciones espaciales y temporales de estos parámetros tienen relación con los ciclos de vida de las especies presentes y con la dinámica ambiental del sistema. El análisis ACC indicó que los conjuntos de peces están determinados por los cambios de salinidad, transparencia y profundidad. Conclusión. La información ecológica analizada representa un amplio marco de referencia para un área costera poco estudiada que requiere estrategias de manejo y conservación para sus recursos bióticos.

Resumen Introducción: La variabilidad en la estructura de las comunidades acuáticas se atribuye frecuentemente a cambios ambientales, no obstante, en ambientes estables como ríos regulados, las interacciones tróficas podrían ser otro factor ambiental clave determinante de la estructura de estas comunidades. Estas alteraciones podrían provocar un mayor crecimiento de algas y, a su vez, cambios en los grupos funcionales y en la composición de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados favoreciendo la dominancia de determinados grupos de organismos. Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de los cambios ambientales y de la estructura del ficoperifiton sobre la comunidad de macroinvertebrados de ríos Andinos regulados. Métodos: Se analizaron datos ambientales y biológicos recolectados en muestreos trimestrales realizados entre 2010 y 2018 en dos ríos de los Andes Centrales (Antioquia - Colombia), para un total de 27 muestras. La recolección de muestras empleó métodos estandarizados. Se utilizaron diferentes modelos estadísticos para establecer patrones espaciales y temporales de las variables ambientales, de la abundancia y/o densidad y diversidad de ficoperifiton y de los macroinvertebrados, así como las relaciones tróficas que existen entre ellos. Resultados: Se encontró que los ríos regulados presentan relativamente poca variabilidad ambiental. Los parámetros ambientales con mayor variación fueron: temperatura, turbidez y ortofosfatos; las dos últimas variables abióticas fueron las que más aportaron a la inestabilidad bentónica. Conclusión: La presencia de macroinvertebrados raspadores y recolectores fue más afectada por la estabilidad de la densidad del ficoperifiton que por las variables ambientales, evidenciando la importancia de las interacciones tróficas en ríos regulados y el control bottoom up en estos ecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction: The variability in the structure of aquatic communities is frequently attributed to environmental changes; however, in stable environments such as regulated rivers, trophic interactions could be another key environmental factor determining the structure of these communities. These alterations could cause a greater growth of algae, and in turn, changes in the functional groups and in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community favoring the dominance of certain groups of organisms. Objective: To identify the effects of environmental variations and changes in the structure of the phycoperiphyton on the macroinvertebrate community of regulated Andean rivers. Methods: We analyzed environmental and biological data collected in quarterly samples carried out between 2010 and 2018 in two rivers of the Central Andes (Antioquia - Colombia), for a total of 27 samples. Sample collections used standardized methods. Different statistical models were used to establish spatial and temporal patterns of the environmental variables, of the abundance and/or density and diversity of phycoperiphyton and macroinvertebrates, as well as the trophic relationships that exists between them. Results: We found that regulated rivers present relatively little environmental variability. The environmental parameters with the greatest variation were temperature, turbidity, and orthophosphates; these last two were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to benthic instability. Conclusion: The presence of scraping and foraging macroinvertebrates was more affected by the stability of the phycoperiphyton density than by environmental variables, showing the importance of trophic interactions in regulated rivers and the bottom up control in these ecosystems.

Abstract: Introduction: preterm infants present various complications, including the digestive system. The goal is to achieve enteral feeding as quickly as possible. Knowing all the components amniotic fluid possesses, an amniotic fluid similar formula (AFSF) was designed for trophic feedings in neonates’ birth weights less than 1500 g. Objective: determine efficacy and safety and evaluate the feeding advancement with AFSF on enteral feeding in neonates’ birth weight less than 1,500 g. Material and methods: newborns’ birth weight is less than 1, 500 g with trophic feedings in their first 72 hours with human milk, preterm formula, and AFSF. The objective is to reach 100 mL/kg/day (70 cal/100 mL). Results: thirty patients were studied. Weight and gestational age in the group with AFSF had a mean of 1,041 ± 163.95 g and 27.41 ± 1.56 weeks of gestation (WOG), 300 g, and 3-4 WOG less than the group with preterm formula. On the 6th day of life, 100% of the group with AFSF reached 100 mL/kg/day. None presented necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC); in the other groups, there were cases of EC. Conclusions: trophic feedings with AFSF can obtain helpful and faster enteral nutrition and fewer complications. More extensive studies are required to assess this possibility.

Resumen: Introducción: los neonatos prematuros presentan complicaciones, entre ellas, en el aparato digestivo. La meta es alcanzar una alimentación enteral lo más rápido posible. Conociendo los componentes del líquido amniótico se diseñó una fórmula similar al líquido amniótico (FSLA), para la estimulación enteral trófica en recién nacidos con peso menor de 1,500 g. Objetivo: determinar eficacia, seguridad y evaluar la velocidad de establecimiento de vía enteral de la FSLA en neonatos con peso menor de 1,500 g. Material y métodos: se estudiaron pacientes con peso menor de 1,500 g con estimulación enteral en las primeras 72 horas de vida con leche humana, fórmula para prematuro (FP), y FSLA. El objetivo fue alcanzar volúmenes de 100 mL/kg/día (70 cal/100 mL). Resultados: estudiamos 30 pacientes. El peso y edad gestacional empleando FSLA tuvo una media de 1,041 ± 163.95 g y 27.41 ± 1.56 SDG, 300 g y 3-4 SDG menor que el grupo con FP. Al sexto día de vida 100% del grupo con FSLA alcanzaron 100 mL/kg/día. Ninguno presentó enterocolitis necrosante (ECN), en los otros grupos hubo casos de ECN. Conclusiones: la estimulación enteral con FSLA puede obtener nutrición enteral útil, de forma más rápida y disminuir complicaciones. Se requieren estudios más grandes para valorar esta posibilidad.

Resumen: La evaluación de los cambios a nivel edáfico debido a la implementación de diferentes prácticas de manejo requiere el análisis de variables de distinta naturaleza. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las variaciones anuales en propiedades y macrofauna del suelo, y las interacciones entre ambas, en secuencias rotacionales con y sin cultivos de cobertura (CC). Se trabajó en un experimento instalado en la localidad de Zavalla (Santa Fe, Argentina) y los tratamientos estudiados incluyeron CC (vicia y triticale) y barbecho químico como antecesores de maíz y soja, respectivamente. Se determinó carbono orgánico total (COT) y particulado (COP), porcentaje de agregados estables al agua (AEA), pH, parámetros comunitarios de macrofauna hipogea del suelo y abundancia de grupos tróficos. Los CC generaron valores superiores en COP y porcentaje de AEA en comparación con los de barbecho, en tanto que el COT presentó una tendencia de incremento anual en todos los tratamientos. En cuanto a las comunidades de macrofauna, el CC de vicia introdujo cambios favorables en abundancia, riqueza y diversidad luego de su ciclo de crecimiento, mientras que el triticale presentó una respuesta similar al barbecho y con valores inferiores a los de vicia. Los grupos tróficos registraron variaciones estacionales en su abundancia y cambios vinculados con las características de las secuencias rotacionales. Los CC causaron modificaciones en el corto plazo sobre propiedades y macrofauna del suelo debido a la cobertura generada y el aporte de materiales orgánicos.

Abstract: The assessment of edaphic changes due to the adoption of different management practices requires the analysis of different types of variables. The aim of this study was to determine annual variations on soil properties and macrofauna, and the interactions between them, in cropping sequences with and without cover crops (CC). The work was carried out on an experiment installed in Zavalla (Santa Fe, Argentina) and the treatments included CC (vetch and triticale) and fallow before corn and soybean, respectively. We determined soil organic carbon (SOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA), pH and macrofauna communities’ parameters and trophic groups abundance. Treatments which included CC showed higher values of POC and WSA as compared to fallow ones, while SOC presented an annual increment in all treatments. As regard to macrofauna communities’ parameters, CC of vetch made favorable changes in abundance, richness and diversity after its cycle, while CC of triticale showed a similar response to fallow and values were lower than vetch ones. Trophic groups abundance showed seasonal variations and changes associated with crop sequences characteristics. CC caused short-term changes on soil properties and macrofauna due to the coverage and the contribution of organic materials.

ABSTRACT Background. Ecological Network Analysis has been used for defining aspects concerning the structure, health, and dynamics of marine ecosystems. Objectives. Evaluate the ecosystem’s structure, organization, and maturity in the shallow rocky reef ecosystem in Yelapa. Also, we determine the most affected functional groups by disturbances simulated and those which generate less resilience in the ecosystem. Methods. A mass-balance trophic model Ecopath with Ecosim, was constructed, and Ascendency›s theory was used to evaluate the ecosystem properties. A Mixed Trophic Impacts matrix was used to assess direct and indirect trophic effects on the network. The functional groups more sensitive to disturbances were determined using Ecosim dynamics simulations in the short and long term with two mortality scenarios (an increase of 25 % and 50 %). Finally, the System Recovery Timewas used as a measure of resilience. Results. The Yelapa rocky-reef ecosystem exhibits the feature of a mature, organized, and developing ecosystem but is less resistant to disturbances. Several fish groups, zooplankton, and phytoplankton produced the most remarkable effects in the trophic network. In addition, the phytoplankton, chlorophyta, and the group of other benthic invertebrates propagated more effects on other model components. Conclusions. Yelapa rocky reef would lose resilience if the functional groups eels & morays, other benthic invertebrates, snappers, and phytoplankton were disturbed.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. Los análisis ecológicos de redes han sido usados para definir aspectos relacionados a la estructura, salud y dinámica de los ecosistemas marinos. Objetivos. Evaluar la estructura, organización y madurez en el ecosistema de Yelapa, un arrecife rocoso somero. También, se determinaron los grupos funcionales que podrían ser más sensibles a perturbaciones simuladas y aquellos que generan menor resiliencia en el ecosistema. Métodos. Se construyó un modelo trófico de balance de masas Ecopath con Ecosim y se usó la teoría de Ascendency para evaluar las propiedades ecosistémicas. La matriz de Impacto Trófico Mixto evaluó los efectos tróficos directos e indirectos en la red. Se determinaron los grupos funcionales más sensibles a perturbaciones usando simulaciones dinámicas Ecosim de corto y largo tiempo con dos escenarios de mortalidad (incremento del 25 % y 50 %). Finalmente, se empleó el Tiempo de Recuperación del Sistema como una medida de resiliencia. Resultados. El ecosistema arrecifal rocoso de Yelapa exhibió características de un ecosistema maduro, organizado y desarrollado, pero a su vez menos resistente a perturbaciones. Diferentes grupos de peces, zooplancton y fitoplancton generaron los mayores efectos en la red trófica. Además, el fitoplancton, clorofitas y el grupo de otros invertebrados bentónicos propagaron los mayores efectos hacia los otros componentes del sistema. Yelapa es menos resiliente cuando son perturbados los grupos funcionales de anguilas y morenas, otros invertebrados bentónicos, pargos y fitoplancton. Conclusiones. Grupos funcionales de distintos niveles tróficos fueron prioritarios para preservar la integridad estructural del ecosistema, las condiciones de madurez, desarrollo y resiliencia. Este estudio representa el primer paso para analizar las propiedades de la red trófica y especies ecológicamente relevantes entre el ecosistema de coral somero y profundo en Yelapa.

Abstract Weed species are eliminated from agroecosystems as they are considered reservoirs of pest organisms, ignoring the benefits they can bring, hence the importance of conducting research in this regard. The objective of the work was to evaluate the entomofauna associated with three weed species of the genus Cleome and their potential relationships with agricultural crops. Three sampling areas were selected for each species, performing a single sampling using the technique of common counts per habitat, evaluating the insect composition, the percentage of representativeness and the proportion of trophic guilds. For diversity, Species Richness, Simpson Dominance, General Diversity were taken into account and as a measure of similarity, the formation of homogeneous groups was taken into account through a multivariate analysis (CLUSTER). A total of 613 individuals were recorded, belonging to six orders, 20 families, 34 genera and 35 species. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were the most represented orders, while pests and pollinators were the trophic guilds with the highest proportion. The diversity values of the entomofauna, although they are within the established range, reveal diversity from low to moderate where the most dominant species have a low influence within the samples and most of them are classified as scarce. There is similarity between the different areas for the same Cleome species; however, among the three species the similarity is low. Correctly managed the entomological component is not an impediment for the conservation of these species in agroecosystems.

Resumen Las especies arvenses son eliminadas de los agroecosistemas al ser consideradas reservorios de organismos plaga ignorándose los beneficios que pueden reportar, de ahí la importancia de realizar investigaciones en este sentido. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la entomofauna asociada a tres especies arvenses del género Cleome y sus relaciones potenciales con cultivos agrícolas. Se seleccionaron tres áreas de muestreo para cada especie, realizándose un muestreo único mediante la técnica de conteos comunes por hábitat, evaluándose la composición insectil, el porcentaje de representatividad y la proporción de gremios tróficos. De diversidad se tuvo en cuenta la Riqueza de Especies, Dominancia de Simpson, Diversidad general y como medida de similitud se tuvo en cuenta la formación de grupos homogéneos mediante un análisis multivariado (CLUSTER). Se contabilizó un total de 613 individuos, pertenecientes a seis órdenes, 20 familias, 34 géneros y 35 especies. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera fueron los órdenes más representados, en tanto, las plagas y los polinizadores fueron los gremios tróficos de mayor proporción. Los valores de diversidad de la entomofauna, aunque están dentro del rango establecido, revelan una diversidad de baja a moderada donde las especies más dominantes tienen una baja influencia dentro de las muestras y en su mayoría son clasificadas como escasas. Existe similitud entre las diferentes áreas para una misma especie de Cleome, sin embargo, entre las tres especies la similitud es baja. El manejo adecuado del componente entomológico no es un impedimento para la conservación de estas especies en los agroecosistemas.

Resumen Las interacciones interespecificas entre vertebrados de distintos grupos son comunes, pero también complejas y de gran importancia para la estructura de las comunidades. En particular, la depredación, considerada una interacción trófica, desempeña un papel significativo en la estructura de las redes tróficas y en los efectos selectivos sobre las presas en los ecosistemas naturales. En este trabajo aportamos nueva información sobre la relación trófica entre aves y herpetofauna (reptiles y anfibios) en la compleja y biodiversa cuenca del río Usumacinta, a través de 10 observaciones registradas entre 2012 y 2021. Las observaciones muestran interacciones con fines alimenticios de ocho especies de aves, incluyendo garzas (Tigrisoma mexicanum), charas (Psilorhinus morio), rapaces (Caracara cheriway, Pseudastur albicollis, Harpagus bidentatus, Buteo plagiatus), bucos (Malacoptila panamensis), y patos (Dendrocygna autumnalis), con serpientes (Coniophanes quinquevittatus), tortugas (Chelydra rossignonii, Trachemys venusta), lagartijas (Iguana iguana, Sceloporus serrifer), cocodrilos (Crocodylus moreletii), y ranas (Smilisca baudinii).

Abstract Interspecific interactions between vertebrates of different groups are common but also complex and of great importance for community structure. In particular, predation, considered a trophic interaction, plays a significant role in food webs structure and selective effects on prey in natural ecosystems. In this paper we provide new information on the trophic relationship between birds and herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) in the complex and biodiverse Usumacinta river basin, through 10 observations recorded between 2012 and 2021. The observations show interactions for feeding purposes of eight bird species, including herons (Tigrisoma mexicanum), jays (Psilorhinus morio), raptors (Caracara cheriway, Pseudastur albicollis, Harpagus bidentatus, Buteo plagiatus), puffbirds (Malacoptila panamensis), and ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis), with snakes (Coniophanes quinquevittatus), turtles (Chelydra rossignonii, Trachemys venusta), lizards (Iguana iguana, Sceloporus serrifer), crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii), and frogs (Smilisca baudinii).

Abstract Data obtained by direct observation of organisms in their natural habitats can provide valuable contributions regarding intra- and inter-specific interactions, as well as spatial distribution and trophic relationships. However, relatively few such data are available for the Neotropical ichthyofauna relative to the great species diversity of this region. We present data on the ichthyofauna in karst environments of the Serra da Bodoquena, Upper Paraguay River basin regarding their categorization into functional trophic groups. We used direct observations that focused on the most frequent feeding tactics and their spatial (vertical and horizontal) distribution in the channel. We observed 83 fish species in 17 functional trophic groups. The greatest species richness was concentrated in the Characidae and Loricariidae in the categories Diurnal Backwater Drift Feeders and Grazers, respectively. Regarding horizontal depth stratification, we found a positive relationship between the association of small fish with the shallow marginal habitats. This work represents a contribution to a region known for its high tourist potential and to the important diversity of the entire ichthyofauna of the Upper Paraguay basin region that requires proper conservation strategies for sustaining these species. intra interspecific inter specific interactions relationships However Bodoquena groups vertical channel 8 1 Grazers respectively stratification

Resumo Dados obtidos pela observação direta dos organismos em seus hábitats naturais podem fornecer valiosas contribuições com relação a interações intra e inter-específicas, além de distribuição espacial e relações tróficas. Entretanto, relativamente poucos dados estão disponíveis no que diz respeito à ictiofauna neotropical dada à grande diversidade dessa região. Apresentamos dados sobre a ictiofauna em ambientes cársticos da Serra da Bodoquena, bacia do alto rio Paraguai e a categorização das mesmas em grupos tróficos funcionais baseada em observações diretas relacionadas às táticas alimentares mais frequentes e à sua distribuição espacial (vertical e horizontal) no canal. Assim sendo, observamos 83 espécies de peixes alocadas em 17 grupos tróficos funcionais. A maior riqueza de espécies concentrou-se nas famílias Characidae e Loricariidae, abrangendo as categorias Catadores Diurnos de Itens Arrastados pela Corrente e Pastadores, respectivamente. Com relação à estratificação horizontal, encontramos a relação positiva entre a associação de peixes de pequeno porte com relação aos hábitats marginais. Esse trabalho representa uma contribuição a uma região conhecida pelo seu alto potencial turístico e à importante diversidade da ictiofauna da região da bacia do alto Paraguai que requer estratégias de conservação adequadas para sustentar essas espécies. interespecíficas, interespecíficas inter específicas, específicas inter-específicas tróficas Entretanto Bodoquena vertical horizontal canal sendo 8 1 concentrouse concentrou se Loricariidae Pastadores respectivamente marginais

ABSTRACT Chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration is an important indicator to characterize algal biomass, reflecting water quality and the level of eutrophication of aquatic environments. This study analyzed 4315 total nitrogen (TN) and Chla samples in 155 reservoirs in Ceará, Brazil. Relationships were obtained between TN and Chla through simple linear regression and classified according to the statistical performance of the coefficient of determination (R²). The dynamics of these correlations were examined by analyzing the variance between classification groups concerning watershed, reservoir size, coefficient of variability, and trophic state. The concentration of pollutants was influenced by seasonality, which increased significantly from the wet to the dry period in most basins. The coefficients of determination between Chla and TN for the watersheds followed the trends of classic curves in the literature, with satisfactory models (R² > 0.3) in most reservoirs (53.3%). The variance analysis attested that the models’ performance was affected by the basins, the volumetric variation, and the change in the trophic state levels. There was no significant variance of R² between reservoirs of different sizes. (Chla biomass environments 431 (TN 15 Ceará Brazil R². R . (R²) watershed size variability seasonality basins literature (R 0.3 03 0 3 53.3%. 533 53.3% 53 (53.3%) variation levels sizes 43 1 0. 53.3 5 (53.3% 4 53. (53.3 (53. (53 (5 (

RESUMO A concentração de clorofila a (Cla) é um indicador importante para caracterizar a biomassa de algas, refletindo a qualidade da água e o nível de eutrofização dos ambientes aquáticos. Este estudo analisou 4.315 amostras de nitrogênio total (NT) e Cla em 155 reservatórios do Ceará, Brasil. As relações entre NT e Cla foram obtidas por meio de regressão linear simples e classificadas de acordo com o desempenho estatístico do coeficiente de determinação (R2). A dinâmica dessas correlações foi examinada mediante a variância entre os grupos de classificação quanto à bacia hidrográfica, tamanho do reservatório, coeficiente de variabilidade e estado trófico. A concentração de poluentes foi influenciada pela sazonalidade, que aumentou significativamente do período chuvoso para o seco na maioria das bacias. Os coeficientes de determinação entre Cla e NT para as bacias hidrográficas seguiram as tendências das curvas clássicas literárias, com modelos satisfatórios (R2 > 0,3) na maioria dos reservatórios (53,3%). A análise de variância atestou que o desempenho dos modelos foi influenciado pelas bacias, pela variação volumétrica e pela mudança nos níveis de estado trófico. Não houve variação significativa de R2 entre reservatórios de diferentes tamanhos. (Cla algas aquáticos 4315 4 315 4.31 (NT 15 Ceará Brasil R2. R . (R2) hidrográfica reservatório trófico sazonalidade literárias (R 0,3 03 0 3 53,3%. 533 53,3% 53 (53,3%) tamanhos 431 31 4.3 1 0, 53,3 5 (53,3% 43 4. 53, (53,3 (53, (53 (5 (