Abstract: Background: During the revision of Gonolobus for Mexico, it was observed that G. fuscus, G. luridus, and G. tingens lack the staminal appendages and faucal ring typical of the genus. The observed specimens of these species have glandular trichomes, which become crystalline and white with age, and the double gynostegial corona characteristic of Polystemma, so their transfer to this genus is proposed. Questions: Do the morphological data support the transfer of the species studied here from Gonolobus to Polystemma? Are the plants studied here cospecific with any of the species known for Polystemma? Species studied: G. fuscus, G. luridus, and G. tingens. Location and years of study: Mexico. Methods: Protocols, digital images, and herbarium specimens of Gonolobus, and specialized literature were reviewed. Morphological comparisons were made with Mexican species of Gonolobinae, using the cohesive species concept. Results: The transfer of two species of Gonolobus to Polystemma is here proposed, as well as the synonymization of Gonolobus tingens Decne., Gonolobus suberifer B.L. Rob., Matelea suberifera, and M. crenata. Conclusions: With these taxonomic adjustments, Polystemma reaches 14 species, highlighting Mexico as the main center of diversity of the genus.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En la revisión de Gonolobus para México se observó que G. fuscus, G. luridus y G. tingens carecen de los apéndices estaminales y anillo faucal típicos del género. Los ejemplares observados de estas especies tienen tricomas glandulares tornándose cristalinos y blancos con la edad y la corona ginostegial doble característicos de Polystemma, por lo que se propone su transferencia a este género. Preguntas: ¿Los datos morfológicos apoyan la transferencia de las especies aquí estudiadas de Gonolobus a Polystemma? ¿Las plantas aquí estudiadas son coespecíficas a alguna de las especies conocidas para Polystemma? Especies de estudio: G. fuscus, G. luridus y G. tingens. Sitio y años de estudio: México. Métodos: Se revisaron los protólogos, las imágenes digitales del material tipo, los ejemplares de herbario de las especies de Gonolobus consideradas y la literatura pertinente. Las especies bajo estudio se compararon morfológicamente con las especies mexicanas conocidas dentro de las Gonolobinae, empleando para ello el concepto cohesivo de especie. Resultados: Se propone la transferencia a Polystemma de dos de las especies de Gonolobus aquí estudiadas, así como la sinonimización de Gonolobus tingens Decne., Gonolobus suberifer B.L. Rob., Matelea suberifera y M. crenata. Conclusiones: Con estos ajustes taxonómicos, Polystemma alcanza las 14 especies, resaltando a México como el principal centro de diversidad del género.

Abstract Background: Calotropis procera is a plant native from the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa. In Mexico, its presence is now registered in Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Oaxaca. Questions and / or Hypotheses: Fruit and seed morphometry vary among places where it is native or exotic? Are seed structures well identified in Calotropis procera? Studied species: The exotic Calotropis procera has been already reported in several states in Mexico, however, information about its reproductive biology in Mexican populations is scarce. Studied site and dates: Fruits were collected in Oaxaca, Mexico in September 2019. Methods: We obtained fruit and seed morphometric data and seed images with microscopy. Results: The fruits are green and ovoid. The average number of seeds per fruit is 364 ± 86 (SD). The seed is brown and flattened dorsoventrally. The length of the seeds is 8.37 ± 0.413 mm, the width is 5.01 ± 0.39 mm, and the weight is 10.5 ± 7.86 mg. The position of the hilum and the micropyle is reported and the occurrence of two types of trichomes on the testa. We suggest that the protrusion on the ventral surface of the seed is the raphe. Conclusions: From data obtained we concluded that fruit and seed characteristics are well conserved in this species. We confirmed the position of the hilum and micropyle and reported the presence of two types of trichomes in the testa. Location of the raphe is suggested, providing information that may be useful for future taxonomic studies.

Resumen Antecedentes: Calotropis procera es nativa del trópico y subtrópico de Asia y África. En México se encuentra en Yucatán, Quintana Roo y Oaxaca. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿La morfometría de frutos y semillas varía en donde es nativa o exótica? ¿Las estructuras de la semilla de Calotropis procera han sido bien identificadas? Especie de estudio: La exótica Calotropis procera ya se ha reportado en varios estados de México, sin embargo, hay poca información sobre su biología reproductiva en las poblaciones mexicanas. Sitio y años de estudio: Los frutos se colectaron en Oaxaca, México en septiembre de 2019. Métodos: Se obtuvieron datos morfométricos de frutos y semillas y se tomaron imágenes mediante microscopía. Resultados: Los frutos son folículos ovoides y coriáceos. El promedio de semillas por fruto es de 364 ± 86 (DE). La semilla es café y aplanada dorsoventralmente. El largo es de 8.37 ± 0.413 mm, ancho de 5.01 ± 0.39 mm y el peso es de 10.5 ± 7.86 mg. Se reporta la posición del hilo y del micrópilo y la existencia de dos tipos de tricomas en la testa. Sugerimos que el relieve en la superficie ventral de la semilla es el rafe. Conclusiones: De los datos obtenidos concluimos que las características de frutos y semillas están bien conservadas en esta especie. Confirmamos la posición del hilo y del micrópilo, y reportamos la existencia de dos tipos de tricomas en la testa. Se sugiere la posición del rafe, lo que puede apoyar en futuros estudios taxonómicos.

ABSTRACT: The use of plant resistance acts by intervening in the herbivore-host relationship, through morphological, physical or chemical factors of the plant. This study evaluated the oviposition and foliar consumption of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) in soybean genotypes, in free- and no-choice tests, correlating them with the factors, density and size of trichomes. The experiments were carried out in laboratory (25 ± 2 °C; RH= 70 ± 10%; photoperiod 14h) using five cultivars (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) and two isolines (PELBR 10-6000 and PELBR 10-6049). The trichomes reported were filiform tectors and claviform multicellular glandular. The density of glandular trichomes, in stages V2 and V5, was higher on BRS 6203 RR and BRS 391, respectively. The higher density of glandular trichomes was observed in V5 and a higher density of tector trichomes in V2. The lowest densities and the smallest sizes of trichomes in V2 and V5 stages was observed on PELBR 10-6049. The size of tector trichomes and the number of eggs did not differ among the cultivars. Foliar consumption was lower for on BMX Icone Ipro and Tec Irga 6070 RR. Trichome density influences the consumption and oviposition behavior of C. includens. ABSTRACT herbivorehost herbivore host relationship morphological Walker 1858 [1858] genotypes free nochoice no choice tests 25 (2 °C C RH 7 10% 10 14h h 391 620 607 106000 6000 10-600 106049. 106049 6049 . 10-6049) V respectively 6049. 10-6049 185 [1858 ( 1 39 62 60 10600 600 10-60 10604 604 10-604 18 [185 3 6 1060 10-6 [18 106 10- [1 [

RESUMO: O uso da resistência de plantas atua intervindo na relação herbívoro-hospedeiro, através de fatores morfológicos, físicos ou químicos da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a oviposição e o consumo foliar de Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) em genótipos de soja, através de testes com e sem escolha, correlacionando-os com os fatores, densidade e tamanho de tricomas. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório (25 ± 2 °C; UR= 70 ± 10%; fotoperíodo 14h) utilizando cinco cultivares (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) e duas linhagens (PELBR 10-6000 e PELBR 10-6049). Os tricomas encontrados foram tectores filiformes e glandulares multicelulares claviformes. A densidade de tricomas glandulares nos estágios V2 e V5, foi maior em BRS 6203 RR e BRS 391, respectivamente. A maior densidade de tricomas glandulares foi observada em V5 e a maior densidade de tricomas tectores em V2. As menores densidades e os menores tamanhos de tricomas nos estágios V2 e V5 foram observados em PELBR 10-6049. O tamanho de tricomas tectores e o número de ovos não diferiram entre as cultivares. O consumo foliar foi menor para BMX Icone Ipro e Tec Irga 6070 RR. A densidade de tricomas influência o comportamento de consumo e oviposição de C. includens. RESUMO herbívorohospedeiro, herbívorohospedeiro herbívoro hospedeiro, hospedeiro herbívoro-hospedeiro morfológicos planta Walker 1858 [1858] soja escolha correlacionandoos correlacionando 25 (2 °C C UR 7 10% 10 14h h 391 620 607 106000 6000 10-600 106049. 106049 6049 . 10-6049) claviformes V respectivamente 6049. 10-6049 185 [1858 ( 1 39 62 60 10600 600 10-60 10604 604 10-604 18 [185 3 6 1060 10-6 [18 106 10- [1 [

Abstract The description of secretory structures in Malvaceae is controversial, and results in conflicting interpretations. Amid conflicting interpretations, therefore, the present study aims to describe the ontogeny diversity and histochemistry in Ceiba, emphasizing the secretory structures in leaves of C. erianthos, C. jasminodora, C. pentandra, and C. speciosa. All analyzed species present mucilaginous, crystalliferous, and phenolic idioblasts. These structures are randomly arranged in the mesophyll, epidermis, petiole cortex, and parenchymatic tissue of the midrib. However, in C. jasminodora and C. pentandra, secretory structures are only found in the midrib area. The development of mucilaginous idioblasts is asynchronous and, when mature, they coalesce forming large structures full of mucilage. Clavate-type pluricellular glandular trichomes were also detected scattered randomly on both leaf surfaces. Their ontogeny is described, and histochemical tests showed the presence of lipophilic substances. Extrafloral nectaries were observed in the middle third of the midrib, on the abaxial side of the leaflets. They originate from the protoderm and ground meristem of the midrib cortex. It is expected that these results will help consolidate knowledge of secretory structures in Malvaceae, leading, in turn, to the elucidation of phylogenetic relationships. controversial interpretations therefore Ceiba C erianthos pentandra speciosa crystalliferous mesophyll epidermis cortex However area mature mucilage Clavatetype Clavate type surfaces described substances leaflets leading turn relationships

Resumo A descrição das estruturas secretoras em Malvaceae não é consenso e resulta em interpretações conflitantes. Em meio a interpretações conflitantes, o presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a diversidade ontogenética e histoquímica em Ceiba, enfatizando as estruturas secretoras em folhas de C. erianthos, C. jasminodora, C. pentandra e C. speciosa. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentam idioblastos mucilaginosos, cristalíferos e fenólicos. Tais estruturas estão dispostas aleatoriamente no mesofilo, epiderme, córtex do pecíolo e no tecido parenquimático da nervura central. Porém, em C. jasminodora e C. pentandra, encontram-se apenas na região da nervura central. O desenvolvimento de idioblastos mucilaginosos é assíncrono e quando maduros, coalescem formando grandes estruturas repletas de mucilagem. Tricomas glandulares pluricelulares do tipo clavado também foram detectados distribuídos aleatoriamente em ambas as superfícies foliares. Sua ontogenia é descrita e testes histoquímicos evidenciaram a presença de substâncias lipofílicas. Nectários extraflorais foram observados no terço médio da nervura central, na face abaxial dos folíolos. Estes se originam da protoderme e do meristema fundamental do córtex da nervura central. Espera-se que estes resultados ajudem a consolidar o conhecimento das estruturas secretoras em Malvaceae, levando, por sua vez, à elucidação das relações filogenéticas. conflitantes Ceiba C erianthos speciosa fenólicos mesofilo epiderme central Porém encontramse encontram maduros mucilagem foliares lipofílicas folíolos Esperase Espera levando vez filogenéticas

Abstract Morphoanatomy and histochemistry of Baccharis palustris: insights into a highly endangered endemic species from Southeastern America. The phenotypic plasticity of the Baccharis genus makes species identification difficult, even at the flowering stage. In this context, morphoanatomical studies are a powerful tool for botanical authentication, mainly emphasizing the recognition of diagnostic characteristics that may be useful for distinguishing similar species. Given the limited knowledge available about the endemic species B. palustris, this work aimed to characterize the morphoanatomy and histochemistry of its vegetative aerial parts to identify characters with diagnostic value and to elucidate the sites of synthesis and accumulation of metabolites of medicinal importance. B. palustris leaf showed pinnate, camptodrome-brochidodrome venation patterns. Blade with dorsiventral mesophyll, aerenchymatous spongy parenchyma, collateral vascular bundles, and different types of stomata and trichomes, including glandular trichomes with a multi-layered base evidenced and described for the first time in the genus. The petiole was winged, with three collateral vascular bundles. The stem showed a penta-lobulated contour with unusual growth, starch, and crystals in the pith. The presence of secretory ducts and glandular trichomes, which synthesized lipids, terpenes/polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds, was observed. The morphological/histochemical characteristics described in this work contribute to the knowledge of the species, highlighting the importance of its preservation as a valuable resource. America difficult stage context authentication B pinnate camptodromebrochidodrome camptodrome brochidodrome patterns mesophyll parenchyma bundles multilayered multi layered winged pentalobulated penta lobulated growth starch pith lipids terpenespolyacetylenes terpenes polyacetylenes terpenes/polyacetylenes compounds observed morphologicalhistochemical morphological histochemical resource

Resumen Morfoanatomía e histoquímica de Baccharis palustris: ampliando el conocimiento de una especie endémica altamente amenazada del sureste de América. La plasticidad fenotípica del género Baccharis dificulta la identificación de las especies, incluso en la etapa de floración. En este contexto, la descripción morfoanatómica es una herramienta poderosa para la autenticación botánica, haciendo hincapié en las características de valor diagnóstico que pueden ser útiles para distinguir especies similares. Dado el escaso conocimiento disponible sobre la especie endémica B. palustristis, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la morfoanatomía y la histoquímica de las partes aéreas vegetativas de B. palustris y establecer los sitios de síntesis y acumulación de metabolitos de importancia medicinal. La hoja de B. palustris mostró venación pinnada, camptódroma, broquidódromo. Lámina con mesofilo dorsiventral con parénquima esponjoso aerenquimático, haces vasculares colaterales y distintos tipos de estomas y tricomas, entre los que se destacan tricomas glandulares de base pluriceriada nunca antes descriptos para el género. El pecíolo se presentó alado, con tres haces vasculares colaterales. El tallo mostró contorno pentalobulado con crecimiento poco usual, almidón y cristales en la médula. Se observó la presencia de conductos secretores y tricomas glandulares, los cuales pueden sintetizar lípidos, terpenos/poliacetilenos y compuestos fenólicos. Las características morfológicas/histoquímicas descritas en este trabajo contribuyen al conocimiento de la especie, destacando la importancia de su preservación como un recurso valioso. América floración contexto botánica similares B palustristis medicinal pinnada camptódroma broquidódromo aerenquimático alado usual médula lípidos terpenospoliacetilenos terpenos poliacetilenos fenólicos morfológicashistoquímicas morfológicas histoquímicas valioso

Abstract Echinodorus is the second largest genus of the aquatic plant family Alismataceae, comprising 28 species, of which 24 occur in Brazil. This study represents the first record of Echinodorus scaber Rataj for the State of Maranhão, based on material collected in the Municipality of Brejo, eastern Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber shares morphological similarities with E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, but it can be distinguished by (I) a highly branched inflorescence, (II) scabrous peduncles and petioles covered by stellate trichomes, and (II) small flowers with reflexed petals. This new record of E. scaber contributes to a better understanding of this genus’ diversity and distribution in Maranhão and underscores the necessity to broaden collection efforts for a better comprehension of the state’s flooded zones. Comprehensive collection efforts, with a special focus on aquatic plants and in locations far from the state’s main urban center, São Luís, may result in a significant knowledge increase of the flora, especially of the genus Echinodorus, which needs a broad taxonomic study. These recommendations may result in new records, range extensions, and species descriptions, contributing to the conservation of the aquatic environments of Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 Brazil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I inflorescence II (II trichomes petals states state s zones center Luís flora records extensions descriptions

Resumo Echinodorus é o segundo maior gênero da família de plantas aquáticas Alismataceae, compreendendo 28 espécies, 24 delas ocorrendo no Brasil. Este estudo representa o primeiro registro de Echinodorus scaber Rataj para o Estado do Maranhão, com base em material coletado no município de Brejo, leste do Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber compartilha semelhanças morfológicas com E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, mas pode ser distinguida por: (I) uma inflorescência altamente ramificada; (II) pedúnculos e pecíolos escabrosos recobertos por tricomas estrelados; e (II) flores pequenas com pétalas reflexas. Este novo registro de E. scaber contribui para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade e distribuição deste gênero no Maranhão e ressalta a necessidade de ampliar os esforços de coleta para uma maior compreensão das zonas inundadas do estado. Esforços de coleta abrangentes, com foco especial em plantas aquáticas e em locais distantes do principal centro urbano do estado, São Luís, poderá resultar em um aumento significativo do conhecimento da flora, especialmente do gênero Echinodorus, que necessita de amplo estudo taxonômico. Essas recomendações poderão resultar em novos registros, extensões de distribuição e novas descrições de espécies, contribuindo para a conservação dos ambientes aquáticos do Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 espécies Brasil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I ramificada II (II estrelados reflexas estado abrangentes Luís flora taxonômico registros

Abstract Renealmia comprises approximately 85 herbaceous and rhizomatous plants in Africa and America known for their metabolite diversity. This study characterized the anatomy and histochemistry of the vegetative organs of three native Brazilian Renealmia species, R. breviscapa and R. nicolaioides, collected from the Amazon Forest in Acre and R. chrysotricha from the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro. Samples were fixed and processed using conventional plant anatomy and micromorphology techniques, including histochemical tests to identify classes of compounds in vegetative organs. Characteristics including oil idioblasts, dorsiventral leaf structure, tetracytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, and prismatic crystals were common among the studied species of Renealmia, and thus significant for the family. Distinctive characteristics were identified in the vegetative organs of the three species, including the cellular distribution of root phloem, covering of rhizome tissue, different types and distributions of idioblasts and phenolic trichomes in rhizomes and leaves, presence or absence of petiole, and subepidermal layer in the intercostal region of leaves. Mineral content importance as a diagnostic characteristic of the genus is also emphasized. The results of this study advance the understanding of the distinctive anatomical characteristics of the three species of Renealmia in different environments, two in the Atlantic Forest and one in the Amazon Forest. 8 diversity R nicolaioides Janeiro techniques structure stomata family phloem tissue leaves petiole emphasized environments

Resumo Renealmia abrange aproximadamente 75 espécies de plantas herbáceas e rizomatosas, oriundas de regiões africanas e neotropicais, conhecidas por sua diversidade de metabólitos. Este estudo visou caracterizar a anatomia e histoquímica dos órgãos vegetativos de três espécies nativas do Brasil: Renealmia breviscapa e Renealmia nicolaioides, coletadas na Floresta Amazônica, no Acre, e Renealmia chrysotricha, encontrada em uma floresta Atlântica, no Rio de Janeiro. Amostras foram fixadas e processadas por técnicas convencionais de anatomia vegetal, incluindo testes histoquímicos para identificação das classes de substâncias presentes nos órgãos vegetativos. Características como idioblastos oleíferos, estrutura foliar dorsiventral, estômatos tetracíticos, tricomas unicelulares e presença de cristais prismáticos foram comuns entre as espécies de Renealmia estudadas, revelando-se significativas para a família. Foram identificados caracteres distintivos nos órgãos vegetativos das três espécies, como distribuição celular do floema radicular, cobertura do tecido dos rizomas, diferentes tipos e distribuição de idioblastos e tricomas fenólicos tanto nos rizomas quanto nas folhas, presença ou ausência de pecíolo, além da camada subepidérmica na região intercostal das folhas. Destaca-se também a importância do conteúdo mineral como característica diagnóstica do gênero Renealmia. Este estudo proporciona um avanço no conhecimento das características anatômicas distintivas das três espécies de Renealmia em diferentes ambientes, tanto na Floresta Atlântica quanto na Floresta Amazônica. 7 rizomatosas neotropicais metabólitos Brasil nicolaioides Amazônica Acre chrysotricha Janeiro vegetal oleíferos dorsiventral tetracíticos estudadas revelandose revelando se família radicular folhas pecíolo Destacase Destaca ambientes

Resumo O herbicida diclosulam + halauxifen parece ser uma alternativa para o controle de Conyza spp.; no entanto, o volume de pulverização pode resultar em diferentes efeitos de deposição do spray no alvo e, portanto, no controle. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de diferentes volumes de pulverização de diclosulam + halauxifen no controle e danos à superfície foliar de Conyza spp. O experimento foi conduzido a campo em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Diclosulam + halauxifen (23.52 g ia ha-1 + 6.32 g ea ha-1) foi aplicado em Conyza spp. em alturas médias maiores que 10 cm, seguido de aplicação sequencial de glufosinato de amônio (500 g ia ha-1) após 14 dias. Foram utilizados diferentes volumes de pulverização (200, 150, 100, 80 e 50 L ha-1). A porcentagem de cobertura de gotículas foi avaliada usando papel hidrossensível e analisada usando o software DropScan. Após 24 horas da aplicação inicial, as folhas foram coletadas para microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Embora os diferentes volumes de pulverização não tenham afetado o controle, foram observados efeitos de necrose mais rápidos em 150 e 200 L ha-1. Além disso, a densidade de tricomas e estômatos diminuiu em um volume de pulverização de 200 L ha-1, indicando maior dano inicial neste volume de pulverização. Assim, o aumento dos volumes de pulverização resulta em aumento da deposição de spray, danos às estruturas foliares e, consequentemente, aumento da velocidade de controle. spp entanto portanto Portanto repetições 23.52 2352 23 52 (23.5 ha1 ha 1 ha- 632 6 32 6.3 cm 500 (50 dias 200, (200 100 8 5 ha1. . DropScan 2 MEV. MEV (MEV) 15 20 1. disso ha1, 1, Assim consequentemente 23.5 235 (23. 63 3 6. (5 (20 (MEV 23. (23 ( (2

Abstract The herbicide mixture diclosulam + halauxifen appears to be an alternative for the control of Conyza spp.; however, the spray volume may result in different spray deposition effects on the target and, therefore, on the control. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different spray volumes of diclosulam + halauxifen on the control of and damage to the leaf surface of Conyza spp. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized block design with four replications. Diclosulam + halauxifen (23.52 g ai ha-1 + 6.32 g ae ha-1) was applied to Conyza spp. at average heights greater than 10 cm, followed by sequential application of glufosinate ammonium (500 g ai ha-1) after 14 days. Different spray volumes (200, 150, 100, 80 and 50 L ha-1) were used. The percentage of droplet coverage was evaluated using hydrosensitive paper and analyzed using DropScan software. After 24 hours of initial application, the leaves were collected for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although the different spray volumes did not affect the control, faster necrosis effects were observed at 150 and 200 L ha-1. Moreover, the trichome and stomatal density decreased at a spray volume of 200 L ha-1, indicating greater initial damage at this spray volume. Thus, increased spray spray volumes result in increased spray spray deposition, damage to leaf structures and consequently increased control speed. spp however therefore Therefore replications 23.52 2352 23 52 (23.5 ha1 ha 1 ha- 632 6 32 6.3 cm 500 (50 days 200, (200 100 8 5 used software 2 SEM. SEM . (SEM) 15 20 ha1. 1. Moreover ha1, 1, Thus speed 23.5 235 (23. 63 3 6. (5 (20 (SEM 23. (23 ( (2

Abstract The architecture and epidermal surfaces of: Colubrina angustior (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, C. greggii S. Wats., C. lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín, C. macrocarpa (Cav.) G. Don var. macrocarpa, C. stricta Engelm. ex Blankinship, C. texensis (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray and C. yucatanensis (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, belonging to the Family Rhamnaceae are described and illustrated. The characters used for the separation of the taxa were the different types of venation, the insertion of the trichomes, the shape of the epidermal cells and their walls on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, the presence or absence of free veins in the veins of third and fourth category, as well as the types of stomata; in none of the taxa were glands found in the marginal teeth. In addition to the descriptions and photomicrographs of the taxa, a dichotomous key was developed to differentiate the species and varieties. It is also proposed that C. macrocarpa var. lanulosa has a status of new species, because marked differences were found with the type variety of C. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa; Colubrina lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín is proposed as comb. et stat. nov.

Resumen Se describe e ilustra la arquitectura y las superficies epidérmicas de: Colubrina angustior (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, C. greggii S. Wats., C. lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín, C. macrocarpa (Cav.) G. Don var. macrocarpa, C. stricta Engelm. ex Blankinship, C. texensis (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray y C. yucatanensis (M. C. Johnston) Nesom, pertenecientes a la Familia Rhamnaceae. Los caracteres usados para la separación de los taxones fueron los diferentes tipos de venación, la inserción de los tricomas, forma de las células epidérmicas y paredes de las mismas en las superficies adaxial y abaxial, la presencia o ausencia de venas libres en las venas de tercera y cuarta categoría, así como los tipos de estomas; en ninguno de los taxones se encontraron glándulas en los dientes marginales. Además de las descripciones y fotomicrografías de los taxones se elaboró una clave dicotómica para diferenciar las especies y variedades. Así también se propone que C. macrocarpa var. lanulosa tenga un estatus de especie nueva, debido a que se encontraron diferencias marcadas con la variedad tipo de C. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa; se propone a Colubrina lanulosa (M. C. Johnston) Fernández & Arreguín, comb. et stat. nov.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo realiza un estudio morfo-anatómico de seis especies de Lamia- ceae de uso medicinal nativas de la región del Himalaya noroccidental de la India: Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham., A. parviflora Benth., Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw.) P.D. Cantino, Roylea cinerea Baill., Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. y S. coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. Se presentan por primera vez las características histológicas de A. parviflora, A. integrifolia, P. bicolor y S. cana. Se describen estructuras únicas con co- nectivos reducidos en las anteras de S. cana y S. coccinea, un rasgo inusual para el género Salvia, que se caracteriza por presentar conectivos alargados formando un mecanismo de palanca. Entre las especies estudiadas se observaron estomas, aniso- cíticos, anomocíticos y diacíticos. Los granos de polen identificados en los taxones presentan formas que varían desde prolata a suboblata y prolata-esferoidal, con aper- turas hexa-zonocolpadas. Se identificaron once tipos de tricomas, los cuales fueron clasificados como no glandulares (5 tipos) y glandulares (6 tipos). Los conocimientos generados en este estudio contribuyen significativamente a la comprensión botánica de estas especies ignoradas hasta el momento.

ABSTRACT The present work presents a morpho-histological study of six Lamiaceae species, namely Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham., A. parviflora Benth., Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw.) P.D. Cantino, Roylea cinerea Baill., Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. and S. coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl., native to the North-Western Indian Himalaya region. Histological features have been investigated for the first time in A. parviflora, A. integrifolia, P. bicolor, and S. cana. Salvia cana and S. coccinea are reported to have highly reduced connectives, an unusual trait for the Salvia genus, which typically features elongated connectives forming a lever mechanism. Three types of stomata, anisocytic, anomocytic, and diacytic were observed among the studied species. Pollen grains identified within the taxa exhibit shapes ranging from prolate to sub-oblate and prolate-spheroidal, accompanied by hexa-zonocolpate aperture. Eleven different types of trichomes were identified in the studied species, categorized as non-glan- dular (5 types) and glandular (6 types). The new insights gleaned from this study contribute significantly to our comprehension and bridge notable lacunae in botan- ical understanding pertaining to these taxa, heretofore neglected.

ABSTRACT Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the most harmful atmospheric pollutants with implications for human health. Plants have been used as an alternative for the removal of atmospheric PM in urban environments. The removal of PM depends on different plant morphological traits, including trichomes and epicuticles evaluated on trees. However, leaf traits for herbaceous plants commonly used in urban gardens have not been fully explored. This study used filtering to quantify the PM deposition and to describe leaf morphological traits throughout optical devices on 20 leaves from six herbaceous species -Calathea rufibarba, Calathea zebrina, Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia rostrata, Philodendron sp. and Dieffenbachia sp. Our results suggest that structures such as trichomes -C. rufibarba- and epicuticle -H. psittacorum- play a role in PM deposition. On the other hand, large leaf size did not influence the deposition of PM per leaf unit area. Therefore, for improving city air quality, our study suggests selecting species with epidermal traits independent of leaf area. This is the first study focusing on ornamental herbaceous species ability for PM deposition in urban environments in Medellín, Colombia.

RESUMEN Las partículas atmosféricas (PA) son uno de los contaminantes atmosféricos más dañinos con implicaciones para la salud humana. Las plantas se han utilizado como una alternativa para la eliminación de PA en entornos urbanos. Este mecanismo de eliminación depende de diferentes rasgos morfológicos, incluidos los tricomas y epicutículas evaluados en los árboles. Sin embargo, las características de las hojas de las plantas herbáceas comúnmente utilizadas en los jardines urbanos no se han explorado completamente. Este estudio cuantifica cómo se depositan las PA por filtración y describe los rasgos morfológicos de las hojas a través de dispositivos ópticos en 20 hojas de seis especies herbáceas -Calathea rufibarba, Calathea zebrina, Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia rostrata, Philodendron sp. y Dieffenbachia sp-. Nuestros resultados sugieren que estructuras como los tricomas -C. rufibarba- y la epicutícula -H. psittacorum- juegan un papel en cómo se depositan las PA. Por otro lado, las hojas de gran tamaño no influyeron en las PA depositadas por unidad de área foliar. Por lo tanto, para mejorar la calidad del aire en las ciudades nuestro estudio sugiere seleccionar especies con rasgos epidermales independientemente del área foliar. Este es el primer estudio que se enfoca en las capacidades de las especies herbáceas ornamentales, utilizadas en ambientes urbanos en Medellín, Colombia, para retener las PA que se depositan en su superficie.

Summary MostBacopaspecies (Gratioleae-Plantaginaceae) are macrophyte plants with a series of morphological, anatomical, and eco-physiological adaptations in their vegetative organs.We studiedthe vegetative anatomy of fiveBacopaspecies present in the Iberá Macrosystem, and one species of Paraguay wetland.To study leaf and cauline anatomy, paradermal and transverse sections were made with freehand and rotating microtome from previously fixed material. The anatomical studies showed differences between theBacopaspecies analyzed concerning the leaf: types of trichomes; types, distribution, and the density of stomata; and mesophyll type.In terms of the stem, two patterns of cortical aerenchyma were characterized, which are related to the environments inhabited by the species and their adaptations. As a conclusion, a dichotomous key was elaborated with vegetative anatomical characters of theBacopaspecies that grow in wetlands.

Resumen La gran mayoría de las especies deBacopa(Gratioleae-Plantaginaceae) son plantas macrófitas que presentan una serie de adaptaciones morfológicas, anatómicas y eco-fisiológicas en sus órganos vegetativos. Se estudió la anatomía vegetativa de cinco especies deBacopapresentes en el Iberá y una de humedales del Paraguay. Para el estudio de la anatomía foliar y caulinar se realizaron cortes paradermales y transversales a mano alzada y con micrótomo rotativo a partir de material previamente fijado. Se encontraron diferencias entre las 6 especies deBacopaanalizadas, en la hoja relacionadas a: tipos de tricomas; tipos, distribución y densidad de estomas; y en el tipo de mesofilo. Para el tallo, se caracterizaron dos patrones de aerénquima cortical que se relacionan con los ambientes que habitan las especies y sus adaptaciones al mismo. A modo de conclusión se elaboró una clave dicotómica con caracteres anatómicos vegetativos de las especies deBacopaque crecen en los humedales.

Summary The Iberá macrosystem has several types of vegetation, where in addition to aquatic and marsh vegetation are found hydrophilic forests, savannahs with a predominance of grasses and grasslands with shrub species interspersed among the herbaceous species. Previous studies of leaf anatomy were only carried out on aquatic and marsh plants. In this work, leaf anatomy was studied in predominant or frequent species growing in grasslands and forests of the Iberá macrosystem, with the aim of detecting leaf structural characters that may represent adaptive value to these environments. Leaves of 42 species corresponding to 26 families were analyzed with optical and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed based on a data matrix of the anatomical characters analyzed, also including the environment types in which the species studied grow. The analyzed characters of the epidermis were: cuticle design, stomata, trichomes, design of epidermal cells of both epidermis, where a predominance of identical morphology on both sides was observed. In the mesophyll, the type, presence and form of calcium and inulin crystals, and distribution of glandular structures such as laticifers, cavities and secretory cells were evaluated. The data reported are discussed in relation to the available literature. No constant characters associated with a particular vegetation type are found. Species living in the same environment do not have similar anatomical features, as shown by clustering analysis (UPGMA).

Resumen El macrosistema Iberá presenta diversos tipos de vegetación, donde además de las acuáticas y palustres hay bosques hidrófilos, sabanas con predominio de gramíneas y praderas con especies arbustivas intercaladas entre las herbáceas. Estudios previos de anatomía foliar solo fueron realizados en plantas acuáticas y palustres. En este trabajo se estudió la anatomía foliar en especies predominantes o frecuentes que crecen en pastizales y bosques del macrosistema Iberá, con el objetivo de detectar caracteres estructurales de las hojas que puedan representar valor adaptativo a estos ambientes. Se analizaron hojas de 42 especies correspondientes a 26 familias, con microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido. Se realizó un análisis estadístico en base a una matriz de datos, compuesta por los caracteres anatómicos y el ambiente en que crecen las especies estudiadas. Los caracteres analizados de la epidermis fueron: diseño de la cutícula, estomas, tricomas, diseño de células epidérmicas de ambas epidermis, donde se observa un predominio de idéntica morfología en ambas caras. En el mesofilo se evaluó su tipo, presencia y forma de cristales de calcio e inulina, y distribución de estructuras glandulares como laticíferos, cavidades y células secretoras. Los datos reportados son discutidos en relación a la bibliografía disponible. El análisis de agrupamiento (UPGMA) muestra que las especies que habitan en los mismos ambientes no presentan características anatómicas similares.

Abstract De Egea Elsam, J. & M. T. Amela García. 2023. Floral biology, reproductive system and floral visitors of Vitex cymosa (Lamiaceae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 246-264. Vitex cymosa Bert. ex Spreng. (Lamiaceae) is a native species of tropical and subtropical Central and South America. Its medicinal, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties are noteworthy and widely studied. This study aims to contribute towards the knowledge of the reproductive biology of V. cymosa, through: the determination of the reproductive system; the description of reproductive morphological attributes (flower, fruit, pollen and nectary), attractants and floral phases, as well as the record and function of floral visitors. Vitex cymosa presents melitophilic floral traits: diurnal anthesis, bluish coloration, bilabiate structural type, presence of visual guides in the corolla indicating the location of the reward (nectar), and a soft, sweet and pleasant aroma to humans. The pollen has pollenkit and is deposited nototribically on the pollinators. The nectary is of gynoecial origin, the nectar is released through nectarostomes located on the apex of the ovary, remaining available even after corolla abscition, as a post-floral nectary; such zone is distinguished by a purple coloration, different from that of the rest of this organ, which grows basipetally as the fruit develops. The reproductive system of V. cymosa is mixed, resulting in more than 75% of fructification, through both allogamy mediated by pollinators and spontaneous self-pollination, presenting a slight hercogamy that would contribute to cross-pollination. Eleven species of floral visitors were recorded, all belonging to the Class Insecta. Among these floral visitors, Apis mellifera was the most frequent species, and along with other species of native bees (of the genera Bombus, Centris, Plebeia, Tetragonisca, Trigona), wasps and butterflies, they would be pollinators when they visit legitimately (in the case of the hymenopterans, as some of them thieve pollen). Despite this visitor assembly, the most important pollinators are the bees, which coincides with the melitophilic characteristics of the flowers. The nectar exposed in flowers where the corolla has already fallen, more accessible to some bees and to the wasps, would contribute to greater attraction to pollinators, as well as predatory insects of herbivores of the developing fruits.

Resumen De Egea Elsam, J. & M. T. Amela García. 2023. Biología floral, sistema reproductivo y visitantes florales de Vitex cymosa (Lamiaceae). Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 246-264. Vitex cymosa Bert. ex Spreng. (Lamiaceae) es una especie nativa de América Central y del Sur tropical y subtropical, reconocida por sus propiedades medicinales, antioxidantes, antimicóticas y antibacteriales, ampliamente estudiadas. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de V. cymosa, a través de: la determinación del sistema reproductivo; la descripción de atributos morfológicos reproductivos (flor, fruto, polen y nectario), atractivos y fases florales, así como el registro y función de los visitantes florales. Vitex cymosa presenta rasgos florales melitófilos: antesis diurna, coloración azulada, tipo estructural bilabiado, con guías visuales indicativas de la ubicación de la recompensa (néctar) y aroma suave, dulce y agradable al humano. El polen posee cemento polínico y se deposita en forma nototriba sobre los polinizadores. El nectario es de origen ginoecial, el néctar se libera a través de nectarostomas ubicados sobre el ápice del ovario, quedando disponible incluso después de abscisa la corola, a modo de nectario post-floral; dicha zona se distingue por una coloración púrpura, diferente a la del resto del gineceo, que crece hacia la base a medida que el fruto se desarrolla. El sistema reproductivo de V. cymosa es mixto, fructificando en más del 75%, tanto por alogamia mediada por polinizadores como por autopolinización espontánea, presentando una leve hercogamia que contribuiría a la polinización cruzada. Se registraron 11 especies de visitantes florales, todas pertenecientes a la Clase Insecta. De los visitantes florales, Apis mellifera fue la especie más frecuente, y junto a otras especies de abejas nativas registradas (de los géneros Bombus, Centris, Plebeia, Tetragonisca, Trigona), avispas y mariposas, serían polinizadores cuando visitan en forma legítima (en el caso de los himenópteros, ya que algunos hurtan polen). A pesar de este ensamble de visitantes, los polinizadores más importantes son las abejas, en coincidencia con los caracteres melitófilos de las flores. El néctar expuesto en flores donde ya se cayó la corola, más accesible a algunas abejas y a las avispas, contribuiría a una mayor atracción de los polinizadores, así como a insectos predadores de herbívoros de los frutos en desarrollo.

Resumen El objetivo fue describir caracteres morfoanatómicos adaptativos a ambientes xéricos, de órganos vegetativos de tres especies de la familia Fabaceae: Crotalaria chaco-serranensis H. Bach & Fortunato, Desmodium incanum DC. y Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. provenientes de las Sierras Chicas de Córdoba. Se analizó la estructura anatómica de cinco ejemplares de cada especie, con preparados temporarios y se tomaron fotomicrografías. C. chaco-serranensis en raíz presentó abundantes amiloplastos. Tallo con una hipodermis colenquimática y esclerénquima con fibras gelatinosas sobre el floema. El folíolo fue hipostomático con tricomas unicelulares simples en la cara abaxial y mesofilo dorsiventral. D. incanum, evidenció una raíz con crecimiento secundario temprano. El tallo presentó epidermis con gruesa cutícula y abundantes tricomas. Se observó en la corteza estratos de colénquima laminar seguidos de casquetes de fibras gelatinosas y en la médula idioblastos fenólicos. El folíolo presentó epidermis con abundantes tricomas e idioblastos fenólicos en floema. R. edulis mostró raíces con estructura secundaria. Cercano al cuello de la raíz principal, se observó un xilopodio con médula parenquimática y amiloplastos. Se evidenciaron rizomas con amiloplastos e idioblastos fenólicos dispersos en el parénquima. El tallo presentó cutícula gruesa, tricomas, colénquima laminar y fibras floemáticas. Dispersos en el floema se detectaron compuestos fenólicos en idioblastos. Folíolos con numerosos tricomas y entre el parénquima en empalizada y esponjoso se evidenció un estrato continuo de idioblastos fenólicos, al igual que en el floema pero dispersos. Se concluye que las especies analizadas presentan caracteres morfológicos que le permiten adaptarse a condiciones ambientales xéricas. Estos resultados sirven de base para futuros estudios de restauración y conservación de especies autóctonas en ambientes perturbados.

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe morphoanatomical characters adaptive to xeric environments, of vegetative organs of three species of the Fabaceae family: Crotalaria chaco-serranensis H. Bach & Fortunato, Desmodium incanum DC. and Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. from the Sierras Chicas of Córdoba. The anatomical structure of five specimens of each species was analyzed with temporary preparations and photomicrographs were taken. C. chaco-serranensis in root presented abundant amyloplasts. Stem with a collenchyma hypodermis and sclerenchyma with gelatinous fibers on the phloem. The leaflet was hypostomatic with simple unicellular trichomes on the abaxial surface and dorsiventral mesophyll. D. incanum, showed a root with early secondary growth. The stem presented epidermis with a thick cuticle and abundant trichomes. Layers of lamellar collenchyma were observed in the cortex followed by caps of gelatinous fibers and phenolic idioblasts in the medulla. The leaflet presented epidermis with abundant trichomes and phenolic idioblasts in phloem. R. edulis showed roots with secondary structure. Close to the neck of the main root, a xylopodium with parenchymatic marrow and amyloplasts was observed. Rhizomes with amyloplasts and phenolic idioblasts scattered in the parenchyma were evident. The stem presented thick cuticle, trichomes, lamellar collenchyma and phloem fibers. Dispersed in the phloem, phenolic compounds were detected in idioblasts.Leaflets with numerous trichomes and between the palisade and spongy parenchyma there was evidence of a continuous layer of phenolic idioblasts, the same as in the phloem but scattered. It is concluded that the analyzed species present morphological characters that allow them to adapt to xeric environmental conditions. These results serve as a basis for future studies on the restoration and conservation of native species in disturbed environments.