Resumen Antecedentes: Polystemma se caracteriza por el indumento mixto, con tricomas glandulares volviéndose blancos, corolas rotadas a rotado-campanuladas, corona ginostegial con apéndices filiformes y folículos fusiformes. El taxón presenta numerosos cambios taxonómicos en los últimos años. En las filogenias recientes, Polystemma se ha recobrado como parafilético y muchas de las especies requieren nuevas combinaciones. Se realizan los cambios correspondientes y se describen tres especies nuevas del género. Preguntas: ¿Los datos morfológicos apoyan la transferencia de especies de Matelea a Polystemma? ¿Son especies diferentes las plantas de Polystemma colectadas en Durango, Jalisco y Sinaloa? Especies de estudio: Polystemma. Sitio y años de estudio: Estados Unidos de América, México, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica, entre 2014 y 2024. Métodos: Se revisaron más de 3,000 ejemplares de 20 diferentes herbarios y bases de datos. Se generaron mapas de distribución y proponen categorías de riesgo. Se planteó como hipótesis explicativa el concepto cohesivo de especie para el reconocimiento de los taxones. Resultados: Se reconocen 27 especies del género, distribuidas desde el sureste de los Estados Unidos de América hasta Costa Rica. Se proponen once combinaciones nuevas, tres lectotipificaciones y tres especies nuevas. Se incluye una clave de identificación e información sobre tipos, sinónimos, hábitat, imágenes de todas las especies y mapas de distribución. Conclusiones: La revisión de este género permitió actualizar la sistemática dentro de la subtribu Gonolobinae. Asimismo, resalta a México como el centro de diversidad y endemismo para Polystemma.

Abstract Background: Polystemma is characterized by a mixed indumentum of glandular trichomes that turn white, rotate to rotate-campanulate corollas, a gynostegial corona with filiform appendages, and fusiform follicles. The taxon has undergone numerous taxonomic changes in recent years. In current phylogenies, Polystemma has been recovered as paraphyletic and many of its species require a new combination. In this study, we propose the corresponding changes and describe, map, and illustrate three new species within this genus. Questions: Do morphological data support the transfer of Matelea species to Polystemma? Are the plants of Polystemma collected in Durango, Jalisco, and Sinaloa different species? Studied species: Polystemma. Study site and dates: United States, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua y Costa Rica, between 2014 and 2024. Methods: More than 3,000 specimens from 20 herbaria and virtual databases were reviewed. Distribution maps were generated, and risk categories were proposed. The cohesive species concept was proposed as an explanatory hypothesis for taxon recognition. Results: A total of 27 species of the genus were recognized, these distributed from the southeastern United States of America to Costa Rica. Eleven new combinations and three lectotypifications are made, and three new species for science are proposed. Identification key, nomenclatural type information, synonyms, habitat, images of all species and distribution maps are also included. Conclusions: The review of this genus allowed for updating and improving the systematics within the subtribe Gonolobinae. Likewise, it highlights Mexico as the center of diversity and endemism for Polystemma.

Resumen Antecedentes: Calotropis procera es nativa del trópico y subtrópico de Asia y África. En México se encuentra en Yucatán, Quintana Roo y Oaxaca. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿La morfometría de frutos y semillas varía en donde es nativa o exótica? ¿Las estructuras de la semilla de Calotropis procera han sido bien identificadas? Especie de estudio: La exótica Calotropis procera ya se ha reportado en varios estados de México, sin embargo, hay poca información sobre su biología reproductiva en las poblaciones mexicanas. Sitio y años de estudio: Los frutos se colectaron en Oaxaca, México en septiembre de 2019. Métodos: Se obtuvieron datos morfométricos de frutos y semillas y se tomaron imágenes mediante microscopía. Resultados: Los frutos son folículos ovoides y coriáceos. El promedio de semillas por fruto es de 364 ± 86 (DE). La semilla es café y aplanada dorsoventralmente. El largo es de 8.37 ± 0.413 mm, ancho de 5.01 ± 0.39 mm y el peso es de 10.5 ± 7.86 mg. Se reporta la posición del hilo y del micrópilo y la existencia de dos tipos de tricomas en la testa. Sugerimos que el relieve en la superficie ventral de la semilla es el rafe. Conclusiones: De los datos obtenidos concluimos que las características de frutos y semillas están bien conservadas en esta especie. Confirmamos la posición del hilo y del micrópilo, y reportamos la existencia de dos tipos de tricomas en la testa. Se sugiere la posición del rafe, lo que puede apoyar en futuros estudios taxonómicos.

Abstract Background: Calotropis procera is a plant native from the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa. In Mexico, its presence is now registered in Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Oaxaca. Questions and / or Hypotheses: Fruit and seed morphometry vary among places where it is native or exotic? Are seed structures well identified in Calotropis procera? Studied species: The exotic Calotropis procera has been already reported in several states in Mexico, however, information about its reproductive biology in Mexican populations is scarce. Studied site and dates: Fruits were collected in Oaxaca, Mexico in September 2019. Methods: We obtained fruit and seed morphometric data and seed images with microscopy. Results: The fruits are green and ovoid. The average number of seeds per fruit is 364 ± 86 (SD). The seed is brown and flattened dorsoventrally. The length of the seeds is 8.37 ± 0.413 mm, the width is 5.01 ± 0.39 mm, and the weight is 10.5 ± 7.86 mg. The position of the hilum and the micropyle is reported and the occurrence of two types of trichomes on the testa. We suggest that the protrusion on the ventral surface of the seed is the raphe. Conclusions: From data obtained we concluded that fruit and seed characteristics are well conserved in this species. We confirmed the position of the hilum and micropyle and reported the presence of two types of trichomes in the testa. Location of the raphe is suggested, providing information that may be useful for future taxonomic studies.

Resumen El género neotropical Telipogon (Oncidiinae), que comprende aproximadamente 250 especies, exhibe una notable diversidad de especies en los bosques húmedos montanos del sur de Centroamérica y los Andes tropicales. Telipogon, en sentido amplio, abarca tanto las especies de flores grandes que imitan a las moscas taquínidas como las especies de flores pequeñas anteriormente clasificadas en Stellilabium. En Costa Rica, este género incluye 55 especies, de las cuales 16 están clasificadas como especies de flores pequeñas. Mientras que las especies de Telipogon de flores grandes (en sentido estricto) han sido revisadas taxonómicamente, las especies de flores pequeñas aún no han sido objeto de una revisión taxonómica exhaustiva. Nuestra investigación tiene como objetivo llenar parcialmente este vacío centrándose en un análisis morfológico comparativo de dos nuevas especies de Telipogon de flores pequeñas. Describimos e ilustramos Telipogon lateritius y T. muntzii, ambos descubiertos en el bosque húmedo de elevación media de la cuenca del Caribe en la Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Telipogon lateritius se destaca por sus distintivas flores de color ladrillo, con sépalos, pétalos y labios con rayas de color marrón castaño, los sépalos laterales connados en un sinsépalo triangular-ovado, complementados con una pubescencia escasa y rígida en la base del labio. Telipogon muntzii, aunque similar a T. anacristinae, difiere por sus flores únicas de color verde oliva, escasos tricomas en el labelo, lóbulos laterales de la columna estrechamente oblongos y un lóbulo mediano de la columna en forma de casco cubierto exclusivamente por tricomas simples. Este estudio proporciona nuevas adiciones para una futura revisión taxonómica de Telipogon en Costa Rica.

Abstract The Neotropical genus Telipogon (Oncidiinae), comprising approximately 250 species, exhibits remarkable species diversity in the humid, montane forests of southern Central America and the Tropical Andes. Telipogon, when broadly defined, encompasses both the large-flowered species that mimic tachinid flies and the small-flowered species formerly classified under Stellilabium. In Costa Rica, this genus includes 55 species, with 16 classified as small-flowered species. While the large-flowered species of Telipogon (in the strict sense) have been taxonomically revised, the small-flowered species have yet to be the subject of a thorough taxonomic revision. Our research aims to partially fill this gap by focusing on a comparative morphological analysis of two novel small-flowered Telipogon species. We describe and illustrate Telipogon lateritius and T. muntzii, both discovered in the humid mid-elevation forest of the Caribbean watershed in Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Telipogon lateritius is notable for its distinctive brick-colored flowers, featuring sepals, petals, and lips striped in chestnut brown; the lateral sepals connate into a triangular-ovate synsepal, complemented by sparse, stiff pubescence at the base of the lip. Telipogon muntzii, although closely resembling T. anacristinae, differs in its unique olive-green flowers, sparse trichomes on the lip, narrowly oblong lateral lobes of the column, and a helmet-shaped median lobe of the column exclusively covered by simple trichomes. This study provides new additions for a future taxonomic revision of Telipogon in Costa Rica.

ABSTRACT: The use of plant resistance acts by intervening in the herbivore-host relationship, through morphological, physical or chemical factors of the plant. This study evaluated the oviposition and foliar consumption of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) in soybean genotypes, in free- and no-choice tests, correlating them with the factors, density and size of trichomes. The experiments were carried out in laboratory (25 ± 2 °C; RH= 70 ± 10%; photoperiod 14h) using five cultivars (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) and two isolines (PELBR 10-6000 and PELBR 10-6049). The trichomes reported were filiform tectors and claviform multicellular glandular. The density of glandular trichomes, in stages V2 and V5, was higher on BRS 6203 RR and BRS 391, respectively. The higher density of glandular trichomes was observed in V5 and a higher density of tector trichomes in V2. The lowest densities and the smallest sizes of trichomes in V2 and V5 stages was observed on PELBR 10-6049. The size of tector trichomes and the number of eggs did not differ among the cultivars. Foliar consumption was lower for on BMX Icone Ipro and Tec Irga 6070 RR. Trichome density influences the consumption and oviposition behavior of C. includens.

RESUMO: O uso da resistência de plantas atua intervindo na relação herbívoro-hospedeiro, através de fatores morfológicos, físicos ou químicos da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a oviposição e o consumo foliar de Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) em genótipos de soja, através de testes com e sem escolha, correlacionando-os com os fatores, densidade e tamanho de tricomas. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório (25 ± 2 °C; UR= 70 ± 10%; fotoperíodo 14h) utilizando cinco cultivares (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) e duas linhagens (PELBR 10-6000 e PELBR 10-6049). Os tricomas encontrados foram tectores filiformes e glandulares multicelulares claviformes. A densidade de tricomas glandulares nos estágios V2 e V5, foi maior em BRS 6203 RR e BRS 391, respectivamente. A maior densidade de tricomas glandulares foi observada em V5 e a maior densidade de tricomas tectores em V2. As menores densidades e os menores tamanhos de tricomas nos estágios V2 e V5 foram observados em PELBR 10-6049. O tamanho de tricomas tectores e o número de ovos não diferiram entre as cultivares. O consumo foliar foi menor para BMX Icone Ipro e Tec Irga 6070 RR. A densidade de tricomas influência o comportamento de consumo e oviposição de C. includens.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo realiza un estudio morfo-anatómico de seis especies de Lamia- ceae de uso medicinal nativas de la región del Himalaya noroccidental de la India: Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham., A. parviflora Benth., Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw.) P.D. Cantino, Roylea cinerea Baill., Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. y S. coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. Se presentan por primera vez las características histológicas de A. parviflora, A. integrifolia, P. bicolor y S. cana. Se describen estructuras únicas con co- nectivos reducidos en las anteras de S. cana y S. coccinea, un rasgo inusual para el género Salvia, que se caracteriza por presentar conectivos alargados formando un mecanismo de palanca. Entre las especies estudiadas se observaron estomas, aniso- cíticos, anomocíticos y diacíticos. Los granos de polen identificados en los taxones presentan formas que varían desde prolata a suboblata y prolata-esferoidal, con aper- turas hexa-zonocolpadas. Se identificaron once tipos de tricomas, los cuales fueron clasificados como no glandulares (5 tipos) y glandulares (6 tipos). Los conocimientos generados en este estudio contribuyen significativamente a la comprensión botánica de estas especies ignoradas hasta el momento.

ABSTRACT The present work presents a morpho-histological study of six Lamiaceae species, namely Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham., A. parviflora Benth., Pseudocaryopteris bicolor (Roxb. ex Hardw.) P.D. Cantino, Roylea cinerea Baill., Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. and S. coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl., native to the North-Western Indian Himalaya region. Histological features have been investigated for the first time in A. parviflora, A. integrifolia, P. bicolor, and S. cana. Salvia cana and S. coccinea are reported to have highly reduced connectives, an unusual trait for the Salvia genus, which typically features elongated connectives forming a lever mechanism. Three types of stomata, anisocytic, anomocytic, and diacytic were observed among the studied species. Pollen grains identified within the taxa exhibit shapes ranging from prolate to sub-oblate and prolate-spheroidal, accompanied by hexa-zonocolpate aperture. Eleven different types of trichomes were identified in the studied species, categorized as non-glan- dular (5 types) and glandular (6 types). The new insights gleaned from this study contribute significantly to our comprehension and bridge notable lacunae in botan- ical understanding pertaining to these taxa, heretofore neglected.

RESUMEN Las partículas atmosféricas (PA) son uno de los contaminantes atmosféricos más dañinos con implicaciones para la salud humana. Las plantas se han utilizado como una alternativa para la eliminación de PA en entornos urbanos. Este mecanismo de eliminación depende de diferentes rasgos morfológicos, incluidos los tricomas y epicutículas evaluados en los árboles. Sin embargo, las características de las hojas de las plantas herbáceas comúnmente utilizadas en los jardines urbanos no se han explorado completamente. Este estudio cuantifica cómo se depositan las PA por filtración y describe los rasgos morfológicos de las hojas a través de dispositivos ópticos en 20 hojas de seis especies herbáceas -Calathea rufibarba, Calathea zebrina, Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia rostrata, Philodendron sp. y Dieffenbachia sp-. Nuestros resultados sugieren que estructuras como los tricomas -C. rufibarba- y la epicutícula -H. psittacorum- juegan un papel en cómo se depositan las PA. Por otro lado, las hojas de gran tamaño no influyeron en las PA depositadas por unidad de área foliar. Por lo tanto, para mejorar la calidad del aire en las ciudades nuestro estudio sugiere seleccionar especies con rasgos epidermales independientemente del área foliar. Este es el primer estudio que se enfoca en las capacidades de las especies herbáceas ornamentales, utilizadas en ambientes urbanos en Medellín, Colombia, para retener las PA que se depositan en su superficie.

ABSTRACT Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the most harmful atmospheric pollutants with implications for human health. Plants have been used as an alternative for the removal of atmospheric PM in urban environments. The removal of PM depends on different plant morphological traits, including trichomes and epicuticles evaluated on trees. However, leaf traits for herbaceous plants commonly used in urban gardens have not been fully explored. This study used filtering to quantify the PM deposition and to describe leaf morphological traits throughout optical devices on 20 leaves from six herbaceous species -Calathea rufibarba, Calathea zebrina, Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia rostrata, Philodendron sp. and Dieffenbachia sp. Our results suggest that structures such as trichomes -C. rufibarba- and epicuticle -H. psittacorum- play a role in PM deposition. On the other hand, large leaf size did not influence the deposition of PM per leaf unit area. Therefore, for improving city air quality, our study suggests selecting species with epidermal traits independent of leaf area. This is the first study focusing on ornamental herbaceous species ability for PM deposition in urban environments in Medellín, Colombia.

Abstract Myrciinae, one of the nine subtribes of Myrteae, is a monophyletic group and only includes Myrcia. Phylogenetic studies have culminated in the establishment of sections in this genus supported by floral morphological traits. The anatomy of reproductive organs in Myrteae has proven to be important for understanding the evolution in subtribes. We described the floral anatomy of 12 species of Myrcia in eight of the nine sections to identify characteristics that may be useful for species or section delimitation. Herbarium samples and freshly collected material were processed using standard anatomical techniques. Anatomical aspects in all floral whorls that were similar between the species studied, but may occur in species in other subtribes of Myrteae, are the monocyclic pattern of ovarian vascularization, an outer, median and inner parenchymatic ovarian mesophyll, homogeneous mesophyll in the sepal, and campylotropous ovule. Spongy parenchyma in the petal seems to be the most common pattern for Myrteae, but in Pliniinae, a sister subtribe of Myciinae, homogeneous mesophyll is the most frequent type. The discrete differences observed that should be further explored in the subtribe Myrciinae are the presence or absence of unicellular, non-glandular trichomes in the indumentum of the pedicel, gynoecium, hypanthium, sepal, and petal. traits 1 delimitation techniques studied vascularization outer sepal ovule Pliniinae Myciinae type unicellular nonglandular non glandular pedicel gynoecium hypanthium

Resumo Myrciinae, uma das nove subtribos de Myrteae, é um grupo monofilético e inclui somente Myrcia. Estudos filogenéticos culminaram no estabelecimento de seções neste gênero suportadas por caracteres morfológicos florais. A anatomia de órgãos reprodutivos em Myrteae tem demonstrado ser de grande importância para o entendimento da evolução nas subtribos. Nos descrevemos a anatomia floral de 12 espécies de Myrcia em oito das nove seções para identificar características que possam ser úteis na delimitação de espécies ou seções. Amostras de herbário e coletadas a fresco foram processados mediante técnicas usuais em anatomia. Aspectos anatômicos em todos os verticilos florais que foram semelhantes entre as espécies, mas que podem ocorrer em espécies de outras subtribos de Myrteae, são: o padrão monocíclico de vascularização do ovário, um mesofilo ovariano parenquimático externo, um central e um interno, mesofilo homogêneo na sépala, e o óvulo campilótropo. O parênquima esponjoso na pétala parece ser o padrão mais comum para Myrteae, mas em Pliniinae, subtribo irmã de Myciinae, o mesofilo homogêneo é o tipo mais frequente. As diferenças discretas observadas, que devem ser mais exploradas na subtribo Myciinae são: presença ou ausência de tricomas unicelulares não glandulares no indumento do pedicelo, gineceu, hipanto, sépala e pétala. Myrciinae 1 são ovário externo interno campilótropo Pliniinae frequente observadas pedicelo gineceu hipanto

ABSTRACT The seeds and seedlings morphological differentiation is a challenge in the early stages of plant growth. This study aims to describe the physical and morphological characteristics of seeds and seedlings of Jatropha mollissima to delimit differences between other species from the same genus. The seeds were placed to germinate for morphological description and their physical characteristics were measured. The J. mollissima presented a 1000-seed weight of 332 g, 3,008 seeds per kilogram, 6.7% of moisture, 1.29 cm length, 0.84 cm width, and 0.66 cm thickness. We verified that the seeds are oval in shape; their colour is dark brown, greyish or mixed colour; they have visible raphe and hilum, and caruncle with beige coloration. The endosperm is oleaginous and involves the embryo with foliaceous and spatulate cotyledons. The embryo is axial, and the hypocotyl-radicle axis has a short cylindrical shape. Germination is epigeal and phanerocotyledonary; leaves have dimorphism and serrated margins with simple trichomes; and their apex is cuspidate or attenuated. Our research demonstrates that it is possible to differentiate J. mollissima from other species of the same genus through morphological characteristics. Therefore, this work contributes to the correct identification of the species, laboratory analysis, and field recognition. growth measured J 1000seed seed 1000 33 g 3008 3 008 3,00 kilogram 67 6 7 6.7 moisture 129 1 29 1.2 length 084 0 84 0.8 width 066 66 0.6 thickness shape brown hilum coloration cotyledons axial hypocotylradicle hypocotyl radicle phanerocotyledonary trichomes attenuated Therefore analysis recognition 100 300 00 3,0 6. 12 2 1. 08 8 0. 06 10 30 3,

Resumo Echinodorus é o segundo maior gênero da família de plantas aquáticas Alismataceae, compreendendo 28 espécies, 24 delas ocorrendo no Brasil. Este estudo representa o primeiro registro de Echinodorus scaber Rataj para o Estado do Maranhão, com base em material coletado no município de Brejo, leste do Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber compartilha semelhanças morfológicas com E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, mas pode ser distinguida por: (I) uma inflorescência altamente ramificada; (II) pedúnculos e pecíolos escabrosos recobertos por tricomas estrelados; e (II) flores pequenas com pétalas reflexas. Este novo registro de E. scaber contribui para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade e distribuição deste gênero no Maranhão e ressalta a necessidade de ampliar os esforços de coleta para uma maior compreensão das zonas inundadas do estado. Esforços de coleta abrangentes, com foco especial em plantas aquáticas e em locais distantes do principal centro urbano do estado, São Luís, poderá resultar em um aumento significativo do conhecimento da flora, especialmente do gênero Echinodorus, que necessita de amplo estudo taxonômico. Essas recomendações poderão resultar em novos registros, extensões de distribuição e novas descrições de espécies, contribuindo para a conservação dos ambientes aquáticos do Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 espécies Brasil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I ramificada II (II estrelados reflexas estado abrangentes Luís flora taxonômico registros

Abstract Echinodorus is the second largest genus of the aquatic plant family Alismataceae, comprising 28 species, of which 24 occur in Brazil. This study represents the first record of Echinodorus scaber Rataj for the State of Maranhão, based on material collected in the Municipality of Brejo, eastern Maranhão. Echinodorus scaber shares morphological similarities with E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli, but it can be distinguished by (I) a highly branched inflorescence, (II) scabrous peduncles and petioles covered by stellate trichomes, and (II) small flowers with reflexed petals. This new record of E. scaber contributes to a better understanding of this genus’ diversity and distribution in Maranhão and underscores the necessity to broaden collection efforts for a better comprehension of the state’s flooded zones. Comprehensive collection efforts, with a special focus on aquatic plants and in locations far from the state’s main urban center, São Luís, may result in a significant knowledge increase of the flora, especially of the genus Echinodorus, which needs a broad taxonomic study. These recommendations may result in new records, range extensions, and species descriptions, contributing to the conservation of the aquatic environments of Maranhão. Alismataceae 2 Brazil Brejo E Kunth (Kunth Micheli I (I inflorescence II (II trichomes petals states state s zones center Luís flora records extensions descriptions

Abstract Glicophyllum is well supported, presenting four homoplasies, easily differentiated from the other genera of the clade due to characteristics related to the reproductive organs, which can make the identification of their species difficult when they are not in the reproductive phase. Therefore, there are provided the leaf anatomical and morphological description of the leaf glands of seven species of Glicophyllum to assist in the identification of their species. The samples for the study were obtained from several national and international herbaria, sectioned freehand, stained with basic fuchsin – astra blue and compared through a binary matrix using the Sorensen’s coefficient in the MVSP software. Among the leaf anatomical characters found, the following stand out: presence/absence of trichomes; petiole contour; contour of the main vein; organization of the mesophyll, presence/absence of bundle sheath extension and the surface of the glands. In this study, an identification key with leaf anatomical data is presented for the first time, demonstrating the applicability of leaf anatomy for the taxonomy of Glicophyllum. In the multivariate analysis, it is observed that the characteristics of leaf venation and topology of the glands are more representative to differentiate the taxa. Therefore, the data obtained can support future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of the genus. supported homoplasies organs phase Therefore herbaria freehand Sorensens Sorensen s software found out presenceabsence presence absence trichomes vein mesophyll time analysis taxa genus

Resumen Morfoanatomía e histoquímica de Baccharis palustris: ampliando el conocimiento de una especie endémica altamente amenazada del sureste de América. La plasticidad fenotípica del género Baccharis dificulta la identificación de las especies, incluso en la etapa de floración. En este contexto, la descripción morfoanatómica es una herramienta poderosa para la autenticación botánica, haciendo hincapié en las características de valor diagnóstico que pueden ser útiles para distinguir especies similares. Dado el escaso conocimiento disponible sobre la especie endémica B. palustristis, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la morfoanatomía y la histoquímica de las partes aéreas vegetativas de B. palustris y establecer los sitios de síntesis y acumulación de metabolitos de importancia medicinal. La hoja de B. palustris mostró venación pinnada, camptódroma, broquidódromo. Lámina con mesofilo dorsiventral con parénquima esponjoso aerenquimático, haces vasculares colaterales y distintos tipos de estomas y tricomas, entre los que se destacan tricomas glandulares de base pluriceriada nunca antes descriptos para el género. El pecíolo se presentó alado, con tres haces vasculares colaterales. El tallo mostró contorno pentalobulado con crecimiento poco usual, almidón y cristales en la médula. Se observó la presencia de conductos secretores y tricomas glandulares, los cuales pueden sintetizar lípidos, terpenos/poliacetilenos y compuestos fenólicos. Las características morfológicas/histoquímicas descritas en este trabajo contribuyen al conocimiento de la especie, destacando la importancia de su preservación como un recurso valioso. América floración contexto botánica similares B palustristis medicinal pinnada camptódroma broquidódromo aerenquimático alado usual médula lípidos terpenospoliacetilenos terpenos poliacetilenos fenólicos morfológicashistoquímicas morfológicas histoquímicas valioso

Abstract Morphoanatomy and histochemistry of Baccharis palustris: insights into a highly endangered endemic species from Southeastern America. The phenotypic plasticity of the Baccharis genus makes species identification difficult, even at the flowering stage. In this context, morphoanatomical studies are a powerful tool for botanical authentication, mainly emphasizing the recognition of diagnostic characteristics that may be useful for distinguishing similar species. Given the limited knowledge available about the endemic species B. palustris, this work aimed to characterize the morphoanatomy and histochemistry of its vegetative aerial parts to identify characters with diagnostic value and to elucidate the sites of synthesis and accumulation of metabolites of medicinal importance. B. palustris leaf showed pinnate, camptodrome-brochidodrome venation patterns. Blade with dorsiventral mesophyll, aerenchymatous spongy parenchyma, collateral vascular bundles, and different types of stomata and trichomes, including glandular trichomes with a multi-layered base evidenced and described for the first time in the genus. The petiole was winged, with three collateral vascular bundles. The stem showed a penta-lobulated contour with unusual growth, starch, and crystals in the pith. The presence of secretory ducts and glandular trichomes, which synthesized lipids, terpenes/polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds, was observed. The morphological/histochemical characteristics described in this work contribute to the knowledge of the species, highlighting the importance of its preservation as a valuable resource. America difficult stage context authentication B pinnate camptodromebrochidodrome camptodrome brochidodrome patterns mesophyll parenchyma bundles multilayered multi layered winged pentalobulated penta lobulated growth starch pith lipids terpenespolyacetylenes terpenes polyacetylenes terpenes/polyacetylenes compounds observed morphologicalhistochemical morphological histochemical resource

Resumo A descrição das estruturas secretoras em Malvaceae não é consenso e resulta em interpretações conflitantes. Em meio a interpretações conflitantes, o presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a diversidade ontogenética e histoquímica em Ceiba, enfatizando as estruturas secretoras em folhas de C. erianthos, C. jasminodora, C. pentandra e C. speciosa. Todas as espécies analisadas apresentam idioblastos mucilaginosos, cristalíferos e fenólicos. Tais estruturas estão dispostas aleatoriamente no mesofilo, epiderme, córtex do pecíolo e no tecido parenquimático da nervura central. Porém, em C. jasminodora e C. pentandra, encontram-se apenas na região da nervura central. O desenvolvimento de idioblastos mucilaginosos é assíncrono e quando maduros, coalescem formando grandes estruturas repletas de mucilagem. Tricomas glandulares pluricelulares do tipo clavado também foram detectados distribuídos aleatoriamente em ambas as superfícies foliares. Sua ontogenia é descrita e testes histoquímicos evidenciaram a presença de substâncias lipofílicas. Nectários extraflorais foram observados no terço médio da nervura central, na face abaxial dos folíolos. Estes se originam da protoderme e do meristema fundamental do córtex da nervura central. Espera-se que estes resultados ajudem a consolidar o conhecimento das estruturas secretoras em Malvaceae, levando, por sua vez, à elucidação das relações filogenéticas. conflitantes Ceiba C erianthos speciosa fenólicos mesofilo epiderme central Porém encontramse encontram maduros mucilagem foliares lipofílicas folíolos Esperase Espera levando vez filogenéticas

Abstract The description of secretory structures in Malvaceae is controversial, and results in conflicting interpretations. Amid conflicting interpretations, therefore, the present study aims to describe the ontogeny diversity and histochemistry in Ceiba, emphasizing the secretory structures in leaves of C. erianthos, C. jasminodora, C. pentandra, and C. speciosa. All analyzed species present mucilaginous, crystalliferous, and phenolic idioblasts. These structures are randomly arranged in the mesophyll, epidermis, petiole cortex, and parenchymatic tissue of the midrib. However, in C. jasminodora and C. pentandra, secretory structures are only found in the midrib area. The development of mucilaginous idioblasts is asynchronous and, when mature, they coalesce forming large structures full of mucilage. Clavate-type pluricellular glandular trichomes were also detected scattered randomly on both leaf surfaces. Their ontogeny is described, and histochemical tests showed the presence of lipophilic substances. Extrafloral nectaries were observed in the middle third of the midrib, on the abaxial side of the leaflets. They originate from the protoderm and ground meristem of the midrib cortex. It is expected that these results will help consolidate knowledge of secretory structures in Malvaceae, leading, in turn, to the elucidation of phylogenetic relationships. controversial interpretations therefore Ceiba C erianthos pentandra speciosa crystalliferous mesophyll epidermis cortex However area mature mucilage Clavatetype Clavate type surfaces described substances leaflets leading turn relationships

Abstract Schinus fasciculatus (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst and S. gracilipes I.M. Johnst are plants rich in secondary metabolites traditionally used for dye, fodder, and medicinal purposes. This work is a comprehensive comparative analysis of leaf architecture and histochemistry between the two species to determine the in situ localization of their secondary metabolites. Leaf anatomy was characterized by classical histological methods. Fresh leaf cross-sections were treated with ferric chloride, Fast Blue B, aluminium chloride, vanillin-HCl, 1% KOH, Sudan IV, Neu´s, NADI, Liebermann-Burchard, PAS, and lugol. The leaves of both species shared morphological traits suitable for survival in water-limited environments, such as amphistomacy and anomocytic stomata. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes were abundant in S. gracilipes suggesting that they have a protective role against biotic and abiotic stresses. Some features like mesophyll structure and thickness indicate S. fasciculatus leaves respond better to the selective pressure of extreme environments. The histochemical analysis revealed a widespread distribution of phenolic compounds and terpenoids in the mesophyll tissue of both species. Glandular trichomes contained polysaccharides, terpenoids and phenolic compounds, including flavonoids. Numerous schizogenous phloem ducts containing terpenoids were observed in both species, with alkaloids only present in the phloem ducts of S. fasciculatus. These findings suggest that terpenoids and phenolic compounds in both Schinus species serve as plant defenses and protect against environmental stresses. The distribution and abundance of tannins and flavonoids suggest they protect against excessive UV radiation and reactive oxygen species. The ecophysiological significance of the results are discussed in relation to other Anacardiaceae species. Griseb. Griseb (Griseb. IM I M I.M S dye fodder purposes methods crosssections cross sections chloride B vanillinHCl, vanillinHCl vanillin HCl, HCl vanillin-HCl 1 KOH IV Neus Neu s Neu´s NADI LiebermannBurchard, LiebermannBurchard Liebermann Burchard, Burchard Liebermann-Burchard PAS lugol waterlimited water limited environments stomata nonglandular non glandular stresses polysaccharides (Griseb

Abstract As part of ongoing studies of Solanum in South America, three new species of the Geminata clade are described for Colombia. Solanum caquetense J.D.Tovar sp. nov., from the Department of Caquetá, is a riverside shrub found in lowland rainforests, with willow-like leaves characteristic of rheophyte plants. Solanum pinguiculum J.D. Tovar sp. nov. is confined to the understory of cloud forests on the eastern Andean slopes in the Departments of Cauca, Huila, and Putumayo, and is a tiny subshrub with somewhat watery stems and minute flowers. Solanum sabu J.D. Tovar sp. nov. is a rare plant, represented by a single collection from the eastern Andean slopes of the Cordillera Central in the Department of Tolima; it is a shrub with loose dendritic trichomes on abaxial leaf surface, and is described here to encourage further investigation in the field and herbaria. Differences between these new taxa and morphologically similar species are discussed, and photos, preliminary conservation status, and distribution maps are provided for all newly described species. To facilitate the identification of these morphologically very similar plants, a dichotomous key for all members of the Geminata clade occurring in Colombia is provided together with a synopsis of their distribution by Department. America JDTovar J D sp nov Caquetá rainforests willowlike willow like plants JD J.D Cauca Huila Putumayo flowers plant Tolima surface herbaria discussed photos status

ABSTRACT Two new species of Maripa (Convolvulaceae) are described in the Northern Andean Region of South America. Maripa daironii M.Pastore has been found in Colombia, specifically in the inter-Andean valleys of the Antioquia, Bolívar, Cesar, and Santander departments, in rainforests at elevations ranging from 100 to 400 meters. Maripa marimba M.Pastore has been recorded in Ecuador, specifically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Pichincha, in submontane rainforests at elevations between 500 and 1,400 meters. The first is mainly recognized by the furfuraceous indumentum composed of radiate peltate trichomes, inflorescence in typical thyrses with foliaceous bracts, infundibuliform corolla, and yellow fruits with patent sepals. The second is mainly recognized by racemiform cyme, campanulate corolla, and ellipsoid fruits with patent sepals. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, photographs, a distribution map, an identification key, and comparisons with similar species are provided for both new species. Additionally, the conservation status of each species is preliminary assessed according to IUCN criteria. Maripa daironii has been classified as Vulnerable (VU), while M. marimba has been classified as Least Concern (LC). Convolvulaceae (Convolvulaceae America MPastore M Pastore Colombia interAndean inter Antioquia Bolívar Cesar departments 10 40 meters Ecuador Pichincha 50 1400 1 1,40 trichomes bracts corolla sepals cyme descriptions illustrations photographs map key Additionally criteria VU, VU , (VU) LC. LC . (LC) 4 5 140 1,4 (VU (LC 14 1,