ABSTRACT Intelligent apple-harvesting robots use a staggered distribution of branches and leaves during operation, causing problems such as slow motion planning, low operational efficiency, and high path cost for multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) harvesting manipulators. This study presents an autonomous apple-harvesting robotic arm-hand composite system that aims to improve the operational efficiency of intelligent harvesting in dwarf anvil-planted apple orchards. The machine vision system for fruit detection uses the deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) YOLOv7 and RGB-D camera online detection coupling technology to rapidly recognise apples. The spatial depth information of the fruit area was then extracted from the aligned depth image for precise positioning. Coordinate transformation was used to obtain the coordinates of the fruit under the coordinate system of the manipulator. Based on the informed rapid-exploration random tree (Informed-RRT*) algorithm and path-planning model, the identified target apples were harvested without collision path planning. In an apple-harvesting test, the recognition accuracy of the visual system was 89.4%, and the average time to harvest a single apple was 9.69 s, which was 4.8% faster than the mainstream general harvesting technology. Moreover, the harvesting time for a single apple was reduced by 1.7%. Thus, the proposed system enabled accurate and efficient fruit harvesting. appleharvesting operation planning multidegreesoffreedom multi degrees freedom DOF (DOF manipulators armhand arm hand anvilplanted anvil planted orchards CNN (CNN YOLOv RGBD RGB D positioning manipulator rapidexploration rapid exploration InformedRRT* InformedRRT Informed RRT* RRT (Informed-RRT* pathplanning model test 894 89 4 89.4% 969 9 69 9.6 s 48 8 4.8 Moreover 17 1 7 1.7% Thus (Informed-RRT 89.4 96 6 9. 4. 1.7 89. 1.

RESUMO Os robôs de colheita inteligente de maçãs têm uma distribuição escalonada de galhos e folhas durante a operação, o que causa problemas como o planejamento de movimentos lentos, a baixa eficiência operacional e o alto custo de trajetória dos manipuladores de colheita com vários graus de liberdade (DOF). Este artigo apresenta um sistema composto de braço-mão robótico autônomo para colheita de maçãs que visa melhorar a eficiência operacional da colheita inteligente em pomares de maçãs plantadas com anéis anões. O sistema de visão mecânica para detecção de frutas usa a rede neural convolucional de aprendizagem profunda (CNN) YOLOv7 e uma tecnologia de acoplamento de detecção on-line de câmera RGB-D para reconhecer rapidamente as maçãs. Em seguida, as informações de profundidade espacial da área da fruta são extraídas da imagem de profundidade alinhada para um posicionamento preciso. A transformação de coordenadas é usada para obter as coordenadas da fruta no sistema de coordenadas do manipulador. Com base no algoritmo de árvore aleatória de exploração rápida informada (Informed-RRT*) e no modelo de planejamento de caminho, as maçãs-alvo identificadas são colhidas sem planejamento de caminho de colisão. Em um teste de colheita de maçãs, a precisão do reconhecimento do sistema visual foi de 89,4%, e o tempo médio de colheita de uma única maçã foi de 9,69 s, 4,8% mais rápido do que a tecnologia de colheita geral convencional. Além disso, o tempo de colheita de uma única maçã foi reduzido em 1,7%. Assim, o sistema proposto permite uma colheita de frutas precisa e eficiente. operação lentos DOF. DOF . (DOF) braçomão braço mão anões CNN (CNN YOLOv online on line RGBD RGB D seguida preciso manipulador InformedRRT* InformedRRT Informed RRT* RRT (Informed-RRT* maçãsalvo alvo colisão 894 89 4 89,4% 969 9 69 9,6 s 48 8 4,8 convencional disso 17 1 7 1,7% Assim eficiente (DOF (Informed-RRT 89,4 96 6 9, 4, 1,7 89, 1,

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the impact and duration of water stress on coffee growth, grain yield, and uniformity. The experiment was set up on Apr 2015 with water regimes denominated as follows: year-round irrigation with total water replacement (FI 100) and year-round irrigation with a 50 % reduction in total water replacement (FI 50); irrigation with application of water deficit from Apr to Sept with total water replacement (WD1 100) and irrigation with application of water deficit from Apr to Sept with 50 % of total water replacement (WD1 50); irrigation with application of water deficit from June to Sept with total water replacement (WD2 100), irrigation with application of water deficit from June to Sept with 50 % of total water replacement (WD2 50), and rainfed. A mechanized irrigation mobile Lateral Line sprinkler system was used. Irrigation management criterion was based on the climatological water balance and crop coefficients. Morphological variables, productivity, and fruit uniformity were evaluated. The growth variables had higher responses to water deficit treatment, with the highest reductions being recorded in rainfed treatments. The average productivity of the coffee tree in 2019 ranged from 14 to 120 bags ha–1. Even under low water availability, Iapar 59 was the most productive genotype, and E237 was the least productive genotype. Long periods of stress and 50 % reduction in water availability reduced plant productivity. Thus, the use of irrigation to complement rainfall is essential to the sustainability of coffee production systems in the Cerrado. yield 201 follows yearround year round FI 100 5 50) WD1 WD (WD WD2 100, , 50, used coefficients evaluated treatment treatments 1 12 ha1 ha ha–1 genotype E E23 Thus Cerrado 20 10 ha– E2 2

Summary Hygrophilous forests are tree dominated formations in periodically or permanently waterlogged environments. The species composition, phytosociological structure and tree diversity of hygrophilous forest stands located in Puerto Valle, in the northeast of the Iberá wetland (Corrientes, Argentina), are described. The forest of Puerto Valle consists of 24 species with a monodominant formation of the “arary”,Calophyllum brasiliense(Calophyllaceae), as the main component. The floristic similarity between communities indicates complete dissimilarity between forest patches in Puerto Valle sites. Natural recruitment in Puerto Valle also showed a predominance ofC. brasiliense, in line with the monodominant character of the species. Our results indicate a great spatial variability of the rain forests in the territorial matrix and reinforce the relict character of the forest withC. brasiliensein Argentina.

Resumen Las selvas higrófilas son formaciones forestales de ambientes periódica o permanentemente anegados. Se describe la composición de especies, la estructura fitosociológica y la diversidad arbórea de sitios de selva higrófila situados en Puerto Valle, en el nordeste del humedal del Iberá, en Corrientes, Argentina. El bosque de Puerto Valle registra 24 especies y presenta una formación monodominante con el “arary”,Calophyllum brasiliense(Calophyllaceae), como principal componente. La disimilitud florística es completa al comparar la similitud florística entre las comunidades de parches boscosos de Puerto Valle. El reclutamiento natural en Puerto Valle presentó también predominio deC. brasiliense, reafirmando el carácter monodominante de la especie. Nuestros resultados indican una gran variabilidad espacial de las selvas higrófilas en la matriz territorial y refuerza el carácter relictual de la selva conC. brasilienseen la Argentina.

Resumen La determinación precisa de la línea de autoaclareo mediante funciones tamaño-densidad junto con las guías para manejar la densidad (GMD) son insumos fundamentales para gestionar la densidad de rodales. Objetivos: (1) comparar las técnicas de ajuste de parámetros de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios lineales (MCO-L) combinada con criterios para desplazar la línea promedio y regresión frontera estocástica (RFE) para determinar la línea de autoaclareo con la ecuación de Yoda; (2) generar una GMD para Pinus montezumae en Puebla, México. Se utilizaron 90 sitios de muestreo circulares de 0.10 ha, ubicados en condición de alta densidad, cubrieron un amplio intervalo de edad y condiciones de crecimiento. Las variables número de árboles (N) y volumen promedio por árbol (Vp) se escalaron a una hectárea. Para MCO-L se aplicaron criterios teóricos para modificar el valor del intercepto (parámetro α) y desplazar la línea promedio a la frontera superior de las observaciones; para RFE se evaluaron las modalidades del modelo seminormal (MSN), modelo normal truncado (MNT) y modelo normal exponencial (MNE). Con el criterio de utilizar Vp y N del sitio con el índice de densidad del rodal máximo para aumentar el parámetro del intercepto, MCO-L reproduce una línea de autoaclareo similar a las modalidades de RFE. Por tanto, se seleccionó a RFE-MSN para reproducirla. El índice de densidad del rodal de Yoda fue de 9.2 m3. Con una alometría específica y 100 árboles ha-1 como densidad de referencia, se delimitaron las zonas de crecimiento de Langsaeter que conformaron la GMD, esta es útil para prescribir regímenes de aclareos.

Abstract Accurate determination of the self-thinning line using size-density functions together with density management guidelines (DMGs) are fundamental inputs for managing stand density. Objectives: (1) to compare linear ordinary least squares (OLS) parameter fitting techniques combined with criteria to shift the mean line and stochastic frontier regression (SFR) to determine the self-thinning line with the Yoda equation; (2) to generate a DMG for Pinus montezumae in Puebla, Mexico. Ninety circular 0.10 ha sampling sites were used, located in a high density condition, covering a wide range of ages and growth conditions. The variables number of trees (N) and average volume per tree (aV) were scaled to one hectare. For OLS, theoretical criteria were applied in order to modify the value of the intercept (parameter α) and move the average line to the upper boundary of the observations; for the SFR, the semi-normal model (SNM), the truncated normal model (TNM) and exponential normal model (ENM) modalities were evaluated. With the criterion of using the aV and N of the site with the maximum stand density index to increase the intercept parameter, the OLS, a self-thinning line similar to the SFR modes is reproduced. Therefore, SFR-SNM was selected to reproduce it. The density index of the Yoda stand was 9.2 m3. With a specific allometry and 100 trees ha-1 as reference density, Langsaeter's growth zones were delimited to form the DMG, which is useful for prescribing thinning regimes.

ABSTRACT Working equids represent major sources of energy worldwide, and assume an increasingly important role in line with increasing requirements for sustainable energy. The effectiveness of their contributions relies on welfare, especially in the case of donkeys that, due to their size, face more adverse working conditions compared to larger equids. In this study, heart rate and force exerted were monitored while logging using three methods: direct pull, sled, and vehicles. A swingle tree incorporating a dynamometer and data logger was developed for this project, allowing continuous recording of forces. It was hypothesized that logging techniques that suspend (partially or totally) the load from the ground, reduce the force exerted, thus reducing physical effort. This study also aimed to understand if heart rate can be used as an alternative proxy measure when pulling different loads using different methods. Results showed that the greatest force was measured during direct pull (369.66 N), requiring 20% greater force compared to the sled (299.10 N, P <0.001), and 60% greater force than the vehicle (125.11 N, P <0.001). The sled required an additional 58% of force compared to the vehicle (P <0.001). This determines vehicles are the best option for reducing the force exerted by donkeys. Affordability and skills needed to work with this technique, however, are important considerations. Sleds represent a user-friendly solution; reducing the force needed when compared to direct pull, requiring less skills and equipment. The dynamometer proved an excellent method for force monitoring. Heart rate as a proxy measure for force didn’t provide accurate data for lighter loads. Increasing load weight, followed by the increasing force requirements, correlation and explanatory power became greater, indicating that with heavier logs, or methods that display greater force requirements, heart rate may be used as a proxy method for force, but further studies are needed.

Abstract The relationship between tragic philosophy (nothing, chance and convention) and the affirmation of life (amor fati), as established by Friedrich Nietzsche and Clément Rosset, is studied in this article under the method of hermeneutic perspectivism and in dialogue with the films Lucky (2017), directed by John Carroll Lynch, Paterson (2016), by Jim Jarmush, and The Wild Pear Tree (2018), by Nuri Bilge Ceylan. The imaginaries of these three cinematographic works reflect a process of reflection on life that culminates in approving tragical, revealed from the trajectory of the protagonists and the formative character of their experiences, whose knowledge (páthei mathos) converges with the pedagogy of choice in their three movements: the suspension of belief, through which the aesthetic game that allows seeing the world from another perspective is established; the aesthetics of experience, which values the knowledge exercised by works of fiction; and, finally, the constitution of (self)formation itineraries, which organize the formative experiences and enable the choice of the tragic statement. The conclusions reveals that, in line with the continuity of life of the protagonists of the studied films, the unconditional affirmation of life is not the result, the final step of a choice, but a continuous process of approval. nothing, nothing (nothing convention amor fati, fati , fati) Rosset 2017, 2017 (2017) Lynch 2016, 2016 (2016) Jarmush 2018, 2018 (2018) Ceylan tragical páthei mathos movements belief experience fiction finally selfformation self formation itineraries statement result approval 201 (2017 (2016 (2018 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

Resumo O vínculo entre a filosofia trágica (nada, acaso e convenção) e a afirmação da vida ( amor fati ), como estabelecido por Friedrich Nietzsche e Clément Rosset, é estudado neste artigo sob o método do perspectivismo hermenêutico e em diálogo com os filmes Lucky (2017), dirigido por John Carroll Lynch, Paterson (2016), de Jim Jarmush, e A árvore dos frutos selvagens (2018), de Nuri Bilge Ceylan. Os imaginários dessas três obras cinematográficas traduzem um processo de reflexão sobre a vida que culmina na aprovação trágica, revelada a partir da trajetória dos protagonistas e do caráter formativo de suas experiências, cujo saber ( páthei mathos ) conflui com a pedagogia da escolha em seus três movimentos: a suspensão da crença, pela qual se estabelece o jogo estético que permite ver o mundo por outra perspectiva; a estética da experiência, que valoriza o saber exercitado pelas obras de ficção; e, por fim, a constituição de itinerários de (auto)formação, que organizam as experiências formativas e possibilitam a escolha da afirmação trágica. As conclusões apontam que, em consonância com a continuidade da vida dos protagonistas dos filmes estudados, a afirmação incondicional da vida não é o resultado, a etapa final de uma escolha, mas um processo contínuo de aprovação, desde que se reconheça o caráter trágico da existência, do que é dado a viver. nada, nada (nada convenção , Rosset 2017, 2017 (2017) Lynch 2016, 2016 (2016) Jarmush 2018, 2018 (2018) Ceylan movimentos crença perspectiva experiência ficção fim autoformação, autoformação auto formação, formação (auto)formação estudados resultado existência viver 201 (2017 (2016 (2018 20 (201 2 (20 (2

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to determine optimum cutting parameters in order to specify the effect of densification by compressing on the processing properties of solid wood material and to achieve the best surface quality in materials densified at different rates. In line with this goal, the widely grown and low-density black poplar (Populus nigra) tree species were selected as the experimental material. Samples, which were compressed and densified by Thermo-Mechanical method at 0 %, 20 % and 40 % ratios, were processed at 1000 mm/min, 1500 mm/min and 2000 mm/min feed speeds and in 12000 rpm, 15000 rpm, 18000 rpm rotation speed on a computer numerical control machine by using two different cutters. Surface roughness values (Ra and Rz) were measured in order to evaluate surfaces obtained. Smoother surfaces were obtained in computer numerical control machining of densified samples. The lowest surface roughness values occurred in 40 % densified samples, which were the densest. The lowest surface roughness was obtained when 40 % densified samples were processed with cutter no.1 (two-flutes straight end mill), at 1000 mm/min feed speed and at 18000 rpm. Ra and Rz roughness values increased with the increase of the feed rate.

Citrus sudden death (CSD) is a disease that has affected millions of orange trees in Brazil, leading to economic losses in the order of billions of US dollars. This article examines the effects of CSD on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) extracted from rootstock and scion bark. The fatty acid profile determined by gas chromatography showed a reduction in oleic and linolenic acids, and an increase in the saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid content, which was in line with the severity of CSD. The reduction in linolenic acid content was related to its role in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, which is involved in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as senescence. These alterations in the fatty acid profile were also used to classify plants both with and without CSD symptoms by using chemometric means. This method represents an alternative to support the diagnosis of CSD disease.

Abstract The Yucatan Peninsula (YP) is home to 32% of tropical forests of Mexico. Consequently, this area has a high cloudiness throughout the year, which represents a particular challenge for any mid- and long-term plant monitoring study based on satellite-image time series. This paper reports the results of a trend classification analysis of a time series (11 Landsat-7 ETM+ and 150 Landsat 8 OLI images) of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) by soil and vegetation types in the eastern region of Escarcega, Campeche (YP) from 2014 to 2020. We applied the bfast01 algorithm to classify pixels according to linear trends, either global (a line with a positive or negative slope through the study period) or local (two linear segments, each with a positive or negative slope). The analysis reveals that most of the study region has NDVI values with global linear trends (browning: 47%; greening: 15.39%) and, to a lesser degree, local linear trends (delayed browning: 20.66%; browning to greening: 6.04%; delayed greening: 5.26%; greening to browning: 3.88%) We consider that generalized greening (which pools the greening, delayed greening, and browning to greening classes) and generalized browning (which pools the browning, delayed browning, and greening to browning classes) can be interpreted as dynamics with significant signs of recovery and degradation of the NDVI, respectively. These dynamics were identified mainly in the semi-evergreen medium tropical forest (generalized greening: 10.26%; generalized browning: 25.43%), semi-evergreen low thorny tropical forest (7.66 and 21.76) and the secondary tree vegetation of the medium tropical forest (3.26 and 10.93). The largest areas with any kind of linear local trend were identified in 2017 and 2018.

Resumen La península de Yucatán (LPY) alberga 32% de las selvas tropicales de México. Por ello esta zona presenta una alta densidad de nubes a lo largo del año, característica que resulta un reto particular para cualquier estudio de monitoreo de la vegetación a mediano y largo plazo basado en series de tiempo de imágenes satelitales. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un análisis de clasificación de tendencias de una serie de tiempo (11 imágenes Landsat-7 ETM+ y 150 Landsat 8 OLI) del Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI, por sus siglas en inglés) por tipo de suelo y vegetación en la región oriental de Escárcega, Campeche, en LPY de 2014 a 2020. Aplicamos el algoritmo bfast01 para clasificar pixeles por tendencias lineales, globales (una línea con pendiente positiva o negativa a lo largo del periodo de estudio) o locales (dos segmentos de línea con pendiente positiva o negativa en cada segmento). A partir del análisis se deduce que la mayor parte de la región estudiada tiene NDVI con tendencias lineales globales (pardeamiento: 47%; enverdecimiento: 15.39%) y en menor grado tendencias lineales locales (pardeamiento demorado: 20.66%; pardeamiento a enverdecimiento: 6.04%; enverdecimiento demorado: 5.26%; enverdecimiento a pardeamiento: 3.88%). Consideramos que el enverdecimiento generalizado (el agregado de las clases enverdecimiento, enverdecimiento demorado y pardeamiento a enverdecimiento) y el pardeamiento generalizado (el agregado de las clases pardeamiento, pardeamiento demorado y enverdecimiento a pardeamiento) pueden interpretarse como dinámicas con indicios significativos de recuperación y degradación del NDVI, respectivamente. Dichas dinámicas fueron identificadas principalmente en la selva mediana subperennifolia (enverdecimiento generalizado: 10.26%; pardeamiento generalizado: 25.43%), selva baja espinosa subperennifolia (7.66 y 21.76) y en la vegetación secundaria arbórea de selva mediana (3.26 y 10.93). En 2017 y 2018 se identificaron las áreas más grandes con alguna clase de tendencia local lineal.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hydatid disease, a parasitic infestation caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae, is an infectious disease endemic in different areas, such as India, Australia, and South America. The liver is well known as the organ most commonly affected by hydatid disease and may present a wide variety of complications such as hepatothoracic hydatid transit, cyst superinfection, intra-abdominal dissemination, and communication of the biliary cyst with extravasation of parasitic material into the bile duct, also called cholangiohydatidosis. Humans are considered an intermediate host, exposed to these larvae by hand-to-mouth contamination of the feces of infected dogs. AIM: This study aimed to highlight the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with acute cholangitis secondary to cholangiohydatidosis. METHODS: Considering the imaging findings in a 36-year-old female patient with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showing a complex cystic lesion in liver segment VI, with multiple internal vesicles and a wall defect cyst that communicates with the intrahepatic biliary tree, endoscopic biliary drainage was performed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with papillotomy, leading to the discharge of multiple obstructive cysts and hydatid sand from the main bile duct. RESULTS: Clinical and laboratory findings improved after drainage, with hospital discharge under oral antiparasitic treatment before complete surgical resection of the hepatic hydatid cyst. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a safe and useful method for the treatment of biliary complications of hepatic hydatid disease and should be considered the first-line procedure for biliary drainage in cases of cholangiohydatid disease involving secondary acute cholangitis. BACKGROUND areas India Australia America transit superinfection intraabdominal intra abdominal dissemination duct cholangiohydatidosis host handtomouth hand mouth dogs AIM METHODS 36yearold yearold 36 year old VI tree papillotomy RESULTS CONCLUSIONS firstline first line 3

RESUMO RACIONAL: A doença hidática, uma infestação parasitária causada pelas larvas de Echinococcus granulosus, é uma doença infecciosa endêmica em diferentes áreas como Índia, Austrália e América do Sul. O fígado é conhecido como o órgão mais comumente afetado pela hidatidose, podendo apresentar uma grande variedade de complicações como trânsito hidático hepato-torácico, superinfecção do cisto, disseminação intra-abdominal e comunicação do cisto biliar com extravasamento de material parasitário para o ducto biliar ou também chamada de colangio-hidatidose O ser humano é considerado um hospedeiro intermediário, exposto a essas larvas pela contaminação mão-boca das fezes de cães infectados. OBJETIVO: Destacar o papel da endoscópica por colangiopancreatografia retrógrada em pacientes com colangite aguda secundária à colangio-hidatidose. MÉTODOS: Considerando os achados de imagem, em paciente feminina de 36 anos de idade, com imagens de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética mostrando uma lesão cística complexa no segmento hepático VI, com múltiplas vesículas internas e um defeito de parede cística que se comunica com a árvore biliar intra-hepática foi realizada drenagem biliar endoscópica por colangiopancreatografia retrógrada com papilotomia, levando à descarga de múltiplos cistos obstrutivos e areia hidática da via biliar principal. RESULTADOS: Os achados clínicos e laboratoriais melhoraram após a drenagem, com alta hospitalar sob tratamento antiparasitário oral antes da ressecção cirúrgica completa do cisto hidático hepático. CONCLUSÕES: A endoscópica por colangiopancreatografia retrógrada é um método seguro e útil para o tratamento das complicações biliares da hidatidose hepática, devendo ser considerado o procedimento de primeira linha para drenagem biliar nos casos de colangio-hidatidose que envolve colangite aguda secundária. RACIONAL granulosus Índia Sul hepatotorácico, hepatotorácico hepato torácico, torácico hepato-torácico intraabdominal intra abdominal colangiohidatidose colangio intermediário mãoboca mão boca infectados OBJETIVO colangiohidatidose. hidatidose. MÉTODOS imagem 3 idade VI intrahepática hepática papilotomia principal RESULTADOS CONCLUSÕES

ABSTRACT To reduce peach tree losses due the Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL), the main research line in Brazil is to select tolerant rootstock and perpetuate it by cloning methods. The objective was to evaluate adventitious rooting capacity of softwood cuttings of three cultivars and several clonal rootstock selections of Prunus spp., under intermittent mist system. Two trials were conducted and ‘Capdeboscq’, ‘Okinawa’ (P. persica) and ‘Sharpe’ [‘Chickasaw’ (P. angustifolia Marsh.) x Prunus spp.] were used as reference cultivars. After 53 days (trial 1) and 72 days (trial 2) from the cutting setting, we conclude that softwood cuttings under intermittent mist system are a feasible way to propagate peach rootstock selections of 2010/2011 PTSL selection cycle. Root quality was satisfactory in most selections, with high percentages of cuttings suitable for transplanting and excellent root number and root length. OS-GRA-10-17, VEH-GRA-10-31, VEH-GRA-10-32, VEH-GRA-10-37 and VEH-GRA-10-38 selections had the highest mortality and the lower percentages of live rooted cuttings. The ease of vegetative propagation must be taken into account in more promising rootstock.

Resumen Introducción: La estimación de la biomasa aérea (AGB) en los bosques protegidos es un desafío, debido a los altos costos y las restricciones legales para las evaluaciones directas, y también a una estimación con frecuencia débil proporcionada por las ecuaciones generales de AGB. Objetivo: Proponemos un nuevo enfoque que utiliza los árboles muertos caídos (DFT) para mejorar la estimación de AGB. Nuestro objetivo es responder si el ajuste de modelos alométricos basados en DFT proporciona una ecuación local adecuada para la estimación de AGB o ayuda a validar las ecuaciones alométricas pantropicales o regionales existentes. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en el Parque Estatal Dois Irmãos (PEDI), Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil. En el espacio de 4 000 m, utilizando la técnica de intersección de líneas, se tomaron muestras de 37 árboles muertos recientemente que van desde 7.6 a 92.3 cm de diámetro y 8.6 a 29.4 m de altura. Se ajustaron nueve modelos y se comparó la mejor ecuación (local) con las ecuaciones regionales y pantropicales. Resultados: Una ecuación (AGBkg = 1.5292 * DBH2.0601 * TH-0.2187) determinó estimaciones de biomasa que no diferían de los valores observados (p> 0.05). A diferencia de las otras, esta ecuación sobreestimó AGB en solo 2.8 % y, junto con otros parámetros de análisis (R2 adj y Syx %), presentó el mejor rendimiento general. Analizando el rendimiento de la ecuación local versus las ecuaciones disponibles para estimar AGB, encontramos que solo las ecuaciones locales y pantropicales de Pearson et al. (2005) estimaron valores que no fueron significativamente diferentes de los valores observados. Sin embargo, la ecuación local es más apropiada para la estimación local de AGB, ya que tiene el RSME y CV más bajos. Conclusiones: Con base en el enfoque propuesto, pudimos proponer una ecuación local para la estimación de AGB basada en árboles caídos. La estimación basada en DFT es eficiente en términos de tiempo y costo, evita la tala de árboles en bosques protegidos y ayuda a guiar la elección de una ecuación adecuada para las demandas de AGB forestales.

Abstract Introduction: Estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) in protected forests is a challenge, due to high costs and legal restrictions for direct assessments, and also to frequently weak estimation provided by general AGB equations. Objective: We propose a new approach that uses dead fallen trees (DFTs) to improve AGB estimation. We aim to analyse if the adjustment of allometric models based on DFTs provides a suitable local equation for AGB estimation or helps to validate existing pantropical or regional allometric equations. Methods: The study was carried out at the Dois Irmãos State Park (PEDI), Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Along 4 000 m, using the line intersect technique, we sampled 37 recent dead fallen trees ranging from 7.6 to 92.3 cm in diameter and from 8.6 to 29.4 m in height. Nine models were adjusted, and the best equation (local) was compared to regional and pantropical equations. Results: Oneequation (AGBkg= 1.5292* DBH2.0601*TH-0.2187) produced biomass estimates which did not differ from the observed values (P > 0.05). Differently from the others, this equation overestimated AGB in only 2.8 % and, along with other parameters of analysis (R2 adj and Syx %) had the best overall performance. Analysing the performance of the local equationversusavailable equations for estimating AGB, we found that only the local and the pantropical equations by Pearson et al. (2005) estimated values that were not significantly different from observed values. However, the local equation is more appropriate for local estimation of AGB, since it has the lowest RSME and CV. Conclusions: Based on the proposed approach, we were able to offer a local equation for tree AGB estimation based on fallen trees. The DFT method is efficient regarding time and costs, avoiding tree logging in protected forests and helps to guide the choice of a proper equation for forest AGB demands.

RESUMO Introdução: As interações dos usuários do Facebook permitem o estudo da influência que os usuários podem exercer na mudança comportamental para uma vida mais saudável. Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento dos usuários do Facebook para definir o Padrão Comportamental do Usuário, por meio do monitoramento da prática de atividades físicas compartilhadas, auxiliado pela competição social entre usuários, de forma a combater o sedentarismo com o atrativo moderno da tecnologia e da gamificação. Métodos: Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta computacional de extração de dados dos compartilhamentos de atividades físicas, denominada FitRank, com permissões de acesso aos dados dos usuários. Os quadros e classificações foram gerados a partir da análise das informações coletadas no banco de dados, com o uso de algoritmos de árvores de decisões e aplicando análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: Os usuários foram classificados de acordo com os dados sociodemográficos, os dados de criação de rankings competitivos e com os dados da prática de atividades físicas, incluindo a definição do Padrão Comportamental do Usuário. Conclusão: O estudo sugeriu a importância de inovações tecnológicas no combate ao sedentarismo, de forma sintonizada com as atuais tecnologias de entretenimento social, para tornar mais prazerosa e motivadora a prática regular de atividades físicas e proporcionar qualidade de vida melhor. Nível de evidência II; Estudo retrospectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Interactions of Facebook users led to a study of the influence that users can exert on behavioral changes for a healthier life. Objective: To analyze the behavior of Facebook users in order to define the Users' Behavioral Patterns, by monitoring the practice of physical activities shared online, aided by a social competition among users, with the aim of combating sedentarism through the modern attraction of technology and gamification. Methods: A computational tool was developed to extract data from physical activity shared online. The tool, named FitRank, has permissions to access users' data. Tables and classifications were generated based on an analysis of the data in the database, using decision tree algorithms and descriptive statistical analysis. Results: users were classified according to sociodemographic data, and data on the creation of competitive rankings and the practice of physical activities, including the definition of the User's Behavioral Pattern. Conclusion: The study suggested the importance of technological innovations to combat sedentarism, in line with current social entertainment technologies to make them more enjoyable and motivating for the regular practice of physical activities and to provide a better quality of life. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective study.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las interacciones de los usuarios de Facebook permiten el estudio de la influencia que los usuarios pueden ejercer en el cambio comportamental para una vida más saludable. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento de los usuarios de Facebook para definir el Patrón Comportamental del Usuario, a través de la monitorización de la práctica de actividades físicas compartidas, auxiliado por la competición social entre usuarios, de forma que se combata el sedentarismo con el atractivo moderno de tecnología y de la gamificación. Métodos: Fue desarrollada una herramienta computacional para la extracción de datos de las publicaciones de actividades físicas, denominada FitRank, con autorizaciones de acceso a los datos de los usuarios. Los cuadros y clasificaciones fueron generadas a partir del análisis de las informaciones colectadas en el banco de datos, con el uso de algoritmos de árboles de decisión y aplicando análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Los usuarios fueron clasificados de acuerdo con los datos sociodemográficos, los datos de creación de rankings competitivos y datos de la práctica de las actividades físicas, incluyendo la definición del Patrón Comportamental del Usuario. Conclusión: El estudio sugirió la importancia de innovaciones tecnológicas en el combate al sedentarismo, de forma sincronizada con las actuales tecnologías de entretenimiento social, para que sea más placentera y motivadora la práctica regular de actividades físicas y proporcionar calidad de vida mejor. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio retrospectivo.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar y caracterizar, con base en características microbiológicas y marcadores moleculares, bacterias de los nódulos de tres especies nativas de árboles de América del Sur: Poecilanthe parviflora Benth (Lapachillo), Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler & Ebinger (Espinillo), y Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Timbó). En línea con esto se aislaron y caracterizaron 15 bacterias de P. parviflora, 6 de V. caven, y 1 de E. contortisiliquum. Se identificaron representantes de Bradyrhizobium sp. de E. contorsiliquum y de P. parviflora, así como también representantes de Ensifer sp. (Sinorhizobium) y de Mesorhizobium sp. de V. caven. Además, se encontraron bacterias de los géneros Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp. y Curtobacterim sp., así como también representantes de Caulobacter sp., Dyella sp., Pseudomonas sp. y Enterobacter sp. Algunos aislados inhibieron el crecimiento de dos hongos fitopatógenos. En síntesis, los nódulos de las leguminosas nativas no solo están ocupados por una población de rizobios diversa sino también con otras bacterias que podrían promover el crecimiento de las plantas.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize, based on microbiological as well as molecular markers, bacteria within nodules of three native trees species from South America: Poecilanthe parviflora Benth (Lapachillo), Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler & Ebinger (Espinillo), and Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Timbó). In line with this, we isolated and characterized 15 bacteria from P. parviflora, 6 from V. caven and 1 from E. contortisiliquum. Among them we identified representatives of Bradyrhizobium sp. from E. contorsiliquum and P. parviflora, as well as of Ensifer sp. (Sinorhizobium) and Mesorhizobium sp. from V. caven. Also, other bacteria were found, like representatives of Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp. and Curtobacterim sp., as well as Caulobacter sp., Dyella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacter sp. Some of these isolates inhibited the growth of two fungal plant pathogens. So, nodules of these native legumes not only are occupied by highly diverse rhizobia but also by other bacteria that might promote plant growth.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e caracterizar, com base em características microbiológicas e marcadores moleculares, bactérias dos nódulos de três espécies arbóreas nativas da América do Sul: Poecilanthe parviflora Benth (Lapachillo), Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler & Ebinger (Espinillo ) e Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Timbó). Em consonância com isso, foram isoladas e caracterizadas 15 bacterias de P. parviflora, 6 de V. caven e 1 de E. contortisiliquum. Foram identificados representantes de Bradyrhizobium sp. de E. contorsiliquum e de P. parviflora, bem como representantes de Ensifer sp. (Sinorhizobium) e Mesorhizobium sp. por V. caven. Os nódulos continham outros bacterias dos gêneros Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp. e Curtobacterim sp. bem como representantes de Caulobacter sp., Dyella sp., Pseudomonas sp. e Enterobacter sp. Alguns isolados inibiram o crescimento de dois fungos fitopatogênicos. Em síntese, os nódulos das leguminosas nativas não são ocupados apenas por uma população diversa de rizobia, mas também por outras bactérias que podem promover o crescimento das plantas.

Resumen En este trabajo se realizaron experimentos factoriales en dos escenarios diferentes, para diseñar una red de sensores inalámbricos, que permita monitorear un cultivo de cacao en una zona rural de Colombia. Los nodos sensores miden la temperatura, la humedad relativa, la humedad del suelo, la luz ultravioleta y la intensidad de la luz visible. Los factores considerados en los experimentos fueron la distancia entre los nodos sensores, la altura con respecto al suelo y el tipo de antena; el indicador de intensidad de señal recibida y el tiempo de transferencia de datos fueron las salidas. La red de sensores inalámbricos se implementó en el cultivo, cubriendo aproximadamente el 3 % del área, utilizando 7 nodos diferentes en una topología de cluster-tree. En primer lugar, se utilizó un escenario de campo abierto con línea de vista para determinar la altura adecuada de los sensores de nodo. Luego, se utilizó un escenario en el cultivo de cacao real para encontrar la distancia adecuada entre los módulos y el tipo de antena. Se obtuvo, por cálculos y datos experimentales, que se requería una altura de 1.25 m para evitar la zona de Fresnel y mejorar el RSSI de la red. Además, se determinó que se necesitaba una distancia inferior a 35 m para garantizar la recepción de la señal y evitar largos tiempos de transferencia de datos. Adicionalmente, la antena tipo Wire exhibió un mayor rendimiento y la metodología propuesta y el sistema de monitoreo se pueden usar para aplicaciones agronómicas en áreas rurales de Colombia, con el fin de aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos.

Abstract In this study, factorial experiments were conducted in two different scenarios to design a Wireless Sensor Network for monitoring a cocoa crop in a rural area in Colombia. Node sensors measured temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, Ultra-Violet light, and visible light intensity. The factors considered in the experiments were distance between node sensors, height from the ground, and type of antenna; in turn, Received Signal Strength Indicator and data transfer time were the outputs. The wireless sensor network was deployed in the crop, covering approximately 3 % of the area and using 7 different nodes in a cluster tree topology. First, an open field scenario with line of sight was used to determine the appropriate height of the node sensors. Second, a scenario in the actual cocoa crop was utilized to find the appropriate distance between modules and type of antenna. We found, based on our calculations and experimental data, that a height of 1.25 m was required to avoid the Fresnel zone and improve the RSSI of the network. Furthermore, we determined that a distance below 35 m was needed to guarantee signal reception and avoid long data transfer times. The wire antenna exhibited a better performance. Finally, the proposed methodology and monitoring system can be used for agronomic applications in rural areas in Colombia to increase crop yield.